China NGO Case Study Series - 1 October 2013
The Incubation and Cultivation of Diversified Community Organization: Social Innovation in Dongcheng District of Beijing City
1 Guosheng Deng, Director of Center for Innovation and Social Responsibility, Tsinghua University. Ying Chu, Post doctor, School of Public Policy and Manage- ment, Tsinghua University. The authors like to thank Ford Foundation for its gener- ous support on this research. Translated by Shuang Lu, doctoral student, School of Social Work, Rutgers University.
1 . The Dilemma of Community provided not only by the govern- Chengdu to facilitate the cultivation Development ment and neighborhood committees and development of social organi- but also by a large number of com- zations, particularly community With the acceleration of ur- munity organizations, such as cul- organizations. Although many simi- banization, the disintegration of the tural and recreational development lar patterns exist in social organiza- institutional system, and the con- organizations, environmental pro- tion incubation, there are some struction of a multitude of modern tection organizations, and commu- unique cases. For instance, the dis- residential communities, Chinese nity nursing homes. Community tinctive project of community or- neighborhood relationships have organizations are able to provide ganization incubation in Dong- gradually moved from closeness to various public services to meet resi- cheng District, Beijing City, has indifference. The moral order and dential needs, to increase residents’ explored a new way of incubating social trust, which are based on tra- sense of belonging, to improve and cultivating community organi- ditional, close neighborhood rela- neighborhood trust and friendship, zations. tionships, have been greatly chal- and to strengthen community cohe- lenged. Fundamentally, community sion. Therefore, community organi- is a system of social life that consti- zation can be considered the foun- II. Case Description tutes of people living within a cer- dation of and key to community tain geographic area. Community is development. Dongcheng District is located not only a place for people to sleep Currently, many mutual- in central Beijing and is a hub for but also a place for people to live benefit and public-benefit, commu- politics, commerce, and culture. For their lives. Unfortunately, commu- nity-based social organizations are the past few years, the government nity development in China has not operating in China. These organiza- of Dongcheng District has taken a dealt with the aforementioned is- tions, however, are usually small in series of steps to facilitate the de- sues effectively over the past twen- scale and have inadequate in man- velopment of the community and ty years. agement, poor ability, and limited community organization. In 2009, With economic development, function. Due to a lack of useful for instance, the Center for Social community residents are requiring organizational resources in their Organization Guidance and Service increasingly diversified and compli- community, residents have a low was established. Authorized by the cated public services, such as pre- level of community governance district government, the center be- school education, emotional sup- participation, many unfulfilled gan serving as the business over- port for older adults, cultural and needs, and weak community cohe- sight department of district-based recreational activities, and involve- sion. An increasing number of gov- public-service social organizations, ment in the governance of public ernments are beginning to realize which resolved the issue of district- affairs. Chinese neighborhood com- the necessity of cultivating and based social organizations not be- mittees, which are essentially an strengthening community organiza- ing able to register as formal organ- extension of the government, can tions in their community develop- izations under the Chinese dual hardly meet the diverse needs of ment efforts. oversight system. At the same time, community residents or function as Since the Shanghai Pudong the government of Dongcheng Dis- a method of community engage- Center for Nonprofit Organization trict also established a special fund ment. This reality not only leads to Development (also known as NPI) to financially support the establish- unfulfilled basic residential needs, initiated the program Nonprofit In- ment, program development, and such as cultural and recreational cubator in 2006, a series of social administrative expenses of social development, but also leads to un- innovation parks, philanthropic or- organizations. As a result, long- fulfilled needs related to involve- ganization parks and social organi- term, stable incubation funding was ment in public governance. zation parks have been established secured. In addition to donations Nationally and international in Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, from the people, social organiza- evidence have shown that diversi- Shenzhen, Shunde, Nanjing, Su- tions received government support. fied community services need to be zhou, Ningbo, Nanchang, and In October 2011 the Dong- cheng District Department of Civil
1 2 Affairs invested 500,000 yuan Nanjing Department of Civil Af- understand community needs and to initiate a one-year Community fairs adopted the operational mode analyze the problems that were Organization Incubation Project. of Beijing Facilitator and founded faced by community organizations. Through governmental procure- Nanjing Community Development Fourth, the organization provided ment of the supportive services pro- for Facilitators, which was the first activities such as consultation, vided by community organizations, professional social work agency training, and experience sharing the project has helped communities working with the migrant popula- based on the results of the needs cultivate their own social organiza- tion in the Yangtze River Delta ar- assessment. Fifth, the organization tions and has improved their ability ea. In the same year, the Zhuhai helped community organizations to serve community residents. Department of Civil Affairs, to- improve on their daily work and Unlike incubation approaches gether with Flextronics Industrial management and helped them solve in other areas, the government of Park, introduced the Beijing Facili- problems. Finally, the organization Dongcheng District has funded tator to Zhuhai City and founded integrated resources to help com- three support organizations: the the Zhuhai Social Work Education munity organizations enhance their Beijing Social Work Development Promotion Center for Facilitators— service capacity. In accordance Center for Facilitators (Beijing Fa- the first professional social work with the social work philosophy of cilitator), Shining Stone Communi- agency that integrated resources “helping others help themselves,” ty Action (SSCA), and the Qiao- from the government, corporation, Beijing Facilitator clearly identified niang Studio Development Associ- and social organizations. itself as an external facilitator and ation. These three organizations act Given Beijing Facilitator’s considered the community organi- as the coordinator between the gov- capability and its rich experience as zations a key component of the pro- ernment and thirteen community a support organization, the govern- gram. organizations from eight streets, ment of Dongcheng District put it The Zhaojialou Community such as Jianguomen. Through the in charge of the incubation work of Convenient Service Team for the assistance of these support organi- three community organizations at Disadvantaged, which was founded zations, the government aims to Jianguomen Street in the Commu- by the neighborhood committee of improve the capacity of local com- nity Organization Incubation Pro- the Zhaojialou community in 2008, munity organizations and to make ject. The three community organi- was one of the incubation targets in community organizations more ca- zations included Zhaojialou Com- the project. The team provided ser- pable in areas such as elder ser- munity Convenient Service Team vices, such as haircuts, blood pres- vices, poverty relief, and environ- for the Disadvantaged, Zhaojialou sure measurement, and tailoring to mental protection. Community Hand-in-Hand Club, community residents, especially the and Dayabao Community Green aged and disabled. Services were 1. The Incubation Work of Bei- Team for Environmental Protec- provided by volunteers. The team, jing Facilitator tion. however, faced many challenges Throughout the project, Bei- due to inadequate experience and Beijing Facilitator, governed jing Facilitator took six approaches skills in volunteer management, by Beijing Department of Civil Af- to its work. First, the organization including recruiting, maintaining, fairs and established by Beijing formed a work team with neighbor- organizing, and enhancing the ser- Cultural Communication Center for hood committees and community vice capacity of its volunteers. Facilitators, is a professional social organizations for program manage- First, Beijing Facilitator, to- work support organization. Found- ment and implementation. Second, gether with Zhaojialou’s neighbor- ed in 2003, Beijing Facilitator grad- the organization developed an im- hood committee and the Conven- ually developed its mission from plementation plan after discussion ient Service Team, built a program providing services for migrant and agreement with community or- management and implementation workers to providing comprehen- ganizations and neighborhood com- team to facilitate the execution of sive public services with profes- mittees. Third, the organization its incubation program. Next, with sional social workers. In 2009 the conducted a needs assessment to Beijing Facilitator’s help, the con-
3 venient Service Team held a series key volunteers, and standardizing hua Song, is an experienced profes- of participatory meetings, through the management of the team. sional in the NGO sector who used which they successfully collected During the one-year project, to work at Global Village, one of suggestions and opinions regarding the Convenient Service Team great- the first grassroots NGOs in China. program implementation, and then ly improved its service capacity and SSCA is expert in various tools and drafted an action plan. Later, Bei- learned about work methods, such methods of urban communities’ jing Facilitator developed a detailed as participatory discussion and public participation. SSCA is also interview outline, interviewed lead- group work, as well as management skilled in using participatory ap- ers of the Convenient Service Team tools, such as program design, proaches to provide community ser- as well as the neighborhood com- needs assessments, self-analysis, vice, resolving community con- mittee, and thoroughly analyzed the and self-diagnosis. More important, flicts, and solving community prob- challenges and needs of the Con- through a platform built by Beijing lems. SSCA had gained the trust of venient Service Team. Facilitator and the neighborhood the Dongcheng District Department After completing the needs committee, the team got to know of Civil Affairs from past collabo- assessment and developing a de- more community organizations, rations and this time was delegated tailed action plan, Beijing Facilita- which gave the team opportunities to cultivate the development of nine tor helped the Convenient Service to broaden its horizon, increase its community organizations as part of Team organize some activities. confidence, and learn from others. the department’s incubation project. Based on the results of a group dis- With the support of Beijing Facili- The nine organizations were the cussion, the team purchased some tator and the neighborhood commit- Residential Council Administration new service equipment, which ad- tee, the team also had built an ex- Committee of Shanglong Commu- dressed the volunteers’ biggest con- ternal resource network with Ton- nity, the Motor Vehicle Self- cern and inspired their passion. gren Hospital, Beijing University of Governance Committee of Andelu Meanwhile, Beijing Facilitator as- Chinese Medicine, fitness centers, Community, the Parking Self- sisted with designing publicity ma- and business shops. These collabo- Governance Committee of Nanchizi terials to publicize the service and rations increased the service con- Community, the Responsible Dog the volunteer spirit of the team, tent of the team and professional- Care Self-Governance Committee which improved the team’s com- ized the services. With the im- of Jingshandongjie Community, the munity impact and developed a cul- provement of its organizational ca- 35 Dayangyibin Self-Governance ture of community volunteer ser- pacity, the team also improved both Committee of Zhaojialou Commu- vice. In addition, Beijing Facilitator the quantity and quality of its com- nity, the Firefighting Safeguard Ac- also assisted in outreach and re- munity public service. During the tion Organization of Gulouyuan cruitment of new volunteers with year, the team carried out services Community, the Laojiefang Neigh- certain skills and talents, which en- five times, served nearly one thou- borhood Mutual-Aid Cooperative riched the team’s services. After- sand residents—particularly the Society, the Zhide Community Mu- wards, Beijing Facilitator shared aged, the disabled, and the migrant tual-Aid Association (which was their experience of volunteer man- population—and strengthened com- later closed), and the Flea Market agement with leaders of the Con- munity residents’ sense of belong- Governance Group of Yinzha Com- venient Service Team and the ing. munity. neighborhood committee and orga- In the beginning, with the coordina- nized volunteer trainings. Addition- 2. The Incubation Work of Shin- tion of the Center for Social Organ- ally, Beijing Facilitator helped the ing Stone Community Action ization Guidance and Service, team improved its system and SSCA staff held a series of net- guidelines for managing volunteers, Founded in December 2002, working events and built trust with such as forming the procedure of SSCA is a nonprofit agency that is the community organizations and volunteer recruitment, building a dedicated to facilitating the partici- related neighborhood committees. system of regular work meetings, patory development of urban com- On this basis, SSCA conducted a hosting the first work meeting of munities. The agency leader, Qing- baseline survey and a needs
3 4 assessment. After finding that the identify its own role, which made In addition, the committee also commonalities of these community the administration committee inad- formulated a work system, which organizations were inadequate equately self-aware, unable to oper- includes monthly committee meet- management and institutional de- ate independently, and highly de- ings, monthly meetings with the velopment, SSCA analyzed rele- pendent on the neighborhood com- Director and the Associate Direc- vant organizational structure and mittee. tor, and guidelines for the content systems with key members of these Based on the results of base- and structure of meetings. At organizations and relevant neigh- line survey and needs assessment, monthly meetings, for instance, at- borhood committees. By recruiting SSCA initiated a series of discus- tendees should discuss issues pro- new members, building a board of sions with the neighborhood com- posed from the last meeting, urge directors, establishing a system of mittee and the Residential Council the neighborhood committee to ad- regular meetings, and training or- Administration Committee of dress these issues, report unre- ganizational leaders, SSCA gradu- Qingnianhu Community. These solved issues to related government ally helped these community organ- meetings resulted in consensuses on departments, confirm the topic of izations be less dependent on program objectives and an action the next activity that was organized neighborhood committees and in- plan. by the Residential Council, and in- crease their awareness of self- To facilitate program imple- form and invite residents to partici- governance. Additionally, SSCA mentation, SSCA organized two pate. provided key members of the com- training sessions on the Qingnianhu In its first year, the munity organizations and commu- Community Residential Council’s Qingnianhu Community Residen- nity residents with trainings regard- role. Topics included identifying tial Council held ten activities. The ing participatory concepts and ap- the preparation work needed for activities addressed issues such as proaches. SSCA also offers sugges- council meetings, the procedures to the community environment, public tions and consultations to commu- be used in those meetings (e.g., security, the development of a nity organizations regarding specif- Robert’s rules of order), and man- house committee, the responsibili- ic challenges and issues. agement tools (e.g., information ties of resident units, the institution- While working with the Resi- dissemination). Through these al development of the residential dential Council of Qingnianhu trainings, the Residential Council council, awards for community vol- Community, for example, SSCA Administration Committee had a unteers, and the selection of com- started by actively building trust better idea of how to hold council munity role models. These activi- and collaborative relationships with meetings and how to reach deci- ties made the residential council stakeholders. To ensure smooth sions from those meetings. more connected to residents’ daily communication among all parties, a With the assistance of SSCA, activities; helped the council better program management and imple- a new administration committee, meet residents’ demands; and im- mentation team was established that which involved resident representa- proved communication among the included the Community Office, tives from various professional residents, the neighborhood com- the Qingnianhu community’s fields, was elected after multiple mittee, and government depart- neighborhood committee, the Resi- discussions. The new committee ments. dential Council Administration redefined the nature and role of the Committee, and SSCA. Then, Residential Council, reorganized 3. The Incubation Work of Qiao- through a survey, the team found the internal structure, set up a sec- niang Studio Development Asso- that the main problem of the com- retariat, and clarified the responsi- ciation munity was that the neighborhood bility of every committee member. committee was taking charge of all As a result, the committee’s meet- Located in Dongcheng District of organization and management jobs ings were no longer unproductive; Beijing, the Qiaoniang Studio De- for the residential council; at the they were able to organize, lead, velopment Association is a public- same time, the council’s admin- coordinate, and implement their service social organization that istration committee did not clearly management tasks independently. funds itself through producing and
5 selling handicrafts. The association, purchase resources, such as learn- and useful experience for society. which is considered a relatively ing tools, raw materials, and show- strong social enterprise in Dong- cases, which greatly improved the 1. Innovations of the Incubation cheng District, is dedicated to studio’s productivity. At the same Project in Dongcheng District providing employment opportuni- time, the association helped the stu- ties to women who are unem- dio mobilize external resources and Learning from other cities, the ployed, disabled, retired, and low invited professional trainers who Community Organization Incuba- income. Meanwhile, by incorporat- provided the studio’s participants tion Project explored a new direc- ing a business model, the associa- with skills training in areas such as tion. First, the project focuses on tion has achieved financial sustain- silk-flower artwork and kite draw- incubating community organiza- ability. ing. In addition, the Qiaoniang Stu- tions at the most grassroots level. As a part of the Community dio Development Association as- The majority of projects in other Organization Incubation Project, sisted the Knitwork Studio in set- cities involve a variety of social Qiaoniang Studio Development As- ting up display platforms to pro- organizations, not just community sociation took charge of the Knit- mote and sell its artwork. organizations. The reason for this is work Studio program, which was Within its first year, Qiao- that most leaders of grassroots com- founded at Jiudaowan Community niang Studio Development Associa- munity organizations, who are usu- in 2002. Originally, the studio orga- tion had helped the Knitwork Stu- ally older or a member of a vulnera- nized knitting activities every Fri- dio organize more than 40 training ble group in the community, have a day afternoon to increase residents’ sessions, which benefited over lower level of education and less enthusiasm to participate in com- 1,500 people. With the women’s creativity and need a longer time to munity affairs. new skills, improved product quali- accept innovation; as a result, it is Through a survey, it was ty, and appropriate marketing cam- often difficult and inefficient to in- found that some prominent prob- paigns, their personal incomes in- cubate these organizations. On the lems of the studio were a lack of creased, which also improved their contrary, it is easier and more effec- funding, skills, and professional families’ quality of life. These im- tive to incubate other types of so- trainers as the studio’s participants provements not only strengthened cial organizations because their increased. However, the studio the cohesion of Jiudaowan Commu- leaders are usually younger in age, could hardly be further developed nity but also protected the tradition- have a higher level of education due to limited skills and a lack of al cultural heritage of Beijing. and better learning ability, and are variety of handicrafts. more energetic. Therefore, on the In this case, the Qiaoniang III. Case Study one hand, the majority of cities usu- Studio Development Association ally incubate these types of social and key members of the Knitwork Supporting and developing organizations first, and then have Studio developed program objec- social organizations have been im- those organizations coordinate with tives and an action plan based on portant parts of the innovation of the community in providing com- actual needs and the studio’s cur- social administration in many cities. munity services, which is under- rent situation. Next, with the assis- For the past few years, some cities standable given the aforementioned tance of Qiaoniang Studio Develop- have launched cultivation projects circumstances. On the other hand, a ment Association, the Knitwork of social organization in which var- large number of community organi- Studio designed a new organiza- ious incubation venues and social zations are operating in China cur- tional structure. Managed by the innovation parks have been built. rently. In Dongcheng District, for community neighborhood commit- Unlike other projects, the Commu- instance, approximately 5,000 com- tee in the past, the studio began to nity Organization Incubation Pro- munity organizations are registered develop its own organizational and ject of Beijing Dongcheng District in areas such as cultural and recrea- technical leaders. Later, the Qiao- has been going through bold explo- tional development, community niang Studio Development Associa- rations and innovations, which have wellness, rights protection, and tion helped the Knitwork Studio resulted in many valuable lessons poverty relief. Most of these com-
5 6 munity organizations, however, providing training, sharing experi- pacities. The advantages of this ap- have inadequate management, poor ences, and establishing platforms proach are low costs and practical capacity, and limited functions— for networking. Using its strength training and assistance. Still, this some of them had even had stirred in participatory approaches, SSCA approach can lead to a hard-to- up intense conflicts in community helped community organizations evaluate process, incomplete train- because of disturbing residents and neighborhood committees mas- ing content, a long incubation peri- while conducting activities. Conse- ter participatory concepts and meth- od, and inconspicuous effective- quently, governments are also fac- ods, which were then applied to ness. ing challenges of incubating, moti- improve their management effec- vating, and strengthening the ser- tiveness and ability to mobilize res- 2. Experience and Lessons from vice capacity of what is a consider- idents’ participation in community the Incubation Project in Dong- able number of community organi- affairs, as well as to increase the cheng District zations. It is commendable that the autonomy of community organiza- government of Dongcheng District tions. Being experts in business op- Today, the biggest challenge understands the main contradiction erations, Qiaoniang Studio Devel- of Chinese community develop- in community development and fo- opment Association helped com- ment is the lack of an active and cuses on the incubation of grass- munity organizations efficiently autonomous team of community roots community organizations de- improve product quality and eco- organizations, of which the key is- spite the difficulties in achieving nomic benefit with the support of sue is to mobilize internal resources progress and work performance. facilities, trainers, and sales plat- to solve community problems and Second, the incubation project forms. to provide better public products. uses multiple incubation approach- Finally, the project emphasizes The experiences that the Communi- es. Currently, governments of most incubating and growing together in ty Organization Incubation Project Chinese cities, such as Shanghai practice. Currently, the dominating of Dongcheng District gained from and Shenzhen, choose to delegate a approach to incubation is to build working through these issues pro- support organization to carry out an incubation park with actual vides several lessons for the future. activities in incubation parks. Since buildings to provide social organi- First, an accurate positioning incubating community organiza- zations with free office space and of the project will tackle the critical tions was a new trial and no similar then to entrust specific support or- issue of community development. patterns could be followed, the gov- ganizations to manage the park. Because many community organi- ernment of Dongcheng District This aapproach contributes to cen- zations were operating in Dong- carefully selected three support or- tralized training, convenient com- cheng District, the government de- ganizations with rich experiences in munication, comprehensive training cided not to cultivate new social community work. Based on the spe- knowledge, easier publicizing and organizations and then ask them to cialty of these three organizations, reporting of the incubation process, provide services for communities, different types of community or- and better evaluation from the gov- but to develop community organi- ganizations were assigned to and ernment. This approach, however, zations that already existed. The cultivated by each of them. Within may lead to high financial costs, strategy of developing existing the one-year period of exploration, impractical knowledge, and superfi- community organizations set an Beijing Facilitator, SSCA, and cial projects. Breaking the old pat- example and stimulated the vitality Qiaoniang Studio Development As- tern, instead of building a special of a large number of organizations, sociation utilized their own incubation park or base, the Com- enhanced their service capacity, strengths to cultivate targeted com- munity Organization Incubation and produced inestimable power munity organizations in different Project of Dongcheng District dele- and potential. In sum, for cities in ways. Drawing on its professional gates support organizations to go which many community organiza- social work background, Beijing into the community and to assist tions already exist, this approach Facilitator helped community or- community organizations in diag- will better serve the purpose of ganizations learn about self- nosing problems and improving community development. reflection and self-growth by their management and service ca- Second, support organizations
7 among the Department of Civil Af- is the key link of community devel- demands of local social develop- fairs, community office, neighbor- opment. The incubation of commu- ment. On the one hand, incubation hood committee, support organiza- nity organizations, however, is a targets can be innovative social or- tions, and the community organiza- complicated and difficult process. ganizations with great potential; on tion in the beginning of the project. Currently, the primary approach is the other hand, incubation projects The lack of trust stalled the pro- to build social organization incuba- should focus on cultivating exem- gress of the project, and certain pro- tion parks, entrust support organiza- plary grassroots community organi- grams were even cancelled because tions to incubate certain social or- zations to lead the development of of the tight schedule. ganizations that are selected into general community organizations. Second, a greater level of free- the park, and then have these incu- Second, building social organ- dom should be given to support or- bated social organizations work in ization incubation parks, a common ganizations and community organi- communities. This approach has approach that has been used by zations. Because the government indeed had some impacts on incu- many cities, often results in high was used to leading and guiding the bating social organizations. A large costs or superficial projects. The project implementation and provid- number of community organiza- experience from Dongcheng Dis- ed support organizations with very tions, however, still suffer from trict demonstrates that incubating limited freedom, some support or- weak management, poor capacity, social organizations does not re- ganizations were not able to facili- and limited function. Stimulating quire ornate buildings. Particularly tate programs as they were de- the vitality and enhancing the ser- for cities that are not economically signed. Meanwhile, some support vice capacity of these community developed, social organizations can organizations gave limited freedom organizations is still a challenge for also be incubated even without in- to targeted community organiza- the government. cubation parks. Furthermore, in tions, undervalued the importance With bold creativity, the Com- practice, social organizations can of self-reflection and self-growth of munity Organization Incubation make greater achievements with community organizations, and even Project of Dongcheng District ex- support rather than staying in incu- developed certain programs on the plored a new way of incubating bation parks. behalf of community organizations, community organizations. Instead Third, the process of incuba- all of which greatly impacted the of building an incubation park, the tion is a learning and growing pro- sustainability of the project. government of Dongcheng District cess, not only for the organizations Finally, the project cycle was delegated support organizations being incubated but also for in- relatively short. The successful in- with different specialties to go into volved support organizations and cubation of a community organiza- grassroots communities and help the local government. SSCA sum- tion needs a long period of time, community organizations diagnosis marized five key points of commu- but recent projects have usually their problems. Through training, nity work while incubating commu- lasted one year only. Therefore, consultation, and experience from nity organizations; namely, com- Dongcheng District is facing chal- practice, the support organizations munity leaders, a core team, an ac- lenges with how to continuously helped targeted community organi- tion plan, a system of regular meet- assist community organizations af- zations improve their organizational ings, and public participation. This ter the one-year cycle, how to es- capacity and found solutions to model is a valuable reference for tablish a buffer mechanism, and problems. As a result, a diversified community development and the how to gradually lessen the support incubation approach for community incubation of community organiza- for community organizations. organizations was formed and has tions. already had some preliminary ef- Finally, the process of incubating fects. Some implications can be community organizations is also the IV. Conclusion and Implications drawn from these early findings. process of establishing a system of First, the incubation work modern community organization. It has been recognized world- should be conducted based on char- Currently, most Chinese communi- wide that community organization acteristics of the city and specific ty organizations are operating in a
7 8 single approach with a low level of autonomy. Incubated by support organizations, the community or- ganizations in Dongcheng District initially founded their own self- governance committees or boards of directors to improve their gov- ernance structure. Meanwhile, with the assistance of support organiza- tions, the community organizations in Dongcheng District established an internal management system and a coordination system; facilitated the development of modern com- munity organizations; stimulated the vitality of community; strength- ened communities’ capacity of self- governance, self-service, and self- monitoring; and finally, contributed to building a harmonious communi- ty.
China NGO Case Study Series - 1
October 2013
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey School of Social Work 390 George Street, Room 503 New Brunswick, NJ 08901 848-932-5383, ext. 25383 socialwork.rutgers.edu/huamin