Black Bear Abundance and Seasonal Forage Habitat Value in Whistler, British Columbia
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BLACK BEAR ABUNDANCE AND SEASONAL FORAGE HABITAT VALUE IN WHISTLER, BRITISH COLUMBIA Robyn Denise Appleton HBOR (Honours) Outdoor Recreation Parks and Tourism Lakehead University, 200 1 B.A. Geography Lakehead University, 200 1 RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT In the School of Resource and Environmental Management Project #404 O Robyn Denise Appleton 2006 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2006 A11 rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL NAME: Robyn Denise Appleton DEGREE: Master of Resource Management REPORT NO: TITLE OF Black Bear Abundance and Seasonal Forage Habitat RESEARCH Value in Whistler, British Columbia PROJECT Examining Committee: Kristina Rothley School of Resource and Environmental Management Simon Fraser University Burnaby, British Columbia Alton Harestad, Professor Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby, British Columbia Date of Approval SIMON FRASER ' UNIVERSITY~I bra ry DECLARATION OF PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection, and, without changing the content, to translate the thesislproject or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without the author's written permission. Permission for public performance, or limited permission for private scholarly use, of any multimedia materials forming part of this work, may have been granted by the author. This information may be found on the separately catalogued multimedia material and in the signed Partial Copyright Licence. The original Partial Copyright Licence attesting to these terms, and signed by this author, may be found in the original bound copy of this work, retained in the Simon Fraser University Archive. Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, BC, Canada SIMON FRASER ' UNWERS~Ibrary STATEMENT OF ETHICS APPROVAL The author, whose name appears on the title page of this work, has obtained, for the research described in this work, either: (a) Human research ethics approval from the Simon Fraser University Office of Research Ethics, (b) Advance approval of the animal care protocol from the University Animal Care Committee of Simon Fraser University; or has conducted the research (c) as a co-investigator, in a research project approved in advance, (d) as a member of a course approved in advance for minimal risk human research, by the Office of Research Ethics. A copy of the approval letter has been filed at the Theses Office of the University Library at the time of submission of this thesis or project. The original application for approval and letter of approval are filed with the relevant offices, Inquiries may be directed to those authorities. Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, BC, Canada ABSTRACT Forage habitat values and bear abundance were identified as leading research needs within the RMOW to achieve "Bear Smart Status", a recognition program used to recognize communities that are bear proofing their community and ultimately reducing human and bear conflicts. Hair samples were collected using non-invasive barbed wire hair snagging sites to gather hair roots for genetic tags. I used coarse scale and fine scale methods for delineating bear forage habitat values at hair snagging sites. I calculated habitat value indices for bear foods in each season. I examined the relationship between two methods for delineating forage habitat value and between forage habitat value, distance from urban areas, and bear abundance at hair snagging sites. Fif'ty-nine individuals were identified, 30 female and 29 male. I found there was a positive correlation between these variables for females but not for males; there was also a significant correlation between the methods for delineating habitat value. Keywords: genetic tagging; black bears; habitat; Bear Smart Status DEDICATION To my Grandpa Dennis Jenkins ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people to whom I owe a great deal of gratitude. I would like to thank my senior supervisor, Kristina Rothley for providing continuous encouragement and patience over these past years and for supporting my need to explore many avenues along the way. I owe an enormous amount of thanks to my committee member, Alton Harestad for his amazing attention to detail while editing this document and for his ongoing words of wisdom and emotional support. I would like to thank members of the Wildlife Ecology Lab, Charlene Rae, Billie Gowans and Ilona, for their input and ongoing assistance during my time in REM, and to all of the administration staff at REM for their support. I am forever grateful to everyone who helped me during my field seasons. To Kris Rothley for having to deal with rotting fish, Laura O'Neill for the floods of the century, Jennifer Appleton, Ian Martin, and Kaeley Steele for fish fertilizer and scorching hot weather, and to Sibley who always kept me company on those long days. Despite everything, we all still managed to have fun. This project would not have happened if it were not for Michael Allen who initiated this research. The successful DNA results were a direct result of his hard work and dedication in the field. I am indebted to the Whistler Working Bear Group for their financial support and dedication to the bears in Whistler. I specifically wish to thank Sylvia Dolson, Sandra Smith, and Tony Hamilton for all of their encouragement. I owe Tony Hamilton of the Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection my sincere appreciation for his knowledge of black bears and guidance over these past three years. I owe Wayne McCrory my most sincere thanks for helping me when the tasks ahead seemed daunting. His guidance and love for bears has made this report far richer than it would have been otherwise. Wayne was able to provide me the necessary assistance when I needed it the most, thank you so much. Lastly, I would like to thank my family for all of their support and kind words of encouragement. To Jennifer and Laura for all of their support in everyway imaginable. Even when life was at its busiest Laura always managed to get me out for a walk. I owe an enormous amount of gratitude to my grandparents, and to my Mum and Dad, they have been by my side since the very beginning, thank you. Ian Martin provided endless hours assisting me in all aspects of this project. Without his love, patience and moral support during the years of fieldwork, analyses, and writing, my research would never have been completed. TABLE OF CONTENTS .. Approval ............................................................................................................................ 11 ... Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 111 Dedication ......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................vlll ... List of Figures..................................................................................................................... x .. List of Appendix Table and Figures .............................................................................. xu Introduction ...................................................................................................1 Status of black bears in North America ...........................................................1 Conflict between bears and humans ................................................................2 Bear Smart Status in British Columbia ...........................................................6 Research objectives .........................................................................................8 Study Area ....................................................................................................10 Vegetation. regional climate and geology ..................................................... 10 Urban development and population............................................................... 13 Other mammal species .................................................................................. 14 Methods ........................................................................................................16 Study design for hair collection