Kidney Stone Disease Is One of the Oldest and Most Common Problems of the Urinary System. There Are Four Main Types of Kidney St

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Kidney Stone Disease Is One of the Oldest and Most Common Problems of the Urinary System. There Are Four Main Types of Kidney St

There are four main Men used to be KIDNEY STONES types of kidney stones: much more likely than women to • Calcium Stones are the most common type. There are two types: calcium oxalate and develop kidney Kidney stones are small, hard calcium phosphate stones stones, but recent mineral deposits that • Uric Acid Stones are caused by having very studies show acidic urine form in the kidney. They may the number of • Struvite Stones are found often in people women getting stay in the kidney or travel who have chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs) kidney stones is down the urinary tract. • Cystine Stones are very rare, caused by a genetic kidney disease called cystinuria almost equal. The medical term Each year, more Kidney stones for kidney stones is than 1 MILLION Stones in the kidney often do not cause any nephrolithiasis. The PEOPLE visit symptoms. However, when a stone travels from come in virtually medical term for stones emergency the kidney to the bladder, it can become lodged any color; but in the ureter and block the flow of urine. This most are yellow occurring in the urinary rooms for kidney can cause the kidney to swell and cause pain. tract is urolithiasis. stone problems. or brown. If you’ve had a kidney Kidney stones vary in size. They stone and want to avoid can be as small Kidney stone disease is one another one: as a grain of • Drink water throughout the day. Remember to drink sand or as large of the oldest and most more to replace fluids you’ve lost when you sweat common problems of the from exercise or are in hot weather as a pearl. Some • Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables stones are even urinary system. • Reduce the amount of salt, meat and foods with the size of a high oxalate content in your diet golf ball! • Eat the recommended amount of animal protein (red meat, milk, pork, etc.) in your diet For more information, visit UrologyHealth.org. .

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Management of Ureteral Stones
Management of Ureteral Stones Ureteral stone disease is among the most painful and prevalent of urologic disorders. As many as 5 percent of Americans will be affected by urinary stones at some point in their lives. Fortunately, most stones pass out of the body without any intervention. If you are not so lucky, the following information should help you and your doctor address the causes, symptoms and possible complications created by your ureteral stone disease. How does the urinary tract work under normal conditions? The urinary tract is similar to a plumbing system, with special pipes that allow water and salts to flow through them. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters and the urethra. The kidneys act as a filter system for the blood, cleansing it of poisonous materials and retaining valuable glucose, salts and minerals. Urine, the waste product of the filtration, is produced in the kidney and trickles down hours a day through two 10- to 12-inch long tubes called ureters, which connect the kidneys to the bladder. The ureters are about one-fourth inch in diameter and their muscular walls contract to make waves of movement to force the urine into the bladder. The bladder is expandable and stores the urine until it can be conveniently disposed of. It also closes passageways into the ureters so that urine cannot flow back into the kidneys. The tube through which the urine flows out of the body is called the urethra. What is a ureteral stone? A ureteral stone is a kidney stone that has moved down into the ureter.
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CME Renal medicine Clinical Medicine 2012, Vol 12, No 5: 467–71 More recent theories focus on the role of primary hyperparathyroidism, deactivating Kidney stone disease: cell surface molecules which favour or vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms inhibit crystal adhesion.4,5 Urothelial injury and activating fibroblast growth factor pathophysiology, and repair after a stone episode may (FGF) 23 polymorphism.12,13 increase surface expression of these mole- investigation and 6 cules to favour further crystal adhesion. Deactivating VDR variants Thus ‘stones beget stones’7 because there medical treatment may be a residual nucleus on which further The development of stone disease is likely stones may form and/or upregulation of to occur only in the presence of additional Charlotte H Dawson, SpR clinical molecules favouring crystal adhesion. Stone risk factors. For example, patients with biochemistry, University Hospitals Bristol prevention focuses on identifying and deactivating VDR variants form stones if NHS Foundation Trust; Charles R V Tomson, ameliorating the risk factors for crystal there is associated hypocitraturia. VDR consultant nephrologist, North Bristol NHS formation. activity promotes citrate excretion14 which Trust increases the solubility of calcium salts. A Risk factors diet low in fruit and vegetables (which also Renal colic accounts for about 1% of hos- boosts citrate excretion) may predispose to Low fluid intake pital admissions worldwide and is the stone formation in these patients. Citrate supplementation may be a particularly reason for 80,000 emergency department The single most important determinant of effective therapeutic intervention. visits per year in the UK. The initial episode stone formation is low fluid intake.
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