THE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF THE 337 composition (including Fe8" and HaO) with AlersaNpnov, K.S. & Ryzsova, T.V. (1961): The changing envir,onment provides much more elastic properties of rock-forming minerals: pyrox- information. Such investigations have already enesand amphiboles. Izv. Akad. Naak SSSR, Ser. (in begun (Ungaretti et al. l98l) and promise to Geofiz. No.9, 1339-1344 Russ.). expand in the fufure, coupled with correspond- Axosnseu,E,8., FrNcen,J. & Ross-HaNsrs,J, (1975): ing work on coexisting minerals. Thee studies Determination of [Fe2+],/[Fe3+]-ratios in arfved- will be expensive and will require a change sonite by M6ssbauer spectroscopy, Lithos E, 237-246. in the general perception of the relationships between crystallography, mineralogy and petrol- ANupnsreN,H. (1968): A mineral chemical study of a ogy; the result will be a better characterization metamorphosed iron formation in northern Sweden' of petrologic processes. Lithos l, 374-397. AppLsveno, E.C. (1975): Silica-poor hastingsitic am- phiboles from the metasomatic alkaline gneissesat ACKNOWLEDCEMENTS Wolfe, easternOntario. Can. Mineral. 13,342-351. The author thanks Roger G. Burns, Maryellen AvsstoN, J. (1969): The mechanical properties of Cameron and David R. Veblen for their asbestos.J. Mot. Sci. 4,625'633. thorough reviews of this manuscript. This work BesesHrlN,A.M., PorHoror, K.V., Ensnove, 2.P., has been done over the last 5 years with the PBnRI'Ev,D. Yu., PornovsrII, I.B. & Kovltssenova, encouragementof Dr. R. B. Ferguson. Financial L.N. (197 l) : Study of the distrib'ution of ions in the assistance was provided by the National Re- sublattices of some amphiboles and ferrites of spinel search Council of Canada (grants to R. B. structure by the method of nuclear ?-resonancespec- Effect Ferguson and F. C. Hawthorne; research troscopy. InProc. Conf. Appl. Mdssbauer (Tihany, 1969; l. Dezsi, ed.). Akad. Kiado, fellowship to F. C. Hawthorne). Budapest. BnsrrNe,J., Bolre, J., Rrtrutnn, J.C. & Zartpp,C, REFERENCES (1968): Etude magn6tique de pyrox0nes et d'am- phiboles. 1r Int. Mineral. Assoc. Pap. Proc., Fifth Aoevs,I., Tuouas,J.M. & Barcnorr, G.M. (1972):An Gen. Meet. (Cambridge, 1966).Mineralogical Soci- ESCA study of silicate minerals. Earth Planet. Sci. ety, London. Lett. 16.429-432. BarcnrN,A.I. & VrNorunov,V.M. (1978):Exchange- ADAMS, (1975): Interpretation of visible near- J.B. and coupled pairs of transition metal ions and their ef- infrared reflectance pyroxenes diffuse spectra of and fect on the optical absorption spectra of rock- otler rock-forming minerals. /z Infrared and Raman forming silicates. Geochem. Int., 53-60. Spectroscopyof Lunar and Terrestrial Minerals (C. Karr, Jr., ed.). Academic Press,New York. Bnuueusrx, C .J. (1962): Introduction to Ligand Field Aoaus, L.H. & Wnueusou, E.D. (1923): Com- Theory. McGraw-Hill, New York. pressibility of minerals and rocks at high pressure. Baxcnorr, G.M. (1967): Quantitative estimatesof site J. Franklin Inst. 195.475-529. populations in an by the Mdssbauer ef- AoorsoN,C.C., AoorsoN,W.E., Nrel, G.H. & SHanp, fect- Phys. Lett, 264, 17-18, J.H. (1962a): Amphiboles. I. The oxidation of (1970): Quantitative site population in silicate crocidolite. J. Chem. Soc. 1962, 1468-1471. mineralsby the M6ssbauereffect. Chem.Geol. 5, AoprsoN,W.E., Nrel, G.H. & Ssenp,J.H. (1962b): 255-258. Amphiboles. II. The kinetics of the oxidation of (1973):Mdssbouer Spectroscopy. An Introduc- crocidolite. J. Chem. Soc. 1962. 14'12-1475. tion for Inorganic Chemists and Geochemists. & SHenp,J.H. (1962): Amphiboles. III. The McGraw-Hill, New York. reduction of crocidolite. J. Chem. Soc. 1962. & BnowN,J.R. (1975):A Mdssbauerstudy of 3693-3698. coexisting and : quantitative - & -(1968): Redox behaviour of amosite. Inlnt. Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios. Amer. Mineral. 60,265-272. Mineral. Assoc., Pap. Proc., Fifth Gen. Meet. & BunNs,R.G. (1967):Interpretation of the (Cambridge, I 966). Mineralogical Society, London. electronicronic spectrasoectra of iron in ovroxenes.pyroxenes. Atner.Amer. - & WnrrE, A.D. (1968a):The oxidation of Boli- Mineral. 52. 1278-1287. vian crocidolite. Mineral. Mag. 36,791-796. & -(1968): Applicationsof theMdssbauer - & - (1968b): Spectroscopic evidence for the effect to mineralogy. .Ir Int. Mineral. Assoc., Pap. siting of lithium ions in a riebeckite. Mineral. Mag. Proc., Fifth Gen. Meet. (Cambridge, 1966). 36,743-745. Mineralogical Society, London. Alonrocr, L.P., TsE,J,S. & BeNcnorr, G.M. (1982): & - (1969):M6ssbauer and absorption The identification of Fd+ in the M4 site of calcic spectral study of alkali amphiboles. Mineral. Soc. amphiboles: discussion. Amer. Mineral. CI, 335-339. Amer. Spec. Pap, 2, 137-148, 338 THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST

-, - & Mappocr, A.G . (1967a):Determina- Bealr, E.M.L. (1960): Confidence regions in non- tion of the cation distribution in the linear estimation. Roy. Stat. Soc. J. 822, 4l-88. cummingtonite - grunerite seriesby Mossbauer spec- troscopy. Amer. Mineral. 52, 1009-1026. Benssov, L.V., ManruNrN,A.S. & MrNsvrve, R,M. (1966): Electron paramagnetic resonanceof Mn2 in -& -(1968): Determinationof ca- . Geochem. Int., 352-355. tion distribution in the cummingtonite - grunerite (1981): (100) series by Mdssbauer spectra: a correction. Amer. BrrnuaNr, C. deformation twins in Mineral. 53, 506. naturally deformed amphiboles. Nature 292, 821-823. -, Maooocr, A.G. & BunNs,R.G. (1967b):Ap- (1965): plications of the Mdssbauer effect to silicate BrNNs,R.A. The mineralogy of metamorphos- mineralogy. I. Iron silicatesof known crystal struc- ed basic rocks from the Willyama complex, Broken ture. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 31,2219-2246. Hill district, New South Wales. I. Hornblendes. Mineral. Mag. 35, 306-326. -, & SrnpNs,R.G.J. (1966):Ca- tion distribution in anthophyllite from Mdssbauer BrncH,F. (1966): Compressibility; elastic constants. .[ra and infrared spectroscopy. Nature 212, 913-915. Handbook of PhysicalConstants (S.P. Clark, Jr., ed..).Geol. Soc.Amer. Mem.97. BaNNo,S. (1959): Notes on rock-forming minerals. X. Glaucophanes and garnet from the K6tu district, Braun, J.J. & Rose,sco,G.J. (1978): Raman Sikoku. Geol. Soc. Japan J.65, 658-663. microprobe spectra of individual microcrystals and fibers of talc, tremolite, and related silicate minerals. BeNzenarsHrrv,N. Yu., KaLrNrcHpNro,A.\4., Mer- Anal. Chem. 50, 892-896. vesr-r,I.V. & Moruosorv, M.V. (1978): Study of the dehydroxylation of some asbestosby a proton Br-err, H., MroolsroN, G. & Munnev, R. (1972): Origin magnetic resonancemethod. Izv. Akod. Nazk SSSR, of SedimentaryRocts. Prentice- Hall, New Jersey. Neorg. Mat. 14, 1550-1551(in Russ.). BoccHro,R., UNcenrrn, L. & Rossr,G. (1978):Crystal BeneseNov,A.V. & Tounov, S.B. (1973):Mdssbauer chemical study of eclogitic amphiboles from Alpe study of the isomorphous series Arami, Lepontine Alps, southern Switzerland. Soc. anthophyllite - gedrite and cummington- Ital. Mineral. Petrologia Rend. 34, 453-470. ite- grunerite. Geochem. Int., 1240-1247. BorrrcHsn, A.L., O'Narl, J.R. & InvrNc,A.J. (1978): -, ZonrNa,M.L. & Sosot-ev,V.K. (1974): In- Water and other volatiles in the earth: chemical and frared spectra of amphiboles from metamorphic isotopic evidence from amphiboles and micas in rocks. Mat. MineraL Kol'sk, Poluostrova 10. alkali basalts, kimberlites, and mantle xenoliths. 165-175(in Russ.). Amer. Geophys. Union Trans. 59, 1215 (abstr.). BenNss,V.E. (1930):Changes in hornblendeat about Bonc, I.Y. (1967a): On conventional calculations of 800" . Amer. Mineral. 15. 393-417. amphibole formulae from chemical analyseswith in- Barrrvsru, B.A., Ivexrrsrrr, V.P., LrrvrN, A.L., accurate H"O(+) and F determinations. Mineral. Me,rvasH,I.V. & PousHrr,E.V. (1975):Mossbauer Mag. 36,583-590. spectraof hornblendesof the Ros-Tikich series. Geol. Zh. 35 (6), 54-60 (in Russ.). -(1967b): Optical properties and cell parameters in the glaucophane-riebeckite series. Cortr. Beun,W. H. ( 196l) : VerzerrteKoordinationspolyeder Mineral. Petrology 15, 67-92. in heteropolaren Kristallstrukturen und die elektrostatische Valenzregel von Pauling. Naturwiss. - (1972): Some shock effects in to 4E. 549-550. 270 kilobars at the Piledriver site, In Flow and Frac- tureof Rocks(H.C. Heard,I.Y. Borg,N.L. Carter (1970):Bond length variation and distorted & C.B. Raleigh,eds.). Amer. Geophys.Union Mon, coordinationpolyhedra in inorganiccrystals. Amer. 16,293-31t. Cryst, Assoc. Trans.6, 129-155, & HaNorN,J. (1966):Experimental deforma- (1971):The prediction ofbond length variations tion of crystalline rocks. Tectonophys. 3, 249-368. in silicon-oxygen bonds. Amer. Mineral. 56, rs73-1599. Bonc,R.J. & Bonc,I.Y. (1974):Magnetic order in cer- tain alkali amphiboles - M6ssbauer investigation. (1973): Criteria for hydrogen bonding. IL A J. Phys. Paris, Suppl. 12, 35, C6,553-556, hydrogen bond in the edge of a coordination polyhedron around a cation. Acta Cryst. B.29, & - (1980):Mdssbauer study of behavior 139-140. of oriented single crystals of riebeckite at low -(1974): The geometry of polyhedral distortions. temperatures and their magnetic properties. P&ys. Predictive relationships for the phosphate group. u4c- Chem. Minerals 5. 219-234. ta Cryst. 830, l l95-1215. Lar, D.Y.F. & Bonc, I.Y. (1973): Use of (1978):Variation ofmean Si-O bond lengths magnetic hyperfine splitting to determine in silicon-oxygen tetrahedra. Acta Cryst. 834, Fd*/Fer* ratios in complex silicate minerals, 175t-1756. Nature (Phys. Sci.) 246,46-48. THE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF THE AMPHIBOLES 339

-, SzornaN,F.R.,Buwrsrnn,W.L. & Snr-r-uysn, (1969): Optical absorption in silicates. /r The D.J. (1975): Magnetic ordering in severaliron chain Application of Modern Physics to the Earth and silicate compounds. Proc. 20th AIP Conf. (1974): Planetary Interiors (S.K. Runcorn, ed.), Magnetism Magnetic Materials U, 365-366. Wiley - Interscience, London. Bonley, G.D. (1963): Amphiboles from the younger (1970a): Minerological Applications of Crystal of Nigeria. I. Chemical classification. Field Theory. Cambridge University Press, London. Minerql. Mag 33, 358-376. (1970b): Crystal field spectra and evidence of BowrN,N.L. & ScHarnnn,J.F. (1935):Griinerite from cation ordering in olivine minerals, Amer. Mineral. Rockport, Massachusetts,and a seriesof synthetic 55, 1608-1632. fluor-amphiboles. Amer. Mineral. 20, 543-551. (1972): Mixed valenciesand site occupanciesof BowN,G.M. (1966):A new amphibole polymorph in iron in silicate minerals from Mdssbauer spec- intergrowth with tremolite: clino-anthophyllite? troscopy. Can. J. Spectros.17,51-59. Amer. Mineral. 51, 259-260 (abstr.). (1981):Intervalence transitions in mixed-valence BnowN,G.E., Jr. (1978):Olivines and silicatespinels. minerals of iron and titanium. Ann, Rev. Earth Mineral. Soc.Amer., Rev. Mineral.5, 275-381. Planet. Sci. 9. 345-383. & Grass,G.V. (1969): Oxygen coordination and & Gnsevns,C.J. (1971): Correlations of in- the Si-O bond.Amer. Mineral.54. 1528-1539. frared and M

& Paprrr, J.J. (1979):Amphibole crystal Des,T.P. (1965):Theory of crystallinefields of iron- chemistry: a review. Fortschr. Mineral. 57,28-6'7. group ions in solid solutions. Phys. Rev. 140, 41957-196/. - & - (1981):Structural and chemicalvaria- tions in pyroxenes.Amer. Mineral.66, l-50. DEEn,W.A., Howra,R.A. & ZussvaN,J.(1963): Rock- Forming Minerals. 2. Chain Silicotes. Longmans, Sunro, S., Pnrwrrr, C.T. peprrp. & J.J. Green and Co., London. (1973a):High-temperarure crystal chemistryof K- fluor-richterite. Amer. Geophys. Union Trqns. 54, DeNcr,M.R., Doucns, J.A,V., Plarr, A.G. & Tnerll, 497-498 (abstr.). R.J. (1971): Mineralogy and petrology of some -, -, & - (1973b): High- Apollo 12 samples.Proc. SecondLunor Sci. Conf. temperature crystal chemistry of Na-fluor-richterite, t.285-299. Amer. Geophys. Union Trans. 54, (abstr.). 1230 De Prenr,R. (1980): The structural role of Fe3* in +, &_(1973c):High- biotites from the Euganean Hills, Italy. Mineral temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, Mog. 43,985-988. hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, and ureyite. Amer. Minerol. 58, 594-618. DEVonE,G.W. (1957): The association of strongly polarizing cations with weakly polarizing cations as Canren,N.L. & RamrcH,C.B. (1969):Principal stress a major influence in element distribution, mineral directions from plastic flow in crystals. Geol. Soc. composition, and crystal growth. J. Geol. 65, Amer. Bull. 80, 123l-1264. 178-195.

CHao, E.C.T. (1967): Shock effects in certain rock- Dosnrrsov, N.L., KosrruK, YE.A., LavnnNlysv, Yu. forming minerals. Science 156, 192-202. G., Porouanrva, L.G., Pospsr-ove,L.N. & Sosolrv, V.S. (1971): Immiscibility in the Cnanrrs, R.W . (1972): Physical properties of synthetic sodium - calcium amphibole seriesand its classifica- richterites. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Yeor Book jl, 510-513. tlon. Akad. Naak SSSR, Dokl. 199, 677-680 (in Russ.). (1974): The physical properties of the Mg - Fe richterites. Amer. Mineral. 59. 518-528. Docra, J.A., Brsu,D.L. & BunuHav,C.W. (1980): Positional disorder in clinoamphibole "A" sites. CHarsLarN, A. & Wrsrs, R.A. (1920): Electron Geol, Soc. Amer. Abstr. Programs 12, 414. paramagnetic resonancestudy of ordered Mn2* in Mg2SiOa. J. Chem. Phys. 52, 5682-5687. Dooor, F.C.W., PAplKE,J.J. & Mevs, R.E. (1968): Hornhlendes from granitic rocks CnssNorov,B.V. (1961): Spectralabsorption curves for of the central Sierra Nevada batholith, glaucophane from eclogites of the southern Urals. California. J. Petrology 9, Zap. Vses. Mineral. Obshchest. 90, 700-703 (in 378-410. Russ.). DotLrNcEn,G. & Bracrc, J.D. (1975): Deformation CsrcanEve,O.G., Gnurra-GRzHlMArLo,S.V. & Fsposrsv, mechanismsin experimentally and naturally deform- A.D. (1969): Spectrophotometric study of synthetic ed amphiboles. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.26,4A9-416. fibrous fluor-amphiboles. Zap. Vses.Mineral. Ob- DoNNey,G. & Ar-lueNN,R. (1970):How to recognize shchest.98, (in 96-l0l Russ.). O2-, OH and H,O in crystal structures determin- CnrsHor-u,J.E. (1973):-Planardefecrs in fibrous am- ed by X-rays. Amer. Mineral. 55, 1003-1015. phiboles. J. Mat. Sci. 8, 475-483. Dowrv, E. & Clanr, J.R. (1973a): - (1975)l Crystallographic shearin silicates.Say'. refinement and optical properties of a Tir* fassaite Defect Prop. Solids 4, 126-151. from the Allende meteorite. Amer. Mineral. 58. 230-242. - - -(!!A!): Pyribole structure types. Mineral. Mag 44,205-216. - & - (1973b): Crystal-structure refinement and optical properties bf a Ti3+ fassaite from the Cram, M.W. & FnrsMaN,A.G. (1967): Kinetics and Allende meteorite: reply, Amer. Mineral. 58, mechanism of dehydroxylation of crocidolite. Trans. 962-964. Farad. Soc. 63. 205l-2056. & Lrlosr-Ey,D.H. (1973): M

forming minerals. Izv. Akad. Naa& SSSR, Ser. FrucBn,L.W. (1967): The Crystal Structuresand Geol., No. 4, 148-152(in Russ.). Crystal Chemistryol FerromagnesianAmphiboles. Minn. ErssNsrerN,J.C.. TanacrN,M.F. & THonNroN,D.D. Ph.D. thesis,Univ. Minnesota,Minneapolis, (1975): Antiferromagnetic order in amphibole (1969a\: The crystal structure and cation asbestos.Proc. 20th AIP Conf. (1974): Magnetism distribution of a grunerite.Mineral. Soc.Amer. Mognetic Materials 24, 357-358. Spec.Pap.2,95-100. ENoBr-,A.E.J. & ENcrl, C.E. (1962): Hornblendes (1969b):Determination of cation distribution formed during progressive metamorphism of am- by least-squaresrefinement of single-crystalX-ray phibolites, northwest Adirondack Mountains, New data. CarnegieInst. Wash.Year Book 67,216-217. York. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 73, 1499-1515. (1970a):The structurerefinement and cation EnNsr, W.G. (1960): Stability relations of orderingof an anthophyllite.z4mer. Mineral.55,3N magnesioriebecKte.Geochim. Cosmochim.Acta 19, (abstr.). 1040. - (1970b):Refinement of the crystalstructure of (1963): Polymorphism in alkali amphiboles. an anthophyllite. CarnegieInst. lilash. YearBook Amer. Mineral. 48. 241-260. 6E.283-288. (1968): AmphiDoles. Springer-Verlag, New & Ornssr, Y. (1974a):Preliminary results of York. the refinementof the crystal structureof holm- quistite. CarnegieInst. Wash. Year Book 73, -(1979): Coexisting sodic and calcic amphiboles 535-539. from high-pressure metamorphic belts and the stability of barroisitic amphibole. Mineral. Mag. 43, & - (1974b): Refinement of the crystal 269-278. structureof holmquistite.Amer. Geophys.Union Trans.55, l20l (abstr.). & Wer, C.M. (1970):M

Gav,P., BaNcnorr,G.M. & BowN,M.G. (1970):Dif- -, Harrlrl, M.M., LoutsNaruaN,S.J., Benrull, fraction and Mdssbauerstudies of mineralsfrom L.S. & Yow, H. (1972): Correlation between Si - O lunar soils and rocks.Proc. Apollo 11 Lunar Sci. bond length, Si-O-Si angle and bond overlap Conf. l, 481-497, populations calculated using extended Hiickel Gnrren,P.(1959): The distribution ofhalogens in skarn molecular orbital theory. Amer. Mineral. 57, amphibolesin centralSweden. Arkiv Mineral. Geol. 1578-1613. 2, 481-504. -& Pnewtrr,C.T. (1968):Amphibole cation site Gsosn, (1961): disorder. ft Int. Mineral. Assoc., Pap. Proc., Fifth S. The crystalstructure of cumm- (Cambridge, ingtonite.Actu Cry$. 14, 622-627. Gen. Meet. 1966).Mineralogical Socie- ty, London (abstr.). (1962):The nature of Mg2+-p.z+distribution in GrtLsrnc, M. (1959): A lead-bearing variety of some ferromagnesiansilicate minerals.Amer, pargasite Minerql. 47.388-394. from Ltngban, Sweden. Arkiv Mineral. Geol. 2. 425-430. (1965): A schemeof cation distributionin the (1965): amphiboles.Mineral. Mag, 35, 46-54. GrNznpnc,I.V. Holmquistite and its structural variety clinoholmquistite. Trudy Mineral. Muz. (1977):Cation distributionand subsolidusphase Akad. Nauk SSSR 16, 73-89 (in Russ.). relationsin amphiboles:a review.Indian J. Earth Gor-oveN, D.S. (1977): Sci.,l7l-188. Crystal-Field and Mdssbauer Applications to the Study of Site Distribution and Foneps,W.C. & Psersv,P.P. (1974):Unmix- Electronic Properties of Ferrous lron in Minerals, ing of an alkali amphibole(tirodite) into magnesio- wilh Emphasis on Calcic Amphiboles, Orthopyrox- richteriteand magnesio-riebeckite.Indian J. Earth enesand Cordierite. Ph.D. thesis, California Insr, Sci.1.37-42. Technology, Pasadena, Calif. (1979): A reevaluation of the M6ssbauer & HarNEn,S.S. (1969):Mg-Fe distribution over(M,, M2,Ml) andMa sites in cummingtonites. spectroscopy of calcic amphiboles. Amer. Geol.Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap.121, ll0-ll1 (abstr.). Mineral.64, 109-118. & RossuaN,G.R. (1976): Identification of a & Hrr-r-Nrn,E. (1959):The crystalstructure of mid-infrared electronicabsorption band of Fd+ in - grunerite and observationson the Mg Fe distribu- the distorted M(2) site of orthopyroxene, tion. "/. Geol. 67, 691-701. (Mg,Fe)SiO3.Chem. Phys. Lett. 41,474-475, & ScHrNolrn,P. (1969):Determination of the & - (1977a): The identification of Fe2' distribution of trace amounts of Mn2+ in diopsides in the M(4) site of calcic amphiboles. .4 mer. Mineral. by electron paramagnetic resonance.Minerol, Soc, 62.205-216. Amer. Spec.Pap. 2,51-58. - & - (1977b): The spectra of iron in or- & HarNan,S.S. (1968):Mn2* disrribu- thopyroxene revisited: the splitting of the ground tion in diopsidesby electron spin resonance.Amer. state. Amer. Mineral 62, l5l-157. Geophys. Union Trans. 49, 340 (abstr.). & -(1982): The identification of Fe2+ in the M4 site of calcic amphiboles: reply. Amer. & WrroNrn, J.R. (1972): Mg2*-P.z+ Mineral. 67.340-342. order- disorder in cummingtonite, (Mg,Fe)7Si6O22(OH)2:a new geothermometer. GooorunN,B.A. & Wrt-soN,M.J. (1976):A Mdssbauer Earth Planet. Sci.Lett. 16,346-354. study of the weathering of hornblende. Clay Minerals 11. 153-163. Gtns,T.C. & GnrENwooo,N.N. (1965):Chemical ap- plicationsof the Mdssbauereffect. 2. Oxidation GonsarscHsv,R. (1977):The influence of some com- statesof iron in crocidoliteand amosite. Forad. Soc. positional relations on the partition of Fe and Mg Trans. 61. 1317-1323. between and Ca-amphibole. Neues Johrb. Mineral. Abh. 130. 3-ll. Grnss,G.V. (1962):The Crystal Structure of Protoam- phibole. Gnanau, A. L,, Eesror.r,A. J., Brvar, A.W.R. & Hur- Ph.D. thesis,Pennsylvania State Univ., cHrsoN, R. (1976): The Mayo Belwa (Nigeria) University Park, Pa. aubrite. Meteoritics ll, 292-293 (abstr.). (1964):Crystal structureof protoamphibole. Gnsnvss,C., BunNs,R.G. & BaNcnonr,G.M, (1971): Geol. Soc.Amer. Spec.Pap. E2,71-72(abstr.). Resolutionof actinolite Mdssbauerspectra into three ferrous doublets. Nature (Phys. Sci.) 229,60-61. (1966):Untitled article.In AGI Short Course LectureNotes on Chain Silicates,l-23. GnpssNsHcHrxov,R.G., Rouarov, D.P., Srpovsru,D.P. & KosuuNe, G.L (1974): Structure of a hydrox- - (1969):The crystal structure of protoamphibole. ylgermanate amphibole. Zh. Prikl. Khim. (Len- Mineral. Soc.Amer. Spec.Pap.2, 101-110. ingrad) 47, 1905-1910(in Russ). Br-oss,F.D. & SHru-,H.R. (1960):Proto- GnrEN, D.H. & RrNcwoop, A.E. (1963): Mineral amphibole,a new polytype.Amer. Mineral. 45, assemblagesin a model mantle composition. ,/. 974-989. Geophys. Res. 68, 937-945, THE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF THE AMPI{IBOLES 343

Gnrnrrrs, J.S. (1961): The Theory of Transition-Metal Gnrcp,J.L. & Cunrrs, L. (1980): A three- .Iors. Cambridge University Press, London. amphibole assemblagefrom the Tallan Lake sill, Peterborough County, Ontario. Can. Mineral. HarNen, S.S. (1975): Mdssbauer spectroscopyin lunar 18, 275-284. geology and mineralogy. Top. Appl. Phys. 5, 167-t99. & GnuNoy,H.D. (1972): Positional disorder in the A-site of clino-amphiboles. Nature (Phys. Sci.) & GHosp, S. (1971): Iron and 235,72-73. distribution in cummingtonites (Fe,Mg)rSirOr2(OH)2. Z. Krist, 133, 301-326. & -(1973a): The crystalchemistry of the amphiboles. I. Refinement of the crystal structure - & HucrrNnor-2,H.G. (1971):M

& RrecHenr,L. (1960): Strukturuntegsuchung JerrE,H.W., RosrNsor.{,P. & Krgrr, C., Jr. (1968):Ex- Qn einererner basaltischenbasaltrscnenHornblendeHornolende von Cerno3in.uernostn, solution lamellae and optic orientation of clinoam- CSR. Tsch erma ks Mi n eral. Petro g. M i t t. 7, 235 -245. phiboles. Science 160,'776-778. Hev, M.H. (1939): On the presentationof chemical JAcEn,E. & Penrusl, R. (1967):Some remarks to the analyses of minerals. Mineral. Mag. 25, 402-412. crystal field theory of spinellattices. Phys. Stat. Sol. HreraNEr'r,A. (1974): Amphibole pairs, epidote 20, 433-441. minerals, chlorite and in metamorphic & -(1970): About the crystalfield theory rocks, nonhern Sierra Nevada, California. Amer. oftetrahedral:trahedral sites in spinelsoinel lattices. Phvs.Phys. Stat. Sol. Mineral. 59,22-40. 38.735-746. Hur,trleLnsrc,G.R. & Peprc, J.J. (1969): Coexisting KalrNrcHrmro,A.M., BaNzenarsnrrv, N.Yu., MATvAsH, amphiboles from blueschist facies metamorphic I.V., LrrvrN,A.L. & PorsHri.r,E.V. (1977):Refine- rocks. "L Petrology 10,102-114. ment of the structural characteristics of hornblendes by reference to proton-magnetic-resonance data. Hoocsox,A.A. (1965):The thermal decompositionof Sov. Phys. Cryst. 22,225-226. miscellaneous crocidolites. Mineral. Mag. 35, 29r-305. KanarNENr,D.C. (1973): X-ray and M0ssbauer characteristics of a cummingtonite from -, FneeveN,A.G.& Tevron,H.F.W. (1965):The Yellowknife, district Mackenzie. Can. Mineral. thermal decomposition of crocidolite from Koegas, of South Africa. Mineral. Mag. 35, 5-30. t2,230-232. (1974): Horurs, A. (1965): Principles of Physical Geology Kareces, C. Alkali amphiboles intermediate in composition riebeckite. (2nd ed.). Thomas Nelson & Sons, London. between actinolite and Contr. Mineral. Petrology 46, 257-264. HucrsnHorrz, H.G., Scnarnrn,J.F. & Yoorn, H.S., Jr. (1963): (1969): Synthesis and stability of ferri-diopside. Knweuane,A. X-ray studieson somealkaline (Japon) Mineral. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. 2, 163-177. amphiboles. Mineral. J. 4,30-40. OnNo, M. TeraNo, Y. (1972): Structural HursNrn, J.S. & Paprre, J.J. (1970): Synthesisand & crystal chemistry of sodium-potassium richterite, study of the amphibole in volcanic raff . Sci. Pap. Coll. Gen. Ed. Univ. Tokyo 22, (Na,K)NaCaMg5Si6O22(OH,F)2:a model for am- 67-78. phiboles. Amer. Mineral. 55, 1973-1992. Krlrrn,G.V. (1966):Electrical properties ofrocks and Huccrrc, F.8., Vrnco,D. & HucrENHor-z,H,G, (I977): minerals. ,lr Handbook of Physical Constants(S.P. Titanium-containing silicategarnets. I. The distribu- Clark, Jr., ed,.).Geol. Soc.Amer. Mem.97. tion of Al, Fe3+ and Ti4+ betweenoctahedral and KHnrsroronov, K.K., Nrrrrrxa, L.P., KnrzHersrrv, tetrahedral sites. Amer. Mineral. 62. 475-490. L.M., Yrrnrov, S.P. & LrrvrN, A.L. (1973): Hurr, G.R. & SalrssuR.y,J.W. (1970): Visible and Distribution of iron in calcium amphibole lattices near-infrared spectra of minerals and rocks. I. as determined by Mdssbauer spectroscopy. Dotrl. (in Silicate minerals. Mod. Geol. 1, 283-300. Akod. Nauk SSSR 210, 153-156 Russ.). (1964\: HuNrnEss,W.T., Jr. & Wrr-soN,L. (1972\: An ESCA KrNc, G.W. Spectroscopy and Molecular Struc- study of lunar and terrestrial mateials. Earth Planet. ture. Holt, Rinehart & Winston Inc., New York. sci. Lett. 15,59-64. Krnsv,S.H. & CsnrsnE,J.M. (1977):Mechanical twin- HurroN, C.O. (1940): Metamorphism of the Lake ning in diopside Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6:structural Wakatipu region, western Otago, New Zealand. mechanism and associated crystal defects. Phys. N.Z. Dep. Sci. Indust. Res., Geol. Mem.5, Chem. Minerals l, 131-163. KrscH,H.J. (1969): Magnesiocummingtonite - P2y/ m: (1956): The composition of an actinolite. Acta Cryst.9,231-232. a Ca- and Mn-poor clino-amphibole from New South Wales. C ontr. Mineral. Petrolo gy 21, 3 I 9-33I . INcnr-ls,R. (1964):Electric-field gradient tensor in fer- Krrnrrauna,M. & Momvoro, N. (1972): Crystal struc- rous compounds.Phys. Rey. 133, A787-A795. ture of k6zulite and tetrahedral Al in amphiboles. Inusrera,M.C. & WHrrrarcn,E.J.W. (1975):A three- Acta Cryst. A28, 54, S71 (abstr.). dimensionalrefinement of the structureof holm- & ToroNeur,M. (1971):The crystalstructure quistite.Acta Cryst.B3l, 145-150. of kaersutite. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ., Ser. 3, ll, 125-141. Iro, E. & Marsur, Y. (1978):Synthesis and crystal- chemicalcharacterization of MgSiO3perovskite. -, -, Koro, K., Honrucsr,H. & Monrvoro, Earth Planet. Sci.Lett.3E, 443-450. N. (1973): Cation ordering in kaersutite by neutron diffraction. Mineral. Soc. lapan J. ll, 49. Iro, T. & Moruvoro,N. (1950):Anthophyllite. In X- ray Studieson Polymorphism(T. Ito, R. Sadanaga -, & Monruoro, N. (1975):Distribution & Y. Tak€uchi,eds.). Maruzen Co. Ltd., Tokyo. of titanium atoms in oxy-kaersutite. Contr. Mineral. Petrology 51, 167-172. Jecrsor, W.W. & Wpsr,J. (1930):The cystal struc- ture of muscovite - KAl2(Alsi3)oro(oH)2.z. Krrrer, C. (1966): Introduction to Solid Stote Physics Krist.76.211-227. (4th ed.). J. Wiley & Sons, New York. THE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF TIIE AMPHIBOLES 34s

KrrtN, C., Jr. (1964): Cummingtonite-grunerite & - (1981): Studies of the orthoam- series:a chemical,optical and X-ray stttdy.Amer. phiboles. I. The Mdssbauer and infrared spectra of MineraL 49.963-982. holmquistite. Soc./rang. Mindrol. Crist. BulL lA4, (1966): Mineralogy and petrology of the 38l-386. metamorphosedWabush iron formation, LenrE,B.E. (1968):A catalog of analyzedcalciferous southwesternLabrador. J. Petrology7, 246-305. and subcalciferous amphiboles together with their - (1968):Coexisting amphiboles. J. Petrology9, nomenclature and associatedminerals. Geol. Soc. 281-330. Amer. Spec.Pop.98, (1969): Two-amphibole assemblagesin the (1978): Nomenclature of amphiboles. Can. systemrm actinolite - hornblende - glaucophane, Mineral. 16. 501-520. Amer. Mineral. 54, 212-237. -, Fannow,C.M. & Navar,V.K. (1981):Further & Iro,J. (1968):Zincian and manganoanam- studieson winchitefrom the type locality. Amer. phibolesfrom Franklin, New Jersey..4mer.Mineral. Mineral. 66, 625-631. s3. r264-127s. & Hsy, M.H. (1979): Addendum to the Kosr, J.A. & Courrono, J.E. (1955): Synthetic nomenclature of amphiboles. Mineral. Mag. 42r asbestosinvestigations. II. X-ray and other data on 561-563. synthetic fluor-richterite, -, and -boron LrrreNnNne,v, C. (1969a): Electron microprobe edenite. Amer. Mineral. 40. 4lO-421, analysesof chlorine in hornblendes and biotites from KonrrNro, S. (1940): "Carinthine". Zentr. Mineral. the charnockitic rocks of Kondapalli, lndta. Mineral. Geol. 19404.31-36. Mag. 37,362-365. Kosor, A.L., Manova, L.A. & Fnarx-KavrNrrsrrr, (1969b): Fluorine and chlorine in the char- V.A. (1974): Crystal-chemical characteristics of nockitic hornblendesfrom Kondapalli, India. Neaes -17 rhombic pyroxenes. Sov. Phys. Cryst. 19, 17| 4. Jahrb. Mineral. Monatsh., 379-383. KneNcr,S.H. (1961):A study of phaseequilibria in a Lrrsr, H.C. (1975): Selectedterrestrial minerals and metamorphic iron formation. J. Petrology 2, - 137-t84. their infrared absorption spectral data (4000 300 cm-t). In Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Knrrz, R. (1959): Chemical study of garnet, biotite, Lunar and Terrestrial Minerals (C. Karr, Jr., ed.). and hornblende from gneisses of southwestern Academic Press, New York. Quebec, with emphasison distribution of elements in coexisting minerals. J. Geol. 67,3'71-402, LrNornan, W. (1964): Beitrag zur Struktur des An- - (1963):Distribution of magnesiumand iron bet- thophyllites. Fortschr. Mineral. 42, 205 (abstr.) ween orthopyroxene and calcic pyroxene in natural Lrrrlrn, J.G.F. & WrlLraus, R.J.P. (1965):Electrical mineral assemblages.J. Geol. 71,773-785. and optical properties of crocidolite and some other KmssNeuunrHy, R. & SHeep,W.B. (1970): Computing compounds. J. Chem. ,Soc. 1965, 6368-6371. ligand field potentials and reliable energiesof d or- (1966): bitals. Theory. J. Chem. Educ. {1,433-M6. LrrvrN, A.L. Factors regulating isomorphous substitution in the calcium amphibole group. Kurovsxu, E.G. & Lrrvru, A.L. (1970):Infrared spec- Mineral. Sb. 20, 437-M0 (in Russ.). tra ol amphiboles.Konst. SyoistvaMineral.4. 8l-85 (in Russ.). (1972):Crystal chemistry of calcian amphiboles. Geokhim. Rudoobrazov No. 1, 89-102 (in Russ.). KuNrrz,W. (1930):Die Isomorphieverhoiltnissein der Hornblende-gruppe. Neues Jah rb. M inerol. A b h. 60, (1973): Calcic Amphiboles (Structure, Cation 17l-250. Distribution, Unit Cell Dimensions). Naukova Dumka, Kiev (in Russ.). Lew, A.D. (1973): Critical evaluation of 'statistical best fits' to Mdssbauer spectra.Amer. Mineral.58, Econovn,L.N. & Mrcsur, T.L. (1973b):Ca- 128-131. tion distribution in two aluminous hornblendes from X-ray data. Konst. Svoistva Mineral. 7, 3l-35 (in -(1976): A model for the investigationof hydrox- Russ.). yl spectra of amphiboles. .In The Physics and Chemistry of Minerals and Rocks (R.G.J. Strens, OsrapsNro,S.S. & TsprnN, ed.). J. Wiley & Sons, London. Y.E. (1972a\: Structural refinements of actinolite and iron-rich hornblende. Mineral. Sb. 26, 341-350 (1981): Studies of the orthoamphiboles. II. (in Russ.). Hydroxyl spectra of anthophyllites. Soc. frang. Mindrol. Crist. Bull. 104. 423-430. -, PrrnuNtua, A.A. & UoovruNe, N.G. (1975b): Comparative - & Wurrrerrn,E.J.W. (1980):Rotated and ex- characteristics of the structures of smaragdite and tendedmodel structures in amphibolesand pyrox- carinthine. Konst. Svoistva Mineral. 9, 7-10 (in enes.Mineral. Mug. 43, 565-574. Russ.). 346 TT{E CANADIAN MINERALOGIST

-, -, OsrepsNro, S.S. & TppxrN, V.E. - (1968b): Intensity of allowed and forbidden elec- (1972b): Comparative characteristicsof hornblende tron spin resonance lines of Mn2+ in tremolite. structure from and granulite metzrmor- Can. J. Phys. 46,1029-1033. phic facies (Ukranian Shield). Konst. Svoistva Mineral. 6,3-14 (in Russ.). Mao, H.K. & Bru, P.M. (1974):Crystal-field effects of trivalent titanium in fassaite from the Pueblo de -, & PsrnuNrNa,A.A. (1974a):Refine- Allende meteoite. Cornegie Inst. Wash. Year Book ment of the siructure of hornblende from garnet am- 73. 488-492. phibolite from the central Bug region (Ukrainian Shield). Konst. Svoistvo Mineral. S, 3-5 (in Russ.). & SErErnr,F. (1974):A study of the crystal- & Tsprrx, V.E. (l97lb): Structure and field effects of iron in the amphiboles arthophyllite gedrite. distribution of the Mg - Fd+ in the hornblendesof and Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 73, gneissesfrom the Ros River (Ukrainian Shield). 500-502. Konst. Svoistva Mineral.5, 3-8 (in Russ.). ManescH, W.V. (1977): Experimental studies on Grtrzsunc,I.V., EcoRovA,L.N. & OsrepsNro, glaucophane: an analysis of present knowledge. Zec- S.S. (1973a): On the crystal structure of holm- tonophys. 43,109-125. quistite. Konst. SvoistvaMineral. T, l8-31 (in Russ.). & LeNcen, K. (1976): Synthesis, lattice con- -, & PErnuNrNa,A.A.(1975): On stants and OH-valence vibrations of an orthorhom- the crystal structure of clinoholmquistite. Kotsl. bic amphibole with excess oH in the system Svoistvo Mineral. 9, 3-6 (in Russ.). Li2O - MgO - SiO2- H2O. Contr. Minerol. MrcuNrr, T.L., OsrarrNro, S.S. & Por_'ssrN, Fetrology 56,27-34. E.V. (1973c): X-ray diffraction and M

Mrusysva,R.M. (1973):Potentials of nonequivalent Nevsu, M., Taxtoe, K. & Krreuune, T. (1969): latticepositions in rock-formingsilicates. Calcula- K6zulite, a new alkali amphibole from Tanohata tion of coulombpotentials. Dokl. Acad. Sci. USS& mine, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. ,I. lap. Assoc. Earth Sci.Sect. 210,248-251. Mineral. Petrology, Econ. Geol.62, 3ll-318 (in abstr. in Amer. Mineral.55, l8l5). Mrrcuerr,J.T. (1970):Crystal Structure Refinement of Jap.; Actinolite. M.S. thesis,Virginia PolytechnicInst. NauveNt.r,A.W., Serrono, G.J. & MunaproN,F.A' StateUniv., Blacksburg,Va. (1966): Low-frequency (OH)- motions in,layer s. Clays Clay Minerals 74, 367 -383. -, Bloss,F.D. & Grnss,G.V. (1970a):The varia- tion of tetrahedralbond lengths and anglesin NesrrncHur,N. I., Mexanovn,T.A. & Feooseev,A. D. clinoamphibole.Geol. Soc.Amer. Abstr. Programs (1968): Hydrothermal synthesisof fibrous sodium- 2. 626. cobalt amphibole. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 179' & -(1970b): A refinementof the 106-107(in Russ.). structureof actinolite.Amer. Mineral. 55. 302-303 (1960): der Kristalle (abstr.). Nsurnus,A. Uber die Ionenfarben und Minerale am Beispiel der Chromfiirbungen' Z. & - (1971):Examination of the Krist. ll3, 195-233. actinolite structure and four other C2/m amphiboles in terms of double bonding. Z. Krist. 133,273-300. NeuvraNN, E.-R. (1976): Two refinements for the calculation of structural formulae for pyroxenes and MrvasHrno,A. (1957): The chemistry, optics, and amphiboles. Norsk Geol. Tidsskr. 56, l-6. genesis of the alkali amphiboles. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo J., Sec. II,1l, 57-83. NrpLseN,K.C. & Ross, J.V. (1979): Deformation characteristics of calcic amphibole above 7 Tr. Moons, P.B. (1968a):Joesmithite, a new amphibole- Amer. Geophys. Union Trans. 60,370 (abstr.). like mineral from L8ngban. Arkiv Minerol. Geol. 4, 487-492. NrrrrrNe, L.P., PsrrEvrcu,E.Z., Svrnotovn, O.V. & KHnrstoronov,K.K. (1973): Determination of oc- - (1968b): The crystal structure of joesmithite: a cupancy of octahedral positions in the structuresof preliminary rrote. Mineral. Mag. 36,876-879. aniphilioles (ca,Na,Ii)r-r(Fe2+,Fe3i, Mg, Al)5 (1969): Joesmithite: a novel amphibole crystal [(Si,AI)4O1]2(OH)2from vibrations of OH'. Ceo' chemistry. Mineral. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pop. 2' chem. InI., 1233-1239. I I l-l 15. Nor-Er,D.A. & BunNs,R.G. (1979):Ilvaite: a study of Monnrsor-Surru, D.J. (1974): A mechanism of exsolu- temperature dependent electron delocalization by the tion in amphiboles. Geol. Soc. Amer. Abstr. Pro- Mcissbauer effect. Phys. Chem. Minerals 4, 221'234. grams6,878. Nover, C.A. & Grsss, G.V. (1971): The crystal - (1976): Transmistion electron microscopy of ex- chemistry of the silicategarnets. Amer. MineraL 56, perimentally deformed hornblende. A mer. Mineral. 791-825. 6t.272-280. Or-sEN,E. (1967): Amphibole: first occurrence in a meteorite. Science 156, 6l-62, Murnpn, R.F. (1960): Compositional characteristics and equilibrium relations in mineral assemblagesof HursNen, J.S., Douclns, J.A.V. & Prarr, a metamorphosediron formataon.Amer, J. $ci.258, A.G. (1973):Meteoritic amphiboles.Amer. Mineral. 449-497. 5E. 869-872.

(1961):Analysis of relations among Mg, Fe and ONurr, H. (1964): Hornblendes from the ultramafic in- Mn in certain metamorphic minerals. Geochim. trusives in the Kitakami Mountainland. J. Jap. -296. Cosmochim. Acta 25, 267 Assoc. Mineral., Petrology, Econ. Geol. 51, 210-222. -(1962): Energetics of certain silicate solid solu- tions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 26' 581-598. & Er.nsr,W.G. (1969):Coexisting sodic am- phiboles and sodic pyroxenesfrom blueschistfacies (1967):Model for order-disorder kinetics in metamorphic rocks. Minerol. Soc.Amer. Spec. Pap. quasibinary crystals of continuously variable certain 2,241-250. composition. J. Phy s. Chem. So I ids 28, 2239-2243 . (1969): Kinetics and thermodynamics of in- Ourvn, N., Hrcucut,H., Waxtra, H. & Nacasewa,H. (1968)l partition betweentwo pyrox- tracrystalline distributions. Mineral, Soc. Amer. Trace element host lava. Earth Plonet. Sci. Lett, 5, Spec.Pap.2, 83-93. enes and the 47-5t. Myser, B.O. & BorrrcrBn, A.L. (1975):Melting of a hydrous mantle. I. Phase relations of natural OxsuncH, E.R. (1964): Petrological evidence of the peridotite at high pressuresand temperatures with presenceof amphibole in the upper mantle and its controlled activities of water, carbon dioxide, and petrogenetic and geophysical implications. Geol. hydrogen. J. Petrology 16, 520-548. Mag. l0l, l-19. 348 THE CANADTAN MINERALOGIST

Pnprrp, J.J., CauenoN,K.L. & Bnlowrx, K. (1914): PHrr-lrps,R. (1963): The recalculation of amphibole Amphiboles and pyroxenes: characterization of analyses. Mineral Mag. 33, 701-7ll. OTHER than quadrilateral components and Popp, R.K. (1975): estimates of ferric iron from microprobe data. Geol. Iron-Magnesium Amphiboles: Soc. Amer. Abstr. Programs 6, 1053-1054. Synthesis and Stability with Respect to Temperature, Pressure, Oxygen Fugacity and Sulfur Fugacity. - & Cram, J.R. (1967):Crystal-chemical role of Ph.D. thesis,Virginia Polytechnic Inst. State Univ., potassium and aluminum in a hornblende of pro- Blacksburg, Va. posed mantle origin. Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. -, GrI-srnr,M.C. & Cnarc,J.R. (1976): Synthesis 115, l7l (abstr.). and X-ray properties of Fe - Mg orthoamphiboles. & - (1968): The crystal structure and ca- Amer. Mineral. 61, 1267-1279. tion distribution of glaucophane. Amer. Mineral. Pnrwrrr, C.T. (1963): 53, I 156-l173. Crystal structures of two syn- thetic amphiboles. Geol. Soc.Amer. Spec.Pap.16, Pnewtrr,C.T., SusNo,S. & Cnr'arnoN,M. 132-133(abstr.). (1973):Pyroxenes: comparisons of real and ideal structuraltopologies. Z. Krist. l3E, 254-273. -, Pepms, J.J. & Ross, M. (1970): Cum- mingtonite. A reversible nonquenchable transition - & Ross,M. (1970):Gedrites: crystal structures from P2y/m to A/m symmetry. Earth Planet. Sci. and intracrystallinecation distributions. /rner. Lett. E. 448-450. Mineral. 55. 1945-1972. SseNNoN,R.D. & WHrre,W.B. (1972): Syn- -, -& Cmnr,J.R. (1968): Crystal-chemical thesis of a pyroxene containing trivalent titanium. and petrologicsignificance of theF2,/m amphibole Contr. Mineral. Petrology 35, 77-82. pigeonite. analogof Trans.Amer. Geophys.Union (1939): 49,340-341(abstr.). Pruorn,R.T. Some minerals from the leucite- rich rocks of the West Kimberley area, Western -, & - (1969):Crystal chemical Australia. Minerol. Mag. 25, 373-387. characterizationof clinoamphibolesbased on five PyarrNro,Yu.A. (1973): newstructure refinements. Mireral Soc.Amer. Spec. Unified approach to analysis Pap. 2, 117-136. of the local balance of valencesin inorganic struc- tures. Sov. Phys. Cryst. 17,677-682. Panrs,G.A. & ArHran,S. (1968):Magnetic moment Fd+ paramagnetic Quaonaoo, R. & Gurrsnnez,M. (1967): Dilataci6n ter- of in minerals.Amer. Mineral. piroxenos y 53, 406-415. mica de anfiboles. Bol. Real. Soc. Espan. Hist. Natur. (Secc. Geol.) 65, 17l-179. (1965): ParrEnsoN,J.H. Thermal disintegrationof (1948): crocidolitein air andin vacuum.Mineral. Mog.35, Rassrrr, J.C. A new study of the anthophyllite 3t-37. series.Amer. Mineral. 33, 263-323. & O'CoNNon,D.J. (1966):Chemical studies of RarrH, M., HOnuaNN,P.K, & AsRAuaN{,K. (1977): amphibole asbestos.I. Structural changesof heat- Petrology and metamorphic evolution of the Pen- treated crocidolite, amosite, and tremolite from in- ninic ophiolites in the western Tauern Window frared absorption studies. Aust. J. Chem. 19, (Austria). Schweiz. Mineral. Petrog. Mitt. 57, l 155-1164. 187-232. PeurrNc, L. (1929): The principles determining the RrNoer-r-,R.E.G. (1970):Data sheetson the chemical structure of complex ionic crystals. Amer. Chem. and physical properties of the UICC standard Soc. "/. 51. 1010-1026. reference samples. In Pneumonoconiosis. Proc, Third Int. Conf. (1969), Johannesburg (H.A. (1930): Structure of the micas and related Shapiro, ed.). Oxford University Press,Cape Town, minerals. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 16. 123-129. South Africa. (1960): The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd ed.). Cornell University Press,Ithaca, New York. Rrsse,P.H. & Grsss,G.V. (1971):Crystal structuresof the humite minerals. III. Mg,/Fe ordering in humite PeuLrrscu, P. (1948): Zwei Hornblenden aus and its relation to other ferromagnesian silicates. Metabasiten der Hochalm-Ankogelgruppe. Tscher- Amer. Minerol. 56. ll55-l 173. maks Mineral. Petrog. Mitt. l, 14-18. & PnuNrrn,A.R., Jn. (1977):Stereochemical Peacocr, M.A. (1928): The nature and origin of the systematics of ordered C2,/c pyroxenes. Amer. amphibole-asbestosof South Afica. Amer. Minerol. Mineral. 62,710-720. 13.241-286. RrcE,J.M., EvaNs,B.W. & Tnouusoonnn,V. (1974): PerrrrouN,E.F. (1975):Sedimentary Rocks (3rd ed.). Widespread occurrenceof magnesiocummingtonite Harper and Row, New York. in ultramafic , Cima di Gagnone, Ticino, Switzerland. Co nt r. Mine ra l. Pet ro lo g1t 43, 245-25 l . PHarry, P.P. & Gnosr, S. (1974):Study of unmixing of an alkali amphibole. In Diffraction Studies of RrNcwooo,A.E. (1969): Phasetransformations and the Real Atoms and Real Crystals. Aust. Acad. Sci. 11, constitution of the mantle. Dep. Geophys. E-2. t7t. Geochem.,Aust. Nat, Univ., Canberra, Publ.6E0. THE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF TIIE AMFHTBOLES 349

RonsrNs,D.W. & Srnrus, R.G.J. (1972): Charge- -, SptrrH,W.L. & AsHron, W.H. (1968b): transfer in ferromagnesian silicates: the polarized Triclinic talc and associated amphiboles from electronic spectra of trioctahedral micas. Mineral. Gouverneur mining district, New York. Amer, Mag. 38,551-563. Mineral. 53,751-769. RosrNsoN,E.A. (1963): Characteristic vibrational fre- RossuaN, G.R. (1979): Structural information from quencies of oxygen compounds of silicon, quantitative infrared spectra of minerals. ?"razs. phosphorus and chlorine: correlation of stretching Amer, Cryst, Assoc. \5,77-91. frequencies and force constants with bond lengths RouxHsr, P.G. (1970):Kinetics of dehydroxylation and and bond orders. Can. J. Chem. 41,3021-3033. of OH-OD exchange in macrocrystalline micas. RogrNsoN,K. (1971): The Crystal Structures of Zircon, Amer. Minerol. 55, 841-853. Clinohumite and the Hornblendes. A Determination -, Grr-leno,J.L. & Fnrptar,J.J. (1972):Thermal of Polyhedral Distortion and Order-Disorder. Ph.D. decomposition of amosite, crocidolite and biotite. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. State Univ., Blacksburg, Va. Mineral. Mag. 38, 583-592. RowsorHaM,G. & Fanr'aen,V.C. (1973): The effect of Grsss,G.V. & Rrsss,P.H. (1970):A refine- site occupancy on the hydroxyl stretching fre- ment.of the crystal structure of pargasite. Amer. "A" quency Contr. Mineral. Mineral. 55, 307 (abstr.). in clinoamphiboles. Petrology 38, 147-149. & Herr-,M.R.(1973): Cation RurrrcrueN,W.A.. Spr.lcuprA,D. & Mensrnll, M. distribution in three hornblendes.Amer. J. Sci. 2734.522-s3s. (1973):The polarizedspectra of iron in silicates.I. Enstatite. Amer. Mineral. 58. 444-450. RosrNsoN,P. & Jarrn, H.W. (1969): Chemographic ex- SaxrNa, S.K. (1968a): Crystal-chemical aspects of ploration of amphibole assemblagesfrom central distribution of elements among certain coexisting Massachusettsand southwestern New Hampshire. rock-forming silicates.Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Abh. Mineral. Soc.Amer. Spec.Pap. 2,251-274. 108,292-323. -, -, KlrrN, C., Jn. & Ross,M. (1969): (1968b): Distribution of iron and magnesium Equilibrium coexistenceof three amphiboles. Corlr. between coexisting garnet and clinoplroxene in rocks Mineral. Petrology 22, 248-258. of varying metamorphic grade. Amer. Mineral.53, Ross,M. & Japrs,H.W. (1971):Composition 2018-2024. of the anthophyllite - gedrite series,comparisons of - (1969d: Silicate solid solutions and geother- gedrite - hornblende, and the anthophyllite - gedrite mometry. I. Use of the regular solution model. solvus. Amer. Mineral. 56, 1004-lMl. Contr. Mineral. Petrology 21, 338-345. RooNry,T.P., Gevescr,A.T. & Rrpcren,R.E. (1974): - (1969b):Silicate solid solutions and geother- Mechanical twinning in experimentally and naturally mometry. 2. Distribution of Fe2+ and Mg2* be- deformed hornblende. Air Force Cambridge tween coexisting olivine and pyroxene. Contr. ResearchLab,, Environmental ResearchPap. 4E4, AFCRL-TR-74-036r. Mineral. Petrology 22, 147-156. & Exsrndv, T.K. (1970):Statistical chemistry & Rrccrrn,R.E. (1969):Experimental defor- of calcic amphiboles. Contr. Mineral. Petrology ?.b, mation of hornblende and amphibolite. Air Force 276-284. Cambridge Research Lab., Environmental Reseorch Pap. 299, AFCRL - 69 - 0068. Scrarlrn, W.T. (1916):The chemicalcomposition of tremolite. U.S. Geol. Sum. Bull.610, 133-136. -- & - (1973):Constant strain-rate deforma- tion of amphibole minerals. Air Force Cambridge Scuwanrz,K.B. & InvrNc,A.J. (1978):Cation valence Research Lab., Environmental Reseorch Pap. 430, determinations in kaersutite and biotite megacrysts AFCRL _ TR- 73 -0045. from alkalic basalts: evidence for Ti3+ in the up- per mantle, Amer. Geophys. Union Trans. 59, (1975): -, & Gevascr,A.T. Hornblende 1214-1215(abstr.). deformation features. Geology 3, 364-366. Norrr, D.A. & Bunm,R.G. (1980):Mdssbauer (1970): -, & Ross,M. Deformation twins spectroscopy and crystal chemistry of natural Fe - Ti in hornblende.Science 169, 173-175. garnets. Amer, Mineral. 65, 142-153. -F Rosexsnnc,P.E. & Forr, F.F., Jn. (1977): Fe2+ Serrenr,F. (1977): Compositional dependenceof the avoidance in silicates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta hyperfine interaction of 57Fein anthophyllite. Pftys. 41.345-346. Chem. Minerols l, 43-52. Ross,M., Paprrp,J.J. & WrrnleN, P.W. (1968a):Ex- (1978): Equilibrium Mg-Fe2+ cation distribu- solution in clinoamphiboles.Science 159, 1099-1102. tion in anthophyllite. Amer. J. Sci,27E, 1323-1333. & SHew,K.W.(1969): Exsolution tex- - & Vrnco, D. (1974): Temperature dependence tures in amphiboles as indicators of subsolidusther- of intracrystalline Fd+-Mg distribution in a mal histories. Mineral. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pop.2, natural anthophyllite. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year 275-299. Book 73. 405-411. 350 THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST

& Letpsn,-W' & - (1975): Kinetics of the Fe2* -Mg SrrotNr, G., Braauw, C., Wuttr, C.G. order-disorder reactionin anthophyllites:quan- (1980):Mdssbauer characteristics of UICC standard titative cooling rates.Science lEE, l107-1109. ieference asbestos samples. Can. Minerol' lt, 285-290. Sevrnr,M.P. (1973):A crystal-chemicalstudy of syn- thetic magnesiohastingsite.Amer. Mineral. 58, SuENo,S.,- - -Odl26 CavrnoN,M., Pepur, J.J. & Pnnwrr, C'T' 480-494. High-temperature crystal chemi:lry^of . Acta Cryst. A2t' 54' 569 (1976a): studies of [n' qyroxeires and amphiboles SnarNon,R.D. Systematic (Pbstr.;. teratomicdistances in oxides.Ire The Physicsand Chemistryof Mineralsand Rocks(R.G.J. Strens' +, & - (1973): The high ed.).J. Wiley & Sons,London. temperature crystal chemistry of tremolite. Amer' Mineral. 58, 649-664. (1976b): Revised effective ionic radii.and svstematic studies of interatomic distances in halides -, & Pnswrrr, C.T. (1976): Orthofer- and chalcogenides.Acta Cryst. A32,751-767. rosilite: high-temperature crystal chemistry. Amer' Mineral. 6f. 38-53. SrNcH.S.G. & BoNanot, M. (1972): Mdssbauer resonanceof arfvedsonite and aegirine-augitefrom +,-(l9i2a): Peptrn, J.J., Pnrwlrr, C.T. & BnowN,G.'E' the Joan Lake agpaitic complex, Labrador, Lithos Crystal structure of high cummingtonite' 5,211-225. J. GeoPhYs. Res. 77, 5767'5777. Srpovsrtt,D.P,, GnsnrNsHcHlKov,R.C. & Meranove, SuNorus,N. (1946a):The composition of eckermannite T,A. (1972): New chemical compound: fib,r-ous and its positiolr in the amphibole group. Sver.Geol. amphibole-like germanate. Dokl. Akad. Naat SSSR Underi\kn. Arsbok 39 (Ser. C, no. 475), l-7. 205, 404-406(in Russ.). (1946b): The classification of the hornblend'es relations^inthe amphibole Srerrn, J.C. (1965): Quantum Theory of Molecules and the solid solution 40 (Ser. C, and Solids. 2. Symmetry and Energy Bands in group. Sver. Geol. Undersiikn. Arsbok Crystals. McGraw-Hill, New York. no.480), l-36. Swrrzpn, G. (1951): Mineralogy of the California (1976): Svrrn, G. & SrneNs, R.G.J. Intervalence glaucophane schists. Calif. Div. Mines Bull. 16l' silicate, oxide and transfer absorption in some 5l-70. phosphate minerals. /r The Physics and Chemistry of Minerals and Rocks (R.G.J. Strens,ed.). J. Wiley Svor.ro,Y. (1960):Magnetic susceptibilityof some,rock- & Sons, London. forming silicate minerals such as amphiboles, biotitei cordierites and garnets' J. Geomag' Svrrn, J.V. (1969): Crystal structure and stability of Geoelect.ll. 85-93. polymorphs; physical properties and the MgSiO3 Tevplrtor, D.H. (1956): Systematic absencesc.or- pyroxenes. Soc, phase relations of Mg,Fe Mineral. responding to false symmetry. Acta Cryst. 9' Amer. Spec.Pap. 2,3-29. 199-200. SroNr, A.J. (1967): Least-squaresfitting of Mossbauer TsoupsoN,J.B., Jn. (1970): Geometricalpossibilities spectra.Appendix to: BANcRoFr,G.M., Meooocr, for amphibole structures:model biopyriboles.Amer' A.G., ONc, W.K. PntNce,R.H. & SroNr, A.J. Mineral. 55, 292-293 (abstr.). iron (III) diketone (1967): Mossbauer spectra of (1978): Biopyriboles and polysomatic series' Chem. Soc. 1967A, 1966'1971. complexes. J. Amer. Mineral. 63' 239'249. and Srour, J.H. (1972): Phase petrology and mineral Trllrv, C.E. (1957):Paragenesis of anthophyllite Amer. chemistry of coexistingamphiboles from Telemark, hornblende from the Bancroft area,Oriario. Norway. J. Petrology 13' 99-145. Mineral. 42, 412-416. V' (1970): Characteristics of the Interna- (1966): study of cation order- TnrBnrll,^^"iioiJ'u"ion SrnENs,R.G.J. Infrared elainst Cancer standard reference (Fe, ing and clustering in some Mg) amphibole solid ,fu Pneumonoconiosis'Proc' (Chem. 15' ,amples of asbestos.-conf. solutions. Chem. Comm. Soc.London) il;it-il (1969),Johannesb^urg !H'A' 519-520. I own' Shapiro, ed.), Oxford University Press' cape Africa. - (1970): Structural interpretation of the infrared South absorption spectra and optical properties of Tollero, H.G. (1973): Mantle conductivity and^-elec- glaucophane and related minerals. Amer, Mineral, trical properiies of garnet, mica and amphibole' 55, 313 (abstr.). Nature (PhYs. Sci.) U\,35'36. TnrpatHI,R.P. & LoraNetHeN,S. (1978):Mdssbauer (1974): The common chain, ribbon, and ring study of Mg- and Mn-rich amphiboles and micas. silicates..Ir The Infrared Spectra of Minerals (V.C. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys. 16' 888-892. Farmer, ed.). Mineralogical Society, London. Tnorn. F. & Weurzr, E.M. (1965): Strukturunter- & Wooo, B.J. (1970): Visible-region absorption suchungan einer Hornblende aus dem eklogitischen spectra of (Fe,Mg) pyroxenes and amphiboles. Gesteinlon Stramez, sudliche Koralpe. Tschermaks Amer. Mineral. 55, 313-314(abstr.). Mineral. Petrog. Mitt l0'233-240. THE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF THE AMPHIBoL-ES 351

Tscnnnynr, Q. Q872): Ueber Pyroxen und Amphrbol. Walrrzr,E.M. & Welrpn,F. (1981):Verfeinerung Tschermaks der Mineral. Mitt. l, l7-46. Kristallstruktur eines basaltischenMagnesio- UpovrrNa, N.G. (1971): Eclogites of the polar tJrols. Hastingsites.Z. Krist. 156, 197-208. Nauka, Moscow (in Russ.). Wer-sH,D., Dorwav,G. & DoNNey,J.D.H. (1974): UNcannrrr, L. (1980): Recent developments in X-ray Jahn-Teller effectsin ferro-magnesianminerals: single crystal diffractometry applied to the crystal- pyroxenesand olivines.Soc. frang. Mindral. Crist. chemical study of amphiboles. God. Jugosl. ient. Bull. 97,170-183. Krist. 15.29-65. WannsN,B,E.(1929): The structure of tremolire -_-__=_,\e4n,F., Rossr,G. & Dal Npcno,A. (197g): H2Ca2Mg5(SiOr)s.Z. Krist. 72, 42-57, Crystal-chemical characterization of blue am- - (1930):The crystalstructure and chemical qhiboles. com- Proc. XI Gen. Meet. I.M.A., Rock- positionof themonoclinic amphiboles . Z. Krist.72, forming Minerals, 82-110. Nauka, Moscow. 493-5t7. SvrrH, D.C. & Rossr, G. (1981): Crystal------.-:- & Bneco,W.L. (1928):The structureof diop- chemistry by X-ray structure refinement and-elec- side,CaMg(SiO)2. Z. Krist. 69,168-193. tron microprobe analysisof a seriesof sodic - calcic to alkali amphiboles from the Nybd eclogite pod, & Moprrl, D.I. (1930a):The structureof Norway. Soc. frang. Mindral. Crist. Bull. 104. enstatite.Z. Krist. 75, l-14. 400-4t2. & - (1930b):The structureof an- VenrrN, D.R. & BunNHev,C.W. (1975):Triple-chain thophylliteH2Mg7(SiO)6. Z. Krbt. 75, l6t-178. biopyriboles: newly discovered intermediate pro- Wsr-r-s,A.F. (1962): - StructurolInorganic Chemistry ducts of the retrograde anthophyllite talc transfor- (3rd ed.).Clarendon Press, New mation, York. Chester, Vermont. Amer, Geophys. Union Wrnrusnr,G.K. (1964):The Mtissbauer Effect.'prin- Trans. (abstr.). 56, 1076 ciplesand Applications. Academic Press, New York. & - (1976):Biopyriboles from Chester. WHrrp,A,J.R., CHaeenLL,B.W. & JarrH,f. 1t9:Z;: Vermont: the first mixed chain silicates. Geol, Soc. Coexistingclinopyroxene, garnet Amer, Abstr. and amphibole Programs I, 1153. from an "eclogite",Kakanui, New Zealand.Contr. & - (1978):New biopyribolesfrom Mineral. Petrology34, 185-191. Chester,Vermont. jim- II. The crystalchemistry of Wurrr, W.B. (1975):Structural interpretation of lunar thompsonite,clinojimthompsonite, and chesteiite, andterrestrial minerals and by Ramanspectroscopy. ,Ll the amphibole-micareaction. Amer. Minerai. Infrared and Raman 63. 1053-1073. Spectroscopyof Lunar and TerrestrialMinerals (C. Karr, Jr., ed.).Academic & Busecr,P.R. (1979):Chain-width order and Press,New York. disorder in biopyriboles. AmeL Minerol. 64. & Kelsrrn, K.L. (1966): Optical 687-700. absorption spectra of iron in the rock-forming silicates.Amer. & - (1980):Microstrucrures and reaction Mineral. 51,774-791. me-chanismsin biopyriboles, Amer. Mineral. 65, & - (1967): Selectionrules and sire 599-623. assignmentsfor the spectraof ferrous iron in pyrox- enes.Amer. Mineral. 52. 1508-1514. Vrrayasnrn,G., Mururnree, P,S. & BserracHsn.rEs,S. (1976): Dielectric properties of fibrous amphibole. WHrrrarsn, E.J.W. (1949):The structure of Bolivian Indian f. Phys. 50,1052-1056. crocidolite. Acta Cryst. 2, 312-317. (1960): VrNorunov,V.M., Zanreov,M,M. & SrspaNov.V.G. The crystal chemistryof the amphiboles. Acta (1964): Paramagnetic resonanceof Mn2+ in diop- Cryst. 13, 291-298. phys. side crystals. Sov. Sol. State 6, g70-975. (1969): The strucrure of the orthorhombic am- phibole holmquistite. Acta Cryst. B2S, 394-397. Vrnco, D. (1972a): Preliminary fitting of s?Fe (1971): M

(1970): Calculation of & VeooBn,W. (1968): Mechanisms of thermal Wooo, B.J. & SrnsNs,R.G.J. distributions in decomposition in micas and amphiboles. Pr99. site preference energiesand cation {t pyroxenes from structural 6th Int. Symp. on Reactivity of Solids (J.W. Mit- (Fe,ilag) amphibolei and chell, R.C. deVries, R.W. Roberts & P. Cannon' data. Amer. Mineral.55, 316. eds.). John WileY & Sons' New York. YarovLsve, A.K,, Yrcorova, L.N. & LIrvlN, A'L' (1978) : Magnesiocummingtonite-with-primitive cell Wrr-son,M.J. & Fennr'n' V.C. (1970): A study.of fu,r/m. Int. Geol. Rev.20, 1357-1362. weathering in a soil derived from a biotite- hornblende rock. II. The weatheringof hornblende' Yer-r, P.B. (1968): Geometry ond Symmetry' Clay Minerals E, 435-444. Holden - DaY, San Francisco. (1971):Core binding Wt'rrr, P., LeNcsn, K.' Setnrnr,F. & Scnn-even,W' Yrr, Lo I, GHosr,S. & Aprsn,I. and nonbridg- ( I 969):'SynthetischeAmphibole mit OH-Uberschuss energy difference between bridging Science 113, im SystemNa2O-MgO-SiO2- H2O' Naturwiss' ing 6iygen atoms in a silicate chun. 56.414-415. 633-63s. (1945): of X-RayDiffrac- Wrrrels, M. (1951): Structural transformations in am- ZacsantasrN,W.H. Theory Wiley & Sons, New York' phiboles at elevated temperatures. Amer' Mineral' tion in Crystals. J. 36.851-858. ZussvaN,J. (1955):The crystalstructure of actinolite' (1952):The structuraldisintegration of some Acta CrYst. S' 301-308. amphiboles. Amer. Mineral. 31, 28-36. (1959): A re-examination of the structure of tremolite. Acta Cryst. 12, 309-312. Woprsontcr, C.F' & Henrrvnr, P. (1969):Regular in- tergrowth of cummingtonite and hornblende, both 27, 1981,revised manuscript accepted witl space grotps P2/m. Neues Jahrb' Mineral' Received October /982. Monatsh., 558-563. July I,