DOCSLIB.ORG

Assessment of Damage by the Tree Locust (Anacridium Melanorhodon Melanorhodon ) on Hashab Tree (Acacia Senegal) Using Ground Surveys and Remote Sensing Data

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Assessment of Damage by the Tree Locust (Anacridium Melanorhodon Melanorhodon ) on Hashab Tree (Acacia Senegal) Using Ground Surveys and Remote Sensing Data Assessment of Damage by the Tree Locust (Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon ) on Hashab Tree (Acacia senegal) using Ground Surveys and Remote Sensing Data By Ahmed Ismail Ahmed Safi B.sc. Agric.(Honours) Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum (1983) M.Sc. Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies University of Kordofan (2005) A thesis submitted to the Graduate College, University of Khartoum in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture Supervisor: Prof. Dr. El Sayed El Bashir Mohamed Co-supervisor: Dr. Amna Ahmed Hamid Department of Crop Protection Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum May 2011 Members of Supervisory Committee: Signature Dr. Saied Elbashier, Assoc. Professor, ………………….. Faculty of Agriculture. University of Khartoum, Sudan. (Supervisor) Dr. Ammna Ahmed Hamid ……………… Remote Sensing Authority Director, Khartoum (Co- Supervisor) Examiners Committee: Signature Dr. ……………………………, ……………………………. Assoc. Professor, University of Khartoum (External examiner) Dr. ………………………………., ……………………………… Assist. Professor, University of Khartoum (Internal examiner) Dr. ………………………………., ……………………………….. Assoc. Professor, Faculty of Agriculture. University of Khartoum, Sudan. (Internal examiner) DEDICATION I dedicate this study to all members of my family and the people who promote the following values: humanity, honesty, efficiency, punctuality, accuracy, liberty, equality and fraternity. ahmed I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The positive contribution provided by many individuals and several institutions in the completion of this study is highly appreciated and accepted as well. First of all and last I would like to thank Allah, for giving me the health, strength and patience that supported me throughout the study period. I would like to express my special thanks and gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. El Sayed El Bashir Mohamed, my co-supervisor Dr. Amna Ahmed Hamed (Director of remote sensing authority) for their advice and guide. I owe a lot of thanks to Prof. Emam Elkhidir and Prof. Ahmed Hashim for their valuable discussion and constructive comments in the seminar presented in Crop Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum. The generous financial support from Elshiekh Zaki Hamdan, Director of Sheikan Insurance and Re-insurance Company Khartoum, is very much appreciated. Really, I appreciate very much the limitless help and the family atmosphere offered by the staff of Planet Action, Spot, France with special emphasis and deepest appreciation to Miss Patrica Dankha and Dr. Algis for their continuous help, providing free Spot imagery data of the study area. Really, I appreciate very much the limitless help and the family atmosphere offered by the staff of Remote Sensing Authority, Khartoum and I would like to emphasize my deepest appreciation to Dr. Moayad and Mr. Abdelrahman Ahmed Khatir for their continuous help and support in data analysis. Deep thanks are due to Acacia Company staff; Fisal, Rabie and their colleagues for their help, providing the study area and logistic support. Thanks extend to my colleagues in Gum Arabic Research Centre, University of Kordofan. Last and not least I would like to express my deep gratitude to my family for their limitless patience and support. II Abstract In the present study, a field survey, laboratory experiments and remote sensing were integrated and carried out for three successive seasons. The objectives were to access the role of tree locust infestation on quantity and quality of the produced gum arabic and to develop an alternative method for field survey of this pest. The field and remote sensing trials were conducted in an area of 28000 feddans (11331 hectares) of Acacia senegal plantation of the Acacia Project (Nawa and Elrahad locations), 37 km south east of El Obeid city, North Kordofan State. The results showed that adults were found throughout the year except in February, March and April and their number decreased with increase in rainfall and relative humidity. Hoppers appeared in July, August, September and October and their number increased with increase in rainfall and relative humidity. Experiments on quantitative effect on gum production due to natural and artificial defoliation of hashab (Acacia senegal) trees were carried out, where four blocks were chosen randomly, and the following treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design: control (no defoliation), light natural defoliation, moderate natural defoliation, high natural defoliation, light artificial defoliation, moderate artificial defoliation and high artificial defoliation. The results revealed that tree locust infestation and the artificial defoliation of trees severely reduced gum production, and the reduction was highly significant (P≤0.001) between means of all treatments except between high natural defoliation and high artificial defoliation. There was a negative correlation between gum production and levels of defoliation. Laboratory experiments showed that defoliation reduced gum viscosity, and the reduction was significant between all means except between light natural defoliation and light artificial defoliation. Defoliation also reduced gum optical rotation, but the reduction was not statistically significant. III The developmental period of nymphs fed on young leaves was shorter than that of nymphs fed on old leaves. Both adults and hoppers daily consumed food equivalent to their body weight. Remotely sensed data, used in this study were collected from the American Landsat satellite (with sensors; ETM+) images dated August and October 2008, and the French Spot Satellite (with the sensors; XS) images dated August and November 2009. Visual interpretation of images showed that non- defoliated hashab trees appeared as red and defoliated ones appeared as grey. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) differentiated between non-defoliated hashab trees and the three levels of natural defoliations. There was a positive relationship between NDVI value, tree greenness and gum production Supervised classification showed five major classes; non-defoliated, light, moderate and high defoliated hashab trees as well as areas of tree locust swarms. Supervised classes matched with NDVI classes. IV اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺗﻢ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﺢ اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻰ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ واﻹﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎرﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ أﻋﻮام ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ، ﺑﻬﺪف ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ دور إﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﺮاد ﺳﺎرى اﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﻷﺷﺠﺎراﻟﻬﺸﺎب ﻓﻰ آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻤﻎ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﻧﻮﻋﻴﺘﻪ و آﺬاﻟﻚ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﺤﺼﺮ هﺬﻩ اﻷﻓﺔ ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻴﺎً. أُﺟﺮﻳﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ 28000 ﻓﺪان (11331هﻜﺘﺎر) ﺑﻐﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻬﺸﺎب (Acacia senegal) اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺰرﻋﺔ ﺑﻤﺸﺮوع أآﻴﺸﻴﺎ اﻟﺰراﻋﻰ (ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻰ ﻧﻮى واﻟﺮهﺪ )، 35 آﻠﻢ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻷﺑﻴﺾ، وﻻﻳﺔ ﺷﻤﺎل آﺮدﻓﺎن. أوﺿﺤﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ وﺟﻮد اﻟﺤﺸﺮات اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪاراﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻣﺎﻋﺪا ﻓﺒﺮاﻳﺮ و ﻣﺎرس وأﺑﺮﻳﻞ وﻗﻠﺖ أﻋﺪادهﺎ ﻣﻊ زﻳﺎدة آﻤﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﻄﺎر واﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ. ﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﺤﻮرﻳﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ وأﻏﺴﻄﺲ و ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ وأآﺘﻮﺑﺮوزادت أﻋﺪادهﺎ ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة آﻤﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﻄﺎر واﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ. أُﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺠﺎرب ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮاﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺼﻤﻎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ إزاﻟﺔ أوراق ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﻬﺸﺎب ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻬﺠﻮم اﻟﺠﺮاد ﺳﺎرى اﻟﻠﻴﻞ واﻹزاﻟﺔ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ. أُﺧﺘﻴﺮت أُرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻲ، ووزﻋﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت آﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ: اﻟﺸﺎهﺪ وإﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ وإﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ وإﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ وإﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ وإﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ وإﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ. أﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ أن اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺠﺮاد اﻟﺸﺠﺮﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺼﻤﻎ وآﺎن هﻨﺎك ﻓﺮق ﻣﻌﻨﻮى ﻋﺎﻟﻲ (P<0.001) ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎت ﻣﺎﻋﺪا ﺑﻴﻦ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ واﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ وإرﺗﺒﺎط ﺳﻠﺒﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺼﻤﻎ وﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ. أﺛﺒﺘﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ أن إزاﻟﺔ أُوراق اﻷُﺷﺠﺎر ﻳﺨﻔﺾ درﺟﺔ ﻟﺰوﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻤﻎ وآﺎن اﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺎً (P<0.001) ﺑﻴﻦ آﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎت ﻣﺎﻋﺪا ﺑﻴﻦ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ واﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ. أ ﻳ ﻀ ﺎً اﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ أن إﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﺮاد ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪوران اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ هﻨﺎك ﻓﺮوﻗﺎت ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ آﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎت. إﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﻮرﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷوراق اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة اﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻣﺪة ﺗﻄﻮرأﻗﺼﺮﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻮرﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷوراق اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة اﻟﻌﻤﺮ. إﺳﺘﻬﻠﻜﺖ آ ﻞِ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺸﺮات اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ واﻟﺤﻮرﻳﺎت ﻏﺬاء ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺊ وزﻧﻬﺎ. ﻓﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻹﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎرﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮرأﻗﻤﺎرأﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ Landsat (8/2008 و 10/2008) وﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ Spot (2009/8 و11/2009). أوﺿﺢ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮاﻟﺒﺼﺮى ﻟﺼﻮراﻷﻗﻤﺎر وﺟﻮد أﺷﺠﺎرهﺸﺎب ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﺔ ذات أﻟﻮان ﺣﻤﺮاء وأﺷﺠﺎر ﻣﺼﺎﺑﺔ ذات أﻟﻮان رﻣﺎدﻳﺔ. أوﺿﺢ ﻣﺆﺷﺮاﻹﺧﻀﺮار اﻷﺷﺠﺎرﻏﻴﺮاﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ وﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ وﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗ ﻨ ﺎ ﺳ ﺒ ﺎً ﻃﺮدﻳﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ إﺧﻀﺮاراﻟﺸﺠﺮة وإﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺼﻤﻎ ودل اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻤُﺮاﻗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ أن هﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت V رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ: أﺷﺠﺎرﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﺔ وأﺷﺠﺎر ذات إﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ و أﺷﺠﺎر ذات إﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ وأﺷﺠﺎر ذات إﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ أﺳﺮاب ﺟﺮاد اﻟﺸﺠﺮ. وﺟﺪ ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻤُﺮاﻗﺐ وﻣﻮًﺷﺮاﻹﺧﻀﺮار. VI LIST OF CONTENTS Subject Page DEDICATION I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I I ABSTRACT I I I ARABIC ABSTRACT V LIST OF CONTENTS VII LIST OF TABLES XI LIST OF FIGURES XIII LIST OF TEMPLATES XV LIST OF IMAGES XVI CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Objectives 3 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 The tree locust Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon 5 2.1.1 Taxonomy and nomenclature 5 2.1.2 Geographical distribution 6 2.1.3 General morphology 8 2.1.4 Economic importance and damage 10 2.1.4.1 Host plants and feeding habits A.m.melanorhodon 14 2.1.5 Ecology 17 2.1.6 Biology 18 2.1.7 Natural enemies 20 2.1.8 Control 21 2.1.8.1Chemical control 21 2.1.8.2 Mycopesticides 22 2.1.8.3 Botanicals 22 VII 2.1.8.4 Cultural control of grasshoppers and locusts 23 2.2 Remote sensing 24 2.2.1 Why is remote sensing 25 2.2.2 Applications of remote sensing in Sudan 25 2.2.3 Digital image processing 27 2.2.4 Images interpretation and analysis 28 2.2.5 Image classification 29 2.3 Geographic Information System (GIS) 31 2.4 Global Positioning
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Taxonomic Status of the Genera Sorosporella and Syngliocladium Associated with Grasshoppers and Locusts (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) in Africa
    Mycol. Res. 106 (6): 737–744 (June 2002). # The British Mycological Society 737 DOI: 10.1017\S0953756202006056 Printed in the United Kingdom. Taxonomic status of the genera Sorosporella and Syngliocladium associated with grasshoppers and locusts (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) in Africa Harry C. EVANS* and Paresh A. SHAH† CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks. SL5 7TA, UK. E-mail: h.evans!cabi.org Received 2 September 2001; accepted 28 April 2002. The occurrence of disease outbreaks associated with the genus Sorosporella on grasshoppers and locusts (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) in Africa is reported. Infected hosts, representing ten genera within five acridoid subfamilies, are characterized by red, thick-walled chlamydospores which completely fill the cadaver. On selective media, the chlamydospores, up to seven-years-old, germinated to produce a Syngliocladium anamorph which is considered to be undescribed. The new species Syngliocladium acridiorum is described and two varieties are delimited: var. acridiorum, on various grasshopper and locust genera from the Sahelian region of West Africa; and, var. madagascariensis, on the Madagascan migratory locust. The ecology of these insect-fungal associations is discussed. Sorosporella is treated as a synonym of Syngliocladium. INTRODUCTION synanamorph, Syngliocladium Petch. Subsequently, Hodge, Humber & Wozniak (1998) described two Between 1990 and 1993, surveys for mycopathogens of Syngliocladium species from the USA and emended the orthopteran pests were conducted in Africa and Asia as generic diagnosis, which also included Sorosporella as a part of a multinational, collaborative project for the chlamydosporic synanamorph. biological control of grasshoppers and locusts of the Based on these recent developments, the taxonomic family Acridoidea or Acrididae (Kooyman & Shah status of the collections on African locusts and 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Reptile Pets Shuttle Grasshopper Allergy and Asthma Into Homes Erika Jensen-Jarolim1,2*, Isabella Pali-Schöll1,2, Sebastian A.F
    Jensen-Jarolim et al. World Allergy Organization Journal (2015) 8:24 DOI 10.1186/s40413-015-0072-1 journal REVIEW Open Access Caution: Reptile pets shuttle grasshopper allergy and asthma into homes Erika Jensen-Jarolim1,2*, Isabella Pali-Schöll1,2, Sebastian A.F. Jensen3, Bruno Robibaro3,4 and Tamar Kinaciyan5 Abstract The numbers of reptiles in homes has at least doubled in the last decade in Europe and the USA. Reptile purchases are increasingly triggered by the attempt to avoid potentially allergenic fur pets like dogs and cats. Consequently, reptiles are today regarded as surrogate pets initiating a closer relationship with the owner than ever previously observed. Reptile pets are mostly fed with insects, especially grasshoppers and/or locusts, which are sources for aggressive airborne allergens, best known from occupational insect breeder allergies. Exposure in homes thus introduces a new form of domestic allergy to grasshoppers and related insects. Accordingly, an 8-year old boy developed severe bronchial hypersensitivity and asthma within 4 months after purchase of a bearded dragon. The reptile was held in the living room and regularly fed with living grasshoppers. In the absence of a serological allergy diagnosis test, an IgE immunoblot on grasshopper extract and prick-to-prick test confirmed specific sensitization to grasshoppers. After 4 years of allergen avoidance, a single respiratory exposure was sufficient to trigger a severe asthma attack again in the patient. Based on literature review and the clinical example we conclude that reptile keeping is associated with introducing potent insect allergens into home environments. Patient interviews during diagnostic procedure should therefore by default include the question about reptile pets in homes.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Study on the Various Species of Locusts with Special
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2016; 4(6): 38-45 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Comparative study on the various species of locusts JEZS 2016; 4(6): 38-45 © 2016 JEZS with special reference to its population fluctuation Received: 07-09-2016 Accepted: 08-10-2016 from Thar Desert, Sindh Ahmed Ali Samejo Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro- Ahmed Ali Samejo and Riffat Sultana Pakistan Abstract Riffat Sultana Thar Desert is most favorable for life of human throughout the deserts of the world. It is rain fed land, Department of Zoology, some patches are cultivated by farmers in the form of fields for producing sources of economy, other University of Sindh, Jamshoro- Pakistan large part of desert remains untouched for natural vegetation for livestock, but unfortunately little yield of desert is also affected by variety of insect including locusts. During present study four species of locusts; belonging to four genera Anacridium, Cyrtacanthacris, Locusta and Schistocerca, two subfamilies Cyrtacanthacridinae and Oedipodenae and one family Acrididae were reported from Thar Desert from June 2015 to May 2016. Comparative study revealed that two species Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria are swarming and destructive while, Anacridium aegyptium and Cyrtacanthacridinae tatarica are non-swarming but are larger in body size and graze more vegetation than both swarming species. Though these four species have ecological and morphological difference but the nature of damage is almost similar. All these species were recorded as pest of foliage of all crops and natural vegetation. Keywords: Comparative morphology, geographic distribution, locusts, Thar Desert, damage to useful plants 1.
    [Show full text]
  • EVALUATION of FIELD TRIAL DATA on the EFFICACY and SELECTIVITY of INSECTICIDES on LOCUSTS and GRASSHOPPERS Report to FAO By
    EVALUATION OF FIELD TRIAL DATA ON THE EFFICACY AND SELECTIVITY OF INSECTICIDES ON LOCUSTS AND GRASSHOPPERS Report to FAO by the PESTICIDE REFEREE GROUP Sixth meeting Rome, 10 - 12 December 1996 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Plant Production and Protection Division Rome, 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 EFFECTIVE INSECTICIDES AND ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION 1 OTHER INSECTICIDES 5 APPLICATION CRITERIA 5 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CERTAIN INSECTICIDES 6 POSSIBLE USE PATTERNS 7 EVALUATION AND MONITORING 8 EMPRES 8 RECOMMENDATIONS 9 APPENDICES Appendix I Participants in the Meeting Appendix II Reports Submitted to the Pesticide Referee Group in December 1996 Appendix III Summary of Data from Efficacy Trial Reports Listed by Insecticide as Discussed in the 1996 Group Meeting Appendix IV References Used for the Environmental Evaluation Appendix V Evaluation of Pesticides for Locust Control Appendix VI Terms of Reference 2 INTRODUCTION 1. The 6th meeting of the Pesticide Referee Group was opened by Dr. N. van der Graaff, Chief Plant Protection Service. He mentioned that, since the last meeting, there had been an upsurge in Red Locust activity in southern Africa. He requested that the Group, in addition to its principal focus on the Desert Locust, also evaluate data on other migratory locusts including the Red Locust. Mr van der Graaff noted that donors and locust-affected countries remained very concerned about the impact of insecticides on the environment. He stressed the need for the Group to take particular note of ecotoxicological data in their evaluations. He welcomed Mr. Mohamed Abdallahi Ould Babah to the Group as a representative of locust-affected countries and Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • An Inventory of Short Horn Grasshoppers in the Menoua Division, West Region of Cameroon
    AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGY JOURNAL OF NORTH AMERICA ISSN Print: 2151-7517, ISSN Online: 2151-7525, doi:10.5251/abjna.2013.4.3.291.299 © 2013, ScienceHuβ, http://www.scihub.org/ABJNA An inventory of short horn grasshoppers in the Menoua Division, West Region of Cameroon Seino RA1, Dongmo TI1, Ghogomu RT2, Kekeunou S3, Chifon RN1, Manjeli Y4 1Laboratory of Applied Ecology (LABEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 353 Dschang, Cameroon, 2Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Agronomic Sciences (FASA), University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222, Dschang, Cameroon. 3 Département de Biologie et Physiologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé 1, Cameroun 4 Department of Biotechnology and Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Agronomic Sciences (FASA), University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222, Dschang, Cameroon. ABSTRACT The present study was carried out as a first documentation of short horn grasshoppers in the Menoua Division of Cameroon. A total of 1587 specimens were collected from six sites i.e. Dschang (265), Fokoue (253), Fongo – Tongo (267), Nkong – Ni (271), Penka Michel (268) and Santchou (263). Identification of these grasshoppers showed 28 species that included 22 Acrididae and 6 Pyrgomorphidae. The Acrididae belonged to 8 subfamilies (Acridinae, Catantopinae, Cyrtacanthacridinae, Eyprepocnemidinae, Oedipodinae, Oxyinae, Spathosterninae and Tropidopolinae) while the Pyrgomorphidae belonged to only one subfamily (Pyrgomorphinae). The Catantopinae (Acrididae) showed the highest number of species while Oxyinae, Spathosterninae and Tropidopolinae showed only one species each. Ten Acrididae species (Acanthacris ruficornis, Anacatantops sp, Catantops melanostictus, Coryphosima stenoptera, Cyrtacanthacris aeruginosa, Eyprepocnemis noxia, Gastrimargus africanus, Heteropternis sp, Ornithacris turbida, and Trilophidia conturbata ) and one Pyrgomorphidae (Zonocerus variegatus) were collected in all the six sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthoptera, Acrididae) at Non-Outbreaking and Outbreaking Situations
    SHORT COMMUNICATION Longevity and fecundity of Dichroplus maculipennis (Orthoptera, Acrididae) at non-outbreaking and outbreaking situations Yanina Mariottini1, María Laura De Wysiecki1 & Carlos Ernesto Lange1,2 1Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (UNLP- CCT La Plata- CONICET). Calle 2 Nº 584, Código postal 1900, La Plata, Argentina. [email protected], [email protected] 2Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas provincia de Buenos Aires. [email protected] ABSTRACT. Longevity and fecundity of Dichroplus maculipennis (Orthoptera, Acrididae) at non-outbreaking and outbreaking situations. Dichroplus maculipennis is one of the most characteristic and damaging grasshopper species of Argentina, mainly in areas of the Pampas and Patagonia regions. We estimated and compared the longevity and fecundity of adult female D. maculipennis under controlled conditions (30°C, 14L:10D, 40% RH) from individuals collected as last instar nymphs (VI) in the field and with a known recent history of low and high density conditions. Densities of D. maculipennis at the collecting sites were 0.95 individuals per m2 in 2006 and 46 ind/m2 in 2009, representing non-outbreaking and outbreaking situations, respectively. Adult female longev- ity in 2006 (67.96 ± 3.2 days) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in 2009 (37.44 ± 1.98 days). The number of egg-pods per female was 3.32 ± 0.44 for 2006 and 1.62 ± 0.26 for 2009. The average fecundity in 2006 (89.29 ± 11.9 eggs/female) was signifi- cantly greater (p < 0.05) than that in 2009 (36.27 ± 5.82 eggs/female). While it was observed that the oviposition rate was higher in 2006, this difference was not significant (p > 0.05).
    [Show full text]
  • Entomopathogens of Anacridium Aegyptium L. in Crete1
    I-NTOMOl.OGIA HEI.I.F.NICA 14 (2001-2002): 5-10 Entomopathogens of Anacridium aegyptium L. in Crete1 N. E. RODITAKIS2, D. KOLLAROS3 and A. LEGAKIS3 2NAGREF-Plant Protection Institute Heraclion Crete, 710 03 Katsabas, Heraclion -'Department of Biology University of Crete ABSTRACT The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria tassiana (Bals.) Vuil. was recorded for the first time on Anacridium aegyptium L. in Crete. The insects were fed on pieces of leaf subjected to a serial dilution of spores over three to four orders of magnitute. Comparative studies on the virulence of ß. bassiana (I 91612 local isolate) and Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (IMI 330189 standard isolate of IIBC) showed that M. anisopliae var. acridum was more virulent than B. bassiana at a conidial concentration lower or equal to 106 per ml while they were similarly virulent on first stage nymphs at 107 conidia per ml. Introduction 40 ind./ha) in winter that reaches much higher lev­ els during some summers. The reasons of these A three year study ( 1990-1992) was started on lo­ sporadic outbreaks remain unknown. By contrast custs in Crete aiming to study Cretan acridofauna, it is always harmful on field vegetables in Chan­ including species composition and their seasonal dras, Sitia (East Crete) so the local Agricultural abundance on main crops, harmful species and Advisory Services suggests extensive control native biological agents. Grapes are the second measures based on insecticides. crop in order of importance of Cretan agriculture. Crop losses dued to locust Anacridium aegyptium It is known that microbial agents such as the had been noticed on certain locations in Crete in entomopathogenic fungi cause epizootics affect­ the past (Roditakis 1990).
    [Show full text]
  • Elements for the Sustainable Management of Acridoids of Importance in Agriculture
    African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 7(2), pp. 142-152, 12 January, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR DOI: 10.5897/AJAR11.912 ISSN 1991-637X ©2012 Academic Journals Review Elements for the sustainable management of acridoids of importance in agriculture María Irene Hernández-Zul 1, Juan Angel Quijano-Carranza 1, Ricardo Yañez-López 1, Irineo Torres-Pacheco 1, Ramón Guevara-Gónzalez 1, Enrique Rico-García 1, Adriana Elena Castro- Ramírez 2 and Rosalía Virginia Ocampo-Velázquez 1* 1Department of Biosystems, School of Engineering, Queretaro State University, C.U. Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro, México. 2Department of Agroecology, Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, México. Accepted 16 December, 2011 Acridoidea is a superfamily within the Orthoptera order that comprises a group of short-horned insects commonly called grasshoppers. Grasshopper and locust species are major pests of grasslands and crops in all continents except Antarctica. Economically and historically, locusts and grasshoppers are two of the most destructive agricultural pests. The most important locust species belong to the genus Schistocerca and populate America, Africa, and Asia. Some grasshoppers considered to be important pests are the Melanoplus species, Camnula pellucida in North America, Brachystola magna and Sphenarium purpurascens in northern and central Mexico, and Oedaleus senegalensis and Zonocerus variegatus in Africa. Previous studies have classified these species based on specific characteristics. This review includes six headings. The first discusses the main species of grasshoppers and locusts; the second focuses on their worldwide distribution; the third describes their biology and life cycle; the fourth refers to climatic factors that facilitate the development of grasshoppers and locusts; the fifth discusses the action or reaction of grasshoppers and locusts to external or internal stimuli and the sixth refers to elements to design management strategies with emphasis on prevention.
    [Show full text]
  • Grasshoppers and Locusts (Orthoptera: Caelifera) from the Palestinian Territories at the Palestine Museum of Natural History
    Zoology and Ecology ISSN: 2165-8005 (Print) 2165-8013 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tzec20 Grasshoppers and locusts (Orthoptera: Caelifera) from the Palestinian territories at the Palestine Museum of Natural History Mohammad Abusarhan, Zuhair S. Amr, Manal Ghattas, Elias N. Handal & Mazin B. Qumsiyeh To cite this article: Mohammad Abusarhan, Zuhair S. Amr, Manal Ghattas, Elias N. Handal & Mazin B. Qumsiyeh (2017): Grasshoppers and locusts (Orthoptera: Caelifera) from the Palestinian territories at the Palestine Museum of Natural History, Zoology and Ecology, DOI: 10.1080/21658005.2017.1313807 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21658005.2017.1313807 Published online: 26 Apr 2017. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tzec20 Download by: [Bethlehem University] Date: 26 April 2017, At: 04:32 ZOOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1080/21658005.2017.1313807 Grasshoppers and locusts (Orthoptera: Caelifera) from the Palestinian territories at the Palestine Museum of Natural History Mohammad Abusarhana, Zuhair S. Amrb, Manal Ghattasa, Elias N. Handala and Mazin B. Qumsiyeha aPalestine Museum of Natural History, Bethlehem University, Bethlehem, Palestine; bDepartment of Biology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY We report on the collection of grasshoppers and locusts from the Occupied Palestinian Received 25 November 2016 Territories (OPT) studied at the nascent Palestine Museum of Natural History. Three hundred Accepted 28 March 2017 and forty specimens were collected during the 2013–2016 period.
    [Show full text]
  • EPPO Reporting Service
    ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN ET MEDITERRANEENNE PLANT PROTECTION POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES ORGANIZATION EPPO Reporting Service NO. 10 PARIS, 2012-10-01 CONTENTS _______________________________________________________________________ Pests & Diseases 2012/203 - First report of Anthonomus eugenii in the Netherlands 2012/204 - First report of Aromia bungii in Italy 2012/205 - Drosophila suzukii continues to spread in Europe 2012/206 - First report of Drosophila suzukii in Germany 2012/207 - First report of Drosophila suzukii in Croatia 2012/208 - First report of Drosophila suzukii in the United Kingdom 2012/209 - First report of Drosophila suzukii in Portugal 2012/210 - First report of Drosophila suzukii in the Netherlands 2012/211 - Situation of Drosophila suzukii in Belgium 2012/212 - First report of Aculops fuchsiae in Belgium 2012/213 - First report of Carpomya incompleta in France 2012/214 - Outbreaks of Bemisia tabaci in Finland 2012/215 - Update on the situation of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera in the Czech Republic 2012/216 - Synchytrium endobioticum no longer found in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom 2012/217 - Outbreak of Anacridium melanorhodon arabafrum in Qatar 2012/218 - Ralstonia solanacearum detected in the Czech Republic 2012/219 - First report of „Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum‟ on carrots in France, in association with Trioza apicalis 2012/220 - Occurrence of „Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri‟ is confirmed in Belgium 2012/221 - „Syndrome des basses richesses‟ detected in Germany: addition to
    [Show full text]
  • Species Composition of Grasshoppers (Acrididae: Orthoptera) in Mirpur Division of Azad Jammu
    Species Composition of Grasshoppers (Acrididae: Orthoptera) in Mirpur Division of Azad Jammu & Kashmir By ZAHID MAHMOOD B.Sc. (Hons.) Agri. Entomology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.Sc. (Hons) in Agricultural Entomology The University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Faculty of Agriculture, Rawalakot Azad Jammu & Kashmir 2008. To, The Controller Examination University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzaffarabad We, the supervisory committee, certify that the contents and the form of thesis entitled “Species Composition of Grasshoppers (Acrididae: Orthoptera) in Mirpur Division of Azad Jammu & Kashmir” submitted by Mr. Zahid Mahmood is according to the form and format established by the Faculty of Agriculture, Rawalakot and have been found satisfactory. It is, therefore, recommended that it should be processed for evaluation from external examiners for the award of degree. Chairman / supervisor _________________ Dr. Khalid Mahmood Member _________________ Dr. M Rahim Khan Member _________________ Dr. S. Dilnawaz Gardazi External examiner _________________ Chairman Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Faculty of Agriculture, Rawalakot Azad Jammu & Kashmir DEDICATION I would like to dedicate all my humble effort the fruit of my life to affectionate parents and the people who are scarifying their lives for Islam and Muslims in the world. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I have no words to express my deepest sense of gratitude to “Almighty Allah” (The Merciful and compassionate). The only one to be praised who blessed me with the potential and ability to gain something from the pre-existing Ocean of knowledge and I am also deeply grateful to His beloved Prophet Muhmmad (PBUH) who is the real source of knowledge and guidance for whole the universe forever.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonal Occurrence of the Tree Locust Anacridium Melanorhodon
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS AND RESEARCH (IJSPR) ISSN: 2349-4689 Issue 146, Volume 48, Number 04, June 2018 Seasonal Occurrence of the Tree Locust Anacridium Melanorhodon Melanorhodonon Acacia Senegal, North Kordofan State, Sudan Omer Rahama Mohamed Rahama1 Magzoub Omer Bashir Ahmed2 and AbdalmnanAlzian Hassan3. 1,3Department of Plant Protection Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan, Sudan. 2Dept. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan. Abstract:-The tree locust, Anacridium melanorhodon Sudanese western sand plains associated with Acacia melanorhodon (Walker, 1870) (Acrididae: Orthoptera) causes mellifera and Acacia senegal. Gum Arabic is often the sporadic damage mainly to trees. In Sudan, it is called night principal source of income in these areas. In addition to wanderer because of its nocturnal activity. It is commonly gum production, A. senegal tree is used for sand dunes found on the Sudanese western sand plains, causing stabilization, microclimate improvement, soil considerable damage to the gum Arabic producing Acacia trees. Field work was made at an Acacia Senegal plantation of amelioration through nitrogen fixation and a source of the Acacia Project (Elrahad) site, during 2007/08 and 2008/09, firewood and fodder for animals. North Kordofan State. Theobjectives of the study were to Other host plants include trees of the genus Acacia, investigate the factors that influence the tree locust population Balanitesaegyptiaca and Zizyphusspina-christi. Tree movements and distribution. The results showed that, adults of locusts attack the flowers and leaves of fruit trees (mango, the tree locust appeared in the field in May and high populations were recorded during the period from June to citrus, date palm and guavas).
    [Show full text]