Interciencia ISSN: 0378-1844 [email protected] Asociación Interciencia Venezuela

Melo de Carvalho, Cristiane Suely; Sales-Campos, Ceci; Nogueira de Andrade, Meire Cristina OF THE GENUS: A REVIEW OF CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES Interciencia, vol. 35, núm. 3, marzo, 2010, pp. 177-182 Asociación Interciencia Caracas, Venezuela

Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33913157005

How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative MUSHROOMS OF THE Pleurotus GENUS: A REVIEW OF CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES

Cristiane Suely Melo de Carvalho, Ceci Sales-Campos and Meire Cristina Nogueira de Andrade

SUMMARY

The cultivation of edible mushrooms in agro-industrial resi- out a bibliographic review of the different cultivation techniques dues is considered a millennial activity, spread and practiced used in the production of Pleurotus spp. A wide variety of resi- all around the world. Besides their excellent taste, edible mush- dues may be used as substrate in the cultivation of this mush- rooms have a great biotechnological potential, due to their ca- room. The use of agro-industrial byproducts represents an eco- pacity to produce enzymes and medicines, to act in bioremedia- nomically viable and very promising alternative for small pro- tion, and other uses. The goal of the present work was to carry ducers, due to the low aggregate value and great availability.

he habitual use of mush- Although there are more than 2000 species their extremely low caloric value. Moreover, rooms is well documented of edible mushrooms nowadays, only the they produce a series of metabolites of phar- in several cultures and re- champignon ( bisporus), the giant macological and medicinal interest, such as ligions. They began to be used as food and mushrooms ( and Pleuro- antioxidants, antitumourals, immunostimu- medicine in 600 a.C., in Asia. At first, they tus ostreatoroseus) and (Lentinula lants and antimicrobials (Elmastas et al., were harvested in forests only, and some edodes) are among the most cultivated ones 2007; Kitzberger et al., 2007; Moradali et time later began to be cultivated by man. (Bononi et al., 1999) and are well appreciated. al., 2007; Israilides et al., 2008). The Chinese were pioneers in the develop- Mushrooms are saprophyte The importance of edible ment of fungiculture techniques, being shii- fungi belonging to the class of the Basidio- mushrooms has increased due to the advanc- take the first produced, by using mycetes. They grow in moist places with de- es in cultivation technology, which makes the tree logs (Bernardi et al., 2008; Subramani- composing organic matter and are very im- use of agricultural and industrial residues an, 1995). Later, the culture spread to several portant in nutrient cycling (Subramanian, possible by recycling them as substrates for countries of North America and 1995). cultivation, consequently resulting in low-cost (Kues and Liu, 2000). According to Furlani and production and a continuous market (Eira, In Brazil, the harvest and Godoy (2007), mushrooms are considered as 2004). Moreover, they represent an excellent use of mushrooms were a common practice food with delicious taste and high nutritional alternative for discarding several residues, among indigenous tribes; however, this prac- value because their contents (g/100g) of pro- helping in reducing pollution caused by the tice was lost in time, as were most of their tein (23.22), (63.17), phospho- presence of these materials in the environ- other customs. In the 1950’s, Asian immi- rus (104.13) and fiber (34.0) are high, and ment (Pandey et al., 2000). grants brought cultivation techniques of edi- the amount of lipids (4.71) is low. Mush- The world production of ble mushrooms from their original countries. rooms are also ideal for use in diets, due to mushrooms (FAOSTAT, 2008) was

KEYWORDS / Agro-Industrial Residues / Biological Efficiency / Edible Fungi / Lignocellulolytic Enzymes / Organic Supplementation / Received: 08/05/2009. Modified: 02/11/2010. Accepted: 02/12/2010.

Cristiane Suely Melo de Carvalho. MSc Student, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Brasil. Address: Centro de Apoio Multidisciplinar, UFAM. Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, Mini-campus, Bloco G, Bairro Coroado. CEP 69.077-000. Manaus, AM, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected] Ceci Sales-Campos. Ph.D., Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Brazil. Pesquisadora, INPA, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected] Meire Cristina Nogueira de Andrade. Ph.D., (INPA), Brazil. Bolsista DCR-CNPq/ FAPEAM, INPA, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected]

MAR 2010, VOL. 35 Nº 3 0378-1844/10/03/177-06 $ 3.00/0 177 around 3.4×106tonnes in 2008, the largest Techniques Used in the Production of Cultivation Methodologies producers being , with Edible Mushrooms 1.5×106tonnes, and the USA with Several distinct methodolo- 0.38×106tonnes. According to Eira (2004), Usually 6 stages make gies have been tested in various experimental there are not official numbers about Bra- up Pleurotus production: matrix prepara- studies aimed to increase yield, including zil’s production; however, it is estimated tion, composting, pasteurization, seeding, differences in composting, pasteurization, that the region of Mogi das Cruzes is the incubation and harvest (Eira, 2004). kinds of substrates (Table I) and supplements main cultivation region of the state of São used. Paulo, with a yield of ~7-15kg of fresh Matrix preparation Hernández et al. (2003) mushroom per 100g of wet substrate. used washed pangola grass (Digitaria de- Nevertheless, the consumption is restrict- The matrix or “” is cumbens) supplemented with coffee dregs as ed to small ethnic groups or people with produced by transferring small parts of the substrate, in proportions of 70% and 30%, higher cultural and economical status of the mushroom of interest (pre- respectively. The composting process was (Dias et al., 2004). viously cultivated in culture medium) to carried out in boxes with and without venti- Pleurotus spp., the ob- tubes containing grains and/or cooked fibers lation. The experiment was divided into five ject of this study, is commonly known as or sawdust, properly sterilized at 121ºC. treatments, according to storage and frequen- giant mushroom; it is called shimeji or These inoculated tubes are sealed and usual- cy of compost mixing, T1: control (out of hiratake by Asians. The Pleurotus genus ly incubated at 25ºC until total colonization the box and mixed once a day during five gathers several species, such as P. ostrea- of the substrate by the fungi (Bononi et al., days), T2: without aeration and without mix- tus, P. pulmonaris, P. sajor caju, P. cor- 1999). ture, T3: with aeration and without mixture, nucopiae and P. ostreatoroseus. Pleurotus T4: without aeration and with mixture, and is spread all around the world in its natu- Composting T5: with aeration and mixture. Soon after ral habitat, mainly in forest environments the five days of the experiment, P. ostreatus (Bononi et al., 1999). These fungi are Composting is used for matrixes were inoculated into the substrate also provided with enzymes that degrade the elaboration of the substrate and pas- until its complete colonization. The results lignin present in vegetables, this being the teurization is carried out to eliminate showed that BE was lower in composts with- reason why they are known as wood contaminant which out mixture and aeration. white rottenness fungi (Abreu et al., might keep a competitive relationship On the other hand, the 2007). Their taste is very pleasant and with the fungi of interest (Eira, 2000). study of Moda et al. (2005a) was divided they are among the mushrooms with According to Moda (2003), composting into two experiments; the object of both of highest production in several regions of takes 15-20 days, varying according to them was to test the use of crushed sugar- the world (Ibekwe et al., 2008). the substrate used. In order to correct cane as substrate for the production of P. sa- Several kinds of residues pH, calcium carbonate is added to the jor-caju. The first experiment was divided may be used for Pleurotus spp. cultiva- compost, which may also be supplement- into two treatments: control, in which tion, like straw, corn, cotton, coco- ed with other materials (bran, wheat crushed sugar cane was submitted to pas- nut, crushed sugar-cane and sawdust. In bran, ammonia nitrate, etc.). Compost teurization for 2h at 80ºC, and another one favorable environments (temperature, rela- humidity must be controlled not to ex- in which sugarcane culms were simply tive humidity, luminosity) they produce ceed 75%. washed. The second experiment was divided lignocellulase enzymes, mainly laccase into three treatments, all using simple wash (LAC) and Mn-peroxidase (MnP), which Pasteurization and incubation and substrate. Treatment 1 (control) without convert these lignocellulosic residues into supplementation, Treatment 2, supplemented food. However, the addition of supple- Pasteurization is usually with broken corn, and Treatment 3, supple- ments to these substrates, such as wheat performed in tunnels where water steam mented with a minerals solution. The authors bran, and soy is recommended, in or- passes through the compost during 2 to 3 verified that there was no significant differ- der to obtain a satisfactory development days, at temperatures >55ºC. However, ence in the BE obtained in both treatments (Bononi et al., 1999; Eira, 2004; Bernardi some cultivation systems adopt substrate using washed and pasteurized crushed sugar et al., 2008). Fast and efficient develop- sterilization in stoves at 121ºC for ~2h cane. However, in the treatment in which ment and low production cost in the most (Moda, 2003). After that process, the sub- pasteurization was performed a higher con- varied agro-industrial residues make Pleu- strate must be cooled to 25ºC and stored in tamination rate was observed. In relation to rotus spp. a very profitable cultivation tar- plastic bags. Next, the previously prepared the type of supplementation, a higher BE get (Moda, 2003). spawn must be inoculated. Finally, the bags was obtained in the substrate with mineral When choosing the sub- are placed inside an incubation stove for supplementation (30.03%) than with organic strate to be used for the cultivation of ~50 days under controlled conditions (Bono- supplementation (15.66%). Thus, according Pleurotus spp., cost and viability must be ni et al., 1999). to these authors, pasteurization may be re- taken into account (Moda et al., 2005b). placed by washing the material used as sub- Furthermore, the development of these Biological Efficiency strate. mushrooms depends on a series of specif- Castro et al. (2007) evalu- ic environmental, nutritional and genetic The main parameter used ated the yield of P. sajor-caju using the resi- factors, according to each species (Motato to evaluate mushroom yield is called biologi- due of cotton textile processing as substrate. et al., 2006). cal efficiency (BE). It mainly depends on the Two kinds of supplements were added to the The purpose of the pres- characteristics of the material and the cir- cotton residue: Treatment 1: bran, and Treat- ent work is to carry out a bibliographic re- cumstances in which the growth process oc- ment 2: bran and bean straw. The material view of the main cultivation techniques curs. It is estimated by means of the formula composting was performed during 10 days employed in the production of Pleurotus and, afterwards, submitted to pas- spp. mushrooms, in order to verify the teurization until reaching the temper- yield resulting in each one of them. ature of 60ºC; the process lasted

178 MAR 2010, VOL. 35 Nº 3 Table 1 into glass bottles and then the inoculum was Substrates used in the cultivation of Pleurotus spp. added. Bottles were sealed, sterilized twice Species Substrate Reference for 40min at 121ºC, and incubated at 26ºC for 37 days. Then, the bottles were kept in P. ostreatus Pangola grass Hernández et al. (2003) the incubation room for 60 days more. Only P. sajor-caju Crushed sugar cane Moda et al. (2005a) treatments supplemented with 0% and 5% of P. sajor-caju Cotton textile processing residue Castro et al. (2007) tannery residue obtained “frutification”, with P. sajor-caju Cotton processing residue, wheat straw, soy Mane et al. (2007) BE of 76 and 64%, respectively. Substrates straw, pea stem, peanut stem with more than 5% of supplementation were P. sajor-caju Coast-cross hay and crushed sugar cane Silva et al. (2007) not colonized by the fungi. The authors pro- posed further studies in order to analyze the P. ostreatus Tannery leather sawdust Bernardi et al. (2008) physical and chemical properties of the tan- Pleurotus spp. Coconut shell Pedra and Marino (2006) nery residue and the bromatological proper- ties of the mushrooms grown in a substrate P. sajor-caju Banana tree straw Bonatti et al. (2003) P. ostreatus supplemented with tannery residue. P. sajor-caju Coffee husk, corn straw, corncob, bean straw Dias et al. (2003) Pedra and Marino (2006) P. ostreatus Soccol et al. (2006) evaluated Pleurotus spp. yield using coconut P. sajor-caju Coffee husk bark supplemented with rice and wheat bran. Their experiment consisted of six treatments, P. eryngii Soy straw and wheat straw Akyüz and Yildiz (2008) T1: coconut sawdust (100%), T2: coconut P. ostreatus Paper residues Baysal et al. (2003) sawdust (80%) and rice bran (20%), T3: co- P. ostreatus Weeds Das and Mukherjee (2007) conut sawdust (80%) and wheat bran (20%), P. cornucopiae Kalmis and Sargin (2004) T4: coconut sawdust (60%) and wheat bran P. sajor-caju Olive oil processing effluent (20%), T5: coconut sawdust (60%) and rice P. ostreatus Olive oil processing effluent Kalmis et al. (2008) bran (40%), and T6: coconut sawdust (60%) and wheat bran (40%). The composts were P. ostreatus Rice straw and wheat straw Zhang et al. (2002) stowed inside sealed containers and, next, P. ostreatus Rice straw, banana tree straw, corn forage, Obodai et al. (2003) submitted to sterilization twice during 40min elephant grass, wheat straw at 120ºC. The substrate was cooled soon af- P. florida Rice straw Shashirekha et al. (2005) ter sterilization and then inoculated. Incuba- P. ostreatus Wheat straw Sainos et al. (2006) tion was performed for 30 days at 25ºC. The P. djamor Leaves, stem and fruit of the banana tree (Musa Motato et al. (2006) substrate was not colonized by the in paradisíaca) and jequitibá sawdust (Cariniana T1, but treatments T4, T5 and T6 presented pyriformis) BE values of 14.32, 15.69 and 15.61%, re- P. ostreatus et al Leaves and stem of the banana tree Reddy . (2003) spectively, showing that the addition of coco- P. sajor-caju nut bark supplementation to the substrate fa- P. ostreatus Orange residue Alexandrino et al. (2007) vors the development of the mushroom. P. ostreatus Coffee dregs, wheat straw, Picea abies sawdust Job (2004) P. sajor-caju and P. os- P. ostreatus Coconut shell, sawdust, crushed sugar cane and Vetayasuporn (2007) treatus were grown in banana tree straw, Typha angustifolia leaves supplemented with rice bran (5%) by Bonatti P. florida Corn cob Naraian et al. (2008) et al. (2003). The substrate was inserted into sealed polyethylene containers and submitted to sterilization for 1.5h at 121ºC. Next, con- 24h. Next, inoculation and incubation were cane (500g), T2: coast-cross (450g) + tainers were cooled, being ready to receive performed during six weeks. It was observed crushed sugar cane (450g) + wheat bran the inoculum. Incubation was performed for that both treatments resulted in satisfactory (100g), T3: coast-cross (450g) + crushed sug- 20 days at 25ºC. “Frutification” was then in- BE (55.76% in T1 and 55.39% in T2), thus ar cane (450g) + wheat bran (100g) + duced, followed by an additional 40 days of cotton textile residue being an excellent alter- (10g), T4: coast-cross (450g) + crushed sugar incubation. Moisture, fat, carbohydrate, ash, native for P. sajor-caju cultivation. cane (450g) + wheat bran (100g) + urea protein and raw fiber analyses were per- Mane et al. (2007) grew (20g), and T5: coast-cross (450g) + crushed formed. Significant differences in the nutri- P. sajor-caju in several agro-industrial resi- sugar cane (450g) + wheat bran (100g) + tional facts of both species analyzed were dues: cotton processing residue, wheat straw, urea (30g). The compost was stored in bags not found. However, P. sajor caju presented soy straw, pea stalk and peanut stalk. Resi- and sterilized twice for 1h at 121ºC. Next, higher biological efficiency (7.51%) than P. dues were washed and pasteurized at 80ºC each bag was inoculated with the fungus and ostreatus (6.34%). for 2h. Afterwards, substrates were cooled submitted to incubation at room temperature Dias et al. (2003) grew P. and inoculated with the fungus. Composts until “frutification”. The highest yields were sajor-caju using coffee husk, corn straw, were stored inside polyethylene bags and in- obtained in T1 (35.1%), T2 (35.9%) and T3 corncob and bean straw as substrates, supple- cubated for 15 days at 27ºC. The best result (34.0%). The supplementation with urea, mented with wheat bran. Composts were in- was obtained when using cotton residues, therefore, did not provide any yield increase serted into bottles and sealed. Sterilization at pea stalk and wheat straw as substrates. of the mushroom tested. 121ºC for 1h was performed and, following Silva et al. (2007) ana- Bernardi et al. (2008) cooling to room temperature, the spawn was lyzed P. sajor-caju cultivation in coast-cross used elephant grass as substrate, supplement- introduced and incubated at 24ºC until total hay and crushed sugar cane supplemented ed with tannery leather sawdust for P. os- colonization. Induction to “frutification” was with wheat bran and urea. The experiment treatus cultivation, in concentrations of 0, 5, subsequently performed by keeping bags was divided into five treatments, T1 (con- 10, 15 and 20% in relation to the wet mass open for ~90 days. Among the tested resi- trol): coast-cross (500g) + crushed sugar of elephant grass. The compost was inserted dues, bean straw without the supplement ob-

MAR 2010, VOL. 35 Nº 3 179 tained the highest BE (87.5%). Coffee husk ly, excess water was drained. Each species and T5: 0/100. The experiment was carried obtained the lowest performance (25.1%). was inoculated with and without supplement- out until complete colonization of the sub- The effect of caffeine and ing with wheat straw and afterwards submit- strate by the fungus, during 10 days. T1 was tannin in the cultivation and “frutification” of ted to incubation. Leonotis sp. supplemented the only treatment with a significant differ- P. ostreatus and P. sajor-caju in coffee husk with wheat straw significantly increased P. ence in yield (31.7%). The others presented was analyzed by Soccol et al. (2006). For ostreatus yield (1.30kg/kg). It was concluded an average of 39.77%. It was concluded that the experiment, substrates consisting of cof- that the use of weeds as substrates is an effi- wheat straw as substrate is an excellent alter- fee husk were added with different concen- cient method for the cultivation of edible native for P. ostreatus cultivation. trations of caffeine and tannin in the mushrooms. Motato et al. (2006) grew amounts of: 30, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and Kalmis and Sargin (2004) P. djamor using leaves, stalk and fruit of the 2500mg·l-1, and 100, 500, 1000, 5000 and evaluated P. cornucopiae and P. sajor-caju banana tree (Musa paradisiaca) and jequitiba 10000mg·l-1, respectively. It was found that yield using wheat straw as substrate, supple- (Cariniana pyriformis) sawdust, according to mycelium growth does not take place in the mented with wheat bran at a 9:1 ratio, moist- seven treatments, T1: sawdust (100%), T2: concentration of 500mg·l-1 of caffeine or ened with olive oil processing resulting solu- leaves (100%), T3: stalk (100%), T4: sawdust higher. Substrates supplemented with tannin tion, diluted in several concentrations accord- + stalk (50/50), T5: sawdust + leaves at concentrations below 100mg·l-1 stimulated ing to the following five treatments, T1 (con- (50/50), T6: sawdust + fruit (50/50), and T7: fungus growth. The results of the analyses of trol): wheat straw + 0% residue, T2: wheat sawdust + leaves + stalk + fruit (25% each), caffeine and tannin in the substrates showed straw + 25% residue, T3: wheat straw + with three repetitions each. It was reported a reduction of 39.3% and 20.8% in the con- 50% residue, T4: wheat straw + 75% residue, that fungal growth was more successful in centrations, respectively. These results point and T5: wheat straw + 100% residue. Com- T2, with a BE of 24.1%. Concerning the out to good perspectives for Pleurotus spp. posts were stored in containers and steril- presence of lignocellulitic enzymes, laccase cultivation using coffee husk as substrate, ized. After cooling to room temperature, in- and peroxidase activities were higher in T2 making unnecessary any pre-treatment. oculation and incubation were performed. and T5. Leaves and stalk of the banana tree Akyüz and Yildiz (2008) The concentrations with the highest BE were were also used in the cultivation of P. ostrea- grew P. eryngii using soy straw and wheat 25 and 50%, with yields of 33.7 and 30.6%, tus and P. sajor-caju, in order to verify the straw as substrates. The experiment was di- respectively, being judged appropriate for action of lignocellulitic enzymes during sub- vided into three treatments, Treatment 1: soy Pleurotus spp. cultivation. strate fermentation. Reddy et al. (2003) veri- straw + wheat straw, Treatment 2: bean A similar study was car- fied that both organisms presented the same straw, and Treatment 3: wheat straw. All of ried out by Kalmis et al. (2008) with P. os- activity in the production of laccase, peroxi- them were supplemented with rice bran in treatus, using wheat straw as substrate, sup- dase, lignin, xylanase, endo-1-4-b-D-gluca- proportions of 5 and 10%. The experimental plemented with wheat bran and moistened nase (CMCase) and exo-1-4-b-D-glucanase period was 100 days. Treatment 1 presented with the effluent of olive oil processing, in enzymes during the 40 days of cultivation. the most satisfactory biological efficiency the same ratios used in the former experi- Alexandrino et al. (2007) (93%), with supplementation of 5% of rice ment. The authors reported 25% as the only aimed to verify the production of lignocellu- bran. Treatment 3 showed the lowest BE viable oil residue concentration to be used, lolytic enzymes by P. ostreatus. Dry, ground (7%) with 10% rice bran supplementation. with BE of 45%. Higher concentrations orange residue was used as substrate for the P. ostreatus cultivation caused bad mushroom formation. Consider- cultivation. Laccase and manganese peroxi- was also carried out (Baysal et al., 2003) us- ing the serious environmental damages dase presented highest activity. Furthermore, ing paper residues supplemented with peat caused by the residue of olive oil processing, the use of this sort of residue provided the from the region of Bolu, Turkey, hen manure its use as substrate for edible fungi produc- necessary nutritional conditions for fungus and rice bran, according to treatments ar- tion provides an economically and environ- growth. ranged as T1 (control): paper residue (100%), mentally viable solution for the problem. Coffee dregs combined T2: paper residue (90%) + peat (10%), T3: Zhang et al. (2002) ana- with wheat straw and sawdust from Picea paper residue (80%) + peat (20%), T4: paper lyzed P. ostreatus cultivation in rice straw abies (a tree from the family of the conifers, residue (90%) + hen manure (10%), T5: pa- and wheat straw in two different processing found in the cold highlands in Northern Eu- per residue (80%) + hen manure (20%), T6: methods, cut into pieces and grinded. Higher rope) were also used to grow P. ostreatus. paper residue (90%) + rice bran (10%), and growth rates were observed in mushrooms The experiment consisted of six treatments, T7: paper residue (80%) + rice bran (20%). cultivated in cut straw. Comparing yields be- control (60g sawdust / 125g wheat straw), Yield was significantly increased by adding tween both residues used, the cultivation car- and five other treatments made up with cof- rice bran to paper residue. On the other ried out in rice straw presented 10% higher fee dregs, sawdust and wheat straw in the hand, production was drastically reduced due yield than wheat straw. Obodai et al. (2003) following proportions, CB1: 36/60/106, CB2: to supplementations with peat and hen ma- verified that substrates made up with rice 74/60/106, CB3: 110/60/93, CB4: 146/60/74, nure. Thus, it was concluded that the sub- straw also presented higher BE (50.64%) and CB5: 186/60/88. The results showed that strate used in the study may be used for the when compared to banana tree straw the “frutification” capacity and the biological cultivation of oyster mushrooms. (37.15%), corn forage (16.50%), wheat straw efficiency of the production of the fungus Weeds were also used as (29.26%) and elephant grass (0%). were not decreased by the use of coffee substrates for P. ostreatus cultivation (Das Shashirekha et al. (2005) obtained an in- dregs as substrate. Analyses to verify the and Mukherjee, 2007). The following species crease in protein, amino acid and lipid con- caffeine content present in the basidiomata of were used: Leonotis sp. (Lamiaceae), Sida centrations, and a significant decrease in - fi Pleurotus spp. showed that 59% is not incor- acuta (Malvaceae), Parthenium argentatum ber, free sugar and by supple- porated by the mushroom, demonstrating its (Asteraceae), Ageratum conyzoides (Astera- menting rice straw with cotton in P. degradation capacity (Job, 2004). ceae), Cassia sophera (Caesalpiniaceae), Te- florida cultivation. Vetayasuporn (2007) phrosia purpurea (Papilionaceae) and Lanta- Sainos et al. (2006) used grew P. ostreatus using coconut shell, na camara (Verbenaceae). The were wheat straw supplemented with wheat grains sawdust, crushed sugar cane and leaves of completely sun-dried, sectioned into small in P. ostreatus cultivation, in proportions of Typha angustifolia (a typical tree from pieces and soaked in water, and, subsequent- T1: 100/0, T2: 75/25; T3: 50/50, T4: 25/75, North America) as substrates, added with

180 MAR 2010, VOL. 35 Nº 3 15% of efficient microorganisms (EM), the utilization of agro-industrial residues, (DC. ex Fr.) Quel. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7: 1494- lactic acid producing bacteria, aiming to leaves, sawdust, fruit peels and industrial 1499. eliminate harmful microorganisms present effluents according to availability, varying Alexandrino AM, Faria HG, Souza CGM (2007) in the substrate, in a 100/15 (residue/EM) among places. Aproveitamento do resíduo de laranja para a produção de enzimas lignocelulolíticas por Pleu- ratio. The substrate with the highest BE The development of rotus ostreatus (Jack:Fr). Ciênc. Tecnol. Alim. value was the crushed sugar cane those fungi in these substrates is possible 27: 364-368. (103.56%), representing an efficient alter- due to their capacity of synthesizing Baysal E, Peker H, Yalinkiliç MK, Temis A (2003) native for the production of oyster mush- hemicellulose and lignindegrading ligno- Cultivation of oyster mushroom on waste paper rooms. cellulolytic enzymes, components that are with some added supplementary materials. Bio- Naraian et al. (2008) responsible for the structure and rigidity res. Technol. 89: 95-97. used corncobs (CC) as substrate for P. of vegetables. Due to such constitution, Bernardi E, Minotto E, Nascimento JS (2008) Aproveitamento de resíduo de curtume como florida cultivation, supplemented with these residues suffer a very slow decom- suplemento no cultivo de Pleurotus ostreatus. urea (U), ammonium sulfate (AMS), position, being able to remain disposed in Arq. Inst. Biol. 72: 243-246. grass (G), bran (B), cotton seed (CS), the environment for a very long time. Bonatti M, Karnopp P, Soares HM, Furlan AS mustard seed (MS), nuts seed (NS) and Edible fungi are also (2003) Estudo da composição de cogumelos das molasses (M), in three different combina- used in the pre-treatment of byproducts espécies Pleuotus ostreatus e Pleurotus sajor- tions each: CC + U (0.5, 1 and 1.5%), employed in the feeding of ruminant ani- caju cultivados em palha de bananeira. Rev. CC + AMS (0.5, 1 and 1.5%), CC + G mals, in order to make them viable for Saúde Amb. 4: 31-35. (2, 3 and 5%), CC + B (2, 3 and 5%), consumption. Bononi VL, Capelari M, Mazieiro R, Trufem SFB (1999) Cultivo de Cogumelos Comestíveis. CC + CS (2, 3 and 5%), CC + MS (2, 3 The methodology em- Ícone. São Paulo, Brazil. 206 pp. and 5%), CC + NS (2, 3 and 5%), and ployed in cultivation, as well as the sup- Castro ALA, Paiva PCA, Banys VL, Dias ES, San- CC + M (2, 3 and 5%). All treatments plementations to be used, depend on the tos J (2007) Avaliação da produção de Pleuro- presented higher productivity than the species and nutritional facts of the residue tus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer utilizando resíduo do control; however, substrates with higher utilized. beneficiamento têxtil do algodão como substrato. supplement levels presented significant re- The studies analyzed Ciênc. Agrotecnol. 31: 1286-1290. ductions in yield. The most efficient sup- showed the viability of the use of several Das N, Mukherjee M (2007) Cultivation of Pleuro- plement was 2% cotton seed (93.5%), fol- byproducts as substrates for mushrooms tus ostreatus on weed plants. Biores. Technol. 98: 2723-2726. lowed by 2% bran (93%). of the Pleurotus genus, such as elephant Sales-Campos (2008) grass, coast-cross, crushed sugar cane, Dias ES, Koshikumo EMS, Schwan RF, Silva F (2003) Cultivo do cogumelo Pleurotus sajor- grew P. ostreatus in wood (Simarouba processing residues (cotton, paper, olive caju em diferentes resíduos agrícolas. Ciênc. amara and Ochroma piramidale) sawdust, oil, tannage), sawdust, straws (wheat, soy, Agrotecnol. 27: 1363-1369. in agroindustrial crushed sugar cane (Sac- banana tree, corn, bean) and stalks (ba- Dias ES, Abe C, Schwan RF (2004) Truths and charum officinarum), and in stem of pu- nana tree, pea, peanut). Several kinds of miths about the mushroom Agaricus blazei. Sci. punheira palm tree (Bactris gasipaes materials were used as supplementation, Agric. 61: 545-549. Kunth), all of them residues occurring in and the highest biological efficiency was Eira AF (2000) Cultivo de cogumelos (composta- the Amazon region. All residues were obtained with wheat bran and rice bran. gem, condução e ambiente). In Reunião Itiner- ante de Fitossanidade do Instituto Biológico. supplemented with rice bran, wheat and It was verified that mush- Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil. Resumos. pp.71-81. CaCO , in a 80:10:8:2 ratio, respectively. rooms grown in supplemented substrates pre- 3 Eira AF (2004) Fungos comestíveis. In Azevedo JL, Axenic cultivation was performed during sented higher biological efficiency than the Espósito E. Fungos: uma Introdução a Biolo- 100 days. All treatments obtained high ones grown in substrates without nutritional gia, Bioquímica e Biotecnologia. Educs. Caxias biological efficiency: S. amara sawdust sources, making the addition necessary in do Sul, Brazil. 510 pp. (94.0%), O. piramidale sawdust (64.6%), order to lead to a more satisfactory produc- Elmastas M, Isildak O, Turkekul I, Temur N (2007) S. officinarum (125.6%) and B. gasipaes tion. Determination of antioxidant activity and anti- strips (99.8%). The mushrooms produced Among the residues used oxidant compounds in wild edible mushrooms. J. Food Compos. Anal. 20: 337-345. presented high protein (14.67-21.16%) and as substrate in cultivation, bean straw was fiber (18.89-31-30%) levels, as well as low the only one to present efficiency in yield FAOSTAT (2008) Statistics. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy. lipids content (1.27-2.14%). Due to the without the need of supplementation. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault. satisfactory results, it was concluded that It was observed that edible aspx?PageID=567#ancor (Cons. 8/07/2008). the residues used represent a great alter- fungi also degrade most of the organic mat- Furlani RPZ, Godoy HT (2007) Valor nutricional de native for P. ostreatus cultivation, being ter used as substrate, thus representing a very cogumelos comestíveis. Ciênc. Tecnol. Alim. 27: the Amazonian region a very favorable useful way to eliminate toxic products for 154-157. environment for that practice. the environment, by turning them into a nu- Hernández D, Sanches EJ, Yamasaki K (2003) A tritional source for their development. simple procedure for preparing substrate for Conclusions Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation. Biores. Technol. The cultivation of edible 90: 145-150. mushrooms represents a promising alterna- Ibekwe VI, Azubuike PI, Ezeji EU, Chinakwe EC Mushrooms of the Pleu- tive for small producers because of low-cost (2008) Effects of Nutrient Sources and Environ- rotus spp. genus are among the most cul- labor and raw material, once residues, most mental Factors on the Cultivation and Yield of tivated ones in the world due to a number of times, have low or null aggregate value. Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Pak. 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MAR 2010, VOL. 35 Nº 3 181 Kummer in solid state fermentation. Rev. na conservação de cogumelos Pleurotus sajor- ostreatus and P. sajor-caju). Proc. Biochem. Iberoam. Micol. 21: 195-197. caju in natura. Ciênc. Tecnol. Alim. 25: 291- 38: 1457-1462. Kalmis E, Sargin S (2004) Cultivation of two Pleu- 296. Sainos E, Díaz-Godínez G, Loera O, Montiel- rotus species on wheat straw substrates contain- Moradali F, Mostafavi H, Ghods S, Hedjaroude A González AM, Sánches C (2006) Growth of ing olive mill waste water. Int. Biodeter. Biode- (2007) Immunomodulating and anticancer Pleurotus ostreatus on wheat straw and wheat- grad. 53: 43-47. agents in the realm of macromycetes fungi grain based media: biochemical aspects and (macrofungi). Int. Immunopharmacol. 7: 701- Kalmis E, Azbar N, Yildiz H, Kalyoncu F (2008) preparation of mushroom inoculum. Appl. Mi- 724. Feasibility of using olive mill effluent (OME) as crobiol. Biotechnol. 72: 812-815. a wetting agent during the cultivation of oyster Motato R, Mejía IA, León A (2006) Evaluación de Sales-Campos C (2008) Aproveitamento de resíduo mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, on wheat straw. los residuos agroindustriales de plátano (Musa madeireiro e da agroindústria regional para o Biores. Technol. 99: 164-169. paradisíaca) y aserrín de abarco (Cariniana cultivo de Pleurotus ostreatus de ocorrência na piriformes) como sustratos para el cultivo del Amazônia. In Simpósio Internacional sobre Kitzberger CSG, Smânia Jr AS, Pedrosa RC, Fer- hongo Pleurotus djamor. Vitae 13: 24-29. reira SRS (2007) Antioxidant and antimicrobial Cogumelos no Brasil. Resumos. Caxias do Sul, activities of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) extracts Naraian R, Sahu RK, Kumar S, Garg SK, Singh CS, Brazil. p. 105. obtained by organic solvents and supercritical Kanaujia RS (2008) Influence of different nitro- Shashirekha MN, Rajarathnam S, Bano Z (2005) Ef- fluids. J. Food Eng. 80: 631-638. gen rich supplements during cultivation of Pleu- fects of supplementing rice straw growth sub- rotus florida on corn cob substrate. Environ- strate with cotton on the analytical char- Kues U, Liu Y (2000) Fruiting body production in mentalist. DOI 10.1007/s10669-008-9174-4. basidiomycetes. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 54: acteristics of the mushroom, Pleurotus florida 141-152. Obodai M, Cleland-Okine J, Vowotor KA (2003) (Block & Tsao). Food Chem. 92: 255-259. Comparative study of the growth and yield of Silva EG, Dias ES, Siqueira FG, Schwan RF (2007) Mane VP, Patil SS, Syed AS, Baig MMV (2007) Pleurotus ostreatus on different lignocellulosic Bioconversion of low quality lignocellulosic ag- Análise química de corpos de frutificação de by-products. J. Indust. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Pleurotus sajor-caju cultivado em diferentes ricultural waste into edible protein by Pleurotus 30: 146-149. sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer. J. Zhejiang Univ. B 8: concentrações de nitrogênio. Ciênc. Tecnol. 745-751. Pandey A, Soccol CR, Nigam P, Brand D, Mohan R, Alim. 27: 72-75. Roussos S (2000) Biotechnological potential of Moda EM (2003) Produção de Pleurotus sajor-caju Soccol CR, Fan L, Soccol AT, Pandey A, Vandenber- coffee pulp and coffee husk for bioprocesses. ghe LPS (2006) Effect of caffeine and tannins on em Bagaço de Cana-de-Açúcar Lavado e o Uso Biochem. Eng. J. 6: 153-162. de Aditivos Visando sua Conservação “in Na- cultivation and fructification of Pleurotus on cof- Pedra WN, Marino RH (2006) Cultivo axênico de tura”. Thesis. Escola Superior de Agricultura fee husks. Braz. J. Microbiol. 37: 420-424. Pleurotus spp. em serragem da casca de coco “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Subramanian CV (1995) Mushrooms: Beauty, diver- (Cocos nucifera linn.) suplementada com farelo Piracicaba, Brazil. 100 pp. sity, relevance. Curr. Sci. 69: 986-997. de arroz e/ou de trigo. Arq. Inst. Biol. 73: 219- Moda EM, Horii J, Spoto FHM (2005a) Edible 225. Vetayasuporn S (2007) Lignocellulosic materials as mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju production on Reddy GV, Babu PR, Komaraiah P, Roy KRRM, possible substrate for Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) washed and supplemented sugarcane bagasse. Kothari IL (2003) Utilization of banana Kummer cultivation. J. Agron. 6: 167-170. Sci. Agric. 62: 127-132. waste for the production of lignolytic and Zhang R, Li X, Fadel JG (2002) Oyster mushroom Moda EM, Spoto MHF, Horii J, Zocchi S (2005b) cellulolytic enzymes by solid substrate fer- cultivation with rice and wheat straw. Biores. Uso de peróxido de hidrogênio e ácido cítrico mentation using two Pleurotus species (P. Technol. 82: 277-284.

HONGOS DEL GÉNERO Pleurotus: UNA revisIÓN DE LAS TÉCNICAS DE CULTIVO Cristiane Suely Melo de Carvalho, Ceci Sales-Campos y Meire Cristina Nogueira de Andrade RESUMEN

El cultivo de hongos comestibles en residuos agroindustriales de cultivo utilizadas en la producción de Pleurotus spp. Gran es considerado una actividad milenaria, difundida y practicada variedad de residuos pueden ser utilizados como sustratos en el en todo el mundo. Además de poseer excelente sabor, los hongos cultivo de este hongo. La utilización de subproductos agroindus- comestibles presentan un gran potencial biotecnológico debido a triales representa una alternativa económicamente viable y bas- su capacidad de producir enzimas y fármacos, y de servir para tante promisoria principalmente para pequeños productores, en biorremediación, entre otros usos. Este trabajo tuvo como finali- virtud de su bajo valor agregado y gran disponibilidad. dad realizar una revisión bibliográfica de las diferentes técnicas

COGUMELOS DO GêNERO Pleurotus: UMA revisão DAS TÉCNICAS DE CULTIVO Cristiane Suely Melo de Carvalho, Ceci Sales-Campos e Meire Cristina Nogueira de Andrade RESUMO

O cultivo de cogumelos comestíveis em resíduos agroindus- fica das diferentes técnicas de cultivo utilizadas na produção de triais é considerado uma atividade milenar, difundida e prati- Pleurotus spp. Uma grande variedade de resíduos podem ser uti- cada em todo o mundo. Além de possuírem um sabor excelen- lizados como substrato no cultivo desse cogumelo. A utilização te, os cogumelos comestíveis apresentam um grande potencial de subprodutos agroindustriais representa uma alternativa eco- biotecnológico, devido à sua capacidade de produzir enzimas e nômicamente viável e bastante promissora principalmente para fármacos, e de atuarem na biorremediação, entre outros usos. pequenos produtores, em virtude do seu baixo valor agregado e Esse trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliográ- grande disponibilidade.

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