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Dissertationsschrift Dissertationsschrift zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) Angefertigt am Fachbereich Umweltwissen- schaften der Universität Lüneburg Thema: Die Carabiden-Fauna auf unterschied- lich intensiv bewirtschafteten Obstan- bauflächen im Alten Land bei Hamburg. Abbildung 1: Carabus coriaceus L. Vorgelegt von: Dipl.-Biol. Olaf Anderßon Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. T. Aßmann Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. W. Härdtle Tag der Promotion: 04. Oktober 2005 »Die Baumzucht verschafft denjenigen, die sich damit bemühen, einen angenehmen Teil ihrer Nahrung. Sie gereichet zur Zierde eines Landes, zur Reinigung der Luft, zum Schutz und Schatten und hat überhaupt in vielen anderen Dingen ih- ren trefflichen Nutzen, zur Nothdurft, Lust und Bequemlichkeit des Lebens für Menschen und Thiere.« Johann Kaspar Schiller Schöpfer der herzoglichen Baumschule auf der Solitude aus „Betrachtungen über land- wirtschaftliche Dinge im Herzogtum Würt- temberg 1767/68“. Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung.............................................................................................................................................1 2. Der Untersuchungsraum...................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Naturraumlage und Geomorphologie........................................................................................... 4 2.2. Zur Geschichte und Entwicklung des Alten Landes ................................................................... 5 2.2.1. Die Geschichte des Obstbaus im Alten Land.......................................................................5 2.3. Klima............................................................................................................................................ 6 2.3.1. Das Wetter im Untersuchungszeitraum................................................................................8 2.4. Die Geschichte der Landwirtschaft............................................................................................11 2.4.1. Der konventionelle Anbau..................................................................................................13 2.4.2. Der integrierte Anbau.........................................................................................................13 2.4.3. Der ökologische Anbau......................................................................................................14 2.4.3.1. Der ökologische Anbau nach NATURLAND-Richtlinien................................................15 2.4.3.2. Der biologisch-dynamische Anbau nach Demeter-Richtlinien................................. 17 2.5. Die Untersuchungsflächen......................................................................................................... 18 2.5.1. Die Probenfläche A (integriert)..........................................................................................19 2.5.2. Die Probenfläche B (ökologisch)....................................................................................... 20 2.5.3. Fläche C (ökologisch)........................................................................................................ 20 2.5.4. Fläche D (ökologisch)........................................................................................................ 20 2.5.5. Fläche E (ökologisch).........................................................................................................21 2.6. Vegetationsaufbau...................................................................................................................... 21 3. Material und Methode........................................................................................................................ 23 3.1. Die Datenaufnahme.................................................................................................................... 23 3.1.1. Die Barberfalle................................................................................................................... 23 3.1.2. Das Fangprinzip................................................................................................................. 23 3.1.3. Fallenparameter und Installation .......................................................................................23 3.1.4. Fangzeiten, Leerungen und weitere Bearbeitung...............................................................24 3.1.5. Methodenkritik................................................................................................................... 26 3.2. Determination, Nomenklatur, Präparation................................................................................. 26 3.3. Analyse der Daten...................................................................................................................... 27 3.3.1. Dominanzklassifizierung....................................................................................................27 3.3.2. Diversität............................................................................................................................ 28 Inhaltsverzeichnis 3.3.2.1. SHANNON-WIENER-Index............................................................................................... 28 3.3.2.2. SIMPSON-Index..............................................................................................................29 3.3.2.3. Eveness.......................................................................................................................30 3.3.3. Chi-Quadrat-Mehrfelder-Test............................................................................................ 30 3.3.4. Artenidentität nach JACCARD und SØRENSEN......................................................................... 31 3.3.5. Dominanzidentität ............................................................................................................. 31 3.3.6. Rarefaction-Methode..........................................................................................................33 3.3.6.1. HURLBERT-Kurve zur Abschätzung der α-Diversität................................................... 33 3.3.6.2. SHINOZAKI-Kurve zur Abschätzung der β-Diversität................................................... 34 4. Ergebnisse..........................................................................................................................................35 4.1. Das Artenspektrum.....................................................................................................................35 4.1.1. Laufkäfer (Carabidae)........................................................................................................ 35 4.1.2. Die Untersuchungsflächen................................................................................................. 39 4.1.2.1. Fläche A..................................................................................................................... 39 4.1.2.2. Fläche B......................................................................................................................40 4.1.2.3. Fläche C......................................................................................................................40 4.1.2.4. Fläche D..................................................................................................................... 41 4.1.2.5. Fläche E......................................................................................................................41 4.2. Schwerpunktvorkommen der Arten und ihre Phänologie.......................................................... 42 4.2.1. Pterostichus melanarius (ILL., 1798)..................................................................................44 4.2.2. Nebria brevicollis (F., 1792)..............................................................................................45 4.2.3. Patrobus atrorufus (STRÖM, 1768)......................................................................................46 4.2.4. Notiophilus biguttatus (F., 1797)....................................................................................... 47 4.2.5. Clivinia fossor (L., 1758)................................................................................................... 48 4.2.6. Pterostichus strenuus (PANZ., 1797)................................................................................... 49 4.2.7. Loricera pilicornis (F., 1775).............................................................................................50 4.2.8. Bembidion properans (STEPH., 1828)..................................................................................51 4.2.9. Pterostichus niger (SCHALL., 1783)..................................................................................... 52 4.2.10. Asaphidion flavipes (L., 1761).........................................................................................53 4.2.11. Trechus quadristriatus (SCHRK., 1781)............................................................................. 54 4.2.12. Amara similata (GYLL., 1810)...........................................................................................55 4.2.13. Harpalus rufipes (DEG. 1774)...........................................................................................56 4.2.14. Amara familiaris (DUFT., 1812)........................................................................................57 4.2.15. Trechus obtusus (ER., 1837).............................................................................................58
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