INDEX

The locators in the index include both resistance syndrome type A, 7:12 prevalence by demographic factors, chapter and page numbers, e.g., 30:1,5 34:4–5 development after, 38:11 trends in national estimates, 34:9–11 indicates that the reference is to chapter lowering of postprandial , Actos () ACT NOW study, 38:10 30, pages 1 and 5. Numbers, such as 38:8 Actos Now for the Prevention of Diabetes 2-hour, are alphabetized as if spelled out. prevention study, 38:12 (ACT NOW), 38:10 Because extensive racial/ethnic variation Acarbose Cardiovascular Evaluation (ACE), Acute insulin response (AIR) data are presented with many conditions 38:11 insulin capacity measure, 13:17 discussed, the index entries for race/ Accelerator hypothesis, 11:13; 15:11 measurement for first-phase response, ethnicity reflect only where specific data ACCORD studies 13:17 A1c levels and cardiovascular risk, 1:24 with sleep restriction, 25:2 are presented, e.g., A1c variations. Where control and mortality, Acute metabolic complications there is race/ethnicity information perti- 36:10 DKA, 17:1–5 nent to a particular group, e.g., American blood pressure control effects, 16:14; hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, Indian/Alaska Native, it will be found 18:17; 21:24 17:6–8 under the index entry for that ethnic group. glycemic control and dementia, 16:15 , 17:9–13 Tables, figures, and appendices are not intensive control and cardiovascular lactic acidosis, 17:8–9 indexed. disease, 22:47 Acute painful small fiber neuropathy, 23:3 intensive glycemic control effects, 16:13; Acute renal failure 18:14–15 chronic / A intensive vs. conventional insulin therapy risks, 5:33 in, 19:13 with contrast-induced nephropathy, 22:39 A1c. See (A1c) lipid control effects, 16:14; 18:16; 21:25 with diabetes and pyelonephritis, 30:10 Abacavir sensitivity, 12:4 macrovascular effects of glucose control, pregestational diabetes vs. controls, 5:25 Abatacept 18:14–15 AD dementia in prevention of , 37:6–7 metabolic memory with prolonged hyper- amnestic cognitive impairment progres- teplizumab efficacy, 37:12 glycemia, 21:23 sion to, 24:3 ABCC8 neuropathy evaluation and outcomes, association with diabetes, 24:4–5 response, 14:10 23:5–7,11 cerebrovascular mechanisms for, 24:4 mellitus, 7:10 retinopathy outcomes, 21:23–24 diabetes link, 24:3 p.Ser1369Ala polymorphism, 14:10 statin therapy benefits, 16:14 genetic causes of, 24:3 encoding, 7:5 therapeutic strategies and cognitive hyperinsulinemia as risk factor, 24:4,13 Abdominal circumference (AC). See Fetal decline, 24:10–12 manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease, 24:1 abdominal circumference ACR (albumin:creatinine ratio) memory effects in, 24:1–2 Abdominal obesity. See also Obesity albuminuria, 22:2 mixed pathology in, 24:2 adiponectin levels with, 13:18–19 elevated albuminuria classification, 22:3 non-cerebrovascular-diabetes links, association with smoking, 33:23 for indication of albumin excretion, 22:12 24:4–5 with binge eating disorder, 33:21 with peripheral arterial disease, 20:9–10 prevalence and projections for, 24:2–3 with breastfeeding after gestational predictive value with glomerular filtration risk factors for, 24:3 diabetes, 15:13 rate, 22:22 treatment or prevention recommendations with Cushing syndrome, 6:15 renal disease in youth with diabetes, 15:20 for, 24:3 by diabetes status, treatment, age, 9:14 stroke risk prediction with, 19:3,10 vascular comorbidity with diabetes, 24:8 diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, 18:9 Acromegaly, 6:15 ADCY5 gene, 14:8 enhanced cytokine production with, 25:20 Actigraphy, 25:6,9,21,29–30 Adipocytes with general obesity, 9:14 Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) adiponectin production, 13:18 with metabolic syndrome, 13:21 cohort. See Look AHEAD CAV1 mutation in, 7:16 in metabolic syndrome diagnosis, 19:10 Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease defective differentiation with PPARγ muta- in normal weight individuals, 13:12 (ADVANCE) trial. See ADVANCE trial tion, 7:19 obstructive sleep apnea association, 25:29 Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in effects of sleep restriction, 25:11 in schizophrenia, 33:22 Diabetes (ACCORD). See ACCORD studies factors from, 25:20 stroke risk factors, 19:10 Activities of daily living (ADL). See also perilipin 1 in, 7:19 waist circumference measurement of, 9:14 Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) premature in, 7:19 Abdominal pain, 27:9 definition of, 34:2 reduced differentiation in lipodystrophy, ABO/9q34 variants, 12:12 diabetes and morbidity status, 34:8 7:20 Absolute insulin deficiency, 1:6; 2:3 diabetes association with, 34:3 seipin in, 7:15–16 Acanthosis nigricans home health care needs with diabetes, and development of, congenital generalized lipodystrophy, 40:51–52,57–58 32:12 7:14,16 limitations in nursing home residents, Adipocytokines/adipokines diagnosis of in youth, 15:2 40:48 in Bardet-Biedel and Alstrom syndromes, familial partial lipodystrophy, 7:17,18,19 6:16

Index–1 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

in congenital generalized lipodystrophy, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, major histocompatibility complex linkage 7:15 9:20–21 demonstration, 12:6–7 impaired adipose tissue secretion of, 13:18 parity, 9:23 Affymetrix GeneChip 500K Mapping Array with obstructive sleep apnea, 25:20 self-reported health, 9:24 Set, 12:6 sleep and circadian disturbances, 25:20 testing methods, 9:2 Africa, chronic HBV and HCV infection in, systemic inflammatory response and, total cholesterol, 9:18–19 26:10 25:10 triglycerides, 9:21–22 African descent Adiponectin 2-hour plasma glucose, 9:6–7 African-specific alleles,12 :3–4 in abdominal obesity, 13:18–19 untreated diagnosed diabetes, 9:7 founder (AGPAT2) mutation, 7:15 in congenital generalized lipodystrophy, Adult Treatment Panel criteria, 1:19 risk of albuminuria, 22:14 7:15 Adult-onset diabetes mellitus, 1:1,2; 15:1 type 1b diabetes in, 15:2 effects of, 13:18 Adult-onset type 1 diabetes, 2:4 Afro-Caribbean, lower extremity gene polymorphisms, 38:11 Adults risk in, 20:25 relative hypoinsulinemic state and, 6:17 adverse consequences of tooth loss, Age. See also Children and adolescents; sleep apnea-related glucose metabolism 31:34–35 Diabetes in youth abnormalities, 25:20 diagnosed diabetes incidence, 3:16 cataract association with, 21:33–35 type 2 diabetes risk and, 13:19 duration of diabetes, 8:8–9 changes in A1c with, 1:11 Adipose regulator, 14:11 dysglycemia prevalence, 3:14 chronic hypertension with pregestational Adipose tissue national estimates of disability and causes, diabetes and, 5:33 AGPAT2 expression in, 7:15 34:9 diabetes prevalence age <20 years, 2:5 circadian regulation of, 25:24 overall prevalence, 3:13 diagnosed, undiagnosed, and total preva- congenital generalized lipodystrophy, 7:13 prevalence and incidence of type 1 lence, 3:9 familial partial lipodystrophy, diabetes, 2:10–13 diagnosed diabetes incidence, 3:16 7:17,19,20 –21 type 1 diabetes onset, 2:4–5 diagnosed diabetes prevalence by, 3:4–5 hyperleptinemia association with, 22:38 type 1 diabetes prevalence in U.S., ESRD incidence rate by age groups, 22:27 inflammatory markers from, 23:7 2:10–11 glaucoma association with, 21:36 inflammatory pathways in, 13:18–19 visual impairment with diabetes, 21:2 maternal mortality and, 5:21–22 PPARG expression in, 7:19 ADVANCE trial measure of initiation of type 1 diabetes, reactive species effects on, 25:20 A1c levels and cardiovascular risk, 1:24 12:12 in type 2 diabetes, 13:18; 15:2 blood pressure control effects on retinop- prediabetes prevalence, 3:13 Adipose tissue-derived inflammatory athy, 21:25 racial/ethnic differences in age at onset of markers, 23:7 cardiovascular disease prevention, 16:13 type 2 diabetes, 22:27 Adipose-infiltrating macrophages, 13:19 in geriatric population, 16:13 retinopathy improvement with, 21:26 Adiposity. See also Abdominal obesity; high ACR/low eGFR, 22:22 sexual dysfunction in men, 28:8 BMI (body mass index); Obesity; Waist intensive glycemic control effects, 16:13 type 1 diabetes incidence, 2:6 circumference micro-/macrovascular association with type 2 diabetes incidence in youth, 3:16 fetal overgrowth, 5:56 blood pressure, 19:12 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), generalized and central with diabetes, risk factor control in stroke, 19:13 21:38 20:11 Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). Age-related macular , 21:38 in older adults, 16:1 See also Receptor for AGEs Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study, neonatal, 5:50; 13:12 accumulation in articular cartilage, 24:3 of offspring, 4:13; 5:74; 13:12–13 32:16–17 AGPAT2 gene prevalence in youth, 15:34 accumulation in disease, 22:31 in congenital generalized lipodystrophy reproducibility of measurements, autofluorescence measurement,1 :16 type 1 diabetes, 7:15 18:10–11 bone fragility in type 2 diabetes, 32:12 mutations with congenital generalized Adult diabetic physical/metabolic contribution to bone fragility, 32:3 lipodystrophy, 7:1,15 characteristics diabetes complications and, 1:16; AHSCT (nonmyeloablative autologous A1c, 9:3–4 19:10–11 hematopoietic stem cell therapy), 37:14 blood pressure status, 9:17–18 dietary source for, 22:35 AKT2 gene BMI and waist circumference, 9:14–16 formation of, 1:15 familial partial lipodystrophy, 7:19–20 C-reactive , 9:23 in kidney disease, 22:54 mutation in familial partial lipodystrophy, data sources and limitations, 9:1–2 links to glycemia, 24:4 7:1,19 family , 9:13 markers for, 21:22 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT). See ALT fasting insulin levels, 9:11–12 with periodontal disease, 31:24 (alanine aminotransferase) fasting plasma glucose, 9:4–6 and receptors in dementia, 24:4 Alanine risk variants in HLA , 12:5 fibrinogen,9 :23 relation to dementia, 22:9; 24:4 Alaska Natives. See American Indian/Alaska glycemia in untreated diagnosed diabetes, sRAGE in neuropathy pathogenesis, 23:7 Native 9:7–10 stroke risk predictors, 19:10–11 Albumin excretion rate (AER), 15:20; 22:12 glycosylated hemoglobin, 9:3–4 Aerobic organisms, 30:14 Albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR). See ACR high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Affected sibpair (ASP) families (albumin:creatinine ratio) 9:19–20 genetics of type 1 diabetes study design, Albuminuria. See also Macroalbuminuria; markers,9 :23 12:2 Microalbuminuria laboratory evaluation techniques, 9:2 albumin-to-creatinine ratio, 22:2

Index–2 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

as biomarker of ESRD progression, 22:9 in postprandial hyperglycemia, 38:8 American Diabetes Association (ADA) classification of,22 :3 prediabetes-diabetes progression effects, A1c cutpoint for screening, 1:26 death rates with albuminuria elevation, 38:13 A1c endorsement of, 1:13 22:20 use in geriatric population, 16:14 adiposity measurement recommendations, elevation in diabetic kidney disease, study, 38:9 18:10 22:5–6,12–19 Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) blood pressure goals, 18:17 major causes of death with, 22:20 cardiac autonomic neuropathy therapy, clinical practice guidelines, 41:3 as marker for nephropathy, 22:3 23:8,9 community screening recommendations, mechanisms for, 22:10 intake/FADS1 and FADS2 interactions, 1:23,26 in MODY, 7:4 11:16 comparisons of A1c and other glycemic morbidity/mortality thresholds for disease in Western diet, 11:12 measures, 1:14 associations, 22:19 Alpha-tocopherol, 11:13 criteria for DKA, 17:1 mortality risk with type 1 diabetes, 22:20 Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer diabetes definition, 2:3 normalization with glycemic control, 22:12 Prevention study, 29:8 diagnostic criteria for diabetes, 36:1,2 podocyte changes and, 22:8–9 Alstrom syndrome etiologic classification of diabetes, 15:3 prevalence in type 2 diabetes by duration, congenital syndromes with diabetes risk, forms of diabetes, 1:3 22:14 6:16 gestational screening recommendations, prevalence of persistent, 22:12 function of cilia in, 7:12 1:28–29; 4:2 relationship with hyperfiltration,22 :6 ALT (alanine aminotransferase) glycemia cutoffs and definitions,13 :16 spontaneous regression in diabetes, 22:17 association with fetuin-A, 13:20 hypoglycemic episode categories, 17:9 in staging of , 22:3 diabetes association, 26:5 impaired glucose tolerance cutpoints Albuminuria, moderate. See diabetes mortality association, 26:7 acceptance by, 1:13 Microalbuminuria injury estimates, 26:3–4 neuropathy classification for clinical use, Albuminuria, severe. See Macroalbuminuria nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetes 23:2 Alcohol consumption status, 13:20 optimal first trimester A1c levels,5 :10 cancer and diabetes risk factors, 29:6 prediction of incident diabetes, 26:5 peripheral arterial disease screening congenital malformation prediction by, Alzheimer’s disease (AD). See also AD recommendations, 20:3 5:10 dementia; Cognitive impairment with physiologic framework for classification diabetes and prediabetes, 10:9–10 diabetes of, 15:1–2 in diabetes care, 33:23 characteristic lesions in, 24:1,3 Provider Recognition Program, 41:2 liver and gallbladder disease, 26:13 definition of pathologic process,24 :1 recommended screening tests, 1:6 relation to distal symmetrical polyneurop- prevalence of dementia, 24:2 revision of classification,1 :13 athy, 23:12 Ambulatory care with diabetes, 40:1–25 revision of glycemic control guidelines, relationship to retinopathy, 21:27 data sources, 40:2–3 18:15 risk of hypoglycemia, 17:11 electronic contacts for care, 40:20–22 risk classification for diabetes,20 :21 in shift workers, 25:26 emergency department visits, 40:20–26 risk scores from clinical factors, 1:23 type 2 diabetes risk and, 13:9 office visits, 40:3–7 screening for diabetic kidney disease, 22:4 Alefacept, 37:13 outpatient visit frequency, 40:8–14 screening for type 1 diabetes, 1:27 Alendronate, 32:14 payment sources for, 40:20 screening time recommendations, 4:4 Aliskiren, 22:50 type of outpatient visit, 40:15–19 Standards of Medical Care for pregesta- Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using American Academy of Family Physicians, tional diabetes, 5:72 Cardiorenal Endpoints (ALTITUDE), 1:23 stroke risk control recommendations, 22:50–51 American Academy of Pediatrics 19:12,14 Allegheny County Type 1 Diabetes Registry recommendations, undiagnosed and prediabetes criteria, 9:2 (ACR) 41:12 American Heart Association (AHA) childhood-onset mortality in type 1 hyperbilirubinemia guidelines, 5:71 clinical practice guidelines, 41:3 diabetes, 35:12 neonatal hypoglycemia management, 5:69 exercise guidelines, 19:11 incidence of type 1 diabetes, 15:6 American Academy of Periodontology stroke risk control recommendations, life expectancy and mortality trend, (AAP), survey with Centers 19:12,14 35:5–6,7 for Disease Control and Prevention, American Indian. See American Indian/Alaska mortality classification used in,35 :8 31:4–5,8–9,15,17,23 Native mortality in diabetes of youth, 15:38 American Association of Clinical American Indian reservations tooth loss with type 1 diabetes, 31:33 Endocrinologists, 18:15 U.S. centers for SEARCH, 15:4 type 1 diabetes mortality, 35:3–4 American College of Cardiology Foundation U.S. vs. non-U.S. countries diabetes prev- Alleles, associative testing for over-repre- (ACCF), 19:14 alence, 2:2 sentation, 14:2 American College of Obstetricians and American Indian/Alaska Native. See also Alpha cells, pancreatic effects of, 6:7 Gynecologists (ACOG) Pima Indian studies Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) study, 37:13 gestational diabetes screening recommen- A1c for screening, 1:26 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors dations, 1:28–29; 4:2 albuminuria with type 2 diabetes, acarbose in prevention study, 38:8,9,11 hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, 5:30 22:18,30 glucose intolerance progression to maternal mortality coding, 5:21 cardiovascular risks with diabetes, 22:21 diabetes effects, 1:19 pregestational diabetes blood glucose childhood and adolescent incidence, 2:6 oral glycemic control, 39:2 recommendations, 5:72

Index–3 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

degree of heritage and kidney disease, modification of ESRD risk with, 22:32 Anti-inflammatory factors/mechanisms 22:29,34 retinopathy effects of, 21:25 adiponectin, 13:18–19 diabetes as risk for stroke, 19:1 valsartan NAVIGATOR study, 38:9 alpha-1 antitrypsin, 37:13 fetal overnutrition with maternal diabetes, Angiotensin-converting (ACE) in Bardet-Biedel syndrome, 6:16 15:12–13 inhibitor with cardiovascular disease, 18:12 foot ulcers, 20:17 albuminuria improvement with, 22:18 docosahexaenoic acid, 37:5 Gila River Indian Community periodontitis blood pressure management with stroke fibrinogen,18 :12 study, 31:9,15,17,20 and diabetes, 19:12 genes related to fatty acid metabolism, GWAS for, 14:9 cardiovascular event reduction with, 38:12 11:16 impaired glucose tolerance in, 1:18 with diabetes in youth, 15:20 in type 1 diabetes intervention studies, Indian Health Service records for, 2:5 DREAM study with, 38:9 37:14 lower extremity amputation risk in, 20:24 effect on retinopathy progression, 21:24 Anti-insulin receptor antibodies, 6:15 metabolic syndrome prevalence, 13:23 renoprotective effect in type 2 diabetes, Anti-islet autoantibodies. See Glutamic neuropathy prevalence, 23:10 22:49 acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA); obesity prevalence in youth, 15:12 Anglo-Danish-Dutch Study of Intensive associated-2 autoantibodies obesity trends in, 15:12 Treatment in People with Screen (IA-2A) Ojibwa-Cree community, 15:12 Detected Diabetes in Primary Care Antiplatelet/aspirin management, 18:17–18 Oklahoma Indians, 13:23; 21:29; (ADDITION) Antithymocyte globulin (thymoglobulin) 22:18,30; 23:10 health behaviors changes in, 1:27 ATG, 37:13 pregestational diabetes prevalence during screening benefits,1 :24–25 Anxiety disorders/symptoms pregnancy, 5:17–18 Ankle-brachial index (ABI) causal issues and mechanisms linking prevalence by county, 3:8 hemostatic factors with low, 20:8 diabetes to, 33:18–19 prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, 3:4 in peripheral arterial disease, 20:3 generalized anxiety disorder and diabetes progression of kidney disease in, Annular pancreas, 7:11 complications, 33:18 22:18–19 Anorectal atresia, 5:60 generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, retinopathy prevalence in, 21:29 Anorexia nervosa 33:16 screening in youth, 1:14; 15:4 characteristics of, 33:19 lifetime anxiety diagnosis with diabetes, type 2 diabetes common variants in, 14:8 type 1 diabetes mortality with, 35:4 33:18 type 2 diabetes incidence in youth, 3:16; Anorexigenic neuropeptides, 25:20 measurement issues, 33:18 15:9 Antepartum hemorrhage, 5:24–25 panic disorder, 33:16 type 2 diabetes prevalence, 3:5–6 Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody intervention patient factors related to prevalence, type 2 diabetes prevalence in youth, 1:14; studies 33:18 15:9 otelixizumab, 37:11,12 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, American Medical Association Diabetes teplizumab, 37:11 33:16 Measures Group, 41:2 tertiary prevention trials, 37:11–12 prevalence, 33:16–19 American Stroke Association, 19:14 Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, 37:12–13 prevalence in youth, 33:18 Amino acid residues Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), 12:2–3 social phobia, 33:16 foreign peptide binding effects, 12:4 Antihyperglycemic medications (non-in- treatment and intervention, 33:19 in HLA genes, 12:4–5 sulin). See also Glucose-lowering agents Apgar scores Amino acid sequence drugs, 5:36 with maternal diabetes, 5:48–49 association-function relation, 14:10 blood pressure and diabetic status, 9:17 with newborn macrosomia, 5:56 nonsynonymous single nucleotide poly- diabetes treatment, 39:2–3 Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), 25:14 morphisms, 12:6 expenditures for, 40:59,62,65,70–71 APOE-ε4 gene Amnestic mild cognitive impairment, 24:2 gene encoding for drug target, 14:2 dementia risk with and without diabetes, Amniotic fluid insulin concentration, obesity General Practice Research Database data, 24:8 in childhood, 15:13 5:36 association, 21:29 Amputation. See Lower extremity amputation genes encoding targets for, 14:2 genetic susceptibility for dementia, 24:3 Amyloid guidelines for use, 18:15 polymorphism, 21:25 Alzheimer’s disease characteristic, 24:1 healthcare expenditure data for, 40:62,65 retinal hard exudates with diabetes, 21:25 cascade effects of insulin, 24:3 lactic acidosis incidence with, 17:8 retinopathy association, 21:29 cerebrospinal fluid levels as marker, 24:4 in lipodystrophy management, 7:1 Apolipoprotein E allele, 21:29. See also clearance and insulin in brain, 24:4,13 patterns of use by age, 39:2–3 APOE-ε4 gene glucose metabolism derangement and preconception use of, 5:11,36 Apolipoproteins brain pathology, 24:5 for prevention of dementia, 24:13 glycemic control associations, 15:28 islet toxicity in type 2 diabetes, 1:6 trends in use of, 39:3 HDL formation, 22:35 Anaerobic organisms, 30:13,14; 31:23 use in older patients, 41:7 in late-onset dementia, 24:3 Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), 29:13 use in pregnancy, 5:11 retinopathy association, 21:25 Anencephaly, 5:65 use with pancreatitis-related diabetes, 6:7 role in vascular risk, 18:8–9 Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) Antihypertensive medications Apoptosis blood pressure management with stroke nephropathy prevalence and use of, 5:29 in benign prostatic hyperplasia, 28:4 and diabetes, 19:12 patient expenditure for, 40:62–63,65 in diabetes of youth, 15:10 with diabetes in youth, 15:20 use in early pregnancy, 5:11 gene regulation of, 7:10 in kidney disease, 22:49 Anti-IL-1β monoclonal antibody, 37:13 glucotoxicity effect on beta cells, 11:13

Index–4 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

in hemochromatosis, 6:10 type 2 diabetes/periodontitis association, Aspirin prophylaxis study in lipodystrophies, 7:19 31:15 dose-dependent effects on A1c, 1:12 mitochondrial gene mutation and, 7:9 U.S. centers for SEARCH, 15:4 effect on cardiovascular events, 18:17 during nephrogenesis, 22:42,43 U.S. vs. non-U.S. populations, 2:2 preeclampsia prevention, 5:33 in steatohepatitis, 26:5 Arkansas preterm delivery in diabetic women with, gene regulation of,9 :16 hypoglycemia levels and literacy scores, 5:45 Appetite regulation 5:69 stillbirth rate with low-dose, 5:37 in, 25:10 pregestational diabetes prevalence, 5:5 use with diabetes, 39:6–7 leptin in, 22:37–38 racial/ethnic differences in stroke in Association testing for type 2 diabetes links, melanocortin receptor in, 7:11 diabetes, 19:7 14:2 sleep restriction effects on, 25:11 Arterial stiffness AST (aspartate aminotransferase) Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in in diabetes of youth, 15:34 liver injury measurement, 26:3–4 Diabetes trial, 19:11 subclinical cardiovascular disease with prediction of incident diabetes, 26:5 Appropriate-for-gestational age infants diabetes, 15:27–28 Asthma (AGA) Arteriolar hyalinosis, 22:9 comorbidity with diabetes, 5:6 birth trauma in, 5:58–59 maturation impairment of immune system, birth trauma with vaginal delivery, 5:59 comorbid diseases with diabetes, 16:11; 15:11 hyperbilirubinemia in, 5:71 33:7 prevalence in children and adolescents, neonatal encephalopathy incidence, 5:49 intervention for functional status impair- 2:2 neonatal hypoglycemia rates, 5:70 ment, 34:12 Th2 overactivation and, 11:11 neonatal morbidities in, 5:56 national estimates of disability and causes, Asymptomatic diabetes. See Prediabetes Area under the receiver-operator-character- 34:9,11 Atenolol, 19:12 istic curve prevalence and risk factors for, 32:14–15 Atherosclerosis pathophysiology A1c cutpoint analysis, 1:9 prevalence with diabetes, 39:4 insulin-like -1 association, prediction of fatty liver disease, 26:2 Asian Indian immigrants. See also Asian/ 19:11 prediction of type 1 diabetes risk, 12:10 Pacific Islander in stroke mechanisms, 19:3 type 2 diabetes risk prediction, 13:24 metabolic syndrome prevalence, 13:22 subclinical, 18:13 Arginine risk variant in HLA genes, 12:5 type 1b diabetes in, 6:18 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) ARIC study type 2 diabetes prevalence in, 3:7–8 study. See ARIC study A1c levels and cancer risk, 24:8 Asian/Pacific Islander. See also Asian Indian Atorvastatin, 36:10 A1c vs. fasting plasma glucose for diag- immigrants; Meta-analyses; other specific ATP3 metabolic syndrome. See Metabolic nosis of diabetes, 36:2–3 Asian subgroups syndrome

ankle/brachial index and stroke risk, birth weight and type 2 diabetes risk, ATP-regulated potassium channel (KATP), 20:14–15 13:13 7:4–5 biomarkers for cardiovascular disease BMI cutpoint recommendation for Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 2:2 prediction, 18:12 diabetes risk, 18:10 Atypical antipsychotic medications diabetes prediction of cognitive decline, cataracts in type 2 diabetes, 21:33 diabetes induced by, 6:11 24:8 chronic HBV and HCV infection in, 26:10 type 2 diabetes risk with, 33:1,22,24 glycemic measures in, 1:21 depressive episode or symptoms, 33:9 Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study IL-18 levels and type 2 diabetes, 13:19 diabetes risk in, 13:4 in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS), 4:10–11,13 metabolic syndrome prevalence, 13:22 disability and diabetes association, 34:3 Australian studies/population metabolic syndrome traits and diabetes ESRD incidence rate in, 22:27–30 cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, risk, 13:24–25 fulminant diabetes in, 1:3 15:27 periodontitis and central retinal vein diam- GWAS for, 14:9 change in type 1 diabetes genotype, 11:3 eter with type 2 diabetes, 31:15 HBcAb prevalence with diabetes, 26:10 diabetes registries, 2:5 physical activity and retinopathy, 21:27 HLA associations in, 12:3 prevalence in youth, race/ethnicity in stroke risk in diabetes, lower extremity amputation risk in, 15:18–20 19:7 20:24–25 disability with diabetes, 34:3 racial/ethnic differences in retinopathy, metabolic syndrome prevalence, 13:22 gestational hypertension prevalence in, 21:27–28 prediabetes prevalence, 3:13 5:34 type 2 diabetes and sRAGE association, pregestational diabetes prevalence during GI symptom turnover in, 27:5 19:10–11 pregnancy, 5:17–18 Intranasal Insulin Trial (INIT 1), 37:6 Arizona. See also Pima Indian studies prevalence in type 2 diabetes by duration, major malformations with type 2 diabetes, age-adjusted total preexisting diabetes 22:14 5:62 during pregnancy, 5:13–14 screening in youth, 1:14 major maternal morbidity and mortality albuminuria with type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea rates, 25:12 measures, 5:24 22:18,30 type 1b diabetes in, 15:2 microalbuminuria prevalence in diabetic diabetes/glaucoma association, 21:37 type 2 diabetes common variants in, 14:8 youth, 15:24 metabolic syndrome in, 13:23 type 2 diabetes in youth, 15:2 preeclampsia rates in, 5:34 offspring risks with gestational diabetes, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST). See AST prevalence of DKA at diagnosis, 17:2 4:13 (aspartate aminotransferase) Austria prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, 3:4 Aspartic acid risk variant in HLA genes, 12:5 glycemic control trends, 15:28 trends in type 2 diabetes in youth, 15:15 Aspergillosis, 30:16 pediatric type 2 diabetes prevalence, 15:9

Index–5 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

prevalence of DKA at onset, 15:17; 17:2 Autosomal recessive lipodystrophies, visual impairment with type 2 diabetes, Autism spectrum disorders 7:13–17 21:4 in children and adolescents, 2:2 Avon Longitudinal Study (England), 5:75 , 20:22 risks in offspring with maternal diabetes, Behavioral intervention 5:76 B hypoglycemia management, 17:13 Autoantibodies measurement standardiza- modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes, tion, 15:2 13:1 B2-microglobulin, 22:2,9 Autoantibody-negative type 2 diabetes, 1:5 BABYDIAB study type 2 diabetes risk factors, 13:6–12 Autoantibody-positive type 2 diabetes, 1:5 BCG vaccine and beta cell function, 11:9 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Autoimmune diabetes cesarean section interaction with immune (BRFSS). See BRFSS data autoantibody presence with, 2:3 response genes, 11:16 Belarus, breastfeeding promotion in, 13:13 autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes, dietary exposure and type 1 diabetes risks, Belfast Northern Ireland center (HAPO 6:14 11:13 STUDY), 4:13 BCG vaccine for, 11:9 islet autoimmunity risk with gluten, 11:10 Belgian Diabetes Registry, 37:6 criteria for diabetes in youth, 15:3 respiratory infection predictive of islet Berardinelli-Seip Congenital Lipodystrophy diagnosis and screening for, 1:6 autoimmunity, 11:7 2 (BSCL2), 7:15 early life diet in, 15:11 seroconversion as marker for type 1 Beta blockers, 6:11–12 environmental factors, 6:13–14 diabetes, 37:2 Beta cell dysfunction/function foreign peptide binding in, 12:4–5 type 1 diabetes and enterovirus infection, abatacept effects, 37:6–7,12 immune response initiation, 37:2 11:5–6 accelerated growth in early life, 15:11 immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy in type 1 diabetes in youth predicted by acute insulin response and proinsulin enteropathy X-linked, 6:14–15 weight gain, 15:11 levels, 13:17 initiation of, 37:2 BABYDIET study apoptosis in diabetes in youth, 15:10 latent autoimmune diabetes of adults, delayed gluten exposure, 37:5 autoantibody appearance with injury, 37:2 27:9 enterovirus infections, 11:5 autoimmune destruction in youth, 15:2 in neonates, 7:9 gluten triggering autoimmunity, 27:14 circadian disruption effects, 25:26 onset in obese persons, 2:3–4 respiratory infections and autoimmunity, in combined types 1 and 2 diabetes, 1:5 rubella and, 6:4 11:7 cortisol effects on, 25:19 sleep quality associated with, 25:9 Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) decline of function in, 1:3 viral infections and, 11:4 in prevention of type 1 diabetes, 11:9; dysfunction in type 2 diabetes, 13:17 in youth, 15:3 37:11 enterovirus tropism for, 11:4 Autoimmune disease risk of type 1 diabetes with, 11:9 etiology of dysfunction in pregnancy, 4:3 foreign peptide binding in, 12:4–5 Bacterial infections. See also Infections asso- genetic variants affecting, 14:7–8 functional candidates for, 12:6 ciated with diabetes glucose sensitivity changes, 37:3 initiation of, 12:4 of skin and soft tissue, 30:11–12 glucose toxicity effects on, 7:19 KIAA0350 gene for susceptibility to, 12:6 Bacteriuria, asymptomatic, 22:55–56; IL-1β effects on, 37:13–14 MHC region in, 12:2 28:20; 30:9 markers for, 13:17 other diseases with type 1 diabetes, 1:3; Bacteroides infections, 30:13 melatonin receptors in, 25:28 11:10; 39:6 Baltimore Eye Survey, 21:7 meta-analysis for, 14:9 self and non-self, 12:2 Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging mitochondrial gene mutation and apop- susceptibility gene mapping for, 12:8–9 (BLSA) tosis, 7:9 Autoimmune gastritis, 27:15–16 all-cause mortality association of tooth in monogenic diabetes, 1:4 Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes loss, 31:41 nonimmune causes of dysfunction, 1:3 (APS), 6:14 fasting glucose and prostate size, 28:5 pathophysiology of injury, 6:5 Autoimmune response. See Type 1 diabetes glucose metabolism derangement and PAX4 and development, 7:7 immune response brain pathology, 24:5 plasmid-encoded proinsulin effects, 37:14 Autoimmune thyroid disease, 6:15; 12:12 progressive development of type 2 postprandial hyperglycemia effects on, Autoimmune type 1 diabetes (type 1a), 1:3 diabetes, 13:16 38:8 Autoimmunity criteria for diabetes in youth, Baltimore-Washington Cooperative Young proinsulin elevation as failure marker, 15:3 Stroke Study, 19:8 18:11 Autoimmunity-Blocking Antibody for Baltimore-Washington Infant case-control proinsulin measurement and ratio, 13:17 Tolerance in Recently Diagnosed Type 1 study, 5:68 proinsulin peptide effects, 37:14 Diabetes (AbATE) Trial, 37:12 Bardet-Biedel (BB) syndrome, 6:16 regulation of apoptosis, 7:10 Automation to Simulate Pancreatic Insulin Bariatric surgery to treat diabetes, 39:10 rotavirus infections of, 11:8 REsponse (ASPIRE) study, 17:13 Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES) secretory capacity measurement, 13:17 Autonomic neuropathy. See also age-related macular edema, 21:38 smoking effects on, 13:16 Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy cortical (lens) opacities, 21:34 teplizumab and abatacept for, 37:5 diabetic cystopathy and, 28:4 in diabetic vs. nondiabetic persons, 21:36 in type 1 diabetes, 1:1,3,5 risk factors for diabetic kidney disease, dry eye association with diabetes, 21:37 type 1 diabetes risk factors, 11:13 22:39–40 duration of type 2 diabetes and impair- in type 2 diabetes patients, 1:5 role in infections in diabetic patients, 30:4 ment, 21:4 in type 2 diabetes transition, 13:16–17 Autosomal dominant lipodystrophies, lens opacity with diabetes, 21:34 Beta-hemolytic streptococci, 30:12–13 7:17–20 microaneurysms in, 1:16

Index–6 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) levels birth trauma association with, 5:58–59 NHANES data by diabetes type, 9:17 in DKA, 17:1 birth trauma risk association, 5:56 prediction of retinopathy with elevation, fasting, 5:3,36 category criteria, 13:13 21:23 home measurement of, 17:5 excess fetal size, 5:49 stroke and heart disease effects of, 18:17 in lactic acidosis, 17:8 of liveborn infants in maternal diabetes, Blot hemorrhages (retinal), 21:12 Beta-trace protein, 22:2,9 5:55–56 Bmal-1 gene, 25:24,27 Biguanide drugs. See also in MODY3, 7:5 BMI (body mass index) antihyperglycemic medications data from, with preexisting diabetes, 5:50 brachial plexus palsy risk with maternal, 5:36 proportionate/disproportionate LGA, 5:59 5:58 , 17:8 relation to adult obesity, 15:12 calculation of, 9:2 prevention studies, 38:2 shoulder dystocia and trauma, 5:57–58 cancer association with, 29:6 Binge eating disorder (BED) type 2 diabetes risk association, 13:13 cardiovascular disease association with, abdominal obesity with, 33:21 Black Women’s Health Study, 13:14; 25:24 18:11 characteristics of, 33:19 Black/African American. See also Sea Island clinical risk categories for type 2 diabetes, diabetes control in, 33:20–21 Gullah African Americans 13:11 Biomarkers. See also Cytokines; specific African-specific HLA haplotypes,12 :3–4 criteria for screening in youth, 1:14 markers and diseases albuminuria in, 22:18 by diabetes status, treatment, age, adiponectin, 13:18 arterial stiffness in, 15:34 9:11–13 for beta cell injury, 37:2 brachial plexus palsy risks in, 5:58 endometrial cancer risk and, 29:9 cerebrospinal fluid amyloid levels, 24:4 complication-specific mortality with type 1 evening chronotype association, 25:27 coagulation markers, 13:19–20 diabetes, 35:8–9 factors in increased prevalence of diabetes, C-reactive protein, 13:19 dementia prevalence in, 24:3 3:19–20 cytokines and adipokines, 13:18 excess mortality with type 1 diabetes, general obesity measurement, 9:14 elevated glucose levels, 1:13 35:5–6 gestational diabetes association, 4:5 endothelial dysfunction markers, 13:20 familial partial lipodystrophy in, 7:18 GGT level interaction with, 13:20 fetuin-A, 13:20 glycated albumin levels in, 3:15 and incidence of type 1 diabetes, 11:13 glycated albumin, 1:15 HBcAb prevalence with diabetes, 26:10 and increased diabetes prevalence, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as, hypertension and heart disease risk, 18:9 3:19–20 19:10 lung cancer incidence, 29:8 leptin/ghrelin levels with sleep duration, hyperproinsulinemia, 18:11 progression of kidney disease in, 22:18 25:11 immune markers for type 1 diabetes, 2:10 proinflammatory cytokines in, 13:19 myocardial infarction risk association, for initiation of type 1 diabetes, 12:12 race as risk factor for prostate cancer, 18:10 insulin-like growth factors, 13:20 29:9 nonpregnant women, 5:6 -6, 13:19 region of U.S. residence, 8:9–10 and diabetes risk factors, liver , 13:20 retinopathy screening disparities, 15:18 32:16–17 prediabetes definition by, 9:2 risk factors for peripheral arterial disease, in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes, prediction of heart/cardiovascular disease, 20:7 15:2 18:12 self-reported diabetes, 15:8 prenatal detection of malformations, 5:67 proinflammatory cytokines,13 :19 sleep and glycemic control in, 25:9 with previous gestational diabetes, 4:12 proinsulin with beta cell failure, 18:11 sociodemographic characteristics, 8:6 relation to retinopathy, 21:26 seroconversion for type 1 diabetes, 37:2 stillbirth rates, 5:37 for risk assessment in Asian subgroups, serum cystatin C, 22:1 telephone access, 8:14 26:6 serum fatty acids for meat and milk, 11:10 thyroid cancer in, 29:10 risk for progression to diabetes, 1:18 sex hormones, 13:20–21 type 1 diabetes early mortality in, 35:7 prevention and, 38:9 single nucleotide polymorphism mapping type 1b diabetes in, 6:18 subclinical cardiovascular disease relation for, 12:8 with undiagnosed diabetes, 8:20 to, 18:10 TNFα, 13:19 world region of residence, 8:10 thyroid cancer association, 29:10 Biothesiometer, 20:18 Bladder cancer total diabetes prevalence, 3:19 Birth defects meta-analysis for medication association, in type 1b diabetes, 15:2 coding consensus for, 5:35 29:13 waist circumference measures with, 13:12 limitations of data on, 5:11 pioglitazone and studies, Bogalusa Heart Study in mothers with diabetes, 5:66 29:11 increase in overweight in childhood, 15:12 oral contraceptive use in early pregnancy, Blindness. See Visual impairment liver enzymes, 13:20 5:11 Blood pressure control. See also Bone complications type 2 diabetes in pregnancy and, 5:10 Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy alendronate for bone loss, 32:14 Birth trauma albuminuria progress with, 22:48–49 bone density with diabetes, 32:3,7–10 cesarean deliveries for, 5:46 in care of diabetes patients, 41:4–5 bone fragility in, 32:2 fetal overgrowth and, 5:56 clinical trials on control of risk factors, bone mineral density, 32:9 with pregestational diabetes, 5:59 18:17 bone structure with diabetes, 32:12 with vaginal delivery, 5:59 by diabetes status, 9:17 diabetes duration and fracture risk, 32:14 Birth weight. See also Fetal overnutrition; diastolic vs. systolic in pregnancy diabetic complications as risk factor, 32:12 Macrosomia outcomes, 5:33 economic cost of fractures, 32:1–2 ADCY5 association, 14:8 geriatric diabetes, 16:14 fall frequency with diabetes, 32:10–11

Index–7 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

fall prevention, 32:14 race/ethnicity variations in depression, U.S. centers for SEARCH, 15:4 falls in nursing home populations, 32:11 33:9 U.S. vs. non-U.S. countries diabetes prev- falls resulting in fracture, 32:2 retinopathy care and insurance, 21:11 alence, 2:2 fracture data sources, 32:2–3 screening in heart disease patients, 1:24 California Health Discharge Database, 5:24 fracture prevalence with type 2 diabetes, survey for diabetes surveillance, 2:5 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS), 32:4–5 tooth loss/missing teeth with diabetes, 3:8 fracture prevention, 32:14 31:32 California Men’s Health Study, 28:6 fracture rate in diabetes, 32:6–7 type 2 diabetes/prediabetes county level Canadian Registry, 5:49 fracture risk in nursing home residents, prevalence, 3:8–9 Canadian Diabetes Association, 4:4; 5:72 32:5 BSCL2 gene Canadian Hospital Morbidity database, 5:23 fracture risk with insulin use, 32:12–13 congenital generalized lipodystrophy, Canadian Normoglycemia Outcomes fracture risk with thiazolidinedione medica- 7:15–16 Evaluation (CANOE), 38:9–10,13 tions, 32:12 mutations with congenital generalized Canadian studies fractures, 32:2 lipodystrophy, 7:1 cesarean delivery in diabetic women, 5:46 hip fracture in diabetic women, 32:6 Bulimia nervosa, 33:19 chronic hypertension rates >10%, 5:33 non-spine fractures with type 2 diabetes, Bupropion therapy, 33:22 classification of diabetes in children/ 32:9 Burning mouth syndrome, 31:38 adolescents, 2:4 osteoporosis prevalence with diabetes, deliveries with pregestational diabetes, 32:9 5:15 osteoporosis treatment for prevention, C independent diabetes association with, 32:14 5:37 prediction of fracture risk with type 2 C10orf159, type 1 diabetes risk, 12:8 major malformations with type 2 diabetes, diabetes, 32:12 Cadmium levels in blood, 20:9 5:62 raloxifene and vertebral fractures, 32:14 Calcineurin inhibitors, 6:11 nephropathy prevalence data, 5:29 relative hip fracture rates and risks with California. See also Kaiser Permanente nephropathy prevalence in youth, type 1 diabetes, 32:3 Northern California; Kaiser Permanente 15:20,23 Bovine insulin exposure, 37:3 Southern California; Rancho Bernardo Study preeclampsia in type 1 vs. 2 diabetes, 5:35 Brachial plexus palsy (BPP) age-adjusted total preexisting diabetes pregestational diabetes in pregnancy with shoulder dystocia, 5:58–59 during pregnancy, 5:13–14 trends, 5:15 transient vs. permanent with maternal brachial plexus palsy risk factors, 5:58 pregnancy planning and glycemic control, diabetes, 5:59 chronic hypertension with pregestational 5:8 with vaginal delivery, 5:59 diabetes, 5:33 prevalence of retinopathy in diabetes of Bradford-Hill cause-effect criteria, 6:10 deliveries with pregestational diabetes, youth, 15:18 Breastfeeding 5:15,16–17 shoulder dystocia with vaginal delivery, after gestational diabetes, 15:13 early induction for birth trauma prevention, 5:56 for infants of diabetic mothers, 5:73–74 5:59 surveillance system for pregestational obesity in offspring in maternal diabetes, gestational diabetes prevalence, 4:7 , 5:13 4:13 gestational diabetes prevalence trends, 4:7 type 2 diabetes in Aboriginal youth, 15:10 obesity protective effect, 13:13; 15:13 Hispanic/Latino population, 3:7 undifferentiated diabetes in pregnancy type 2 diabetes protective effect, 15:13 maternal morbidity with acute myocardial trends, 5:15 BRFSS data infarction, 5:23 Canadian Task Force on Preventative cost of diabetes model, 40:59 metabolic syndrome in, 13:23 Health Care dental care utilization, 31:39 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 31:6 A1c cutpoint for screening, 1:26 depressive disorders and symptoms, 33:4 nephropathy prevalence data, 5:29 diabetes screening recommendations, ulcers, 20:20; 23:14 permanent brachial plexus palsy estimates, 1:23 diagnosed diabetes prevalence plateau 5:59 , cardiovascular benefits ,of in, 3:17 preconception planning/counseling, 5:8 18:15 foot and eye care, 41:8 preeclampsia rates with chronic hyperten- Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment health insurance coverage, 42:11 sion, 5:34 (CANVAS) trial, 18:15 healthcare utilization and insurance preeclampsia rates with pregestational Canakinumab, 37:13 coverage, 42:11 diabetes, 5:34 Cancer and diabetes, 29:1–21 intended pregnancy and health-related preeclampsia/eclampsia with gestational in adults with and without diabetes, behaviors, 5:12 diabetes, 5:34–35 29:2–4 medication use and self-care practices, pregestational diabetes prevalence during alcohol consumption, 29:6 39:1–14 pregnancy, 5:17–18 androgen deprivation therapy, 29:13 oral health, 31:32 severe maternal morbidity with post- bladder cancer, 29:9 periodontitis prevalence, 31:6 partum abruption, 5:25 breast cancer, 29:8 physical activity, 10:12 shoulder dystocia with vaginal delivery, breast cancer chemotherapy, 29:13 prevalence of diabetes, 36:3 5:56–57 cancer incidence, 29:4 prevalence of diabetes in women of child- stillbirth/weight gain relation, 5:43 cancer mortality, 29:4–7 bearing age, 5:4,5 surveillance system for pregestational cancer recurrence and second cancer, prevalence of heart disease with/without diabetes and pregnancy, 5:13 29:14 diabetes, 18:4 total diabetes percentages, 8:9

Index–8 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

cancer treatment in diabetic patients, Capillary blood glucose (CBG), 1:26 diabetic kidney disease as risk factor for, 29:14 Captopril, 22:48–49 22:19 care after cancer diagnosis, 29:14 Capture-recapture analyses, 2:5 glycemic risk factors for complications, causal pathways hypothesized, 29:6–7 Carbohydrate metabolism. See also Glucose 1:24 colorectal cancer, 29:7 metabolism high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in, 19:10 confounding by indication, 29:12 clinical presentation of derangement, 1:6 mortality in diabetic persons, 36:8 diabetic complications in cancer patients, in diabetes, 1:2 mortality with macroalbuminuria, 22:20 29:14–15 with estrogen/progesterone contracep- with previous gestational diabetes, 4:12 dietary factors, 29:6 tives, 6:13 subclinical markers for, 15:34; 18:13 endometrial cancer risk, 29:9 medications affecting, 17:6 type 1 diabetes mortality with duration hematologic cancers, 29:10 progression to diabetes, 1:17 >20 years, 35:9 hepatitis B or C virus and risk for liver, 29:7 tests for diagnosis, 1:2 Cardiovascular disease risk factors hyperglycemia influence on cancer, 29:7 CARDIA study acarbose effects on, 38:12 immortal time bias, 29:12 GGT levels associated with diabetes inci- ADDITION study, 1:27 incretin-based therapies, 29:12 dence, 13:20 arterial stiffness in youth, 15:34 infection and sepsis risks, 29:14–15 objective measures for sleep quality, 25:9 blood glucose in screening for, 1:22–23 insulin and, 29:11–12 Cardiac autonomic neuropathy. See coronary artery calcification association use and, 29:11–12 Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy with, 15:37 kidney cancer, 29:9 Cardiometabolic derangement diabetes in youth liver cancer, 29:7 death certificate limitations for deter- dyslipidemia, 15:33 lung cancer, 29:8 mining, 36:3 elevated blood pressure, 15:29,33 metformin and cancer risks, 29:10–11 with evening chronotype, 25:27 glycemic control, 15:29 methodologic considerations, 29:12 lifestyle intervention effects on, 38:15 diabetic kidney disease as, 22:19–24 mortality with diabetes in cancer patients, markers in offspring of mothers with in geriatric diabetes, 16:5–6 29:13–14 diabetes, 5:74 glycemic measures for prediction of, 1:18 non-modifiable shared risk factors, 29:5 pathways for impact of sleep duration on, hyperglycemia, 18:7–8 obesity, 29:6 25:12 hypertension, 18:9 pancreatic cancer, 29:7–8 REM-related sleep apnea and, 25:17 insulin resistance, 18:11–12 pancreatic resections, 29:13 Cardiomyopathy lipids and lipoproteins, 18:8–9 physical activity, 29:6 in Alstrom syndrome, 7:12 metabolic syndrome, 18:9–10 prostate cancer, 29:9 BSCL2 mutations, 7:15 mortality with cardiac autonomic neurop- risk of death with kidney disease and in congenital generalized lipodystrophy, athy, 15:27 diabetes, 22:22 7:14 obesity, 18:9–11 risks with insulin, 29:11–12 LMNA mutations, 7:19,20 obesity and insulin resistance in youth, shared risks, 29:5–7 maternal mortality from, 5:22 15:33–34 smoking, 29:6 maternally inherited diabetes and, 7:9 presence of diabetes, 36:1 stage at cancer diagnosis, 29:14 neonatal morbidity with hypertrophic, 5:68 with previous gestational diabetes, 4:12 steroid therapy, 29:13 Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy pulse-wave velocity association with, thiazolidinedione cancer risks, 29:11 (CAN) 15:34 thyroid cancer, 29:10 with diabetes in youth, 15:26–27 type 1 diabetes mortality and, 35:11 treatment effects on diabetes complica- esophageal dysmotility and, 27:8 Cardiovascular Health Study tion, 29:15 glucose levels in diabetes in youth, 23:13 intermittent claudication, 20:7–8 tumor growth with hyperinsulinemia, glycemia association with, 15:27 racial/ethnic differences in retinopathy, 29:14 glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, 23:13 21:27 uterine cancer, 29:8–9 and hyperglycemia association, type 2 diabetes risk and adiponectin levels, weight gain with breast cancer chemo- 23:13–14 13:19 therapy, 29:13 incidence and prevalence, 23:12 Cardiovascular Outcomes Following Cancer Registry, lung cancer-diabetes asso- metabolic memory in, 23:13 Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes ciation, 29:8 onset and course of, 23:13 Mellitus Participants With Vascular Candesartan, retinopathy effects of, risk factors, 23:13 Disease (VERTIS CV) trial, 18:15 21:24–25 symptoms of, 23:6 Cardiovascular system malformation, 5:62 Candida albicans, 30:5,9,11; 31:38 tests for, 15:27; 23:6–7 Caries, 31:36–38 Candidate causal genes treatment of, 23:9 Carotid artery adiponectin gene polymorphisms, 38:11 Cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests intimal-medial wall thickness and peri- for diabetic kidney disease, 22:43 (CARTs), 23:6–7 odontitis, 31:15 diabetic kidney disease relationship, 22:43 Cardiovascular congenital abnormalities, RAGE association with atherosclerosis, HLA class II alleles in type 1 diabetes, 11:3 5:65 19:11 polymorphism, 38:9 Cardiovascular disease (CVD). See also stenting, 19:16 related to dietary exposures, 11:16 Heart disease and diabetes stroke risk and bruits, 19:9 for retinopathy, 21:29 aspirin prophylactic use with diabetes, Carotid endarterectomy (CEA), 19:16 for type 1 diabetes risk, 12:8 39:6–7 Carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) type 2 diabetes associations, 14:6 diabetes in older adults, 16:6–7 acarbose effects on, 38:12 CANRISK calculator, 1:23 cardiovascular risk stratification, 18:13

Index–9 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

in diabetes of youth, 15:34–37 obesity as independent risk factor for immune response to gluten, 27:9 periodontal disease as risk for, 31:15 diabetes, 5:10 latent autoimmune diabetes of adults with, Carpenter-Coustan gestational diabetes periodontitis and gestational diabetes risk, 27:9 criteria, 4:7,10 31:14 prevention of, 27:12 CARS (cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase) gene, periodontitis severity and erectile dysfunc- symptoms of, 27:12–13 22:43 tion, 31:16 tissue transglutaminase autoantigen in, Case-control studies. See also DPP study; periodontitis severity and other disease 27:9–10 SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study associations, 31:16 type 1 diabetes association, 27:11–12 allelic spectrum for type 2 diabetes expan- plaque and periodontal health in children Cell adhesion molecules sion, 14:6 with type 1 diabetes, 31:21 endothelial dysfunction markers, 13:20 anti-HCV antibody association with subse- pneumococcal bacteremia with diabetes, levels in obstructive sleep apnea, 25:20 quent diabetes, 26:8 30:8 in proinflammatory and insulin resistance Baltimore-Washington Infant Study, 5:68 preterm birth and type 1 diabetes associ- pathways, 13:19 benign prostatic hyperplasia and dysgly- ation, 11:15 Cellular memory. See Metabolic memory cemia, 28:5 serum α-tocopherol and diabetes risk, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention biases in medication-cancer risk studies, 11:13 (CDC). See also BRFSS data; NHANES data; 29:10–11 Stillbirth Collaborative Research Group, NHIS data breastfeeding and type 1 diabetes risk 5:37,43 American Academy of Periodontology joint association, 11:9 transient vs. permanent brachial plexus survey, 31:4–5,8–9,15,17,23 cataract prevalence, 21:34 palsy, 5:59 diabetes risk factor control trends, 41:3 contraception exposure risks, 5:13 type 1 diabetes risk and psychological Division of Diabetes Translation, 2:2–3 corneal epithelial fragility values in type 2 stress, 11:15 maternal mortality studies, 5:21 diabetes, 21:37 type 1 diabetes-associated single nucleo- maternal mortality surveillance, 5:21 corticosteroid treatment and hypergly- tide polymorphisms, 12:10 sociodemographic data from, 8:2 cemia risk, 27:15 vitamin D exposure in infancy, 11:11–12 surveys for diabetes surveillance, 2:5 cow’s milk exposure meta-analysis, waist-to-hip ratio association with myocar- Central macular edema. See Macular edema 11:9–10 dial infarction, 18:10–11 Central nervous system malformations, 5:62 diabetes and gallstone disease association, Cataracts Central obesity. See Abdominal obesity 26:15,18 with diabetes, 21:33–34 Central/South Americans. See also Hispanic diabetes as risk factor, 30:17 extraction of, 21:35–36 ethnicity diabetes-cancer risk associations, vs. lens opacities, 21:34 cyclophosphamide and thymoglobulin, 29:7,9,10 prevalence of, 21:34 37:14 eating disorders and type 1 diabetes in risk factors with type 1 diabetes, diagnosed diabetes prevalence, 3:6–7 adolescents, 33:19 21:34–35 fasting and impaired glucose predictive enteroviral infections at diagnosis of type 1 risk with diabetes types, 21:1 power, 1:20 diabetes, 11:4 risk with diuretic use, 21:34 prediabetes prevalence, 3:14 ever vs. never breastfeeding, 5:74 . See also Sympathetic total dysglycemia prevalence, 3:14–15 foot and vibratory insensitivity asso- nervous system activity undiagnosed diabetes prevalence, ciation, 23:14 effects on insulin sensitivity, 25:19 3:12–13 genetic risk score calculation, 13:5 impaired release in diabetes, 17:9 Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, 24:4 genetic risk studies for type 1 diabetes, Causative Classification of Stroke System, Cerebral edema 12:2 19:2 with DKA in youth, 17:3,5 genotype associated with type 1 diabetes, Cause-effect relationship criteria, 6:10 with lactic acidosis, 17:8–9 12:6–7 CAV1 (caveolin-1) gene Cerebral palsy, 5:49 gestational diabetes and periodontitis mutations with congenital generalized Cerebrovascular disease/events association, 31:22 lipodystrophy, 7:1,15–16 albuminuria and stroke risk, 19:10 glycemic control and dyslipidemia, 15:33 PTRF regulation of expression of, 7:16 cognitive impairment with, 24:1–2 growth in children with type 1 diabetes vs. CDC Maternal Mortality Study Group, 5:21 comorbidity with diabetes, 16:5,11 without diabetes, 11:13 CDC Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance hormonal contraception and risks for, 5:13 low birth weight association with chronic System, 5:21 hypercoagulability link with, 19:11 kidney disease risk, 22:42 CEL (carboxyl-ester lipase) gene in MODY7, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state precipi- major malformations with maternal 7:7 tation risk, 17:6 diabetes, 5:60,65,67 Celiac disease (CD) mortality trends with diabetes in preg- melatonin secretion and type 2 diabetes detection by IgA antibodies, 27:13 nancy, 5:22 development, 25:28 diagnosis of, 27:12–13 in nursing home residents, 40:47 MTNR1B and abnormal glucose metabo- epidemiology of, 27:10–12 pathophysiology of stroke, 19:3 lism, 25:28 genetic predisposition to, 27:9 pregestational diabetes and hypertension National Birth Defects Prevention Study, gluten as trigger for diabetes, 27:14 in, 5:33 5:11 gluten-free diet effects on A1c, 27:14 premature mortality with diabetes, 40:68 neonatal seizures with maternal type 1 gluten-free diet for management, risk management for, 19:12–14 diabetes, 5:49 27:13–14 risk with peripheral arterial disease, 20:13 nitrosamine consumption and type 1 histologic changes in small intestine, subclinical cerebrovascular disease, 24:3 diabetes risk, 11:14 27:9–10 tooth loss association, 31:16

Index–10 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

vascular cognitive impairment, 24:3 tooth eruption rate with diabetes, 31:36 prevalence of, 5:33 Cesarean delivery type 1 diabetes prevalence, 2:5; 15:4–5 rates of poor pregnancy outcomes with, birth size and, 5:59 type 2 diabetes prevalence and incidence, 5:33 confounding of stroke data, 5:22 3:17; 15:8–9 stillbirth rates, 5:37 in diabetic women, 5:46 U.S. population incidence, 2:6 treatment in pregnancy, 5:33 interaction with IFIH1 gene, 11:16–17 U.S. population prevalence, 2:5 types 1 and 2 diabetes, 5:33 maternal complications of diabetes, 5:25 Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh (CHP)- Chronic inflammatory demyelinating poly- postpartum wound infection, 5:24 based type 1 diabetes registry, 35:3–4 neuropathy (CIDP), 23:3 for prevention of birth injury, 5:59 Chinese Americans. See also Asian/Pacific Chronic kidney disease (CKD). See also pulmonary embolism association, 5:24 Islander Diabetic kidney disease; Kidney disease rates with diabetes, 5:46,58 dental visits with insurance, 31:39 associated with diabetes shoulder dystocia rates with, 5:57 metabolic syndrome prevalence, 13:22 associated with diabetes, 22:56–57 sleep disturbance relation to, 25:21 periodontal disease prevalence, 31:6 defined,22 :3 venous plasma glucose levels and, 4:8 retinopathy prevalence, 21:29 with diabetes, 22:4 Charcot neuroarthropathy sleep quality and insulin resistance associ- diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease, 22:4 complication of diabetic neuropathy, 23:14 ation, 25:9 equations for GFR estimation, 22:3 etiology of, 20:18 Chinese/Taiwanese studies. See also Asian/ estimated prevalence by type of diabetes, foot deformity with, 23:5 Pacific Islander 22:12 sensory abnormality with, 32:18 A1c for screening, 1:26 management with diabetes, 22:54 Chicago Childhood Diabetes Registry Da Qing study, 1:25; 38:5 prognosis of infections with, 22:22 diabetes in children and adolescents, diabetes and gallstone disease, 26:15 staging developments in, 22:2 2:6–7 diagnosed diabetes prevalence, 3:7–8 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology mortality in diabetes of youth, 15:38 gestational diabetes regression, 1:29 Collaboration, 22:3 type 1 diabetes surveillance, 2:5 glucose measures and diabetes risk, 1:20 Chronic pancreatitis (CP) Children and adolescents. See also Diabetes glycated albumin and fasting glucose diagnosis and treatment of, 6:7–8 in youth correlation, 1:15 hereditary/genetic pancreatitis, 6:8 age for testing, 1:14 immunotherapy trials, 37:14 prevalence of diabetes with, 6:7 birth month and seasonal patterns for lifestyle intervention trial, 1:19 Chronotype, 25:27–28 type 1 diabetes, 2:7 lung cancer-diabetes association, 29:8 CIDEC (cell death-inducing DNA fragmenta- chronic diseases in, 2:2 new-onset diabetes risk with HCV infection, tion factor a-like effector c) gene, 7:17 classification of diabetes in, 2:3; 15:1–4 26:10 Ciliopathy, heterogeneous, 6:16; 7:12 comparison with international rates, 2:7 sleep quality and glycemic control associ- Circadian disturbances. See Sleep and circa- complications of diabetes in, 15:13–38 ation, 25:9 dian disturbances criteria for screening, 1:14 Cholesterol measures/control Circadian system diabetes-periodontitis interactive effects, for cardiovascular risk associated with CRY2 gene, 14:8 31:18–21 diabetes, 36:10 genes and regulation of, 25:24 DKA treatment recommendations for, 17:5 heart disease association with, 18:8–9 glucose metabolism, 25:20–21,24–30 early mortality with type 1 diabetes, levels with claudication, 20:8 melatonin regulation of, 25:28 15:38–39; 35:9 Cholesterol-lowering medications misalignment, 25:24,27 eating disorder prevalence, 33:19 expenditures for, 40:66 morning/evening chronotype, 25:27–28 glycemic tests comparisons, 1:14 treatment in diabetes, 39:5–6 MTNR1B gene, 14:8 hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state inci- Chorioamnionitis, 5:24 Cirrhosis (end-stage liver disease) dence in, 17:6 correlation with prevalence of diabetes, incidence of DKA in established diabetes, 6q24, 7:9–10 6:10 17:2 11p15.5 regulation of INS gene transcrip- diabetes prevalence and liver function, incidence of type 1 diabetes in U.S., 2:6–7; tion, 7:5 26:11 15:5–6 12q13 and type 1 diabetes susceptibility, fatty liver disease progression to, 26:2,6 ketosis with types 1 and 2 diabetes, 12:6 with hemochromatosis, 6:9 15:2–3 12q24 and type 1 diabetes susceptibility, late development with lipodystrophy, 7:14 life expectancy predictions for, 36:8 12:6 liver transplantation, 26:11–13 maternal diabetes consequences for, 16p13 region and type 1 diabetes suscep- new-onset diabetes incidence with, 26:11 4:12–13 tibility, 12:6 portal hypertension and diabetes risk, metabolic syndrome prevalence, INS gene mutations in 11p15.5, 7:10–11 26:11 13:23–24 Chronic bilirubin encephalopathy, 5:71 Class I (HLA-A and -B) loci new-onset diabetes in youth, 15:2 Chronic distal symmetric polyneuropathy. diabetes association with, 12:3 prevalence of overweight in youth, 15:12 See Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy HLA-B*39:06 (susceptible) in type 1 prevalence of type 1 diabetes in U.S., 2:5; Chronic hypertension with pregestational diabetes, 12:4 15:4–5 diabetes HLA-B*57:01 (protective) in type 1 race/ethnicity projections for type 1 diagnostic criteria in pregnancy, 5:33 diabetes, 12:4 diabetes, 2:10 maternal deaths with, 5:22 type 1 diabetes association, 12:4 SEARCH study, 2:2,5; 15:4 maternal stroke/cerebrovascular complica- Class II (HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP) loci, 12:3 seasonality of type 1 diabetes, 2:7–9 tions, 5:33 Classification of diabetes. See also Screening temporal trend in, 2:9–10; 15:6,9–10 prepregnancy rates of, 5:33 for diabetes

Index–11 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

ADA revision of, 15:1 dementia association with diabetes, 24:8 Complications of diabetes combined types 1 and 2 diabetes, 1:4–5 dementia characteristics, 24:2 acute complications in youth, 15:1,13–17 current classification problems,1 :6 depression effects on cognitive function, acute metabolic complications, 17:1–19 etiologic classification for,15 :3 24:11 bone and joint, 32:1–22 gestational diabetes, 1:4 diabetes and dementia mechanism - cancer and diabetes, 29:1–21 by healthcare provider report, 2:4 tionships, 24:4 cardiovascular disease in youth, 15:34–38 high-risk glycemic state prevalence, diabetes and vascular dementia relation- cognitive impairment with, 24:1–19 1:17–18 ship, 24:8 conditions of aging, 16:15–16 issues with current methods, 1:6 diabetes medications and dementia risk, delivery complications, 5:16,45 markers of diabetes in youth, 15:3 24:13 disability and, 34:1–15 monogenic, 1:4 ethnic differences in dementia, 24:3 foot ulcers, 20:19; 23:14–15 pediatric diabetes challenges, 15:2–3 executive-frontal abilities, 24:1,2 gastrointestinal manifestations of, 27:1–22 by phenotypic characteristics, 1:6 functional impairment from hypoglycemic of geriatric diabetes, 16:13–15 prediabetes, 1:5–6 events, 24:12–13 gestational diabetes, 4:1–17 SEARCH approach for, 15:3–4 histologic changes in, 24:3 heart disease and, 18:1–30 SEARCH study grouping for, 2:4 hypoglycemia and dementia relationship, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, 17:6 secondary and other specific types, 1:4 24:12 infections associated with, 30:1–25 Stage 1 of type 1 diabetes, 37:2–3 intensive treatment effects, 24:6–7,10,12 kidney disease in, 22:1–84 subsets of diabetes, 6:1–29 lifestyle intervention effects, 24:12 liver and gallbladder disease in, 26:1–23 type 1 diabetes, 1:3; 15:2 measurement of function, 24:1–2 lower urinary tract symptoms in men, clinical stages of, 37:5 non-amnestic impairment, 24:2,3 28:4–6 identification,2 :3 noncerebrovascular-diabetes links, 24:4 lower urinary tract symptoms in women, type 2 diabetes, 1:3–4; 15:2 non-genetic risk factors for dementia, 24:3 28:10–20 in youth, 15:1–2 in offspring with maternal diabetes, 5:75 maternal mortality with, 5:22 Clinical attachment loss (CAL), 31:3–4 performance testing methods for, 24:1–2 microvascular complications in youth, Clinical presentation prevention and, 24:13 15:17–27 congenital generalized lipodystrophy, relation to cognitive performance, 24:13 mortality in type 1 diabetes, 35:1–16 7:13–15 subclinical cerebrovascular disease and, mortality trends in type 2 diabetes, of diabetes, 1:16 24:3 36:1–14 hemochromatosis, 6:9 vascular cognitive impairment, 24:3 ocular functions and diseases with, indicators of, 1:15 white matter disease, 24:4 20:1–49 maturity-onset diabetes of youth, 7:4 with and without type 2 diabetes, 24:8 oral health and, 31:1–49 monogenic diabetes, 7:2 Cohort study advantages and characteris- peripheral and autonomic neuropathy in, signs and symptoms of diabetes, 17:4 tics, 36:5 23:1–20 of stroke, 19:3 Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in peripheral arterial disease, 20:1–34 of transient neonatal diabetes, 7:10 Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE), 13:5 with pregnancy, 5:1–101 in type 1 vs. type 2 diabetes, 1:3–4 Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study pregnancy-related stroke and hypertensive types 1 and 2 diabetes in youth, 15:2 (CARDS), 18:16; 19:10 disorders, 5:22–23 Clinical proteinuria. See Macroalbuminuria College of American Pathology (CAP) psychiatric/psychosocial issues, 33:1–34 Clinically significant macular edema A1c measurement recommendations, sexual dysfunction in men, 28:6–10 (CSME), 21:16 1:9,10 sexual dysfunction in women, 28:20–21 Clock (circadian locomotor output cycles hemoglobinopathies effects on measure- sleep and circadian disturbances effects, kaput) gene, 25:24,27,28 ments, 1:12 25:1–44 Clostridium difficile infection, 30:13,14–15 Colorado Birth Certificate Registry, 5:49 stroke and, 19:1–23 Cod liver oil Colorado Insulin Dependent Diabetes, 2:5 urologic diseases and sexual dysfunction supplement in infancy, 11:11–12 Colorado studies in, 28:1–26 type 1 diabetes risk and intake of, 11:16 change in type 1 diabetes genotype, 11:3 Computer assisted sensory examination Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 33:21 dyslipidemia and glycemic control in youth, (CASE), 23:6 Cognitive impairment with diabetes, 15:33 Confocal microscopy of cornea, 23:6 24:1–20 gestational diabetes prevalence, 4:7 Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL), A1c level prediction of change in type 1 neonatal seizures with maternal diabetes, 7:13–17 diabetes, 24:7 5:49 AGPAT2 mutations, 7:15 adults with type 1 diabetes, 24:6 prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, 3:4 BSCL2 mutations, 7:15–16 advanced glycation endproducts, 24:4 subclinical cardiovascular disease, 15:37 CAV1 mutation, 7:16 amnestic impairment and prevalence, U.S. centers for SEARCH, 15:4 clinical presentation, 7:13–15 24:2–3 U.S. vs. non-U.S. countries diabetes prev- differential diagnosis in, 7:16 amyloid clearance and insulin in brain, alence, 2:2 molecular diagnosis of, 7:16 24:4,13 Colorectal cancer with diabetes, 29:7 prevalence and incidence, 7:13 APOE-ε4 and genetic susceptibility, 24:3 Combined types 1 and 2 diabetes, 1:5; 15:3 PTRF mutations, 7:16 APOE-ε4 association with dementia, 24:8 Community screening recommendations, Congenital heart defects biases of diabetes/dementia studies, 24:8 1:26 obesity association with, 5:10 cerebrovascular-diabetes links, 24:3–4 Comorbidity indexes, 5:4 pregestational diabetes, 5:67 decline with type 2 diabetes, 24:8 in utero diabetes exposure, 5:66

Index–12 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Congenital malformations/anomalies. See Cornea diabetes surveillance with, 2:4 also Major malformations/anomalies changes with type 1 diabetes, 21:37 diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in youth, defined,5 :59 confocal microscopy, 23:6 15:2–3 diabetes-obesity gene interactions for, corneal ulcers in type 1 diabetes, 21:37 differentiating types 1 and 2 diabetes, 1:3 5:10–11 dry eye association with diabetes, 21:37 in Donohue syndrome, 7:12 fetal sex-associated risk, 5:66 epithelial fragility with type 2 diabetes, in early types 1 and 2 diabetes, 1:3 first trimester glycemic control prediction 21:37 endogenous insulin production measure- of, 5:10 lesions and dry eye, 21:37 ment, 2:3 interpregnancy interval for diabetic women, Coronary artery calcification (CAC) fasting levels, 1:3 5:7 cardiac event prediction with, 15:37 in hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, 17:6 with maternal diabetes, 5:59–67 cardiovascular disease risk stratification, impaired signaling pathways, 23:7 multiple, same infant, 5:65–66; 7:11 18:13 with KCNJ11 and ABCC8 mutations, 7:10 neonatal diabetes association with, 7:10 cardiovascular risk factors, 15:27–28 in linomide study, 37:7 periconception maternal nutrition and in diabetes of youth, 15:37–38 in MODY diagnosis, 7:4,8 metabolic changes, 5:11 scores and glycemic control, 15:38 in permanent neonatal diabetes, 7:10 preconception care of diabetic women, subclinical atherosclerosis, 15:34; 18:13 pregnancy outcome with diabetes and, 5:7–8 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young 4:8–9 prediction by vascular disease, 5:10 Adults (CARDIA). See CARDIA study pregnancy outcomes and cord serum pregnancy terminations for, 5:43 Coronary heart disease (CHD). See Heart levels, 4:9 in second pregnancies, 5:10 disease in prevention studies, 37:7,11,12–13 stillbirth with, 5:43 Coronary vascular disease. See response with anti-celiac disease interven- Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), 11:7–8 Cardiovascular disease (CVD); Heart disease tion, 37:11 Congenital syndromes with diabetes risk Cortical (lens) opacities, 21:34 in risk score construction, 1:28 Alstrom syndrome, 6:16 Corticosteroids with rituximab, 37:13 Bardet-Biedel syndrome, 6:16 fracture risk and, 32:12 in signaling pathways, 17:6 Down syndrome, 6:16 hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state precipi- stimulated, in cyclosporine trials, 37:7 Prader-Willi syndrome, 6:16–17 tation by, 17:6–7 stimulated response, 2:3; 37:7 Turner syndrome, 6:17 inflammatory bowel disease treatment, for symptom relief in peripheral neurop- Williams syndrome, 6:17 27:15 athy, 23:8–9 Congenital viral infections prevention trial with azathioprine, 37:7 with teplizumab trial, 37:12–13 cytomegalovirus, 6:4–5 risk of hyperglycemia with, 6:18 in type 1 diabetes diagnosis, 2:3–4,11; 3:2 rubella, 6:4 unmasking mild diabetes with, 23:3 in type 2 diabetes, 13:17; 15:2–3 Congestive heart failure Cortisol in types 1 and 2 diabetes, 1:3 with diabetes in older adults, 16:5–7 in anxiety disorders, 33:19 C-reactive protein (CRP) economic impact of, 22:3 disturbed sleep and type 2 diabetes link, adverse pregnancy outcome risk and, familial partial lipodystrophy, 7:18–19 13:15 31:25 Medicare budget expenditures, 22:2 in DKA, 17:1 biomarker for type 2 diabetes, 13:18; 18:2 prevalence in men and women, 18:4 effects on insulin sensitivity, 25:19 by diabetic status, 9:23 risk with intensive treatment, 18:15 with insulin processing defects, 7:11–12 disease associations, 18:12 with rosiglitazone, 24:13; 38:9 interleukin-6 levels and, 33:14 gingivitis and gestational diabetes effects, statin therapy, 38:12 with sleep deprivation, 25:10 31:25 thiazolidinedione medications and, 18:15 Cotton-wool spots, 21:12 levels with peripheral arterial disease, 20:9 Conjugated linoleic acid, 11:10 Covert brain infarcts (CBI), 19:2–3 liver secretion of, 13:19 CONQUER randomized controlled trial, Cow’s milk exposure/consumption periodontal disease association, 31:8–9 38:10 autoimmunity development, 15:11 with peripheral arterial disease, 20:8 Consolidation of memory, 24:1–2 autoimmunity risk with, 11:16 prediction of cardiovascular disease, 18:12 Constipation, 27:2,8 breastfeeding and, 37:3 stroke predictor, 19:10 Contact lens use with diabetes, 21:37 islet cell autoimmunity association, 11:10 synthesis and secretion of, 13:19 Continuous glucose monitoring, 17:12–13 Cox proportional-hazards models type 2 diabetes risk association, 13:19 Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion death with/without diabetes, 36:9 CRISPR/CAS9 editing, 14:10 (CSII), 5:25; 17:2 physical activity impairment, 18:12 Crohn’s disease. See Inflammatory bowel Contraception for diabetic women puberty vs. prepubertal diagnosis and diseases ADA guidelines on, 5:7 death risk, 35:6 Crown-rump length, shortened, 5:67 hormonal contraceptive complications sRAGE levels and risk of type 2 diabetes, CRY2 (circadian) gene with diabetes, 5:12–13 19:11 circadian rhythm, 37:6 not using contraception, 5:8 Coxsackie virus, 11:4 fasting glucose association with, 14:8 preconception care, 5:11–13 CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) fasting plasma glucose association with, reasons for low utilization, 5:12 obstructive sleep apnea treatment, 25:18 14:8 safety of methods for, 5:12 treatment during pregnancy, 25:21 C-statistic, 13:24 Contrast-induced nephropathy, 22:39 C-peptide CTLA4 gene, type 1 diabetes susceptibility, Cooperative Health Research in the Region with atorvastatin, 37:14 11:16; 12:6–7 of Augsburg (KORA), 13:19 in cord blood, 4:9 Cubans in diabetes definition,2 :3 diagnosed diabetes prevalence, 3:7

Index–13 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

prediabetes prevalence, 3:14 prevention of DKA in children, 17:4–5 cardiac autonomic neuropathy rates, total cholesterol prevalence, 3:13 seroconversion and progression to type 1 23:12–13 type 2 diabetes prevalence, 3:6 diabetes, 37:2 cardiac autonomic neuropathy with undiagnosed diabetes prevalence, 3:12 type 1 diabetes risk and cod liver oil, 11:16 reduced A1c levels, 15:27 Curative Health Services prognostic system, Danish studies. See also Steno Hospital/Clinic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in 20:22 studies type 1 diabetes, 23:13 Cushing syndrome, 6:15 A1c levels in first trimester, 5:10 carotid intima media thickness improve- Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor nephrotox- A1c pregnancy levels and offspring, 5:75 ment, 15:37; 20:12 icity, 22:39 cesarean delivery in diabetic women, 5:46 cognitive impairment in adolescents and CYP2C9 enzyme, 14:9 hormonal contraceptive complications adults with type 1 diabetes, 24:6 Cystatin C, 22:1,4 with diabetes, 5:12 coronary artery calcification,15 :38 Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) legal blindness with retinopathy, 21:7 coronary artery disease reduction, 15:28 complications and prognosis, 6:6–7 major malformations with type 2 diabetes, distal symmetrical polyneuropathy inci- diagnosis of, 6:5–6 5:62 dence, 23:9 management, 6:6 maternal mortality ratio consecutive erectile dysfunction with diabetes, 28:10 pathophysiology, 6:5 diabetic pregnancies, 5:22 gene associations with kidney disease, screening for, 1:14 microalbuminuria in nondiabetic women 22:43 screening tests for, 1:14; 6:6 on oral contraception, 5:13 glycemic control and mortality, 35:10 Cystitis nephropathy prevalence data, 5:29 intensive therapy effects on mortality, presentation of, 30:9–10 perinatal mortality with type 1 vs. 2 35:9 prevalence with type 1 diabetes, 22:56 diabetes, 5:43 intensive vs. conventional insulin therapy, risk with type 1 diabetes, 30:9 preeclampsia rates in, 5:34 15:18 Cytokines. See also Adipocytokines/ prevalence and progression of retinopathy joint complications with diabetes, adipokines in pregnancy, 5:27 32:17–18 in diabetic kidney disease, 22:8,31,34 retinopathy progression during pregnancy, metabolic memory assessment, 18:13 docosahexaenoic supplement effects on 5:27 metabolic memory with glycemic control, inflammatory,37 :5 cardiovascular benefits, 18:15 21:22; 23:12–13 with endocrinopathies, 6:16 Dapagliflozin Effect on Cardiovascular mortality classification used, 35:8 with immune response to gluten, 27:9 Events (DECLARE) trial, 18:15 musculoskeletal disorder in upper in inflammatory response with sleep depri- Data from an Epidemiological Study of the extremity, 32:18 vation, 25:10 Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR). See nephropathy reduction with, 15:24 in obstructive sleep apnea, 25:20,21 DESIR study neuropathy risk reduction, 23:11 periodontitis-diabetes association, 28:6 DCCT study assessment, 23:4 placental production of, 5:67,69 A1c levels and incidence of, 15:27 persistent microalbuminuria in, 22:15 proinflammatory,13 :19; 25:10 A1c measures by, 1:7,9 –10 retinopathy progression in adolescents prostatic growth factor stimulation, 28:4 condition at birth, 5:48 and adults, 15:18 in type 1 diabetes immune response, 37:2 diabetes treatment in pregnancy, 5:3 sexual dysfunction association, 28:7–8 in type 2 diabetes, 13:18 hypoglycemic episode definition, 17:9 urinary tract infections, 28:6 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) hypoglycemic episodes in pregnancy, visual impairment effects, 21:8 fetal demise with congenital, 6:4–5 5:26–27 DCCT/EDIC intensive treatment/follow-up. type 1 diabetes risk with, 11:8 intensive glycemic control, 18:13 See DCCT study; EDIC study intensive insulin therapy and DKA inci- De novo mutations D dence, 15:17 monogenic diabetes from, 7:2,4 intensive treatment effects on neuropathy, in permanent neonatal diabetes, 7:10 23:2 with SHORT syndrome, 7:20 Da Qing RCT of Lifestyle Modification intensive vs. conventional glucose control, “Dead-in-bed” syndrome, 35:10 lifestyle treatment for impaired glucose 19:13 Deafness. See Hearing loss/deficits tolerance, 1:25 long-term effects of pregnancy on, 5:27 Death certificates, 36:3 prevention of type 2 diabetes studies, 38:5 lower extremity amputation and glycemic Death rates. See Mortality and morbidity screening benefits, 1:25 control, 20:25 Degenerative joint disease, 32:14 Daclizumab anti-CD25 study, 37:12 nephropathy reduction with, 15:24–25 Delayed gastric emptying (GE), 27:4,7 DAISY study peripheral arterial disease outcomes, 20:5 Delivery complications alpha-linoleic acid intake/FADS1 and pregnancy effects on renal function, maternal mortality, 5:22 FADS2 interactions, 11:16 5:29–30 pregnancy-related stroke and hypertensive cow’s milk consumption, 11:16 progression of carotid media-intima thick- disorders, 5:22–23 early cereal exposure, 11:9,16 ness, 20:10 preterm delivery, 5:45 early solid food exposure, 11:11 retinopathy progression, 5:26 prevalence by maternal age, 5:16 enteroviral infections, 11:4–5,6 retinopathy progression in adolescents, for types 1 and 2 diabetes, 5:45 islet autoimmunity and gastrointestinal 15:18 Delta-5-desaturase encoding gene, 11:16 illnesses, 11:17 spontaneous abortion rate, 5:36–37 Delta-6-desaturase encoding gene, 11:16 islet autoimmunity and progression to type DCCT/EDIC. See also EDIC study Dementia. See AD dementia 1 diabetes, 11:12 A1c levels for diagnosis, 1:7 DEND (developmental delay, epilepsy, and islet autoimmunity risk with cereal expo- albuminuria effects, 22:46 NDM), 7:10 sure, 11:10

Index–14 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Dental Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities quality of care with, 41:1–19 cardiac autonomic neuropathy, 15:25–27 (DARIC), 31:15 risk factors for type 1 diabetes, 11:1–29 cardiovascular risk factors, 15:27–34 Dental care utilization, 31:39–40; 40:15 risk factors for type 2 diabetes, 13:1–37 carotid intima media thickness, 15:34,37 Depakote (valproic acid), 33:22 sleep and circadian disturbances effects, cerebral edema risk with DKA, 17:5 Department of Veterans Affairs, 41:2 25:1–44 complications, 22:9 Depressive episode or symptoms. See also sociodemographic characteristics of criteria for screening, 1:14 Major depressive disorder persons with, 8:1–67 current surveillance for type 1 diabetes, diabetes distress, 33:4,10,15 stroke and, 19:1–23 2:5 gastrointestinal symptom association, trends in prevalence and incidence, definitions and classification of,15 :1–4 27:3 3:17–21 diabetes-periodontitis interactive effects, subthreshold depressive symptoms and type 1 diabetes in children and adults in 31:18–21 diabetes distress, 33:4 U.S., 1:54–70 diabetic peripheral neuropathy, 15:25 type 2 diabetes risk factors, 13:15; type 1 diabetes prevalence and incidence, dyslipidemia, 15:33 33:10–11 2:1–70 early life diet, 15:11 DESIR study type 2 diabetes and prediabetes preva- early life factors, 15:12–13 A1c and fasting plasma glucose measures, lence and incidence, 3:1–32 elevated blood pressure, 15:29,33 1:15 urologic diseases and sexual dysfunction future directions for research and preven- sex difference in A1c, 1:11 in, 28:1–26 tion, 15:41 DETECT-2 study in youth, 15:1–54 genetic factors in type 2 diabetes, A1c assay standardization, 1:9 Diabetes and Atorvastatin (DIATOR) Trial, 15:11–12 A1c for long-term complication risk, 1:12 37:14 genetic susceptibility in type 1 diabetes, retinopathy prediction, 1:12 Diabetes and cancer, 29:1–21 15:10 Dextran sieving profiles, 22:9 Diabetes and disability/impairment. See glycemic control, 15:29 Diabetes also Disability and diabetes hypoglycemia, 15:17 acute metabolic complications, 17:1–19 diagnostic status and glucose classifica- impact of youth onset, 2:2 bone and joint complications, 32:1–22 tion, 34:5 intrauterine environment effects, 15:12 cancer and diabetes, 29:1–21 educational level association, 34:5 life expectancy predictions for, 36:8 classification and diagnosis,1 :1–39 prevalence in diagnosed diabetes, 34:3 limitations of traditional classification for, cognitive impairment with, 24:1–19 scope of, 34:4–5 15:2–3 diagnosis and screening for, 1:6–29 Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study microvascular complications, 15:17–27 disability and, 34:1–15 (DAIS), 22:52 mortality studies, 15:38–41 gastrointestinal manifestations of, 27:1–22 Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes, and Needs mortality with cerebral edema with DKA, genetics of type 1 diabetes, 12:1–16 Second Study (DAWN2), 33:9 17:3 genetics of type 2 diabetes, 14:1–25 Diabetes autoantibodies (DAA), 2:3–4 nephropathy, 15:20–25 gestational diabetes, 4:1–17 Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young neuropathy, 15:25–27 health care utilization and costs of, (DAISY). See DAISY study obesity, diet, and physical activity, 15:12 40:1–78 Diabetes Awareness and Rehabilitation obesity and insulin resistance, 15:33–34 health insurance and, 42:1–18 Training (DART), 33:22 pediatric diabetes data, 15:4 heart disease and, 18:1–30 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial with pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel infections associated with, 30:1–25 (DCCT). See DCCT study disease, 27:15 kidney disease in, 22:1–84 Diabetes distress, 33:4,10,15 periodontal disease onset, 31:18–19 lifestyle characteristics, 10:1–42 Diabetes Epidemiology: Collaborative peripheral neuropathy in types 1 and 2 liver and gallbladder disease in, 26:1–23 Analysis of Diagnostic Criteria in Europe diabetes, 15:25–27 medication use and self-care practices (DECODE) positive autoantibodies at screening, 1:14 with, 39:1–14 diabetes and cancer mortality, 29:4 prevalence of types 1 and 2 diabetes, monogenic forms of, 7:1–27 glucose tolerance and heart disease risk, 5:6–7 mortality in type 1 diabetes, 35:1–16 18:7 provider/etiologic classification agreement, mortality trends in type 2 diabetes, glycemic test comparisons, 1:15 15:4 36:1–14 Diabetes Epidemiology Research retinopathy, 15:17–20 ocular functions and diseases with, International (DERI) retinopathy treatment/intervention, 15:18 21:1–49 cohort characteristics of, 35:3 risk factors for, 15:10–13 in older adults, 16:1–26 international mortality rates, 35:12 screening for cystic-fibrosis related oral health and, 31:1–49 mortality classification and review,35 :3 diabetes, 1:14 other types of, 6:1–29 mortality in childhood-onset type 1 SEARCH study surveillance for, 2:2; 3:4–5 peripheral and autonomic neuropathy in, diabetes, 35:3–4,8,12 sleep and circadian disturbances, 25:1–44 23:1–20 mortality in type 1 diabetes, 35:12 subclinical cardiovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, 20:1–34 Diabetes in Early Pregnancy study (DIEP). 15:34–38 physical and metabolic characteristics, See DIEP study tooth eruption rate with diabetes, 31:36 9:1–55 Diabetes in youth, 15:1–54 type 1 diabetes with pregnancy, 5:1–101 antibodies in classification of types 1 and 2 cardiac autonomic neuropathy in, prevention of type 1 diabetes, 37:1–21 diabetes, 15:3–4 15:27 prevention of type 2 diabetes, 38:1–21 arterial stiffness, 15:27–28,34 cardiovascular endpoint predictors, psychiatric/psychosocial issues, 33:1–34 burden of, 15:4–10 15:34

Index–15 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

complications of, 15:1,13–17 Kaiser Permanente Northern California, clinical course of, 22:5–10 coronary artery calcification in, 15:38 5:3,71 comorbidity and mortality risks from, glycemia and cardiovascular disease Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 22:19–24 in, 15:28 5:15,16,18 control of blood lipids, 22:51 incidence of, 2:6–7; 15:2,5–6 New Zealand, 2:5 decline in incidence with type 1 diabetes, international rate comparisons, 2:7 Philadelphia Pediatric Diabetes Registry, 22:16 microalbuminuria regression in 15:4,6 definition of,22 :3 type 1 diabetes, 15:23–24 Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes diagnosis of, 22:2 mortality in, 15:38–39 Complications, 35:3 diagnostic criteria for, 22:3 prevalence, 2:5; 15:4–5 in public health surveillance, 2:4 dietary modification in treatment, prevalence trends in, 1:14 Sweden, 2:5 22:52–54 projections for, 15:6–8 United Kingdom, 2:5 dietary protein as risk factor for, 22:35–36 retinopathy in, 15:17–18 Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic in differential diagnosis of MODY, 7:8 type 2 diabetes Retinopathy, 2:5 distal symmetrical polyneuropathy associ- characteristics of, 15:2 Diabetes risk score, 1:28; 37:3 ation, 23:2 in Pima Indians, Diabetes surveillance drug nephrotoxicity and, 22:38–39 15:24 current systems for, 2:5 duration of diabetes as risk factor, 22:30 ESRD incidence in Pima Indians, Finland, 2:4 elevated urinary albumin excretion, 22:37 HIT-based systems, 2:13 22:12–19 fetal overnutrition effects in, 15:12 postpubertal males, 2:13 ELMO1 gene association, 22:43 kidney disease course in, 22:2 U.S. public health, 2:4 epigenetic changes and, 22:45 microalbuminuria at diagnosis, 15:24 Diabetes-associated birth defects, 5:11 epigenetic programming from in utero mortality in, 15:39 DIAbetesMONDiale (DIAMOND) project. exposure, 22:42 prevalence and incidence, 15:8–9 See DIAMOND project ESRD and mortality with type 1 diabetes, projections, 15:10 Diabetes-susceptibility genes, DPP study, 22:20–21 retinopathy with, 15:18 38:11 ESRD incidence and prevalence with, risk factors, 15:11–13 Diabetic amyotrophy. See Diabetic radiculo- 22:25–30 screening for, 1:14 plexus neuropathy (DRPN) ESRD survival, 22:27–30 trends in, 15:9–10 Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN). See familial and genetic risk factors for, in utero hyperglycemia exposure levels, also Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy 22:42–45 13:13 cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, foot ulcer association, 20:19 viruses and immunizations, 15:10–11 23:3–4 FRMD3 gene association, 22:43 Diabetes insipidus, 7:8 gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy, glomerular hemodynamic function, 22:6–7 Diabetes Insipidus, Diabetes Mellitus, Optic 23:4 glomerular-tubular junction abnormalities, , Deafness (DIDMOAD), 7:8 kidney function with, 22:39–40 22:9 DIabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) signs and symptoms of, 15:27 hemodynamic changes with diabetes, study. See DIPP study as stroke risk, 19:3 22:6–7 Diabetes Prevention - Immune Tolerance sudomotor dysfunction, 23:4 histologic changes with diabetes, 22:7–8 study (DIAPREV-IT), 37:6 urogenital autonomic neuropathy, 23:4 hyperglycemia as risk factor, 22:30–31 Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). See Diabetic diarrhea. See Diarrhea hypertension as risk factor, 22:31–32 DPP clinical trial Diabetic foot ulcers. See Foot ulcers in hypertension relation and, 35:11 Diabetes Prevention Program Outcome diabetes insulin restriction by patient, 33:20 Study (DPPOS). See DPPOS study Diabetic kidney disease, 22:1–84. See also intensive glycemic control effects, Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) Chronic kidney disease (CKD) 16:13,15; 22:46–47 Study Group A1c levels with renal failure, 1:12 intensive insulin therapy, 15:24 insulin trials, 37:6 ACEI and ARB for control of progression, intensive treatment effects, 15:24–25 prevention of DKA in children, 17:4–5 19:12 interstitial expansion with, 22:9 Diabetes Reduction Assessment with albumin excretion normalization with treat- intrauterine factors in, 22:42 Ramipril and Rosiglitazone Medication ment, 22:5–6 lesions in type 2 diabetes, 22:7 (DREAM), 38:9 albuminuria as marker for, 22:3 lipid abnormalities as risk factor, 22:32–35 Diabetes registries. See also SEARCH study albuminuria classification,22 :3 living tissue imaging in, 22:10 Allegheny County Type 1 Diabetes Registry, albuminuria with type 2 diabetes, 22:7 maternal diabetes as risk for, 15:24–25 2:5; 15:6; 31:17; 35:3 arteriolar hyalinosis, 22:9 metabolic control for treatment, 22:46–48 Chicago Childhood Diabetes Registry, association with diabetes, 1:6 microalbuminuria progression in youth, 2:5,7 autonomic neuropathy and risk for, 15:20 childhood type 1 diabetes data, 15:4 22:39–40 morphometry, 22:7–9 Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 35:3 biomarkers for, 22:1,3,9 as mortality risk with comorbid diseases, Colorado Insulin Dependent Diabetes, 2:5; blood lipid control in treatment, 22:51–52 22:19–20 15:6 blood pressure control in treatment, mortality risk with type 1 diabetes, 22:20 EURODIAB, 2:10; 15:6 19:12; 22:48–51 multidisciplinary management for treat- European nation-specific,2 :5 cardiovascular mortality prediction by, ment, 22:54 Finland, 2:5 35:4 noncardiovascular mortality causes with, classification of,22 :2 22:22

Index–16 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

obesity and risk for, 22:37–38 Diabetic papillopathy, 21:39 Diarrhea obesity-related, 22:37–38 Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). See acarbose and, 38:8 at onset of pregnancy care, 5:29–30 Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy autonomic neuropathy association, 23:9 oral contraception and, 5:13 Diabetic radiculoplexus neuropathy (DRPN), with celiac disease, 27:12 periodontal disease and risk for, 22:38 23:3; 26:20 Clostridium difficileinfections, 30:14 podocyte injury in, 22:8,10 Diabetic retinopathy. See Retinopathy diabetic, 23:4 pregnancy and risk for, 22:40–41 DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials diagnosis and management, 27:7–8 premature mortality with, 36:8 (DIRECT), 21:24–25 fecal incontinence, 27:8 prevalence with pregnancy, 5:29 Diagnosed diabetes with metformin, 27:7 progression during pregnancy, 5:29 disability prevalence in, 34:3 nocturnal, 27:2 progression of with diabetes in youth, disability/impairment status, 34:7–8 Diazoxide, 7:5 15:20 functional limitations reported, 34:9 DIEP study protein-intake restriction, 22:52–53 gallstone disease with diabetes, 26:15 adult-onset diabetes mellitus, 5:2–3 regression or progression in type 1 lipid measures in, 9:17–21 prevalence in early pregnancy, 5:26 diabetes, 22:17 lower extremity in, 20:24 retinopathy progression, 5:27 relation to hyperglycemia, 22:54 NHIS/NHANES estimates of type 2 spontaneous abortion data, 5:35–36 retinopathy association, 21:25 diabetes, 3:15 with type 1 diabetes, 5:2–3 retinopathy for detection of, 22:4 physical activity, 10:12 Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension risk factor for retinopathy, 21:25 risk factor control for care in, 41:3–5 (DASH) diet, 22:54 risk factors for kidney disease, 22:30–45 2-hour plasma glucose in untreated, 9:7 Dietary factors/exposures selective glomerular permeability, 22:9–11 waist circumference measures in, 9:14 breastfeeding, 11:9 smoking and risk for, 22:36–37 Diagnosed diabetes incidence cereal/grain exposure and type 1 diabetes, socioeconomic factors, 22:30 incidence by NHIS data, 3:16 15:11 sodium intake, 22:53 trends in, 3:17 cow’s milk consumption, 11:9–10 treatment of, 22:46–54 type 2 diabetes in youth, 3:16 diabetic kidney disease risk factors, type 2 diabetes in pregnancy, 5:29 Diagnosed diabetes prevalence 22:35–36 with types 1 and 2 diabetes in youth, by age, 3:4–5 early cereal exposure, 11:9,10–11,16; 15:24 Asian subgroups, 3:7–8 27:14 with youth-onset diabetes, 22:3 county level, 3:8–9 early life, 15:11 Diabetic neuropathies, 23:1–20 HCHS/SOL study, 3:7 gene interaction with, 11:16 acute painful small fiber neuropathy, 23:3 NHIS and NHANES comparison for, 3:15 glycemic index, 11:14 assessment of, 23:5–7 in nonpregnant women of childbearing HLA variants and exposures, 11:16 bladder effects of, 28:14 age, 5:4–5 maternal diet, 11:9 burning mouth, glossodynia, 31:37–38 in older adults, 16:2 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 11:12–13 cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, overall in U.S. populations, 3:4 type 2 diabetes risk factors, 13:6–10 23:3–4 plateau in, 3:17 type 2 diabetes risk reduction with, 13:10; cause of foot ulcers, 20:17 race/ethnicity patterns in type 2 diabetes 29:6 chronic inflammatory demyelinating poly- and prediabetes, 3:5–6 vitamin D, 11:11–12 neuropathy, 23:3 by sex, 3:5 vitamin E, 11:13 classification,23 :2–5 Diagnostic criteria for diabetes. See also weight gain, insulin resistance and beta contribution to infections, 30:5 specific glycemia measures cell stress, 11:13–14 corneal mechanical sensitivity with, 21:37 A1c/FPG/2-hour plasma glucose measures, whole grains and diabetes risk, 13:8 criteria for diagnosis, 5:29 9:2 zinc, 11:13 definition,23 :2 gestational diabetes, 4:1,5 Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), diabetic autonomic neuropathy, 23:3 glucose metabolism measures for, 36:2–3 24:2,8,.12,13 diabetic radiculoplexus neuropathy, 23:3 for prediabetes, DiMe (Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study), diagnosis of sensory, 20:18 1:5–6 11:4,6 in disability with diabetes, 34:11 prediabetes, 1:5–6; 9:2 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors disease-modifying treatment for, 23:7–9 presymptomatic diabetes, 1:1 oral medication for glycemic control, 39:2 distal symmetrical polyneuropathy, 2-hour plasma glucose, 36:1 recent-onset diabetes and, 37:14 23:2–3 type 1 diabetes, 1:3,27–28 thyroid cancer and use of, 29:10 epidemiology, 23:9–14 type 1b diabetes, 1:3; 15:2 DIPP study focal peripheral neuropathies, 23:3 type 2 diabetes, 1:3–4,6,22–23 antibodies in type 1 diabetes progression, gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy, Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns 37:2 23:4 Study (DOPPS), 22:48 enteroviral RNA in stool, 11:5 nerve fiber repair assessment, 23:6 DIAMOND project progression to type 1 diabetes, 11:6 pathogenesis of, 23:7 mortality in childhood-onset type 1 Disability, 34:1–15 in pregestational diabetes, 5:28–29 diabetes, 35:12 activity of daily living disability, 34:3 during pregnancy, 5:28–29 type 1 diabetes prevalence/incidence age with bipolar disorder, 33:21 secondary complications of, 23:14–15 <20 years, 15:6 definition and measurement,34 :2–4 sudomotor dysfunction, 23:4 WHO diabetes surveillance, 2:5 demographic factors in, 34:4–7 symptomatic treatment of, 23:9 DiaPep277 intervention studies, 37:12 diabetes risk and, 34:12 urogenital autonomic neuropathy, 23:4 domains of, 34:1–2

Index–17 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

excess disability with diabetes, 34:11 diabetes in youth presentation with, regression to normal glucose levels, 18:18 factors in disability with diabetes, 15:2–3 single nucleotide polymorphism interac- 34:11–12 diagnostic coding of, 17:1–2 tions with metformin, 38:11 interventions to reduce risk of, 34:12 early mortality with type 1 diabetes, 35:9 urinary incontinence prevention, 28:19 longitudinal association with disability, hospital discharge data, 17:2–3 DPPOS study 34:9 incidence in established diabetes, 17:2 benefit of treatment in asymptomatic national estimates trends, 34:9–11 ketoacidotic episodes in pregnancy, 5:25 phase, 1:22 physical functioning/mobility, 34:3–4 ketoacidotic episodes in types 1 and 2 cognitive impairment follow-up, 24:13 prediabetes, diabetes and morbidity status, diabetes, 5:25 cost savings with prevention, 38:16 34:7–8 maternal complications with diabetes, intensive lifestyle intervention, 18:18 risk of diabetes with, 34:12 5:25 intensive lifestyle intervention and predia- from stroke, 19:2 morbidity and mortality, 17:3 betes, 18:18 with visual impairment, 21:1 pathogenesis, 17:1 metformin long-term follow-up, 38:7 Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN) pediatric treatment recommendations, screening effects on mortality, 1:23 altered sensation in, 15:25 17:5 DPT-1 Oral Insulin Trial, 37:6 assessment instruments, 23:5 predictors and precipitating factors, 17:2 DPT-1 Parenteral Insulin Trial, 37:6 characteristics of, 23:2 in pregestational diabetes, 5:25 Drug nephrotoxicity, 22:38–39 clinical signs, 23:2,5 prevalence at diagnosis, 17:2 Drug/chemical-induced diabetes computer assisted sensory examination, prevention, 17:4–5 atypical antipsychotics, 6:11 23:6 stillbirth comorbidities, 5:43 beta blockers, 6:11–12 constitutional risk factors, 23:12 treatment, 17:5 calcineurin inhibitors, 6:11 deep tendon reflexes in, 15:25 in youth with types 1 and 2 diabetes, environmental toxins and pollutants, with diabetes in youth, 15:25 15:13–17 6:13–14 diagnostic criteria and staging of, 15:25; Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) glucocorticoids, 6:11 23:5 sources and function of, 11:12 growth , 6:13 electrophysiology, 23:6 supplementation in pregnancy, 37:5 HIV antiretroviral therapy, 6:12 end-state complications of, 23:14 type 1 diabetes risk association, 11:12–13 HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors, 6:12 glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, 23:11 Dominicans independent hyperglycemia association, hyperglycemia in risk for, 15:25–27 diagnosed diabetes prevalence, 3:7 6:10 incidence and prevalence, 15:25; prediabetes prevalence, 3:14 niacin, 6:12–13 23:2,9–11 undiagnosed diabetes prevalence, 3:12 oral contraceptives and progestins, 6:13 incidence estimates in type 1 diabetes, Donabedian health care model, 41:2 petamidine, 6:13 23:9 Donohue syndrome, 7:12 thiazide, 6:12 late sequelae of, 23:2 Double diabetes. See Combined types 1 and Dry eye, 21:37 myelinated fiber function, 23:6 2 diabetes Duncan Index, 21:29 natural history of, 23:11 Down syndrome (DS) Duration of diabetes nerve fibers affected, 23:2,5–6 diabetes risk with, 6:16 age at diagnosis, 8:8–9 onset and course of, 23:11 type 1 diabetes frequency with, 2:2 age at onset of type 2 diabetes and, 22:27 prevalence in types 1 and 2 diabetes, DPP clinical trial albuminuria incidence, 22:14 23:10–11 cognitive impairment with diabetes, 24:13 albuminuria prevalence, 22:12 quality of life assessment, 23:5 conventional vs. intensive lifestyle treat- cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy quantitative sensory testing, 23:5–6 ment of IGT, 1:19 increase with, 23:12 race/ethnicity and prevalence, 23:10 cost effectiveness of screening, 1:27 cardiovascular disease mortality, 35:9 risk factors for, 23:11–12 diabetes development after gestational cataracts and, 21:34 Semmes-Weinstein monofilament testing, diabetes, 4:12 diabetic kidney disease risk factor, 22:30 15:25; 23:6 diabetes-susceptibility gene typed in, diabetic peripheral neuropathy and, skin biopsy/corneal confocal microscopy, 38:11 15:25–27 23:6 early treatment benefits, 1:22 elevation of ACR, 22:18–19 small fiber deficits in,23 :6 follow-up plans, 38:12 erectile dysfunction and, 28:7 symptoms, 23:2,5 genetic analysis of prevention trials, 38:11 erectile dysfunction and duration of temporal trends neuropathy incidence, implementation activities following, 38:15 diabetes, 28:7–8 23:9–10 lifestyle intervention, 1:22 fracture risks and, 32:14 thermal and cooling threshold testing, lifestyle intervention after gestational glaucoma relationship with type 2 diabetes, 15:27; 23:6 diabetes, 4:12 21:36–37 in type 1 diabetes in youth, 15:25–27 lifestyle intervention for dysglycemia, 1:19; glucose control and, 39:2 in type 2 diabetes in youth, 15:27 38:6–8 glycated hemoglobin levels and, 9:3–4 vibration perception testing, 15:25,27; lifestyle interventions and medication glycemic control vascular events, 15:28 23:5 evaluation, 16:12–13; 18:18 health insurance coverage and, 42:4 DKA (), 17:1–5 microaneurysms with dysglycemia, 1:16 home health care needs and, 40:58 complications of, 17:3 prediction of type 2 diabetes by genetic hospitalization and hospital utilization, cost, 17:3–4 risk score, 13:5 40:40 DCCT study, 5:25 prevention in geriatric population, hypoglycemia events in type 2 diabetes, definition as triad, 17:1–2 16:12–13 17:10

Index–18 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

incidence of ESRD, 22:27 fenofibrate studies in, 18:16 data sources, 40:58 intensive glycemic control effects, 16:13; heart disease risk and, 18:8–9 diabetes vs. without diabetes, 40:64 19:13; 21:23 hormonal contraception with, 5:13 direct and indirect costs, 40:58 Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules, 22:7 insulin resistance association of, 19:9 of geriatric diabetes, 16:16 lower urinary tract symptoms in women, kidney disease association, 22:32–35 geriatric population growth, 16:17 28:16 lipid profiles in type 2 diabetes, 18:8 indirect costs of, 40:69 mean fasting insulin levels, 9:12 lipid-lowering medication in diabetes, institutional care, 40:58–59 mortality in type 1 diabetes, 15:38,39 9:20–21 international comparison, 40:70–71 musculoskeletal disorder in upper lipid-modifying trials, 18:16–17 with kidney disease, 22:3 extremity, 32:18 in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis and arthritis, 32:14 nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy in 15:2 outpatient care, 40:59–61 type 2 diabetes, 21:15 statin therapy for macular edema, 21:25 outpatient medications and supplies, in older adults, 16:5 treatment in management of diabetes, 40:61–64 prediction of complications, 16:5 39:5 per capita care expenditures, 40:64–66 prevalence of cystopathy in men, 28:4 Dysmorphism persistent postpartum diabetes treatment, prevalence of health insurance coverage, Donohue syndrome, 7:12 1:29 42:4 Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, 7:12 preconceptual care use and, 5:8 progression of kidney disease, 22:16 Williams syndrome, 6:17 productivity loss, 34:4; 40:69 progression to severe albuminuria, 22:15 Dysphagia, 23:4; 27:8 race/ethnicity projections for type 1 prophylactic aspirin use, 39:6 diabetes in childhood, 2:10 proteinuria, 22:16,30 E screening costs and benefits, 1:27 retinopathy in pregnant women, 21:26 trends in, 40:69–71 retinopathy incidence in, 21:19 visual impairment costs, 21:11 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study risk factors for diabetic kidney disease, EDIC study. See also DCCT/EDIC (ETDRS) protocol 22:30 A1c assays used, 1:7 A1c for retinopathy, 1:9 risk for diabetic retinopathy, 21:19–20 cardiovascular complications effects, incidence of visual acuity loss, 21:7 risk of peripheral arterial disease, 20:5 18:13–14 severity scale for, 21:16 sarcopenia association, 34:11 cognitive impairment, 24:7–8,13 visual angle measurement protocol, 21:3 self-care practices in, 39:7 cystitis prevalence data, 22:56 Early-life environment. See also Dietary tooth loss in type 1 diabetes, 31:33 insulin therapy in youth with retinopathy, factors/exposure; Intrauterine diabetes visual impairment and blindness, 21:3–4,8 15:18 exposure visual impairment in type 2 diabetes, patient enrollment and follow-up, 19:13; birth weight, 13:13 21:4–5 23:12 breastfeeding effects, 13:13–14 Dutch investigations peripheral arterial disease outcomes, 20:5 Dutch famine exposure, 13:13 A1c levels in first trimester, 5:10 prevalence of albuminuria, 22:12 gliadin exposure, 15:11 Apgar scores in newborns, 5:48 urologic complications with type 1 intrauterine exposure, 15:13 cesarean delivery in diabetic women, 5:46 diabetes, 22:56 Early-onset familial dementia, 24:3 famine exposure, 13:13 Edinburgh Artery Study, 20:8 Eating disorders and behavior fasting and impaired glucose tolerance Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire, 20:3 anorexia nervosa, 33:19 predictive power, 1:20 Education and Research Toward Health association with treatment outcomes, maternal mortality ratio with type 1 (EARTH) study, 13:23 33:20–21 diabetes, 5:22 EGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate). binge eating disorder in type 2 diabetes, pregnancy planning and, 5:9 See GFR/eGFR 33:19 prenatal famine exposure, 13:13 Egyptian population bulimia nervosa, 33:19 Rotterdam Study, 38:11 retinopathy data and FPG cutpoints, 1:13 causal issues and mechanisms, 33:21 Dysglycemia risk scores from clinical factors, 1:23 characteristics of, 33:19 drug/chemical-induced diabetes, 6:10 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) family dysfunction in prediction of, 33:21 hyperthyroidism, 6:15 ALA conversion to, 11:16 female adolescents with type 1 diabetes, nonpregnant women of childbearing age, effects on kidney function, 22:54 33:19 5:4–5 sources and function of, 11:12 insulin omission or underuse in, 33:20 prevalence of total dysglycemia, 3:14 EIF2AK3 (eukaryotic initiation factor 2 maladaptive eating behavior with type 1 race/ethnicity variations in, 3:14 alpha kinase 3) mutation, 7:11 diabetes, 33:20 stages of type 1 diabetes, 37:3,7 Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) measurement issues, 33:20 Dyslipidemia. See also Statin therapy blood pressure control recommendations, Night-Eating Syndrome, 33:20,21 in adolescents with diabetes, 1:14 18:17 overview and definitions, 33:19–23 cardiovascular outcomes with lipid modifi- hypertension management with kidney prevalence in diabetes, 33:19–20 cation, 18:15–16 disease, 22:51 treatment and intervention, 33:21 comorbid condition in women 18–44 stroke risk control recommendations, type 1 diabetes mortality with, 35:4 years, 5:6 19:12,14 Economic impact of diabetes control in geriatric diabetes, 16:14 Elderly adults. See Geriatric diabetes care after stroke, 19:2 in diabetes in youth, 15:33 Elderly Program Cooperative Research cognitive impairment with, 24:2–3 diabetic kidney disease risk factor, Group (SHEP) trial, 19:12 complications and comorbidities, 40:67 22:32–35

Index–19 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

ELMO1 (engulfment and cell motility 1) in initiation and progression of type 1 Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and gene, 22:43 diabetes, 12:1; 37:1–2 Complications (EDIC). See EDIC study Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration toxins and pollutants, 6:13–14 Epigenetic programming adiposity measurement and cardiovascular for type 1 diabetes in childhood, 2:10 in disease risk for next generation, 22:42 disease, 18:10–11 Environmental Triggers of Type 1 Diabetes. of famine exposure, 13:13 C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk, See MIDIA with kidney disease, 22:2,45 18:12 EPIC Study with maternal diabetes, 5:73 heart disease risks with dysglycemia, 18:7 A1c and cardiovascular disease, 18:7 in periodontitis and diabetes risk, 31:23 lipid and inflammatory markers in cardio- abdominal obesity and overweight, 13:12 in risk for persons with diabetic relatives, vascular mortality, 18:8 coronary heart disease events and phys- 11:2 Emotional distress, 33:23–24 ical activity, 18:12 tissue-specific changes and mechanism, , 18:15 early postnatal exposure, 13:13 22:45 Emphysematous cholecystitis (EC), lipid and inflammatory markers in heart Epsilon4 allele polymorphism, 21:25 30:16–17 disease, 18:8 ERBB3 gene (12q13), 12:6 Emphysematous pyelonephritis, 30:10 Reykjavik and Norfolk studies, 18:8 Erectile dysfunction, 23:4; 28:10 Enalapril retinopathy progression effects triglycerides and heart disease risk, 18:8 Erectile dysfunction and duration of of, 21:25 Epidemiology and Prevention of Diabetes diabetes, periodontitis severity and risk Encephalocele, 5:65 Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in Insulin- of, 31:16 Endocrinopathies associated with diabetes, Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (EUCLID), Ertugliflozin, 18:15 1:4; 6:15–16 21:24 Erythrasma, 30:12 Endophthalmitis, 21:36 Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Escherichia coli, 30:9,16 Endothelial cell dysfunction Study (EDC) ESRD in diabetes. See also Diabetic kidney association with insulin resistance, 19:9 A1c levels and albuminuria, 22:19 disease in diabetic kidney disease, 22:8 20-year mortality with type 1 diabetes, ACR and GFR prediction of death rate for, markers of, 13:18 22:19 22:22 End-stage liver disease (cirrhosis). See albuminuria and heart disease relationship, in diabetes of youth, 15:20 Cirrhosis 35:11 incidence and treatment of, 22:27 End-stage renal disease (ESRD). See ESRD albuminuria prevalence with diabetes, increased incidence and prevalence of, in diabetes 22:12 22:25 England. See also United Kingdom (U.K.) albuminuria with type 1 diabetes, 22:12 NSAIDs and acetaminophen risks, 22:39 studies cardiac autonomic neuropathy with prevalence of diabetes-related, 22:25 cognition and educational attainment of diabetes, 15:27 PVT1 gene and susceptibility, 22:43 offspring, 5:75 coronary artery calcification progression, race/ethnicity survival rates with treatment, diabetes classification criteria,2 :4–5 15:37 22:29 glycemic control in pregnancy, 5:9–10 cumulative incidence of heart disease, risk with diabetic kidney disease, independent diabetes association with, 15:28 22:19–24 5:37 diabetes-periodontitis association, 31:17 risks with and without diabetes, 22:22–23 long-term effects of pregnancy on, 5:27 diabetic nephropathy incidence, 22:16 survival rates with treatment, 22:27–30 maternal mortality ratio consecutive distal symmetrical polyneuropathy inci- trends in incidence and mortality, 22:20 diabetic pregnancies, 5:22 dence in type 1 diabetes, 23:9–10 type 1 diabetes mortality with, 35:9 nephropathy prevalence data, 5:29 long-term effects of pregnancy on, 5:27 type 2 diabetes in, 22:27 neuropathy during pregnancy, 5:28 microalbuminuria prevalence and diabetes Ethics pregnancy planning and, 5:9 duration, 15:23 early termination of randomized studies, pregnancy with pregestational diabetes, microvascular complications, 15:17–18 38:14 5:16 mortality and renal disease trends, 35:4–5 limitations on randomized control trial use prepregnancy glycemic control, 5:10 mortality in type 1 diabetes, 35:3–4 by, 5:74 Enterobacteriaceae, 30:13 mortality with youth-onset diabetes, 15:38 Etiologic classification of type 1 diabetes Enteroviral infections neuropathy in women, 31:38 agreement with care provider report, 2:4 islet autoimmunity progression, 11:6 neuropathy risk after pregnancy, 5:29 difficulties in, 2:3 islet autoimmunity triggering by, 11:4–5 peripheral arterial disease with type 1 markers for, 2:3–4 prospective cohort studies at type 1 diabetes, 20:5 Euglycemia. See Glycemic control diabetes diagnosis, 11:4 retinopathy (diabetic), 15:18 Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, 13:17; serology and type 1 diabetes association, retinopathy and quality of life, 21:9 25:2,28; 26:17 11:4 retinopathy development, 21:25 EUROCAT registries of congenital type 1 diabetes association, 10:42 retinopathy prevalence and diabetes diag- anomalies Enterovirus infections, enterovirus RNA in nosis, 21:12 congenital malformations/anomalies prev- blood samples, 11:4–6 risk of retinopathy, 15:18 alence, 5:62 Environmental exposures stroke incidence and prevalence in type 1 nonchromosomal anomalies, 5:65 accelerator and overload hypotheses, diabetes, 19:4 EURODIAB (EUROpe and DIABetes) study 15:11 study population, 31:37 IDDM Complications Study, 15:25 bovine insulin, 37:3 symptomatic autonomic neuropathy inci- neuropathy risk after pregnancy, 5:29 genetic interaction in type 2 diabetes, 13:5 dence trend, 23:12 type 1 diabetes prevalence/incidence age type 1 diabetes mortality, 35:3–4 <20 years, 15:6

Index–20 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

vitamin D supplementation in type 1 Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among circadian gene associations with, 14:8 diabetes, 11:11 Children (EPOCH), 15:13 CRY2 association with, 14:8 WHO diabetes surveillance, 2:5 Extracranial carotid and vertebral artery diagnostic criteria for diabetes, 1:2; 36:1 European Association for the Study of disease (ECVD), 19:14–16 fasting glucose and prostate size, 28:5 Diabetes Exudative age-related macular edema. See glycated albumin correlation, 1:15 individualization of care needed, 41:12 Macular edema H. pylori status and levels of, 31:24 use of A1c for diagnosis, 1:7 Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group for high risk for diabetes, 1:6 European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study prevalence data sources, 21:2 MTNR1B gene and, 25:28 (ECASS)-II trial, 19:9 prevalence of retinopathy, 21:12 NHANES methods for, 9:2 European Nicotinamide Diabetes racial/ethnic differences in retinopathy, normalization effects on cardiovascular Intervention Trial (ENDIT), 37:5 21:27 risk, 18:15 European Prospective Investigations into Ezetimibe, 22:52 oral health effects on, 31:8 Cancer (EPIC) Norfolk. See EPIC Study with prediabetes, 9:3 European Society for Paediatric F prediabetes levels and periodontitis, 31:22 Endocrinology, 17:1 prediabetes prevalence trends, 3:20 European studies. See also Meta-analyses; pregnancy outcome association, 4:4 Factor VII, hyperglycemia effects on, 20:1 specific countries presymptomatic diabetes diagnosis, 1:1 FADS1 gene, 11:16 birth weight and type 2 diabetes risk, race/ethnicity variations in, 1:12; 9:5 FADS2 gene, 11:16 13:13 revision of cutpoints by ADA, 1:13 Familial hypoglycemia, 7:5 cardiac autonomic neuropathy, 15:27 with self-reported diabetes prevalence, Familial partial lipodystrophy (FPL) disability and diabetes association, 34:3 18:7 AKT2 mutation, 7:19–20 early induction for birth trauma prevention, skin autofluorescence correlation,1 :16 atypical progeroid syndrome, 7:20 5:59 sleep efficiency and, 25:17 CIDEC mutation, 7:17 long-term effects of pregnancy on, 5:27 sleep fragmentation effects on, 25:9 differential diagnosis of, 7:20 major malformations/anomaly rates, 5:62 stroke risk with, 19:9 Dunnigan variety, 7:18–19 mortality in childhood-onset type 1 threshold for heart disease risk, 18:7 Kobberling variety, 7:17 diabetes, 35:12 in treated diabetes, 9:3 other types, 7:20 neuropathy with diabetes, 15:25 type 2 diabetes and genetic elevation of, PLIN1 mutation, 7:19 physical activity and type 2 diabetes risk, 14:8 PPARG mutation, 7:19 13:11 with undiagnosed diabetes, 3:15; 9:3 SHORT syndrome, 7:20 preeclampsia in types 1 vs. 2 diabetes, with untreated diagnosed diabetes, 9:3 Family history 5:35 vascular disease risk association, 18:2 criteria for screening in youth, 1:14 preeclampsia rates in, 5:34 without diabetes/age stratified, 9:5 of diabetes in youth at diagnosis, 15:2 pregnancy effects on renal function, 5:30 Fat metabolism epigenetic effects with, 11:2 prevalence of DKA at onset of diabetes, in diabetes, 1:2 with K mutation, 7:10 15:17 ATP free fatty acid levels in diabetes, 1:6 in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes, seafood consumption and type 2 diabetes “Fat neck syndrome”, 7:18 15:2 risk, 13:8 Fatty Liver Index, 26:3 with type 2 diabetes in youth, 15:11 single nucleotide polymorphisms, 12:4–5 FCRL3/1q23, IA-2A positivity association, type 2 diabetes risk and, 13:5 sleep apnea rates, 25:12 12:12 Family Investigation of Nephropathy and whole exome sequencing, 14:6 Fecal incontinence, 27:8–9 Diabetes (FIND) study, 22:43 European Surveillance of Congenital Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Anomalies (EUROCAT) Guide. See Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study Diabetes-Eye study, 21:29 EUROCAT registries of congenital anomalies cardiovascular event outcomes, 18:15 Family-based study design, 12:2–3,6 Evaluation of in Acute macular edema and retinopathy, 21:25 Fasting hyperglycemia Coronary Syndrome (ELIXA) trial, 18:16 new-onset albuminuria risk, 22:52 with cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, 6:6 Evening chronotype (eveningness), 25:27 Fenofibrate studies in MODY2 presentation, 7:6 Executive-frontal abilities cardiovascular event outcomes, 18:15 with obstructive sleep apnea, 25:14 definition and measurement, 24:1–2 lipid control in geriatric population, 16:14 Fasting hypoglycemia, 7:12 impairment with dementia, 24:2 macular edema and retinopathy effects, Fasting insulin levels in type 2 diabetes, 24:8 21:25 in blacks/African Americans, 9:11 , 18:16; 29:12 new-onset albuminuria risk, 22:52 by diabetes status, treatment, age, Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Ferritin concentration, 13:6 9:11–13 Lowering Trial (EXSCEL), 18:16 Fetal abdominal circumference (AC) in insulin resistance, 13:18 Exercise. See Physical activity fetal measurements, 41:11 sleep fragmentation effects on, 25:9 Exocrine , 1:4 gestational diabetes monitoring, 4:11 Fasting plasma glucose (FPG). See also Exome sequencing in shoulder dystocia, 5:58 Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) gene association with type 2 diabetes, Fetal complications before delivery A1c comparisons and correlation, 1:14–15 14:6 cesarean delivery, 5:46 ADA cutpoint revision, 1:13 genetic lipodystrophies, 7:13 distress, 5:48 ADCY5 gene association, 14:8 multi-ethnic expansion of, 14:10 fetal demise (stillbirth), 5:36–44 by age grouping, 9:4–5 Expiration:inspiration ratio, 15:27 in gestational diabetes, 4:2 association with vascular risk, 18:7 mortality with ketoacidosis, 5:25 cancer risks with elevation, 29:7

Index–21 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

nuchal translucency, 5:67 impaired glucose tolerance treatment, classification by etiology, 20:22 preterm delivery, 5:45–46 1:19 classification by physical characteristics, sex-associated malformation risks, 5:66 prevention of type 2 diabetes studies, 20:21 spontaneous abortion data, 5:35–36 38:5–6 definition and epidemiology of,20 :16 Fetal demise (stillbirth). See also Fetal growth weight loss interventions, 38:13 diabetes characteristics/glycemic control, causes with pregestational diabetes, 5:43 Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy (FinnDiane) 20:19 chronic hypertension/gestational diabetes, study diabetic foot risk classifications, 20:21 5:33 all-cause mortality prediction by albumin- foot deformity and callus, 20:18–19; 23:5 congenital cytomegalovirus, 6:4–5 uria, 22:20 footwear precipitation of, 20:21 early loss rate with diabetes, 5:35 mortality rates in type 1 diabetes, 35:11 healing of, 20:21 frequency in type 2 diabetes, 5:43 prevalence of albuminuria, 22:12 home temperature monitoring, 20:21 gestational age-specific rates,5 :37 Finnish Dietary Intervention Trial for the incidence, 20:16–17 independent diabetes association with, Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes (FINDIA), lower extremity amputation risk compar- 5:37 37:3 ison, 20:24 intensive insulin therapy and, 5:37 Finnish studies motor neuropathy, 20:17 late fetal death and stillbirth definitions, albuminuria mortality, 22:20 national survey results, 20:19–20 5:35 cardiovascular risk with metabolic neuropathy as risk for, 20:17 maternal glycemic control, 5:36 syndrome traits, 18:9 with, 30:12 polyhydramnios with type 2 diabetes, 5:46 casein hydrolysate formula effects on auto- outcome prediction, 20:22 with pregestational diabetes, 5:43–44 immunity, 37:3 peripheral arterial disease pathway to, pregestational diabetes rates with stillbirth, cow’s milk consumption, 11:10 20:18 5:37 diabetes registries, 2:5 physical impairment as contribution to, prepregnancy risk factors with, 5:37 diabetes-chronotype association, 25:27 20:19 prospective rates for risk measurement, early mortality with type 1 diabetes, 35:9 pressure measurements, 20:19 5:37 enteroviral infections and type 1 diabetes, prevention by education, 20:20 rates in North America, 5:37 11:4 previous foot complications as risk, 20:19 risk association with diabetes, 5:43 heartburn prevalence with diabetes, 27:2 prognostic systems, 20:22 risk factors for, 5:37 hyperinsulinemia mortality association, race/ethnicity distribution, 20:19 vs. spontaneous abortion, 5:36 18:11 risk factors for, 30:12 Fetal growth. See also Macrosomia insulin in prevention of type 1 diabetes, secondary complications of neuropathy, abdominal circumference, 5:58 37:6 23:14–15 chronic hypertension/gestational diabetes intranasal insulin trial, 37:6 self-care and inspection, 20:21 risks, 5:33 maternal mortality ratio in, 5:22 self-reported frequency, 20:18 early growth delay and malformation mortality in childhood-onset type 1 Semmes-Weinstein monofilament testing, prediction, 5:67 diabetes, 35:8,12 23:6 gestational weight gain and, 5:49–50 penetrance of HLA genotypes, 11:3 sensory neuropathy, 20:18 growth restriction, 5:49 preeclampsia rates with pregestational sex as risk factor, 20:19 overnutrition/overfeeding, 5:73 diabetes, 5:34 smoking, 20:19 with pregestational diabetes, 5:49–56 prevalence of DKA at diagnosis, 15:17; treatment strategies, 20:22 type 2 diabetes with Chinese famine, 17:2 Vibratrip for assessing risk of, 23:5–6 13:13 severe maternal complications with Fournier’s gangrene, 30:12–14 Fetal overnutrition diabetes, 5:25 Frailty effects of, 15:12–13 type 1 diabetes and severe infection, 5:24 defined,16 :10,11 sources of, 5:73 First Nation peoples, 15:2 diabetes comorbidity, 16:5 Fibrin D-dimer, 20:8 First-phase insulin response. See Acute incidence of, 34:11 Fibrinogen insulin response (AIR) risk of falls and, 16:15 by diabetic status, 9:23 Flatbush diabetes. See Type 1b diabetes tooth loss association, 31:41 levels with peripheral arterial disease, 20:9 Florida vertebral fracture association, 32:1 with peripheral arterial disease, 20:8 Hispanic/Latino population, 3:7 Framingham CVD risk score, 18:10 type 2 diabetes risk association, 13:20 pregestational diabetes prevalence during Framingham Eye Study, 21:33 Fibrinolysis pregnancy, 5:18 Framingham Heart Study (FHS) hyperglycemia effects on, 20:1 total diabetes percentages, 8:9 C-reactive protein as stroke predictor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, Focal peripheral neuropathies, 23:3 19:10 13:19–20 Folic acid diabetes prediction model in, 13:24 Fifth International Workshop-Conference congenital malformation association with, incidence rate of diabetes, 36:10–11 on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, 4:12 5:11 intermittent claudication risks, 20:7 Filipino populations periconception and preconception use metabolic syndrome prevalence, 13:21,22 dental visits with insurance, 31:39 of, 5:10 sex differences in stroke risk, 19:4–5 metabolic syndrome prevalence, 13:23 Foot ulcers in diabetes (DFU), 20:16–22. See stroke incidence, 19:9 type 2 diabetes prevalence in, 3:7–8 also Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy stroke risk with urine albumin:creatinine FINDRISC calculator, 1:23 autonomic neuropathy, 20:18 ratio, 19:10 Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS), BMI, weight, height, waist circumference, type 2 diabetes risk and obesity duration, 38:5–6 20:18 13:11

Index–22 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Framingham Offspring Study anxiety and depression associated with, epigenetic change mechanisms in expres- changes in A1c with age, 1:11 27:3 sion, 22:45 effects of smoking cessation, 18:12 autoimmune gastritis, 27:15–16 functional consequences of variants, 12:8 markers for type 2 diabetes risk, 13:20 celiac disease, 27:9–14 genetic risk in siblings, 12:1–2 metabolic syndrome prevalence, 13:24 constipation/laxative use, 27:2,8 genotype association with function, 14:10 prevalence trends in, 13:18 data sources and limitations, 27:2 genotype x treatment interactions, 38:11 sequential oral diabetic diarrhea, 23:4 hepatic gene expression in MODY, 7:7 predictive value, 13:16 diarrhea diagnosis and management, heritable changes in, 22:45 stroke risk with diabetes and metabolic 27:7–8 HLA and type 1 diabetes associations, syndrome, 19:10 diarrhea in celiac disease, 27:12 12:3–4,12; 37:1,5 type 2 diabetes incidence and vitamin dysmotility in diabetes, 27:3 penetrance of moderate-risk genotypes, D, 13:7 dysphagia and heartburn, 27:8 11:3 France fecal incontinence, 27:8–9 placental contribution with maternal maternal mortality ratio consecutive functional disturbances and syndromes, diabetes, 5:67 diabetic pregnancies, 5:22 27:2,4–7 regulation of TCF7L2, 14:10–11 nephropathy prevalence data, 5:29 gastric emptying with diabetes, 27:4–5 risk markers for early development of type pediatric type 2 diabetes prevalence, 15:9 gastroparesis course and management, 1 diabetes, 11:14 FRAX algorithm, 32:12 23:4; 27:4–7 susceptibility loci with type 1 diabetes, Free fatty acids heartburn, 27:2 12:7 in atherogenesis, 20:1 immune-related disorders, 27:9–16 Gene polymorphism evaluation, 38:9 effects on insulin sensitivity, 25:19 inflammatory bowel diseases, 27:14–15 Gene-environment interactions. See also fasting levels, 1:2 malformations with in utero diabetes expo- Epigenetic programming; Intrauterine in fetal overnutrition, 5:73 sure, 5:62 exposure in proteinuria progression, 22:35 risk factors for functional disturbances, in early life, 13:12–14 sympathetic nervous system activity 27:2 for fetal losses and malformations, effects on, 25:11 symptom turnover in, 27:5 5:59–60 “Free” foreign peptide, T cell recognition symptoms with and without diabetes, genetic risk score, 13:5 of, 12:2–3 27:2–3 hygiene hypothesis (natural protection), Friedwald equation for LDL cholesterol, 9:2 type 1 diabetes and celiac disease, 27:9 11:7; 15:11 FRMD3 (FERM domain-containing protein Gastroparesis infectious agents, 11:3–6 3) gene, 22:43 autonomic function test for, 27:7 nutrition and type 2 diabetes, 13:6–10 course and management of, 27:4–7 polio model of type 1 diabetes, 11:6–7 glycemic levels from, 1:12 epidemiology of, 23:4,5 for type 1 diabetes, 11:15–17 hazard ratio for diabetes, 1:21 iatrogenic, 23:5 type 2 diabetes risk factors, 13:5 racial/ethnic variations in, 3:15 manifestation of autonomic neuropathy, General Practice Research Database Fructose, 13:9 23:9 (GPRD) Fulminant diabetes, 1:3 morbidity and mortality association of, data included in, 5:36 Functional impairment/disability, 16:15–16; 27:6 stillbirth rates, 5:43 34:1 prevalence with diabetes, 27:2 Generalized anxiety disorder, 33:16–19 Fungal infections, 30:11,12,16; 31:23. See symptoms and pathophysiology, 23:4–5 Genetic lipodystrophies also Candida albicans Gastroschisis, 5:11 congenital generalized lipodystrophy, GATA4 haploinsufficiency, 7:11 7:13–17 G GCK (glucokinase) gene mutations diabetes management in, 7:20 glucose sensing function of, 7:5 epidemiology, 7:13–20 insulin synthesis/secretion, 7:4,5 estimated prevalence of, 7:13,20 GAD-65. See Glutamic acid decarboxylase MODY2 clinical presentation, 7:4 familial partial lipodystrophy, 7:17 (GAD) in neonatal diabetes, 7:5,11 mandibuloacral dysplasia associated lipo- GAD-Alum, 37:12 GCKR gene dystrophy, 7:17 Gallbladder disease, 26:13–18 p.Pro446Leu with type 2 diabetes, 14:10 predisposition to diabetes with, 7:13–21 cholecystectomy with diabetes, 26:16 whole grain intake and rs780094 variant, Genetic risk ratio S), 12:1–2 directionality of diabetes association, (λ 13:5 Genetic risk score 26:18 Gemfibrozil, 22:52 diabetes prediction by, 38:11 gallstone disease association with diabetes, Gene expression gene-environment interaction, 13:5 26:18 defect in hepatocyte nuclear factor prediction of type 1 diabetes, 12:10 gallstone disease with diabetes, 26:13–15 4-alpha, 1:4 Genetic susceptibility. See also Genetics of insulin resistance, 26:17–19 defects in MODY, 1:4 type 1 diabetes; Genetics of type 2 diabetes Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT). See diabetes-obesity gene interactions, to autoimmunity, 15:3 GGT (gamma glutamyltransferase) 5:10–11 for diabetic kidney disease development, Gastric parietal cell antibodies. See Parietal in diabetic kidney disease, 22:45 22:42–45 cell antibodies (PCA) dietary factors/exposure interactions, genes/regions for type 1 diabetes, 12:6 Gastrointestinal (GI) tract manifestations, 11:16 for progression to autoimmunity, 11:13 27:1–22 environment x HLA genotype interaction, in retinopathy development, 21:29 abdominal pain, 27:9 11:16 in type 1 diabetes, 12:1

Index–23 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes (GoKinD), for lipodystrophies, 7:15,18 lifestyle intervention for prevention, 16:12 22:43 for type 2 diabetes, 14:2 lipid control effects in, 16:14 Genetics of type 1 diabetes, 12:1–16 Genotype risk score (GRS), 14:6 lower extremity amputation rates in, autoantibody positivity, 12:11–12 Genotype-phenotype. See also Epigenetic 20:23–24 autoimmune disease shared genetic risks, programming Medicare costs, 16:16 12:6 effects of risk variants on genes, 12:12 microalbuminuria with, 16:7 candidate genes for, 11:3; 12:7–8 genetic determinants of type 2 diabetes, microvascular complications, 16:7–8 case-control study design for genetic 14:6; 17:10 mortality rates, 16:11 studies, 12:2 HLA susceptibility genotype in celiac multifactorial control benefits in, 16:14–15 6p21.3, 12:2–3 disease, 27:13 overweight/obesity in, 16:5–6 family history of, 11:2 Genotyping. See GWAS (genome-wide associ- periodontitis prevalence, 31:4 gene-function relationships, 12:11 ation scans) polypharmacy, 16:10–11,15 genetic contribution to, 12:1,10 Geographic atrophy. See Macular edema population size and prevalence, 16:2–3 glucotoxicity in, 11:13 Georgia prevalence in nursing homes, 16:4 haplotypes associated with, 12:3 A1c comparison with oral glucose toler- prevalence of persistent albuminuria, heterogeneity of, 1:3 ance, 1:12 22:12 HLA alleles associated with, 12:4 major malformations with type 1 diabetes, preventing complications of, 16:13–16 HLA-DQB1 alleles, 37:6 5:60 quality of care standards, 16:16 IFIH1 gene coding variants in, 12:6–7 malformation risk with type 1 diabetes, quality of life with, 16:11 initiation in susceptible individuals, 5:60 race/ethnicity in, 16:3 12:10,11–12 mortality comparison to general popula- race/ethnicity with insurance, 42:1–22 linkage mapping, 12:6 tion, 35:5 retinopathy progression in, 21:26 loci contributing to, 12:12 oral health with diabetes, 31:21 sarcopenia and frailty, 16:10 major HLA complex, 12:2 pregestational diabetes prevalence, 5:5 urinary incontinence, 16:9 non-major HLA risk loci, 12:6–10 racial/ethnic differences in stroke in visual impairment incidence, 21:3 penetrance of HLA genotypes, 11:3 diabetes, 19:7 German (Deutsch) Nicotinamide Diabetes pregestational diabetes, 12:5 total diabetes percentages in, 8:9 Intervention Study (DENIS), 37:5,14 single nucleotide polymorphism associa- Geriatric diabetes, 16:1–22. See also Bone German studies tion, 12:6,10,11 complications; Joint complications cancer risks with glargine insulin, 29:11 susceptibility loci mapping, 12:6,7–10 abdominal and general obesity in, 9:14 death certificate reliability for mortality, whole-genome linkage analysis in, 14:1 absolute number of diabetic adults, 16:2 35:7–8 Genetics of type 2 diabetes, 14:1–25 activity limitations in, 34:3–11 fetuin-A association with type 2 diabetes amino acid sequences in, 14:1 age-related conditions and prevention, risk, 13:20 disease emergence, 14:8 16:8–11 lower urinary tract symptoms with DNA sequencing technology in, 14:9 age-related macular edema, 21:38 diabetes, 28:5 early-onset type 2 diabetes, 15:11 dementia, 16:15 pediatric type 2 diabetes prevalence, 15:9 environmental factor interactions with, depression, 16:9–10,15 prevalence of albuminuria, 22:14 14:10 falls, 16:8,15 prevalence of DKA at diagnosis, 15:17; future research on, 14:11 functional impairment, 16:15–16 17:2 gene functions in, 14:10 cardiovascular complications, 16:6–7 prevalence of nephropathy in youth, 15:20 genetic architecture analysis for, 14:6–7 cardiovascular risk factors, 16:5–6 Gestational age genetic information vs. clinical variables in cardiovascular/microvascular complication definition of,5 :35 prediction, 14:8 prevention, 16:13–15 fetal demise (stillbirth) age-specific rates, genetic predisposition for type 2 diabetes, cataracts with type 2 diabetes, 21:33 5:37 14:1–2 cognitive decline with diabetes, 24:8 preterm delivery rates by, 5:45 genetic risk score and type 2 diabetes, cognitive impairment, 16:10 Gestational diabetes, 4:1–17. See also 13:5 comorbidities with diabetes, 16:5–11 Maternal diabetes genetic variation and drug response, 14:9 complication/mortality rates with, 16:5 A1c for screening, 4:5 GWAS predictive properties, 14:10 costs of, 16:16–17 A1c levels in, 1:12 heritability estimates of, 14:1 data sources and limitations, 16:1 association with rate in nonpregnant insights gained, 14:6–9 duration of diabetes, 16:4 women, 4:8 lifestyle characteristics intervention with, economic consequences, 16:17–26 background/history, 4:2–3 14:9 economic impact of, 16:16,17; 40:64 brachial plexus palsy risk with, 5:58 limitations of current approaches, 14:9–11 etiology of diabetes in, 16:1 breastfeeding after, 15:13 in prevention of type 2 diabetes, 38:11 functional status, 16:11–13; 34:8 cardiovascular risk factors with, 4:12 TCF7L2 gene, 14:1 general and abdominal obesity with, 9:14 cost-effectiveness of screening, 4:4 for type 2 diabetes, 14:1–3 geriatric population demographics, 16:2 cost-effectiveness of treatment, 4:11 type 2 diabetes gene discovery, 14:2–6 glucose control in prevention, 16:13 definition,4 :1–2 Genome sequencing, 14:2 growth in spending, 16:17 diagnostic criteria for, 4:1,5 Genome-wide association studies (GWAS). hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state preva- effects on offspring, 4:12–13 See GWAS (genome-wide association scans) lence and risk, 17:6 factors in increased prevalence, 13:12 Genome-wide linkage analysis. See also hypoglycemia, 16:16 glucose tolerance, 4:8 GWAS (genome-wide association scans) improving care and curbing cost, 16:17 HAPO study, 4:8

Index–24 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

increased risk with sleep disturbance, prevalence of low, 22:12 Glucose metabolism 25:21 renal insufficiency criteria,20 :9 ambient hyperglycemia, 1:1 long-term effects on offspring, 4:12–13 in staging of chronic kidney disease, 22:3 in brain with sleep deprivation, 25:10 long-term implications of, 4:11 and stroke risk, 19:3 circadian system and, 25:24–30 low-risk pregnancy management, 4:11 GGT (gamma glutamyltransferase) effects of CPAP treatment on, 25:18 obstructive sleep apnea association with, association with fetuin-A, 13:20 effects of ZnT8, 13:5 25:21 association with increased mortality, exercise effects on pathways, 13:11 pathophysiology of, 4:3 26:6,7 fasting glucose levels and sleep efficiency, perinatal outcomes with treatment, 4:1 in Fatty Liver Index, 26:3 25:17 periodontal disease and inflammation in, increased diabetes risk with elevation, gallstone disease with impairment of, 31:25 26:5 26:15 periodontitis association with, 31:22 liver injury measurement, 26:3–4 hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state patho- physical activity levels with, 10:12 nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, 13:20 genesis, 17:6 prevalence, 1:4; 4:5–8 type 2 diabetes risk factors, 13:19 impairment with schizophrenia, 33:22 prevalence trends in, 4:11 Ghrelin INS gene effects on, 7:11 prevention of type 2 diabetes after, 4:12 levels with sleep restriction, 25:10–11 insulin-like growth factor-1 and binding progression to type 2 diabetes after sleep disturbance and alterations in, 13:15 protein effects on, 19:11 delivery, 1:4; 4:11–12; 5:7; 13:21 in sleep restriction, 25:10 obstructive sleep apnea impact on, randomized clinical studies with treatment Gila River Indian Community periodontitis 25:13–14 of, 4:10 study, 31:9,15,17,20 proinsulin in, 7:11 regression of, 1:29 Glargine insulin, cancer risks with, 29:11–12 resistin effects on, 25:20 risk with periodontitis, 31:15 Glaucoma screening strategy in pregnancy, 4:3–4 screening criteria for, 1:4,28–29; 4:3–5 definitions of,21 :36 shallow sleep suppression effects, 25:6 skin autofluorescence discrimination in, in diabetic vs. nondiabetic persons, 21:36 sleep and circadian disturbance effects, 1:16 duration of diabetes, 21:36 25:1–44 treatment, 4:10–12 Gliadin, early-life exposure, 15:11 sleep and metabolic variables in diabetes, Gestational hypertension (GHTN). See also (glyburide), 7:10 25:9 Preeclampsia Global Case-Control Study of Risk Factors systemic inflammatory response and, diagnostic criteria, 5:30 for Acute Myocardial Infarction (INTER- 25:10 with pregestational diabetes, 5:34 HEART), 18:11 Glucose toxicity, 38:8 prevalence with pregestational diabetes, Glomerular filtration rate (GFR). See GFR/ beta cell apoptosis from, 7:19; 11:13 5:34 eGFR beta cell lesion in type 2 diabetes, 1:6 sleep-disordered breathing association, Glomerular-tubular junction abnormalities, in ischemic stroke demonstration, 19:9 25:21 22:8,9 Glucose transporter GLUT4, 14:5,6 Gestational weight gain Glossodynia. See also Burning mouth Glucose-based diagnostic tests. See specific childhood obesity and, 5:74 syndrome tests effects of, 5:72–73 neuropathy association, 31:38 Glucose-lowering agents. See also fetal growth and birth size, 5:49–50 Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) Antihyperglycemic medications maternal obesity and, 5:56 in dementia, 24:13 in distal symmetrical polyneuropathy, 23:8 risk for diabetes in youth, 15:1 and lansoprazole effects, 37:14 in older adults, 41:7 small-for-gestational age with, 5:55 thyroid cancer and use of agonists, 29:10 SGLT2 inhibitors, 18:15 stillbirth rates, 5:43 Glucocorticoids trends in use of, 39:3 Get With the Guidelines-Stroke program, bone marrow transplantation, 29:14–15 Glucotoxicity. See Glucose toxicity 19:17 Cushing syndrome with, 6:15 Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoanti- GFR/eGFR cystic fibrosis-related diabetes risk and bodies (GADA) cardiovascular disease risk association screening, 6:5–6 beta cell destruction, 15:2 with, 22:21 diabetes induced by, 6:11 beta cell injury manifestation, 37:2 confounding of association with mortality, glioblastoma multiforme treatment, 29:13 development of islet autoimmunity, 11:2 22:20 glucose metabolism effects of, 6:11; 25:19 for diabetes in youth classification, 15:3 hemodynamic changes with diabetes, precipitation of DKA, 17:2 differentiating types 1 and 2 diabetes, 1:3; 22:6 visceral fat accumulation with, 25:11 2:3 hyperfiltration,22 :31 Glucose challenge test (GCT) high parenting stress and, 11:15 hyperfiltration in types 1 and 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes screening, 4:2,4,7 with IPEX syndrome, 6:14 22:6–7 pregnancy outcome association, 4:8–9 latent autoimmune diabetes of adults, 1:5 with hypertension or cardiovascular Glucose intolerance. See also Impaired in MODY, 7:6 disease with diabetes, 22:12 glucose tolerance in phenotypic type 2 diabetes, 1:6 infection rate with diabetes, 22:22 with disturbed sleep, 13:15 stiff man syndrome, 6:15 methods determination of, 22:3–4 with gallstone disease, 26:13–15 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) obesity-associative changes in, 22:37 nonpregnant women, 4:8 autoantibody positivity in initiation of type pathophysiology and clinical course, 22:3 progression to type 2 diabetes, 13:16 1 diabetes, 12:11–12 predictive value of ACR, 22:22 with sleep disturbances in pregnancy, screening for preclinical type 1 diabetes, pregnancy effects on, 5:30 25:21 1:28 prevalence in diabetic population, 22:12 thyroid dysfunction effects on, 6:15 screening for type 1 diabetes, 1:27–28

Index–25 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

vaccine prevention trials with, 37:6–7,12 plasma discrepancies, effects of CPAP treatment on, 25:18 Gluten. See also Celiac disease (CD) 1:14–15 fracture risk effects of, 32:14 autoimmunity trigger, 27:14 postprandial hyperglycemia and, 5:72 maladaptive eating behavior with type 1 delayed exposure, 37:5 in prediabetes, 1:5–6 diabetes, 33:20 interleukin-15 response to, 27:9 prediction of fetal loss, 5:43 microalbuminuria fluctuation with,15 :24 islet autoimmunity risk with, 11:10 predictive power of various levels, 1:20 nerve fiber repair with euglycemia,23 :6 T lymphocyte response to, 27:9 preferred test for diagnosis, 1:9 neuropathy treatment with, 23:7–8 Glycated albumin (GA) racial/ethnic variations in, 1:11; 3:13,15 normalization of albuminuria with, 22:12 fasting plasma glucose and A1c correla- red cell turnover effects on, 1:12 obstructive sleep apnea impact, 25:17 tion, 1:15 relationship of other glycemia measures, optimal first trimester levels for,5 :10 incident diabetes hazard ratio, 1:21 1:11–12 oral health and diabetes, 31:9 inflammatory cytokine production with, in REM-related sleep apnea, 25:17 periodontal therapy trials for, 31:12–14 31:24 renal failure effects on, 1:12 periodontal treatment effects on, 31:12,40 racial/ethnic variations in, 3:15 retinopathy and levels of, 21:12 preconception planning/counseling, 5:8 for screening, 1:15 retinopathy progression in adolescents pregestational diabetes complications, Glycated hemoglobin (A1c) and adults, 15:18 5:25 A1c levels and retinopathy prevalence, 1:8 retinopathy risk during pregnancy, 5:27 in pregnancy with preexisting diabetes, advantages for diagnosis, 1:9; 36:1 as risk factor for diabetes, 1:20–21 5:25–26 cataract association with, 21:34 risk for retinopathy progression, 5:26 preterm delivery rates and, 5:46 correlation with nephropathy, 1:7,9 screening cutpoint for, 1:26 for prevention of preeclampsia, 5:35 detection of retinopathy, 1:9 for screening for preventative interven- for reduction of retinopathy progression, diabetes diagnosis criteria, 1:2 tions, 18:7 15:18 in diagnosis and screening, 1:7–11 screening for undiagnosed diabetes, 1:26; sleep quality and glycemic control, drawbacks of, 1:12–13 3:3 25:3–6,9 by duration of diabetes, 9:3 seasonal variations in, 1:12 spontaneous abortion rate confounding, early fetal loss and levels of, 5:35 with self-reported diabetes prevalence, 5:36 excess vitamin B12 effects on, 1:12 18:7 stroke incidence with diabetes, 19:1 genetic influences on, 1:11 sensitivity of, 1:12 visual impairment and, 21:7–8 gestational diabetes diagnosis and sex differences in risk prediction, 1:20 Glycemic index screening, 1:12; 4:5 skin autofluorescence correlation,1 :16 carbohydrate quality, 13:6 gluten-free diet effects, 27:14 standardization of methods, 1:7 islet autoimmunity association with, 11:14 glycated albumin correlation, 1:15 undiagnosed/prediabetes detection, 3:15 Glycemic load glycemic control in geriatric population, variations in measurement methods, 1:7 and alcohol consumption, 13:9 16:13–14 vitamin B12 deficiency effects on beta cell stress by, 11:14 glycemic test comparisons, 1:14–15 measurement of, 1:12 defined,13 :6 hemoglobinopathies effects on measure- Glycemia diabetes risk with, 13:6 ments, 1:12 A1c and other indices of chronicity, type 2 diabetes risk association, 29:6 high/low glycation status, 1:12 1:11–12 Glycemic risk factors for diabetes insomnia symptoms relation to, 25:9 acceleration of beta cell apoptosis, 11:13 criteria for type 2 diabetes screening, iron deficiency anemia effects on measure- circadian gene effects on, 37:6 1:22–23 ment, 1:12 direct effects on malformations, 5:11 fructosamine measurements, 1:21 levels for screening, 1:21 distal symmetrical polyneuropathy associ- glycated hemoglobin, 1:20–21 levels in MODY3, 7:6 ation with, 23:12 high-risk glycemic state prevalence, 1:17 levels in treated diabetes, 9:3 heart disease risk and fasting glycemia, impaired fasting glucose, 1:19 levels in undiagnosed diabetes, 9:3 18:7–8 impaired glucose and fasting glucose toler- levels predicted by insufficient sleep, 25:3 levels associated with visual impairment, ance, 1:21–22 levels with obstructive sleep apnea, 25:17 21:1 impaired glucose tolerance, 1:18 levels with prediabetes, 9:3 lower extremity amputation association, levels for screening, 1:21 levels with visual impairment, 21:1 20:25 prediction by impaired fasting and glucose lower extremity amputation association measurement of, 1:2 tolerance, 1:16 –17,19 –20 with levels, 20:25 neuronal glutamate level and, 33:14 screening for type 2 diabetes, 1:22–27 malformation predictive value with fetal progression to diabetes, 13:16 Glycemic risk profile, 1:19 nuchal translucency, 5:67 relation to cognitive performance, 24:13 Glycemic traits. See Quantitative glycemic mean plasma glucose and, 1:12 risk factor for retinopathy, 21:20–23 traits microaneurysms levels and, 1:16 type 2 diabetes mortality risk with, 36:8 Glycosuria NHANES methods for, 9:2 Glycemic control. See also Metabolic memory in diabetic screening, 1:15 nonglycemic factors affecting, 1:11 chronotype effects on, 25:27–28 with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, in normal pregnancy, 5:10 congenital malformations and, 5:10 17:6 optimal first trimester levels for,5 :10 coronary artery calcification progression Glycosylated hemoglobin. See Glycated peripheral arterial disease and level of, and, 15:38 hemoglobin (A1c) 20:6 in diabetic persons with shift work, 25:26 Gram-negative bacterial infections, physical activity effects, 18:18 disability risk and, 34:5 30:8,9,16 early fetal loss and, 5:35 Gram-positive bacterial infections, 30:13,17

Index–26 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor Hard exudates (retinal), 21:12,25 persons without coverage, 42:15 (GSCF), pegylated, 37:14 Hawaii plans for private insurance, 42:7 Graves’ disease, 6:15; 12:12 age-adjusted total preexisting diabetes prescription and dental coverage, 42:8–9 Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky during pregnancy, 5:13–14 prevalence of private insurance, 42:16–17 Stroke Study (GCNKSS) periodontitis prevalence, 31:4 private combination plans, 42:9 diabetes-specific ischemic stroke risks, U.S. centers for SEARCH, 15:4 private health insurance sources, 42:6 19:8 HCHS/SOL (Hispanic Community Health private insurance prevalence, 42:6 epidemiology of stroke in diabetes, 19:4 Study/Study of Latinos) private vs. Medicaid/public sources, Greenlandic population baseline data, 3:12 42:4–5 postprandial hyperglycemia, 14:6 diagnosed diabetes prevalence compar- proportion of income for private coverage, TBC1D4 gene, 14:3–4,6 ison with NHIS, 3:7 42:13–14 type 2 diabetes analysis, 14:3–5 prediabetes prevalence, 3:14 quality of care and, 42:10–11 Group B Streptococcus (GBS), 30:9,17 sampling methods, 3:7 race/ethnicity coverage prevalence, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, tooth loss in, 31:32 42:2–3 Washington State, 30:10 HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol reasons for lack of coverage, 42:15–16 Growth hormone (GH) albuminuria progression prediction by, socioeconomic characteristics and sex diabetes after therapy with, 6:13 22:32 with coverage, 42:3 in DKA, 17:1 with chronic kidney disease, 22:32,52 sources for, 42:6 post-puberty retinopathy, 21:23 diabetic peripheral neuropathy association, trends in type and prevalence of, 42:16–17 with sleep debt, 25:10 15:25 Health Professionals Follow-up Study Gum disease. See Periodontal disease in diabetic persons, 9:19–20 (HPFS) GWAS (genome-wide association scans) evening chronotype association, 25:27 cardiovascular disease mortality, 18:12 acarbose prevention effects, 38:11 fenofibrate studies,18 :16 depression and type 2 diabetes risk, 13:15 additive model with, 14:10 hearing loss association, 23:12 erectile dysfunction and duration of circadian gene-fasting glucose association, HNF1α and levels of, 7:7 diabetes, 28:7 14:8 measurement in NHANES study, 9:2 gene-environment interaction, 13:5 developments in, 14:6 in metabolic syndrome, 13:24; 19:10; periodontitis and glycemic control, 31:21 for diabetes screening, 1:16 21:26; 26:5 peripheral arterial disease risk with HLA-DR, 5:105 niacin effects on, 6:12 diabetes, 20:5 incidence prediction, 38:11 with peripheral arterial disease, 20:6 Health Technology Assessment (HTA), UK, meta-analysis of, 14:3 in prediction of diabetes probability, 1:23 1:23 non-HLA loci and type 1 diabetes risk, type 1 diabetes mortality risk, 35:12 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, 11:3 Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, 4:5–7 participants in, 12:6 13:20; 32:2–3,8 Healthcare Effectiveness Data and phenotyping with, 14:9 Health and Retirement Study Information Set (HEDIS) single nucleotide polymorphism associa- disability/impairment status, 34:8 oral health assessment data, 31:42 tion in, 12:6 health, social and financial studies, 5:75 organizational-level quality measures, statistical association with type 2 diabetes, Health care quality model, 41:2 41:11 14:2 Health Discharge Database, 5:25 quality improvement activities, 41:2 targeted arrays for, 14:6 Health information technology (HIT) surveil- Healthcare utilization and costs of diabetes, for type 1 diabetes, 11:3; 12:2,4,6 lance, 2:13 40:1–78 for type 2 diabetes, 14:1–3 Health insurance coverage, 42:1–22 ambulatory medical care, 40:1–25 Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium, age and coverage, 42:2 economic impact, 40:59–72 12:6 comorbidity and mortality with, 42:12 health insurance coverage and, 42:11 data sources and limitations, 42:1–2 hospitalization and hospital utilization, H diabetes control and, 42:11–12 40:26–42 diabetes duration and, 42:4 long-term care, 40:43–58 expected payment sources, 42:12–13 pregnancy planning and, 5:8–9 H syndrome, 7:8–9 family income of persons without Healthcare utilization and insurance Haplotype. See also HLA haplotypes coverage, 42:16 coverage linkage disequilibrium in, 12:3 glycemic medication use, 42:5–6 adverse effects of screening on, 1:22 HapMap reference panels, 14:6 healthcare utilization and, 42:11,12 economic analysis of screening, 1:26–27 HAPO (Hyperglycemia and Adverse income spent on family medical care, physician visits after diagnosis, 1:27 Pregnancy Outcome) 42:14 Health-seeking behaviors adverse outcome and maternal glucose length of time without coverage, 42:15 changing dietary intake, 10:18 association, 4:2–3 Medicaid/public coverage with diabetes, implications for health professionals, intrauterine hyperglycemia exposure, 42:4 10:20 obesity in offspring, 4:12 Medicare and combination plans, 42:9 physical activity behavior change, 10:19 perinatal outcome and maternal glycemia, Medicare coverage, 42:4–5,9 practicing weight control, 10:19 4:8–10 number of sources for coverage, 42:6 regular physician visits, 10:20 screening recommendations, 1:28–29 payment for medical care, 42:12 smoking cessation, 10:18–19 in utero hyperglycemia exposure levels, percent distribution for care expenses, Hearing loss/deficits 13:12 42:12 congenital cytomegalovirus, 6:4

Index–27 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

with diabetes, 23:10 secondary diabetes from, 1:3 acculturation, 13:14 malignant otitis externa, 30:16 types and prevalence, 6:9 albuminuria odds, 22:14 mechanism of, 7:9 Hemodialysis infection rate with diabetes, dental visits with insurance, 31:39 risk factors for, 23:12 22:22 diagnosed type 2 diabetes in, 3:7 SHORT syndrome, 7:20 Hemoglobin Glycation Index, 1:12 eye/dental visits, 40:15 Wolfram syndrome, 7:8 Hemoglobinopathies, effects of A1c gallstone prevalence and cholecystectomy, Heart disease. See Cardiovascular disease measurements, 1:12; 3:15 26:17–18 (CVD) Hemolytic anemia effects on A1c measure- insulin resistance indices for prediction of Heart disease and diabetes, 18:1–30. See ment, 1:12 type 2 diabetes, 13:18 also Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Hemorrhagic stroke, 19:2–3 ischemic stroke risk, 19:9 antiplatelet/aspirin management trial, Hepatic insulin resistance metabolic syndrome prevalence, 13:22 18:17–18 glucocorticoid effects on, 6:11 missing teeth in, 31:32 biomarkers for prediction of, 18:12 in pancreatitis, 6:7 MODY syndromes in, 7:8 blood pressure association, 18:9 Hepatic lipase gene, 38:11 prevention trial after gestational diabetes, blood pressure control and coronary Hepatitis 38:8 vascular disease risk, 18:9 with EIF2AK3 mutation, 7:11 tooth loss in, 31:32 blood pressure control trial, 18:17 hepatitis B and diabetes risk, 26:10–11 type 1b diabetes in, 6:18 cardiovascular disease prevalence in, hepatitis C and diabetes association, type 2 diabetes and prediabetes preva- 18:2–3,19 26:8–9 lence, 3:6–7 contribution to disability with diabetes, insulin resistance and hepatitis treatment, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) 34:11 26:9 diabetes induced by antiretroviral therapy, coronary artery calcification score for, insulin resistance in hepatitis C, 26:9 6:12 18:13 post-transplant diabetes risk with infection, immune complex kidney disease, 22:56 C-reactive protein association with, 18:12 26:13 HLA (human leukocyte antigen) genotypes diabetes association and, 18:1–3 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) allelic variations in, 12:5 fibrinogen biomarker for,18 :12 with cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver, amino acid residues effects on type 1 hyperglycemia as risk, 18:7–8 26:2,6 diabetes, 12:4–5 hypertension as risk, 18:1,9 diabetes as risk factor for, 26:12 class I alleles, 12:2–3 insulin resistance as risk, 18:11–12 diabetes risk for, 26:6 class I and II encoding of, 12:2 intensive glycemia control, 18:13–16 liver transplantation for, 26:11 class II alleles, 12:2–3 lifestyle management trial for risk factors, risk factors for, 29:7 diabetes association with, 12:3 18:18–19 risk with hepatitis B virus, 26:10 gene x environment interactions, 11:16 lipid or inflammatory makers in, 18:8 Hepatocyte nuclear factors genetic predisposition to celiac disease, lipid-modifying trials, 18:16–17 HNF1α mutation, 1:4; 7:4–7; 15:3 27:9 lipids and lipoproteins as risk, 18:8–9 HNF1β mutation, 7:4,7 haplotype transmission, 12:3 low serum RAGE associations, 19:11 HNF4α mutation, 7:4,7; 15:3 high-risk genotype in children, 37:1 macroalbuminuria and ventricular dysfunc- phenotype characteristics with HNF1α high-risk genotypes for type 1 diabetes, tion, 22:21 mutation, 15:3 12:1 micro-/macrovascular association with Hereditary/genetic pancreatitis, 6:8 intervention in newborns, 37:6 blood pressure, 18:9 Heterodimeric (αβ) protein receptors, 12:4 MHC and type 1 diabetes risk, 12:2–6 new glucose-lowering agent outcomes, HFE gene mutation inheritance, 6:9 moderate-risk penetrance of, 11:3 18:15–16 High blood pressure. See Hypertension in predisposition to type 1 diabetes, 37:1 obesity and risk for, 18:2–3,6,9–11 High glycators, 1:12 relation to age at onset, 12:12 physical activity and risk, 18:12 High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), risk alleles in SEARCH study, 2:4 prevalence in diabetes vs. nondiabetes in risk marker for type 2 diabetes, 19:10 type 1 diabetes association, 12:3 U.S., 18:3–7 sleep disturbances and, 25:10 type 1 diabetes protective, 12:4 proinsulin prediction of heart disease, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol type 1 diabetes susceptibility, 12:4 18:12 (HDL). See HDL (high-density lipoprotein) HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop, 12:4 risk factors with diabetes, 18:7–13 cholesterol HLA haplotypes risk with and without diabetes, 18:2 Highly phosphorylated IGFBP-1, protective autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes, risk with metabolic syndrome, 18:9–10 effects of, 19:11 6:14 smoking as covariate of risk, 18:12–13 High-risk glycemic states autoimmunity after rubella, 6:4 subclinical atherosclerosis, 18:13 A1c levels for, 1:20–21 with Down syndrome, 6:16 Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation combination of factors, 1:21–22 fine-mapping for,14 :10 (MICRO-HOPE) substudy, 19:12 impaired fasting glucose, 1:19–20 protective in type 1 diabetes, 37:1 Heart Protection Study (HPS), 18:16 impaired glucose tolerance, 1:18–19 single nucleotide polymorphism and, Heart rate variability (HRV), 15:27; 23:6–7 NHANES definition and prevalence of, 14:10 Heartburn, 27:2 1:17–18 type 1 diabetes, 12:2–5 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), bidirectional Hirsutism, 7:12,14,18,19 HLA-DR3, -DR4. See MHC (major histocom- periodontitis relationship, 31:24 Hispanic ethnicity. See also Mexican patibility complex) -iron intake, 13:6 Americans HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors, 6:12 Hemochromatosis A1c levels in, 3:15 HNF1A gene p.Glu508Lys SNP, 14:6 characteristics of, 6:9 A1c variation in, 3:13

Index–28 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assess- contribution to disability with diabetes, Hypertension. See also Blood pressure ment-insulin resistance) 34:11 control A1c and oral glucose tolerance test, 1:26 diabetic complications with, 1:6,15 in adolescents with diabetes, 1:14 fasting insulin and glucose measurement, effects on osteoblasts, 32:3 association with insulin resistance, 19:9 13:18 extended follow-up of adverse health chronic hypertension and placental abrup- with gallstone disease, 26:17 conditions, 38:12–13 tion, 5:25 with HCV, 26:9 gastric emptying delay with, 27:4–5 comorbid condition in women, 5:6 islet autoimmunity status and, 11:13 with glioblastoma multiforme treatment, congenital malformation prediction by, measurement of insulin, 18:11 29:13 5:10 obstructive sleep apnea, 25:18 with glucocorticoids, 6:11 epigenetic programming in next genera- with periodontal disease, 31:8 H. pylori status and glucose levels, 31:24 tion, 22:42 risk for type 2 diabetes, 13:18–19 heart disease risk with, 18:7–8 geriatric diabetic population, 16:6 sleep quality and, 25:9 heart rate and hyperglycemia association, gestational hypertension, 5:34 stroke risk, 19:9–10 23:13–14 heart disease risk factor, 18:9 Home health care hypothesized in cancer cause, 29:7 maternal mortality from pregnancy related, activity of daily living limitations, 40:57 infections in diabetes patients, 30:5 5:22 duration of home care, 40:58 kidney disease risk factor, 22:30–31 metabolic syndrome traits, 13:24 environment of, 40:51 levels defining DKA, 17:1 nephropathy with, 5:29 living arrangements, 40:55 obstructive sleep apnea association, 25:14 in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes, medical conditions, 40:55–56 osmotic diuresis with, 1:1 15:2 patient characteristics, 40:51–54 peripheral arterial disease association preeclampsia, 5:34–35 Homocysteine levels, 20:8 with, 20:6 in pregestational diabetes, 5:33–34 Honolulu Heart Program, 19:8–9; 20:14 peripheral neuropathy risk, 15:25–27 pregnancy-related myocardial infarction Hormone-sensitive lipase, 25:19 prenatal famine exposure and, 13:13 risk, 5:23 Hospitalization and hospital utilization proinflammatory processes with, 19:3 risk factor for diabetic kidney disease, adult hospital use, 40:38 renal dysfunction with, 19:3 22:31–32 adult hospitalization risk factors for heart disease, 18:7–8 stillbirth comorbidities, 5:43 length of stay, 40:41–42 with steroid therapy, 29:13 stroke risk with, 19:3 multiple, 40:41 stroke risk and outcomes with, 19:9 stroke with pregestational diabetes, 5:22 adult hospitalization by demographics, symptoms of, 1:2 treatment in management of diabetes, 40:39 thiazide association with, 6:12 39:4–5 adult hospitalization by diabetes duration, transcription changes from, 22:45 type 1 diabetes mortality, 35:11 40:40 type 1 diabetes mortality association, 35:4 Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) adult hospitalization by diabetes type, Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) trial, 18:17 40:38 corticosteroid precipitation, 17:6–7 Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy data sources, 40:26 cost, 17:6–7 antenatal and delivery-related stroke, discharge data diagnostic criteria, 17:6 5:22–23 2010 discharge data, 40:27–28 incidence and prevalence, 17:6 blood pressure criteria for, 5:30 listing complications, 40:33–37 morbidity and mortality, 17:6 chronic hypertension, 5:33–34 trends with listing of diabetes, pathogenesis, 17:6 gestational hypertension, 5:30–33,34 40:28–32 precipitating factors in, 17:6 grading in U.K., 5:30 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) geno- prevention and treatment, 17:7 preeclampsia-eclampsia, 5:30,34–35 types. See HLA (human leukocyte antigen) vulnerable patients, 17:7 pregnancy outcomes with, 5:33 genotypes Hyperinsulinemia prevalence in pregestational diabetes, Hungary benign prostatic hyperplasia etiology, 28:5 5:33 major malformations with type 2 diabetes, cognitive impairment with diabetes, severe hypertension criteria, 5:30 5:62 24:4–5 treatment recommendations, 5:35 malformations with utero diabetes expo- dementia risks with, 24:4 Hyperviscosity syndrome, secondary, 5:68 sure, 5:65 gallstone formation with, 26:16 Hypoglycemia Hybrid diabetes, 15:3 insulin resistance syndrome type A, 7:12 acute metabolic complications, 17:9–13 Hydatidiform mole insulin-cardiovascular disease association, with autonomic neuropathy, 23:4 gene association, 7:10 18:11 classification of,17 :9 spontaneous abortion, 5:35 prevalence trends in, 13:18 CYP2C9 and sulfonyl-related, 14:9 Hydrocephaly, 5:60 risk factor for dementia, 24:4 economic impact of, 17:12 Hygiene hypothesis (natural protection), tumor growth and recurrence, 29:6 familial, 7:5 11:7; 15:11 Hyperinsulinemic clamp study. See fractures with falls during, 32:12–14 HYMAI (hydatidiform mole associated and Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp studies with GCK mutation, 7:5 imprinted gene), 7:10 Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia geriatric diabetes complication, 16:5 Hyperfiltration, 22:6 –7,31 of infancy, 7:5 glycemic control in geriatric population,

Hyperglycemia. See also Metabolic memory KATP channel mutations in, 7:5 16:16 albuminuria with, 22:12 Hyperleptinemia, 22:38 guidelines for glycemic control, 18:15 with androgen-deprivation therapy, 29:13 Hyperproinsulinemia, 7:11 increased frequency with , 38:9 cancer steroid therapy and, 29:13–14 and episodes of, 15:17

Index–29 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

from insulin secretagogues, 16:16; 38:9,12 IFIH1 gene persistence of, 1:19 insulin-induced in pregnancy, 5:26 cesarean delivery interaction with, prediabetic diagnostic criteria, 1:5–6 morbidity and mortality with, 17:11–12 11:16–17 predictive value of, 1:20 in older adults, 16:16 response to picornaviruses, 12:6 prevalence of urinary incontinence, 28:16 pathogenesis of, 17:9 type 1 diabetes susceptibility, 12:6 –7,8 in progression to type 2 diabetes, pregnancy risk with severe, 5:26 IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1,-3 13:16–17 prevention, 17:12 breast cancer association, 29:6 risk factor for diabetes, 1:16 risk factors, 17:10–11 in glucose homeostasis, 19:11 Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 1:16 –17. risks with insulin, 17:12 in macrovascular disease, 19:11; 20:1 See also specific conditions socioeconomic status and episodes of, possible link to diabetes, 13:20 after in utero diabetes exposure, 13:12,13 33:23 IL2 gene, 12:12 AGEs association with, 1:16 treatment of, 17:13 IL2-IL21 gene locus, 32:15 association with insulin resistance, 1:17 in types 1 and 2 diabetes, 17:10 IL2RA/CD25 gene, 12:6 cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure Illinois 23:13 (HAAF), 35:10 Hispanic/Latino population, 3:7 circadian misalignment effects on, 25:2 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome, 5:11 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 31:6 in cystic fibrosis-related diabetes manage- Hypopnea self-reported periodontal disease, 31:6 ment, 6:6 definition,25 :12 total diabetes percentages, 8:9 definition and cutpoints for, 1:13,18 quantification of, 25:13 Immortal time bias, 29:10,12 definition and predictive value of, 13:16 Hyposalivation, 31:38 Immune response in diabetes prevalence with hemochroma- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) antigen presentation in, 12:2 tosis, 6:9 anxiety in dysregulation of, 33:19 genes involved with, 12:2–3 diagnostic criteria, 1:18–19 depression impact on type 2 diabetes, initiation in type 1 diabetes, 37:2 in endogenous Cushing syndrome, 6:15 33:13 sympathetic nervous system activity fetal overnutrition effects in, 15:12–13 modification by hypoxia, 25:19 effects on innate, 25:20 gestational diabetes definition, 4:2; 15:2 pathway for diabetes-depression associa- in type 1 diabetes, 37:1,2 with history of intrauterine growth retarda- tion, 33:14 Immune Tolerance Network (ITN) tion, 6:18 sleep and circadian disturbances, 25:19 alefacept, 37:13 kidney abnormality association, 22:12 stress-related cortisol secretion, 25:10 human insulin B chain, 37:13 lifestyle intervention with, 23:8,13; 38:10 Hypoxic conditions IL-2 and rapamycin, 37:13 metabolic syndrome criteria, 18:9 effects on leukocytes, 25:20 prevention of type 1 diabetes, 37:13 NAVIGATOR trial, 38:9 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis effects teplizumab efficacy, 37:12 neonatal effects of, 13:12 of, 25:19 thymoglobulin, 37:13 neuropathy with, 23:2,7,11 lactic acidosis precipitation, 17:8 Immune-mediated diabetes in offspring with intrauterine diabetes with obstructive sleep apnea, 13:14; anti-insulin receptor antibodies, 6:15 exposure, 4:12 25:1–2,13 autoimmune type 1a diabetes, 6:18 with oral contraceptive use, 6:13 in retinopathy progression, 21:12 B cell and T cell roles in type 1 diabetes, oral health effects on, 31:8 with smoking, 21:27 1:3 in patients with tuberculosis, 30:17,18 beta cell destruction in type 1 diabetes, periodontitis effects on, 31:8–9 I 15:2 post-transplant diabetes onset and, 26:13 classification of diabetes,1 :4 predictive value of, 1:20 early life exposures and, 15:11 progression in Pima Indians, 1:3 IADPSG genetic susceptibility to autoimmunity, progression to diabetes, 1:18 definitions of diabetes in pregnancy, 5:3 15:3 in progression to type 2 diabetes, 13:16– fetal complication definitions, 5:35–36 with immune-mediated syndromes, 6:1 17; 15:2 gestational diabetes diagnosis and classifi- rare forms of, 6:15 regression with lifestyle treatment, 1:19 cation, 4:9–10 sharing of genetic risk, 12:6 risk factor for diabetes, 1:16 guidelines for diagnosis/treatment and Stiff man syndrome, 6:15 with schizophrenia, 33:22 cost, 4:11 ImmunoChip data, 12:9 in Turner syndrome, 6:17 hyperbilirubinemia treatment, 5:71 Impaired fasting glucose (IFG). See also type 2 diabetes risk link, 13:15 polycythemia definition,5 :68–69 specific conditions in Williams syndrome, 6:17 pregnancy outcome codification, 5:50 ADA revision of classification,1 :14 “Impaired glucose tolerance” neuropathy. screening for gestational diabetes, definition and predictive value of, 13:16 See Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy 1:28–29 diabetes risk indicator, 1:19–20 In utero diabetes exposure. See Intrauterine Icelandic population genetic links for, 25:29 diabetes exposure cataract prevalence, 21:34 heart disease risk association, 18:7 InCHIANTI study, 20:9 Reykjavik participants, 18:8 metabolic syndrome criteria, 13:24 Incidence. See specific conditions and whole-genome sequences of, 14:6 in NHANES data, 15:9 populations Identity-by-descent (IBD) sharing, 12:6 odds ratios for progression, 1:19 Incretin-based diabetes therapy, 29:12 Idiopathic diabetes. See Type 1b diabetes in offspring with intrauterine diabetes Indapamide (thiazide diuretic), 19:12; 21:25 IDL (intermediate-density lipoprotein) parti- exposure, 4:12 India, epithelial fragility with type 2 cles, 22:32 pathophysiology of, 1:17 diabetes, 21:37 periodontitis effects on, 31:8–9

Index–30 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme Inflammatory markers effects on osteoblasts, 32:3 (IDPP), 38:8–9 adipose tissue-derived, 23:7 gallstone disease relationship with, 26:17 Indian Health Service (IHS), 2:5 with circadian misalignment, 25:26 glaucoma incidence in type 2 diabetes Indiana, preconception planning/counseling, dental disease and, 31:1,14 with use, 21:36 5:8 for major cardiovascular disease, glucose intolerance progression to Inducing Remission in New-Onset Type 1 18:8–9,12 diabetes effects, 1:19 Diabetes with Alefacept (T1DAL) trial, periodontal therapy effects on, 31:14 heart disease predictor, 18:11–12 37:13 in peripheral arterial disease, 20:7,8 –9 insulin-like growth factor homology, 13:20 Infant mortality and morbidity, 5:45–71 Inflammatory response. See also Systemic levels in hyperglycemic hyperosmolar Infection-caused diabetes, 1:4; 6:4–5 inflammatory response state, 17:6 Infections associated with diabetes, 30:1–25 asymptomatic bacteriuria, 28:20 long-acting, 6:7; 29:11; 37:6 asymptomatic bacteriuria, 22:55–56; in beta cell destruction, 37:2 measures of endogenous production, 2:3 28:20; 30:9 against beta cells, 6:5 NPH and hypoglycemic episodes, 15:17 bacterial skin and soft tissue, 30:11–12 from C fiber destruction,30 :5 omission with eating disorders, 33:20 cystitis and pyelonephritis, 30:9–10 in celiac disease, 27:9–10 oral insulin early intervention, 37:5,11 deep subcutaneous tissue, 30:13–14 changes in podocytes in kidney disease, oral trials, 37:6,7,11 emphysematous cholecystitis, 30:16–17 22:8 parenteral injection of ultralente insulin, emphysematous pyelonephritis, 30:10 from dental plaque, 31:1,3,19,24 37:6 foot ulcers and osteomyelitis, 30:12–13 with diabetic foot ulcers, 20:21 radioimmunoassays for, 18:11 fungal skin and soft tissue, 30:11 by diabetic status, 9:23 rapid-acting, 6:7 Group B Streptococcus, 30:17 during gestational diabetes, 31:25 use with pancreatitis-related diabetes, 6:7 hospital-acquired, 30:13–15 markers for, 9:23 Insulin action and defects hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state precipi- in pathogenesis of neuropathy, 23:7 in definition of diabetes, 2:3; 7:2 tation by, 17:6 in prostatic growth, 28:4 Donohue syndrome, 7:12 influenza and pneumonia,30 :7–8 type 1 diabetes process for, 37:2 heritability of, 14:7 malignant/invasive otitis externa, 30:16 Informatics in Diabetes Education and insulin resistance syndrome type A, 7:12 maternal mortality from, 5:24 Telemedicine Study (IDEATel), 24:11–12 PCSK-2 mutation effects, 7:12 mortality and morbidity from infections, Inpatient and Birth Registers (Sweden), Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, 7:12 30:1–4 5:23–24 resistin effects on, 25:20 organisms in urinary tract infections, 30:9 INS (insulin) gene secondary diabetes types, 1:4 overview, 30:1–5 association with type 1 diabetes, 11:3 Insulin autoantibodies (IAA) pathogens in respiratory tract infections, defects, 7:11 beta cell destruction by, 15:2 30:8 insulin synthesis/secretion defects, 7:8 identification of, 37:2 periodontal disease, 30:14–15 in MODY, 7:4–5,7 screening for preclinical type 1 diabetes, renal and perinephric abscess, 30:10 neonatal diabetes mellitus, 7:10–11 1:28 rhinocerebral mucormycosis, 30:16 NEUROD1 expression regulation by, 7:7 Insulin deficiency sepsis risk with, 5:24 recessive mutations of, 7:11 in classification of diabetes, 1:6; 15:3 sinusitis and bronchitis, 30:8 regulation of transcription, 7:5 diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in youth, 2:3 skin and soft tissue, 30:10–14 twin/concordance studies, 12:1 DIDMOAD syndrome, 7:8 tuberculosis, 30:17–18 type 1 diabetes susceptibility/risk, 11:16; DKA and, 15:13; 17:1 urinary tract infections, 30:9 12:6–7 with hemochromatosis, 6:1,10 Infectious agents, 11:3–9 Insomnia INS mutations in neonatal diabetes natural infection protection hypothesis, glucose metabolism with, 25:9,29 mellitus, 7:11 11:7 with major depressive disorders, 33:2 in MODY, 7:2 polio model of type 1 diabetes, 11:6–7 melatonin supplementation in, 25:29 with pancreatitis, 6:7 prenatal enterovirus infections, 11:6 symptoms of, 25:6 progression in MODY, 7:6–7 seasonality of type 1 diabetes diagnosis, Institute of Medicine, 5:43; 41:2 in single gene defects, 7:8 11:3 Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). in type 1 and type 1b diabetes, 6:18; 7:2 type 1 diabetes, 11:7 See also Activities of daily living (ADL) with type 1 diabetes in youth, 15:2 viral infections, 11:4–8 definition of,34 :2 in type 1 vs. type 2 diabetes, 1:3–4 Inflammation. See also Systemic inflamma- diabetes and morbidity status, 34:8 type 1a diabetes, 1:3 tory response diabetes association with, 34:3 type 1b diabetes, 6:18 in diabetes/stroke risk, 19:10 disability prevalence in, 34:4–5 in type 2 diabetes, 7:2 influence on benign prostatic hyperplasia trends in national estimates, 34:9–11 in types 1 and 2 diabetes, 1:3; 7:2 risk, 28:2 Insulin types 1 and 2 diabetes in youth, 15:2–3 pancreatic effects of chronic, 6:7 albuminuria with treatment, 22:12 Insulin processing defects subclinical inflammation in prediabetes, amyloid cascade effects of, 24:3 genetic defects in, 7:11–12 13:18–19 biomarkers for, 18:12 hyperproinsulinemia, 7:11 Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) bone mineral density effects of, 32:10 prohormone convertases in, 7:11 management of, 27:15 cancer risk with glargine, 29:13 Insulin receptor/postreceptor defects shared genetic predisposition with type 1 cancer risks in type 2 diabetes, 29:11 Donohue syndrome, 7:12 diabetes, 27:15 cataract surgery risk with use, 21:35 insulin resistance syndrome type A, 7:12 diabetes expenditures for, 40:62 in lipodystrophy, 7:20

Index–31 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, 7:12 Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study progression to type 2 diabetes, 13:15–19 Insulin resistance. See also Insulin sensitivity (IRAS) SEARCH study classification by, 2:3–4; acanthosis nigricans with, 7:12 acute insulin response and proinsulin risk 15:3,34 adiponectin level correlation with, 13:19 association, 13:17 shift work and diabetes association, after in utero diabetes exposure, 13:13 adiponectin and type 2 diabetes risk asso- 25:26 –27,30 aldosterone impairment of, 6:15 ciation, 13:19 sleep fragmentation effects, 25:6 androgen deprivation therapy induction first-phase insulin response, 13:17 thiazolidinedione medications for, 32:12 of, 29:13 insulin resistance estimates, 13:18 weight loss effects, 38:10 association with smoking, 33:23 insulin sensitivity and heart disease risk, Insulin Sensitivity Index (ISI), 13:18 in autoimmune groups, 15:3 18:11 Insulin signaling benign prostatic hyperplasia etiology, 28:5 insulin sensitivity as heart disease risk in adipocytes with sleep restriction, 25:11 brain metabolism profile with,24 :5 factor, 18:11 aldosterone impairment of, 6:15 characteristics of, 19:9 liver enzymes and incident diabetes asso- in dementia, 24:13 comparison of indices for, 13:18 ciation, 26:5 insulin gene mutation disruption of, 7:12 criteria for screening in youth, 1:14 type 2 diabetes risk and adiponectin levels, in lipodystrophy, 7:20 cytokines in pathway for, 13:19 13:19 sympathetic nervous system activity, in diabetes of youth, 15:33–34 Insulin Resistance Intervention after Stroke 25:19 Donohue syndrome, 7:12 (IRIS) trial, 19:13–14 Insulin synthesis/secretion etiology in type 2 diabetes, 1:3 Insulin resistance syndrome type A, 7:12 acute insulin response measurement for, euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp Insulin resistance syndrome type B, 6:15 13:17 measurement, 13:17 Insulin response aging effects on, 16:1 evening cortisol levels and, 25:10 acute insulin response, 13:17 association with smoking, 33:23 gallstone disease and, 26:16–18 in bottle-fed babies, 15:13 beta cell apoptosis rates with, 6:10 with hepatitis C, 26:8–9 circadian effects on, 25:27 before clinical diagnosis, 1:22 heritability of, 14:7 first-phase,7 :5 in diabetes, 7:8–9 hirsutism with, 7:12 first-phase reduction,37 :6 diazoxide, 7:5 HOMA-IR model for risk prediction, 13:18 free fatty acid effects on, 25:19 fasting glucose association with defects impaired glucose tolerance association phases of, 7:5 in, 1:17 with, 1:17 sleep restriction effects, 25:2,6 genome-wide association scans for, 14:9 INS gene mutations, 7:11 Insulin secretagogues, 16:16; 38:9,12 heritability of, 14:7 ketoacidosis risk in pregnancy, 5:25 Insulin sensitivity. See also Insulin resistance insulinogenic index calculation, 13:17

in lipodystrophies, 7:20 adiponectin level relationship, 13:18–19 KATP channel mutations in, 7:5 measurement of, 13:17; 18:11 alcohol effects on, 17:11 maternally inherited diabetes, 7:9 microalbuminuria association with, 15:24 androgen deprivation therapy, 29:13 melatonin receptors and, 25:28 newly diagnosed SEARCH study partici- cardiovascular disease and HOMA-IR MODY, 7:2–8 pants, 2:3–4 model, 18:11 phases of, 13:17 nicotine effects on, 13:15–16 classification of diabetes in youth,15 :3 pigmented hypertrichosis and insulin- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease risk with, in congenital syndromes, 6:16 dependent diabetes, 7:8–9 26:4 cortisol effects on, 25:19 shallow sleep suppression effects, 25:6 with obesity, 1:3 diet effects on, 13:6; 29:6 single gene defects, 7:8 obstructive sleep apnea association, 25:14 dietary fat effects on, 13:6 sleep disturbances and, 25:2 in older adults, 16:1 effects of free fatty acids on, 25:19 thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia, oral health effects on, 31:8–9 with endocrinopathies, 6:15 7:8 pancreatic cancer association, 29:8 euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp in type 1 diabetes, 2:3 with periodontal disease, 31:24 measurement, 15:3 in utero hyperglycemia exposure levels, periodontitis effects on, 31:8–9 free fatty acid effects on, 25:19 13:13 pioglitazone for, 24:13 genetic risk score, 38:11 Wolfram syndrome, 7:8 during pregnancy, 1:4; 4:3 genome-wide association scan, 14:7–10 Insulin-degrading enzyme, 24:4 proinsulin and measures of, 18:1 glucocorticoid effects on, 6:11 Insulin-dependent diabetes. See Type 1 risk factor cardiovascular disease, heart disease association with, 18:11 diabetes 18:11–12 in hemochromatosis, 6:10 Insulinemia, breastfeeding and, 15:13 subclinical proinflammatory condition in, insufficient sleep,25 :2–3 Insulin-induced hypoglycemia, 5:26 13:18 Insulin Sensitivity Index for racial/ethnic Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in treated type 1 diabetes, 1:5 backgrounds, 13:18 benign prostatic hyperplasia and, 28:4 type 1 diabetes mortality with, 35:12 leptin levels and, 25:11 cancer risk associated with, 29:6–7 type 1 diabetes risk factors, 11:13 marker for progression to type 2 diabetes, effects in Donohue syndrome, 7:12 with type 2 diabetes, 7:2; 19:9 13:17 function of, 13:20 in type 2 diabetes in youth, 15:2 meta-analysis for, 14:9 glucose effects of normalization, 6:15 type 2 diabetes prediction from indices, obstructive sleep apnea links to, insulin binding to receptors for, 28:4 13:18 25:14,18–20 menarchal status and, 21:23 type 2 diabetes risk link, 13:15 oral medication effects on, 29:10; 32:12; possible link to diabetes, 13:20 38:6,8,11 retinopathy progression and, 21:23,26 periodontitis effects on, 31:16,24 stroke and diabetes risk prediction, 19:11

Index–32 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Insulinogenic index calculation, 1:26; 13:17 Interferon-γ, 30:18 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Insulinoma associated-2 autoantibodies Interleukin (IL)-1 gestational diabetes projections, 4:8 (IA-2A) levels with peripheral arterial disease, 20:9 metabolic syndrome criteria, 18:9 autoantibody positivity, 12:11–12 in response to sleep deprivation, 25:10 screening recommendation review, 1:23 beta cell destruction, 15:2 T cell recruitment, 37:13 International Expert Committee (IEC) for diabetes in youth classification, 15:3 in type 1 diabetes immune response, 37:2 A1c diagnostic criteria for, 1:2,12 differentiating types 1 and 2 diabetes, 1:3 Interleukin (IL)-6 A1c sensitivity vs. FPG or 2-hour PG, genome-wide association scan of autoanti- cell types producing, 13:19 1:15,26 body positivity, 12:12 cortisol exposure and levels of, 33:14 constitution of, 1:7 Insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2) levels with peripheral arterial disease, 20:9 diagnostic criteria for diabetes, 1:2,15; autoimmune vs. nonautoimmune diabetes production of, 13:19 36:1 classification,1 :6 in response to sleep deprivation, 25:10 diagnostic cutpoints for diagnosis, in islet autoimmunity, 11:2 vitreous fluid levels with periodontitis, 1:6,20–21,26 parvovirus homology with, 11:8 31:16 glycemic tests cutpoints for diagnosis, 1:6 in screening for type 1 diabetes, 1:28 Interleukin (IL)-12, in adaptive immunity, high-risk range of A1c, 1:20–21 SEARCH diabetes classification by, 2:3 30:18 preference for A1c, 1:9 for types 1 and 2 diabetes differentiation, Interleukin (IL)-15, in immune response to recommendation of A1c for diagnosis, 1:7 1:3 gluten, 27:9 repeat of high-risk A1c test, 1:22 Insulinopenia. See Insulin deficiency Interleukin (IL)-17, in response to sleep specificity with cutpoints by, 1:12 Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake deprivation, 25:10 standardization of A1c measurements, 1:7 and leptin release, 25:11 Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), alpha-1 antitrypsin International HapMap Project, 12:6 in postprandial hyperglycemia, 14:6 effects on, 37:13 International Index of Erectile Function Intensive glucose-lowering treatments. See Interleukin-(IL)-18, in proinflammatory and (IIEF), 28:6 Intensive glycemic control insulin resistance pathways, 13:19 International Pancreatic Transplant Intensive glycemic control Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) parti- Registry, 39:9 cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, cles, 22:32 International Society for Pediatric and 15:27–28; 23:13 Intermittent claudication Adolescent Diabetes, 17:1 cardiovascular disease clinical trials, in diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease, International Working Group on Diabetic 18:14–16; 19:13 20:3 Foot (IWGDF), 20:21 cataract risk with, 21:35 hypertension association with, 20:7 Intestinal microbiome clinical trial outcomes on cardiovascular IGF-binding protein, 19:11 in autoimmunity development, 11:14 disease, 19:13 prevalence of, 20:1 breastfeeding and, 5:73 control of risk factors for coronary heart progression of, 20:12 diabetes in youth risk factors, 15:10 disease, 18:13–19 risk factors for, 20:7 Intracerebral hemorrhage classification, coronary artery scores and, 15:38 International Agency for Research on 19:2 distal symmetrical polyneuropathy and, Cancer (IARC), 29:6 Intra-epidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD), 23:11 International Association of Diabetes and 23:6,8 in geriatric population, 16:13,15–16 Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG). See Intranasal Insulin Trial (INIT 1), 37:6 hypoglycemia risks in older adults, 16:16 IADPSG Intraocular pressure. See Glaucoma increased depression with, 33:4 International Classification of Diseases (ICD Intrauterine diabetes exposure. See also metabolic memory from, 22:45 9/10) Gestational diabetes; Maternal diabetes; neonatal hypoglycemia with, 5:70 ambulatory care diagnosis coding, 40:2 Preexisting diabetes with pregnancy neuropathy risk reduction, 23:8 categorization of diabetes and complica- anencephaly in, 5:65 progression of carotid media-intima thick- tions, 2:4; 17:1 anorectal atresia odds ratio, 5:60 ness, 20:10 celiac disease in hospital discharges, apoptosis in nephrogenesis with, 22:42 for stroke, 19:16 27:10 cardiovascular congenital abnormalities, type 1 diabetes mortality, 35:10 coding of diabetic neuropathies, 23:9 5:65 UKPDS, 18:13–14 coding of malformations, 5:35 central nervous system malformations, Intensive insulin therapy dementia prevalence, 24:10 5:62 with acute stroke, 19:9 DKA and complication coding, 17:1 effects on offspring, 13:12 albuminuria risk reduction by, 22:46 fetal complication definitions, 5:35 encephalocele in, 5:65 carotid artery intima thickening progres- foot ulcer classification by,20 :16–17 epigenetic programming from, 22:42 sion effects, 20:12 hospital discharge neuropathy coding, hydrocephaly with, 5:60 with erectile dysfunction, 28:10 23:1,9 long-term adverse effects on offspring, hypoglycemic episodes in pregnancy, 5:26 hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, 17:6 4:12–13 reduction of nephropathy by, 15:24 hypoglycemic coma definition, 17:9 metabolomic studies for assessment, retinopathy in youth, 15:18 morbidity and comorbidity measures, 5:4 11:14 total calories consumed, 10:2 morbidity/comorbidity measures from, 5:4 multiple anomalies, same infant, 5:65–66; in type 1 diabetes, 1:5 neuropathy follow-up using, 15:27 7:11 Intention-to-treat analysis, 37:3; 38:5,12 SEARCH study identification by, 2:4 musculoskeletal malformation, 5:62 Inter 99 Eye Study, 1:16 stroke codes, 19:5 neonatal effects of, 13:12–13 Interferon-induced helicase C domain-con- International Classification of Functioning, nephrogenesis effects of, 22:42 taining protein 1 (IFIH1). See IFIH1 gene Disability and Health, 34:2 nephropathy risk with, 15:24

Index–33 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

obesity and, 4:12 early cereal exposure, 11:9,10,16 J omphalocele, 5:65,66 early respiratory infections and, 11:7 renal agenesis with, 5:60,65 enteroviral infection outcomes, 11:4 Jadad score, 18:15 type 2 diabetes risk with maternal diabetes, enteroviral infections, 11:6 Japanese Americans 15:13 gene/dietary exposure interaction, 11:16 diabetes and prevalence of dementia, Intrauterine growth retardation linoleic acid, 11:13 24:4–5 diabetes risk with, 6:18 milk and meat consumption association diabetes as risk for stroke, 19:1 Donohue syndrome, 7:12 with, 11:10 diabetes risk in, 13:4 factors in, 22:42 monounsaturated palmitoleic acid isomers Japanese Diabetes and Pregnancy Study SHORT syndrome, 7:20 association, 11:10 Group, 5:69 Intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) peak incidence in high-risk children, 11:3 Japanese population/studies. See also Asian/ acute insulin response, 13:17 risk factors for, 11:1 Pacific Islander insulin secretion measurement in, risk with early cereal exposure, 27:14 caries risk with macrosomia, 31:37 13:17–18 subclinical phase of type 1 diabetes, 11:1 childhood-onset mortality in type 1 insulin sensitivity assessment, 18:11 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and, diabetes, 35:8,12 in Prader-Willi syndrome, 6:16 11:11–12 chronic hypertension with pregestational sleep restriction effects on, 25:2 Islet cell antibodies (ICA) type 2 diabetes, 5:33,35 Inuit ancestry. See Greenlandic population identification of, 37:2 in DECODE and EPIC studies, 18:7 Inward rectifying potassium channel marker for beta cell injury, 37:2 diabetes risk in Hawaii, 13:4 (Kir6.2), 7:5 in MIDD, 7:9 diabetes-periodontitis interactive effects, IPEX (immunodysregulation polyendocr- MODY screening, 7:6 31:21–22 inopathy enteropathy X-linked) prediction of type 1 diabetes development, early mortality with type 1 diabetes, 35:9 diabetes with, 6:14–15 15:2 ELMO1 gene association with kidney neonatal diabetes mellitus, 7:11 screening for preclinical type 1 diabetes, disease, 22:43 IPF1 (insulin factor), 7:7 1:27–28 gestational hypertension prevalence in Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial screening for type 1 diabetes, 7:6 type 1 diabetes, 5:34 (IDNT), 22:49 type 1 diabetes in youth, 15:3 glucose measures and diabetes risk, Irbesartan in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Islet cell transplants for diabetes treatment, 1:20,21 and Microalbuminuria (IRMA 2), 22:49 39:10 glycated albumin and fasting glucose Irish studies Islet cells correlation, 1:15 gestational hypertension prevalence in, aging effects on, 16:1 intensive and cardiovascular autonomic type 2 diabetes, 5:34 enterovirus tropism for, 11:4 neuropathy, 23:13 major malformations with type 2 diabetes, Isoniazid, 30:17 intensive insulin treatment and distal 5:62 Israeli studies symmetrical polyneuropathy, 23:11 malformations and preconceptual care early induction for birth trauma prevention, lifestyle intervention, 38:10 use, 5:8 5:59 major malformations with type 2 diabetes, nephropathy prevalence data, 5:29 early mortality with type 1 diabetes, 35:9 5:62 preconceptual care use by diabetes type, mortality in childhood-onset type 1 metabolic syndrome and sleep duration, 5:10 diabetes, 35:8,12 25:29–30 preeclampsia rates in, 5:34–35 periconception glycemic control, 5:10 MODY5 clinical presentation, 7:7 preeclampsia with preconception care, Italian population/studies neonatal polycythemia frequencies with 5:35 cardiovascular risk with metabolic diabetes, 5:69 retinopathy progression during pregnancy, syndrome traits, 18:9 nephropathy prevalence data, 5:29 5:27 gallstone association with diabetes, 26:15 with peripheral arterial disease, 20:14 severe maternal morbidity, 5:25 gestational hypertension prevalence in physical activity and type 2 diabetes risk, severe obstetric morbidity, 5:25 type 1 diabetes, 5:34 13:11 Iron deficiency anemia, 1:12 hypoglycemic episodes in pregnancy, 5:26 preeclampsia in types 1 and 2 diabetes, Iron poisoning, 6:9–10 insulin-cardiovascular disease association 5:35 Ischemic stroke in, 18:11 prevalence of type 2 diabetes, 3:8 carotid artery disease and, 19:17 ketoacidotic episodes in types 1 and 2 prostate-diabetes association, 29:9 classification of,19 :2 diabetes, 5:25 proteinuria prevalence in youth, 15:24 control of systolic hypertension with, 19:12 major malformations with type 2 diabetes, short sleep duration and A1c levels, 25:3 diabetes as independent risk factor, 19:17 5:62 shoulder dystocia and brachial plexus glucose toxicity effects on, 19:9 maternal mortality ratio with type 1 palsy, 5:59 Islet amyloid polypeptide toxicity, 1:6 diabetes, 5:22 stroke risk with diabetes, 19:1,8–9 Islet autoantibodies nephropathy prevalence data, 5:29 triglycerides as predictor of heart disease, identification of, 37:2 new-onset diabetes with compensated 18:8 metabolomic studies for prediction of, cirrhosis, 26:11 type 1b diabetes in, 6:18 11:14 preeclampsia rates in, 5:34 type 2 diabetes prevalence in Asian seasonality, 11:3 type 1 diabetes classification criteria, 2:4 subgroups, 3:8 Islet autoimmunity. See also Type 1 diabetes ultrasound-detected gallstones, 26:15 Japanese Primary Prevention of risk factors Atherosclerosis With Aspirin for Diabetes conjugated linoleic acid association, 11:10 (JPAD), 18:17

Index–34 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Joint Canada/United States Survey of prospectively collected data from, excess mortality risk with type 1 diabetes, Health, 10:12 5:3–4,71 35:11–12 Joint complications retinopathy progression during pregnancy, fracture risk factor, 32:12 Charcot joint/neuropathic , 5:27 metformin use with, 17:8 32:18 total preeclampsia frequency in, 5:34 proteinuria phase with diabetes, 15:20 diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, type 2 diabetes in, 16:1 in relatives of MODY patients, 7:7 32:18 types 1 and 2 diabetes in pregnancy trend, risk with type 2 diabetes in youth, 15:24 Dupuytren’s contractures (trigger fingers), 5:14 in type 1 diabetes, 22:16 32:17 Kaiser Permanente Southern California type 1 diabetes mortality, 35:11 frozen shoulder/adhesive capsulitis, 32:18 (KPSC) in types 1 and 2 diabetes, 22:25 osteoarthritis and diabetes risk factors, cancer risk vs. insulin glargine, 29:11 Kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), 22:1,9 32:16–17 deliveries with pregestational diabetes, Kidney-specific leptin resistance, 22:38 osteoarthritis prevalence with type 2 5:15,16–17 Kilham rat virus (KRV), 11:8 diabetes, 32:15–16 gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules, 22:7 osteoarthritis/arthritis, 32:14–15,17 risk, 13:21 Klebsiella pneumonia, 30:8,9,16 prevalence, 32:17 gestational diabetes prevalence, 4:7 KLF14 gene, 14:11 stiff hand syndrome (cheiroarthropathy), pregestational diabetes prevalence during Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, 32:17 pregnancy, 5:18 25:29

type 1 diabetes-rheumatoid arthritis asso- KATP channel Korean National Health and Nutrition ciation, 32:15 function/structure of, 7:5 Examination Survey, 25:6 upper extremity musculoskeletal disorder heritability of de novo mutations, 7:10 Korean studies. See also Asian/Pacific prevalence, 32:17 mutations in neonatal diabetes mellitus, Islander Joslin Clinic studies 7:9 A1c sex differences in prediction, 1:20 advanced glycation endproducts with KCNJ11 gene chronic hypertension in diabetic pregnancy, retinopathy, 21:22 in MODY, 7:4–5 5:35 bovine insulin availability and mortality, mutations in permanent neonatal diabetes, gallstone disease and insulin resistance, 35:2 7:10 26:17–18 cardiovascular and renal mortality, 35:3 neonatal diabetes mellitus, 7:10,11 maternal morbidity rates, 5:25 ESRD and mortality with type 1 diabetes, p.Glu23Lys, 14:2,10 preeclampsia rates in, 5:34–35 22:20 Ketones prevalence of preexisting diabetes during glycemic control in youth, 15:28 in diagnosis of diabetes, 1:16 pregnancy, 5:17 life expectancy for type 1 diabetes, 35:5 in DKA, 17:1 prevalence of type 2 diabetes, 3:8 mortality with eating disorders, 35:4 in hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, 17:6 proteinuria prevalence in youth, 15:24 retinopathy incidence diabetes duration, in lactic acidosis, 17:8 puerperal sepsis, 5:24 21:19 Ketosis severe obstetric morbidity and pregesta- selection bias in studies from, 35:3 in classification of diabetes, 1:2,3; 6:19; tional diabetes, 5:25 severe hypoglycemia in youth, 17:10 7:2; 15:2 type 2 diabetes prevalence in Asian Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 32:15 resistance in congenital generalized lipo- subgroups, 3:8 Juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus, 1:1; 5:3. dystrophy, 7:15 urinary tract infections with pregestational See also Type 1 diabetes in type 2 diabetes in African Americans, diabetes, 5:24 17:2 venous thromboembolism during first K in types 1 and 2 diabetes, 15:2–3 pregnancy with pregestational diabetes, KIAA0350 gene, 12:6 5:23 Kidney disease associated with diabetes, Kruppel-like factor 11 (KLF11), 7:7 Kaiser Permanente Colorado (KPCO), 4:7 22:55–56. See also Chronic kidney disease; Kuopio Ischemic Heart Study, cardiovas- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Diabetic kidney disease; ESRD (end stage cular risk with metabolic syndrome traits, (KPNC) renal disease) 18:9 cancer risk with insulin glargine, 29:11 HIV infection, 22:56 chronic hypertension prevalence with, kidney cancer, 29:9 5:33 L MODY5 clinical presentation, 7:4 complication/mortality rates age >60 renal papillary necrosis, 22:56 years, 16:5 Labor and delivery urinary tract infections, 22:55–56 deliveries with pregestational diabetes, birth weight of liveborn infants, 5:55–56 Kidney Disease: Improving Global 5:16–17 brachial plexus palsy by duration of, 5:58 Outcomes (KDIGO), 22:4 gestational diabetes prevalence trends, 4:7 brachial plexus palsy with operative vaginal Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP), gestational hypertension/pregestational delivery, 5:59 22:36 diabetes, 5:34 early induction for birth trauma prevention, Kidney failure. See also ESRD in diabetes lung cancer-diabetes association, 29:8 5:59 A1c levels with, 1:12 maternal mortality with diabetes, 5:22 gestational age at delivery with diabetes, albuminuria as risk factor for, 22:3 preeclampsia superimposed on nephrop- 5:45 albuminuria with type 2 diabetes, 22:17 athy, 5:35 neonatal deaths with preexisting diabetes Alstrom syndrome, 7:12 pregestational diabetes prevalence during with pregnancy, 5:47 definition by GFR, 22:3 pregnancy, 5:18 Lactic acidosis with EIF2AK3 mutation, 7:11 diagnostic criteria, 17:8

Index–35 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

incidence, 17:8 insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in regu- cholesterol, 9:19–21 metformin-associated in type 2 diabetes, lation, 25:11 total cholesterol, 9:19 17:8 kidney-specific resistance to, 22:38 triglycerides, 9:21–22 morbidity and mortality, 17:8–9 levels with obstructive sleep apnea, 25:20 in vascular and heart disease risk, 18:8–9 precipitating factors, 17:8 receptor gene and weight loss, 38:11 Lipodystrophy prevention and treatment, 17:9 role in obesity-related nephropathy, diabetes management in, 7:20 Lansoprazole, 37:14 22:37–38 genetic lipodystrophies, 7:13–20 Large-for-gestational age infants (LGA) signaling impairment in Bardet-Biedel Lipolysis adverse outcomes with, 5:56 syndrome, 6:16 adipose triglyceride lipase in, 7:19 birth trauma with, 5:56,58–59 sleep disturbance effects on, 13:15 beta-hydroxybutyrate levels with, 17:1 criteria for, 5:49 in sleep restriction, 25:10–11 diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in youth, 15:2 hyperbilirubinemia in, 5:71 Leukoaraiosis, 24:4 , 38:10–11 insulin-treated gestational diabetes, 4:11 Life expectancy Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, 5:71 improvement for type 1 diabetes, 35:5 Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome neonatal hypoglycemia, 5:70 persistent postpartum diabetes treatment, Results (LEADER) trial, 18:16 neonatal hypoglycemia rates, 5:70 1:29 Lisinopril, 21:24 neonatal morbidities in, 5:56 predictions for diabetes in youth, 36:8 Lithium, 33:21–22 odds ratio with maternal diabetes, 5:50 for types 1 and 2 diabetes, 35:5 Liver and gallbladder disease, 26:1–23 with in utero diabetes exposure, 13:12 Lifestyle characteristics with diabetes/ ALT estimates of injury in, 26:3,4 Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults prediabetes, 10:1–42 AST for injury estimation, 26:3 (LADA) alcohol consumption, 10:9–10 biomarkers for liver disease, 13:20 celiac disease autoimmunity and, 27:9 data sources and limitations, 10:1–2 cirrhosis, 26:11 glutamic acid decarboxylase autoanti- health-seeking behaviors, 10:18–20 diabetes prevalence with transplantation, bodies in, 1:5 implications for health professionals, 26:11–12 Late-onset AD dementia. See AD dementia 10:20 fatty infiltration with insulin resistance, Latinos. See Hispanic ethnicity modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes, 13:18 Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, 13:1 Fatty Liver Index, 26:3 17:1 nutrition, 10:2–11 gallstone disease, 26:13–16 LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol physical activity, 10:12–15; 13:11–12 gallstone disease and insulin resistance, association with mortality, 35:11 smoking, 10:16–18 26:16–18 cardiovascular event effects of reduction, Lifestyle intervention hepatitis B and diabetes, 26:10–11 18:16; 36:10 with antipsychotic treatment, 33:22 hepatitis C and diabetes, 26:8–10 characteristics in diabetic persons, 18:8 with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, liver cancer, 29:7 control in patients with health insurance, 23:13 liver disease diagnosis in patients with 42:11 clinical trials with impaired glucose toler- diabetes, 26:12–13 density correlation with dysglycemia, ance, 1:19 liver transplantation, 26:2,11–13 15:28 diabetes development after gestational liver transplantation donor characteristics, by diabetes status, 9:20–21 diabetes, 4:12 26:12 fenofibrate studies,21 :25 Diabetes Prevention Program, 38:6–8 liver transplantation indications, 26:8 Friedwald equation for, 9:2 Diabetes Prevention Program-based, NHANES data, 26:2 in geriatric diabetes, 16:6 38:15 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steato- with intensive glycemic control, 20:12 with gestational diabetes, 5:7 hepatitis, 26:2 management in diabetes, 19:14 for gestational diabetes progression, 4:12 nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, 26:2 measurement in youth, 15:33 heart disease and diabetes, 18:18–19 post-transplant diabetes risk, 26:13 oxidized autoantibodies in apneic patients, with high genetic burden of risk alleles, Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, 25:19 14:9 26:2 progression of kidney disease with type 1 individual-based, 38:15 Liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), diabetes, 22:32 neuropathy treatment with, 23:8 22:1,9 reduction and vascular mortality, 36:10 in sexual dysfunction with diabetes, 28:10 Lixisenatide, 18:16 screening recommendations with diabetes, type 2 diabetes prevention, 38:11 LMNA gene 41:3 urinary incontinence with type 1 diabetes, adipocyte distribution with mutations in, type 1 diabetes mortality, 35:11 28:19 7:19 Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), Zensharen study, 38:10 atypical progeroid syndrome, 7:20 7:8,9 Lifestyle Intervention in Japanese Men with diseases associated with mutations in, Lens opacities, 21:33–34 IGT, 38:8 7:19 Leprechaunism, 7:12 Linkage analysis. See Genome-wide linkage familial partial lipodystrophy and type 2 Leptin analysis diabetes, 7:18–19 with circadian disruption, 25:26 Linkage disequilibrium (LD), 12:3–4 familial partial lipodystrophy association, congenital generalized lipodystrophy, 7:15 Linkage mapping, 12:6 7:13 factors modulating secretion, 25:11 Linoleic acid, islet cell autoimmunity associ- glycemic control in lipodystrophy, 7:1 functions of, 22:37–38 ation, 11:10,13 mandibuloacral dysplasia, 7:17 in glucose homeostasis, 25:20 Linomide, 37:7 mutation with familial partial lipodystrophy, hypoxic condition effects on, 25:20 Lipids and lipoproteins 7:1,18,19

Index–36 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Long-acting insulin periodontitis/new type 2 diabetes develop- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. insulin glargine, 29:11 ment, 31:14 See LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol ultralente insulin, 37:6 Pima Indians, 31:20–21 Lower extremity amputation (LEA), use with pancreatitis-related diabetes, 6:7 prediabetes and periodontitis severity, 20:23–25 Longitudinal studies. See also Pima Indian 31:22 characteristics associated with, 20:25 studies; SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth progression of obstructive sleep apnea, functional status outcome, 20:25 alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes 25:20 glycemia as risk, 20:25 risk, 13:9 proteinuria incidence and diabetes dura- intensive vs. conventional glycemic control, antidepressant use association with inci- tion, 22:17 20:25 dence of diagnosed diabetes, 33:13 psychiatric disorders with type 1 diabetes, pathophysiology, 20:24 birth cohorts identified by genetic 17:11 physical activity, 10:12 screening, 37:2 REGARDS study, 19:7 prevalence and incidence, 20:23–24 BMI increases and incidence of diabetes in renal lesions with chronic kidney disease, racial/ethnic risk factors, 20:24–25 children, 22:37 22:7 reamputation, 20:25 cardiovascular mortality risk with diabetes, reported falls with and without diabetes, risk with diabetes type, 20:24 16:11 32:11 Sickness Impact Profile for functional changes in glucose levels and periodontitis, school-aged children with diabetes, 2:2 status, 20:25 31:9 sexual dysfunction incidence in American Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in data with cohort studies, 36:5 men, 28:8 men depression in types 1 and 2 diabetes in smoking and GFR decline in type 1 benign prostatic hyperplasia and, 28:5–6 youth comparison, 33:4 diabetes, 22:36 bladder denervation/detrusor contractility, depression prediction of diabetes compli- Study of Osteoporotic Fractures, 16:8 28:2 cations, 33:10 TEDDY study, 15:10 bladder outlet obstruction, 28:2 depressive symptoms and glycemic Tohono O’okham (Papago) Indian residents, data sources, 28:2–4 control association, 33:13 31:15 diabetes and prostate cancer association, diabetes association with disability risk, type 2 diabetes and periodontitis inci- 29:4 34:9 dence, 31:20 diabetic cystopathy symptoms and preva- disability and diabetes association, 34:12 Long-term care. See also Home health care; lence, 28:4 duration of depressive symptoms, 33:4 Nursing home intensive treatment effects, 28:6 enteroviral infection study, 11:4–5,6 data sources, 40:43 lower urinary tract symptoms associated epigenetic gene regulation with intra- Look AHEAD with diabetes, 28:5–6 uterine diabetes exposure, 22:42 behavioral intervention for cardiovascular measurement and classification of,28 :2 factors affecting prevalence rates, 36:3 disease, 18:18 prevalence and incidence of, 28:4 fetal overnutrition, 15:2 erectile dysfunction with diabetes, 28:10 prostatic hyperplasia mechanisms, 28:4 fracture data with type 1 diabetes, 32:2–3 lifestyle characteristics, 10:2,7,9–11,16–17 Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in fracture incidence with and without lifestyle intervention for weight loss, 34:12 women diabetes, 32:6 lifestyle intervention results, 38:17 bladder storage symptoms, 28:10 Gila River Indian Community, sexual dysfunction in diabetes, 28:10 cystitis with type 1 diabetes, 22:56; 30:9 31:9,15,17,20 therapeutic strategies and cognitive cystopathy symptoms and prevalence, Health and Retirement Study, 10:12 decline, 24:12 28:4 health behaviors over time, 1:27 urinary incontinence prevention, 28:19 diabetes treatment and prevention of hypertension in types 1 and 2 diabetes, Los Angeles Latino Eye Study (LALES) incontinence, 28:19–20 22:31 association of diabetes and glaucoma, duration of type 2 diabetes and, 28:16 hypoglycemic events and cognitive impair- 21:37 glycemic control and, 28:18 ment, 24:12 with diabetes, 21:2–3 impaired detrusor muscle function with incidence of type 2 diabetes in youth, 3:16 racial/ethnic differences in retinopathy, cystopathy, 28:14 incident periodontitis progression with 21:28 incontinence with type 1 diabetes, diabetes, 31:19 Losartan 28:18–19 islet autoantibodies with rotavirus infection, atenolol comparison on blood pressure incontinence with type 2 diabetes, 11:8 and vascular events, 19:12 28:14,16 life expectancy changes with type 1 effects on retinopathy progression, 21:25 involuntary detrusor muscle contractions, diabetes, 35:5 modification of ESRD risk with, 22:31 28:14 maternal glucose levels effect on offspring, Losartan Intervention for Endpoint lifestyle intervention with type 2 diabetes, 4:13 Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE), 19:12 28:19 metabolic syndrome and periodontitis Louisiana overactive bladder syndrome, 28:10 two-way causal effects, 31:21 blood pressure/heart disease association, pathophysiology and clinical course, microvascular complications and psycho- 18:9 28:14–16 motor slowing with type 1 diabetes, 24:7 insulin resistance and periodontitis, 31:15 pharmaceutical vs. insulin treatment, pathogenesis of foot ulceration in diabetes, periodontitis prevalence, 31:6 28:18 23:14 racial/ethnic differences in stroke in racial disparities in urinary incontinence, periodontitis and diabetes-related medical diabetes, 19:7 28:14 expenses, 31:40 Low glycators, 1:12 remission and improvement with type 2 diabetes, 28:16

Index–37 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

symptoms of, 28:10 with cataract surgery, 21:35–36 prenatal detection of, 5:67 type 2 diabetes association with, 28:11 causes, prevalence and incidence, shortened crown-rump length prediction, urinary incontinence measurement and 21:12–30 5:67 diagnosis, 28:10–14 clinically significant, 21:16–18 with type 2 diabetes, 5:62 voiding and postmicturition symptoms, fenofibrate effects on, 21:25 in utero exposure to diabetes, 5:60 28:10 during gestational diabetes, 5:27 Malignant/invasive otitis externa (MOE), during pregnancy, 21:26 30:16 M race/ethnicity distribution, 21:27 Malmöhus County, Sweden, study, risk factors with type 2 diabetes, 21:7–8 38:2–3,5,12 smoking and alcohol consumption, 21:27 Malnutrition-related diabetes, 6:18 Macroalbuminuria. See also Albuminuria; socioeconomic status, 21:29 Mandibuloacral dysplasia (MAD) associated Microalbuminuria; Proteinuria statin treatment with dyslipidemia, lipodystrophy, 7:17 development in diabetes, 22:15 21:25–26 Markov modeling framework diagnostic criteria, 5:29 Magnesium, 13:6 estimation of youth burden, 2:10 dyslipidemia with, 22:31 Major depressive disorder (MDD). See also life expectancy predictions for youth, 36:8 excess mortality risk with type 1 diabetes, Depressive episode or symptoms Maryland 35:11 age relationship to reported symptoms cognitive status with diabetes, 24:8 excess mortality with, 22:19–20 and risk for, 33:8–9 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 31:6 macromolecular shunt contribution to, antidepressant use and type 2 diabetes Massachusetts 22:9 development, 33:13 acute metabolic complications in youth, mortality with macroalbuminuria, 22:20 association with treatment outcomes, 15:17 prediction in type 1 diabetes, 22:15 33:10 electronic health records study/data, 2:4 prevalence of elevated, 22:12 bidirectional relationship with type 2 incidence of blindness, 21:5 prevalence of in EURODIAB, 15:23 diabetes, 33:10–15 prevalence of visual impairment, 21:3 risk factor for cardiovascular disease, biologic pathways for association, Massachusetts Commission for the Blind 22:19–20 33:13–14 register, 21:3 Macronutrients. See Nutrition cognitive behavioral therapy effects, 33:15 Massachusetts Male Aging Study Macrophages definitions,33 :2 benign prostatic hyperplasia diagnosis in alveoli of diabetic persons, 30:18 depression as risk marker for type 2 with diabetes, 28:6 in celiac disease inflammatory response, diabetes, 33:13 diabetes risk with short sleep, 25:3 27:9 diabetes distress, 33:15 incidence with diabetes, 28:8 infiltration of adipose tissues, 13:18 diabetes of youth, 33:4 MATE1 (multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 infiltration of kidney interstitium, 22:9 in diagnosed, undiagnosed, and predia- transporter protein), 38:11 TNF production, 13:19 α betes, 33:6–7 Maternal complications before and during Macrosomia. See also Birth weight; Fetal elevated diabetes distress with, 33:10 pregnancy growth emotional distress, 33:3,13 hypertensive disorders, 5:30–35 birth weight categories, 5:50 functional limitations and, 33:7 insulin-induced hypoglycemia, 5:26 excess fetal size, 5:49 measurement issues with symptom maternal diabetes as risk factor, 5:24 neonatal and long-term morbidities, 5:56 overlap, 33:9–10 maternal morbidity with acute myocardial neonatal hypoglycemia association, 5:56 patient factors in course of diabetes, infarction, 5:23 polyhydramnios association, 5:46 33:8–9 maternal mortality, 5:21 postprandial hyperglycemia driving of, presence of diabetes complications, 33:8 myocardial infarction rates, 5:23 5:72 presentation, 33:1 nephropathy, 5:29 reduction with treatment, 4:3 prevalence and course, 33:2–4 neuropathy prevalence in pregnancy, 5:28 risk factors for, 4:11 treatment and intervention, 33:15–16 proliferative diabetic retinopathy preva- small-for-gestational age with, 5:55 treatment effects on glycemic control, lence in early pregnancy, 5:26 with types 1 and 2 diabetes, 5:49 33:15 sepsis association with, 5:24 Macrovascular complications. See also type 1 diabetes effects on brain structure, venous thromboembolism, 5:23–24 Heart disease and diabetes; Peripheral arte- 33:14 Maternal diabetes. See also Gestational rial disease; Stroke and diabetes with types 1 and 2 diabetes, 33:2–4 diabetes; Pregestational diabetes blood pressure association, 18:9 variation by race/ethnicity, 33:9 association with sepsis, 5:24 definition of, 19:11 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC). association with stroke in pregnancy, 5:22 effects of lowering A1c, 1:7 See MHC (major histocompatibility complex) birth condition and sequelae, 5:48–50 IGFBP-1 protective effect on, 19:11 Major malformations. See also Congenital birth defects with, 5:11 multifactorial intervention, 22:54 malformations cesarean delivery, 5:46 pathophysiologic mechanisms of, European rates for, 5:62 cognitive ability in offspring, 5:75 22:22–23 fetal sex-associated risk, 5:66 comorbidities with, 5:2,67–68 risk with retinopathy, 21:30 first trimester glycemic control, 5:10 comorbidities with stillbirth, 5:43 stroke with, 19:3 musculoskeletal, 5:62 congenital heart defects, 5:67 in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, 1:4 nuchal translucency prediction, 5:67 consequences for offspring, 4:12 Macular edema preconception care in diabetic women, definition of, 5:24 age-related, 21:38 5:8,10 diabetes diagnosis in offspring, 4:12 association with elevated blood pressure, pregnancy terminations, 5:62 effects on brachial plexus palsy, 5:58 21:24

Index–38 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

fetal demise with, 5:43 Maternal/fetal outcomes of sleep distur- MEPS (Medical Expenditure Panel Survey) fetal overnutrition in, 5:73 bances, 25:21 adult diabetic hospital use, 40:38,39,41 glycemia and perinatal outcome associa- Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness ambulatory care with diabetes, 40:3 tions, 4:9 (MIDD), 7:9 dental care utilization, 40:15 health risks in children of mothers, Maturity-onset diabetes of youth (MODY). dental visits for persons with diabetes, 5:73–74 See MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of youth) 40:15 in-hospital mortality risks, 5:22 Mauritian population, 1:20 diabetes-related services received, 40:19 hydrocephaly with, 5:60 Mean plasma glucose (MPG), 1:12 emergency department visits, 40:23 hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice in Medical Outcomes Research for expenditure for antihyperglycemics, offspring, 5:71 Effectiveness and Economics Registry 40:59,62,65 infant hypocalcemia/hypomagnesemia, (MORE2 Registry), 29:11 expenditure for antihypertensive medica- 5:71 Medically indicated/planned preterm tion, 40:65 large-for-gestational age infants with, delivery, 5:45 health care use and payment, 42:2 5:50,55–56 Medicare coverage healthcare utilization and diabetes costs, late preterm deliveries with, 5:45 geriatric diabetes costs, 16:16–17 40:3 long-term risks to offspring, 4:12,13 health insurance coverage, 42:4–5,9 home health care utilization, 40:51 major malformations with, 5:62,65 for insulin and oral medications, 42:5–6 hospitalization and hospital utilization, management methods in pregnancy, nursing home payments, 40:50 40:26 5:72–73 payment for outpatient visits, 40:20 insulin expenditures, 40:70 morbidity and mortality with, Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, 31:39 kidney disease and diabetes cost, 22:3 5:21,22,23,24 Medicare Diabetes Analytics File long-term care utilization, 40:43–44 mortality ratio with, 5:22 lower extremity amputation rates in, outpatient visit frequency, 40:8–9 neonatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 20:23–24 payment sources for care, 42:2,12 5:68 race/ethnicity for lower extremity amputa- sources of payment, 40:20 neonatal hypoglycemia with, 5:69–71 tion, 20:25 MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of neonatal polycythemia/secondary hyper- Medication Exposure in Pregnancy study, Atherosclerosis) viscosity syndrome, 5:68 5:6 coronary artery calcification prediction of neonatal respiratory distress, 5:67–68 Medication use and self-care practices, disease, 18:13 neonatal seizures and neonatal encepha- 39:1–10 hypertension incidence, 18:9 lopathy, 5:49 bariatric surgery to treat diabetes, 39:10 metabolic syndrome prevalence, 13:22 nephropathy risk with, 15:23,25 barriers to self-care, 39:8–9 microalbuminuria and peripheral arterial perinatal mortality with, 5:48 cholesterol treatment with diabetes, disease, 20:9–10 placental characteristics in, 5:67 39:5–6 periodontal disease prevalence, 31:6 prediabetes, 4:4 data sources and limitations, 39:1–2 proinflammatory cytokines in, 13:19 preterm delivery with, 5:45–46 depression, 39:6 racial/ethnic differences in retinopathy, schizophrenia/autism risks in offspring, hypertension treatment, 39:4–5 21:27 5:76 medication adherence, 39:9 relative risk of hypertension with diabetes, shoulder dystocia with, 5:56–59 oral medications use, 39:2–3 18:9 size and birth weight, 5:55–56 pancreas and islet cell transplants, 39:9 retinopathy in Mexican Americans, 21:28 stillbirth comorbidities in, 5:43 prophylactic aspirin use, 39:6–7 retinopathy prevalence, 21:27–28 stroke and migraine history, 5:22 self-care practice trends, 39:7–8 retinopathy prevalence in Chinese stroke association with, 5:22 trends in diabetes treatment, 39:3–4 Americans, 21:29 in utero exposure effects on offspring, serum creatinine and peripheral arterial 5:73; 13:12–13; 15:12–13 insulin secretagogue action of, 16:16 disease, 20:10 vascular disease, 5:43 oral medications, 39:2 type 2 diabetes incidence, 13:19 Maternal mortality and morbidity Melanocortin receptor, 7:11 Meta-analyses from cerebrovascular disease, 5:22 MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, A1c levels and physical activity, 18:18 chronic hypertension/gestational diabetes lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes), adiponectin levels and type 2 diabetes risks, 5:33 6:18; 7:8,9 risk, 13:19 DKA in pregnancy, 5:25 Melatonin, 25:28–29 albuminuria and intensive blood pressure from hemorrhage, 5:22 circadian regulation and insulin secretion, control, 22:51 hypoglycemia, 5:26 25:28–29 albuminuria reduction with intensive late maternal death definition, 5:21 melatonin receptors and, 25:28 glycemic control, 22:2 maternal death ratio at delivery, 5:22 for sleep improvement, 25:27 albuminuria/ESRD genetic variant associa- preexisting diabetes and pregnancy preva- Memory tions, 22:43 lence, 5:21 consolidation, 24:1 alcohol consumption and cancer mortality retinopathy during, 5:26 presenting cognitive complaints, 24:1 and, 29:6 Maternal mortality ratio, 5:21 retrieval, 24:2 antiplatelet/aspirin management, 18:17 Maternal-fetal hyperglycemia, prediction of testing methods, 24:1 anxiety and diabetes relationship, 33:16 fetal loss, 5:43 Menarchal status anxiety-hyperglycemia relationship, 33:18 Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) retinopathy relationship to, 21:23 atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and Network, 4:10,11 type 2 diabetes risk association, 21:23 periodontitis association, 31:16 bacturia with diabetes, 22:55

Index–39 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

becaplermin treatment of DFU, 20:22 intensive glycemic control, 18:1; 22:47 statin therapy, 18:16; 19:12; 36:10 birth weight and type 1 diabetes risk, life expectancy with type 2 diabetes, 36:8 steatosis vs. steatohepatitis differentiation, 11:13 lipids and lipoproteins in vascular risk, 26:2 bladder cancer association with TZD/piogl- 18:8 temperature monitoring with DFU, 20:19 itazone, 29:11 liver cancer risk with diabetes, 29:7 association with type 2 breastfeeding vs. formula-feeding, 13:13 liver enzymes and type 2 diabetes, 13:20 diabetes, 13:20 cancer risk and metformin, 29:10–11 lower extremity amputations and glycemia trans-ethnic meta-analyses, 14:3 cardiovascular disease mortality and association, 20:25 triglycerides and heart disease risk, 18:8 diabetes, 36:8 metabolic syndrome and incident type 2 tuberculosis risk with diabetes, 30:17 cardiovascular disease/diabetes associa- diabetes prediction, 13:24 type 1 diabetes risk loci, 12:7–8 tion, 18:1,2 microalbuminuria and stroke risk associa- type 2 diabetes risk factors, 13:1,10,11 cognitive impairment in adults, 24:5–6 tion, 19:3 vaccinations diabetes association, 11:9 cognitive impairment with childhood-onset novel loci identification, 12:8–9 vascular events and statin therapy, 16:14 diabetes, 24:5 obstructive sleep apnea and diabetes risk, vitamin D intake during pregnancy, 11:11 colon cancer risk with diabetes, 29:7 25:15 waist circumference and BMI with heart cow’s milk consumption, 11:9; 37:5 obstructive sleep apnea and gestational disease, 18:1 CRP levels and type 2 diabetes risk, 13:19 diabetes association, 25:21 whole grain diet-gene interactions, 13:5,8 depression and diabetes complications, obstructive sleep apnea association with Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in 33:10 type 2 diabetes, 13:14 Epidemiology (MOOSE), 30:17 depression and incident diabetes, 13:15 oral contraceptive effectiveness, 5:13 Metabochip custom-made array, 14:2,3–5 depression prevalence, 33:4 oral hygiene with diabetes, 30:15 Metabolic dysfunction type 2 diabetes, 33:2 pancreatic cancer risk with diabetes, 29:8 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, 25:19 undiagnosed diabetes in adults, 33:6 periapical lesions with diabetes, 31:23 with obstructive sleep apnea, 25:13–20 depressive symptoms and treatment periodontitis and gestational diabetes risk, with type 2 diabetes risk factors, 13:16–21 adherence, 33:13,15 31:14 Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) hours, diabetes and bladder cancer risk, 29:9 periodontitis with adjuvant antimicrobials, 10:15 diabetes and hip fracture risks 31:14 Metabolic memory type 1 diabetes, 32:3 physical activity trials in type 2 diabetes, assessment of, 23:12 type 2 diabetes, 32:9 18:2 in cardiac autonomic neuropathy, 23:13 diabetes and prostate cancer relation, polycystic ovary syndrome and glycemia with cardiovascular disease risks, 18:13 29:9 association, 13:21 distal symmetrical polyneuropathy and, diabetes mortality/specific cause mortality, postoperative mortality in cancer types, 23:12 36:9 29:13 for glycemic control in retinopathy, 15:18; diabetes/fasting glycemia/CHD, 18:7 post-transplant diabetes, liver, 26:13 21:22 disability risk with diabetes, 34:11 preconception care of diabetic women, 5:8 prior hyperglycemic exposure in kidney DKA frequency in type 2 diabetes, 5:25 preeclampsia with chronic hypertension, disease, 22:45 eGFR and stroke risk, 19:3 5:33 in types 1 and 2 diabetes, 22:2 endometrial cancer risk with diabetes, preterm birth association with type 1 Metabolic syndrome 29:9 diabetes, 11:13 abdominal obesity, 18:9 enterovirus in blood samples, 11:4–5 prognostic implications for chronic kidney abdominal obesity assessment with, ESRD relative risk with diabetes, 22:22 disease, 22:1 13:1,21 fetuin-A association with type 2 diabetes, relative breast cancer risk with diabetes, children with diabetic mothers, 5:74–75 13:20 29:8 coronary vascular disease risk factors in, gene and alcohol consumption interaction, retinopathy as chronic kidney disease 18:9 13:9 indicator, 22:4 C-reactive protein and peripheral arterial genetic risk for type 1 diabetes, 12:10 retinopathy diagnostic protocols, 21:33 disease, 20:8 glucose and incident cardiovascular risk of cardiovascular disease with type 1 cross-association with retinopathy, 21:26 disease, 18:7 diabetes, 18:13 diagnostic criteria for, 18:9 GWAS data, 14:3 risk of kidney cancer with diabetes, 29:9 evening preference and, 25:27 H. pylori infection and fasting glucose risk with beta blocker treatment, 6:11 with gestational diabetes, 4:12 levels, 31:24 shift work and diabetes association, 25:26 glaucoma links, 21:37 HCV and diabetes frequency, 26:8 sitagliptin/exenatide use and pancreatitis, neuropathy with, 23:7 heme-iron gene-diet interactions, 13:6 29:12 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease risk with, heritability estimate of type 2 diabetes, sleep duration and incident diabetes, 26:4 14:1–2 25:13 number of traits and diabetes risk, 13:24 HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors, 6:11 sleep quantity and quality, 13:14–15 obstructive sleep apnea association, 25:14 hyperinsulinemia/cardiovascular disease sleep-disordered breathing and gestational periodontitis risk with, 31:21 association, 18:11–12 hypertension, 25:21 physical activity effects on, 18:12 hypoglycemic episodes with insulin smoking, 13:15; 29:6 posttraumatic stress disorder as risk factor therapy, 5:26 socioeconomic status association with for, 33:16 incident diabetes with thiazide, 6:11 type 2 diabetes, 13:14 prevalence of, 13:21–23 intensive glucose control and cardiovas- somatic symptom/cognitive-affective in with previous gestational diabetes, 4:12 cular disease mortality, 18:15 undiagnosed diabetes, 33:6 risk factors for heart disease, 18:9–10

Index–40 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

sleep duration with, 25:30 Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument vascular impairment as component of, stratification by race/ethnicity, 13:21 (MNSI), 15:27; 20:18; 23:5 24:2 stroke risk with, 19:1,10 Microalbuminuria. See also Albuminuria; white matter hyperintensities in, 24:2 type 2 diabetes, 13:21–25 Macroalbuminuria Millennium Cohort, 25:3 Metabolic Syndrome and Atherosclerosis association with stroke risk, 19:3 Mini Mental Status Examination, 24:1 in South Asians Living in America study, cardiac autonomic neuropathy association, cognitive status measurement, 19:17 13:22 15:27 global cognitive status measure, 24:8 Metabolomic studies, 11:14 criteria for diagnosis, 15:20 Minnesota Metformin with diabetes in youth, 1:14; 15:20,23–24 cognitive status with diabetes, 24:8 Canadian Normoglycemia Outcomes with geriatric diabetes, 16:7 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 31:6 Evaluation, 38:9–10 glomerular filtration barrier in, 22:9 Rochester cohort, 32:2–3 cost-saving of prediabetic treatment, 1:22 in nondiabetic women on oral contracep- Miscarriages diarrhea associated with, 27:7 tives, 5:13 with celiac disease, 27:10 facilitation of weight loss, 33:22 prevalence in early pregnancy with type 1 criteria for defining,5 :35 fracture rates with, 32:12 diabetes, 5:29 maternal glycemic control, 5:36 glucose intolerance progression to prevalence of elevated, 22:12 with pregestational diabetes, 5:16 diabetes effects, 1:19 progression of, 22:5 with type 2 diabetes, 5:14 guidelines for use, 18:15 risk factor for retinopathy, 21:25 Mississippi GWAS for treatment with, 14:9 sodium-lithium countertransport activity, cognitive status with diabetes, 24:8 lactic acidosis precipitation, 17:8 22:32 pregestational diabetes prevalence, 5:5 MATE1, 38:11 stroke risk with, 19:10 racial/ethnic differences in stroke in recommendations for use, 38:16 Microaneurysms. See also Retinopathy diabetes, 19:7 response association of SLC47A1 gene, as diabetes indicator, 1:16 Mitchell-Riley syndrome, 7:11 38:11 Micronutrients. See Nutrition Mitochondrial diabetes, 6:18 retinopathy treatment/intervention in Microvascular complications Mitochondrial DNA mutations youth, 15:18 blood pressure association, 18:9 A3243G mutation and diabetes, 6:18 single nucleotide polymorphisms interac- chronic hypertension treatment in preg- with HIV antiretroviral therapy, 6:12 tions, 38:11 nancy, 5:33 maternally inherited diabetes, 7:9 stroke events with, 19:13 in dementia, 24:4 retinopathy association with, 21:29 trends in use of, 39:3–4 effects of lowering A1c, 1:7 3243A>G mitochondrial DNA point muta- use in geriatric population, 16:14 with geriatric diabetes, 16:7–8 tion, 7:9 for weight loss with antipsychotic treat- microvessel retinal disease with distal Wolfram syndrome and, 7:8 ment, 33:22 symmetrical polyneuropathy, 23:2 Mitochondrial gene defects, 7:9 Metreleptin replacement therapy, 7:1,20–21 multifactorial intervention, 22:54 Mixed diabetes, 15:3 Mexican Americans. See also Hispanic nephropathy in diabetes in youth, Mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT), 37:13 ethnicity 15:20–25 Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) apolipoprotein E gene and retinopathy, neuropathy in diabetes in youth, 15:25–27 score, 26:11–12 21:25 obstructive sleep apnea impact on, 25:17 Moderate albuminuria. See Microalbuminuria diagnosed diabetes prevalence, 3:7 pathophysiologic mechanisms of, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease functional status with lower extremity 22:22–23 (MDRD), 22:3 amputation, 20:25 perindopril and indapamide retinopathy MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of youth), genetic association with hard exudates effects, 21:25 7:2–8. See also Monogenic forms of diabetes in, 21:25 physical activity effects on, 18:18 characteristics of, 7:2–4 glaucoma prevalence in, 21:37 retinopathy in diabetes in youth, 15:17–20 clinical presentation, 7:4 insulin resistance indices for prediction of risk with retinopathy, 21:30 differential diagnosis of, 7:8 type 2 diabetes, 13:18 stroke with, 19:3 differentiating from types 1 and 2 diabetes, prediabetes prevalence, 3:14 in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, 1:4 7:8 retinopathy prevalence and severity, MIDD (maternally inherited diabetes and epidemiology, 7:4 21:28–29 deafness), 7:9 genetic bases for, 7:2–4 total cholesterol, 3:12 MIDIA (Environmental Triggers of Type 1 genetic counseling with diagnosis, 7:6 undiagnosed diabetes prevalence, 3:12 Diabetes), 11:5 linkage mapping/linkage analysis, 14:2 whole exome sequencing of, 14:6 Mid-sleep time on free days (MSF), management of, 7:4 MHC (major histocompatibility complex) 25:27–28 MODY1, 7:5 amino acid residues and type 1 diabetes Migraine history, 5:22 MODY2 prevalence and presentation, association, 12:5 Migration and acculturation, 13:14 7:6–7 high-risk genotypes for type 1 diabetes, Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) MODY3 mutations, 7:4–5 12:1 antihyperglycemic medication trials, 24:13 MODY4, 6–10, X, 7:7 linkage disequilibrium in, 12:3 consolidation effects in, 24:1–2 MODY5 clinical presentation, 7:7 type 1 diabetes genetic risk, 12:2–5,10 definition and classification of,24 :2 MODY10, 7:7 Michigan hypoglycemia and, 24:12 monogenic diabetes, 7:2 preconception planning/counseling, 5:8 prevalence and progression of, 24:3 sulfonylurea medications in, 7:6 total diabetes percentages, 8:9 with type 1 diabetes and, 24:5 type 1 diabetes in youth, 15:2 type 2 diabetes and, 24:8 types of diabetes, 1:4; 7:1–2

Index–41 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Molecular mimicry, 6:5; 11:8 neonatal, perinatal, and infant mortality, Nateglinide and Valsartan in Impaired Monoclonal antibody studies 5:47–48 Glucose Tolerance Outcome Research anti-CD3 intervention studies, 37:11–12 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 26:6–7 (NAVIGATOR). See NAVIGATOR trial anti-CD5 trials, 37:11 obstetric, 5:24–25 National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, 37:12 in older patients, 16:11 (NCAB) A1c assay certification, 1:10 anti-CD25 (daclizumab), 37:12 predelivery fetal complications, 5:35–40 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey anti-IL-1β monoclonal antibody, 37:13 pregestational diabetes and pregnancy, (NAMCS) Monogenic forms of diabetes, 7:1–27. See 5:21–35 ambulatory care with diabetes, 40:2–3 also MODY public resources for assessment, 36:3–5 amputation-related visits, 20:24 abnormal cilia function, 7:12 screened vs. never-screened patients, 1:23 demographic characteristics, 40:2 classification and diagnosis of, 1:4 stratification by race/ethnicity, 36:7 healthcare utilization and diabetes costs, defective insulin synthesis/secretion, 7:8 stroke risk in diabetes, 19:5–6 40:2 differential diagnosis of, 7:8 trends in type 2 diabetes, 36:1–14 infections associated with diabetes, 30:7 exome sequencing, 7:2 type 1 diabetes, 35:1–16 outpatient visits for foot ulcers, 20:17 linkage mapping/linkage analysis, 14:2 type 2 diabetes, 36:1–14 receipt of contraceptive counseling, 5:11 maternally inherited diabetes, 7:9 visual acuity as death predictor in type 1 National Birth Defects Prevention Study neonatal diabetes mellitus, 7:9–10 diabetes, 21:11–12 malformations with preexisting diabetes, pigmented hypertrichosis and insulin- in youth-onset type 1 diabetes, 15:38–39 5:60 dependent diabetes, 7:8–9 MRFIT study, 18:7,12 oral contraceptive use in early pregnancy, thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia, MTNR1B gene 5:11 7:8 abnormal glucose metabolism, 25:28 National Center for Health Statistics, 5:3,37; type 1b diabetes, 7:8 circadian genes, 14:8 8:2; 26:2; 41:3 Wolfram syndrome, 7:8 Mucoraceae family, 30:16 National Cholesterol Education Program Monounsaturated palmitoleic acid isomers, Mucormycosis, 30:16 (Adult Treatment Panel III) (NCEP), 18:9 islet cell autoimmunity association, 11:10 Multiethnic Cohort Study, 13:4 National Committee for Quality Assurance Mood stabilizers, 33:22 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Health Plan Employer Data and Morning chronotype, 25:27 (MESA). See MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Information Set, 21:32 Mortality and morbidity Atherosclerosis) National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) AHSCT trials with type 1 diabetes, 37:14 Multiphoton fluorescence techniques, 22:10 classification of diabetes,1 :13; 4:1 albumin:creatinine ratio, 22:20 Multiple congenital anomalies (same infant), gestational diabetes diagnosis criteria, with albuminuria, 22:19 5:65–66; 7:11 4:7,11,12 antepartum hemorrhage, 5:24–25 Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial National Diabetes Prevention Program, ascertainment of mortality, 36:3 (MRFIT) cohort study. See MRFIT study 38:15. See also DPP clinical trial cardiovascular disease, 18:7 Multisystem dystrophy syndrome, 7:19 National Diabetes Quality Improvement cause-specific mortality, 35:9 Multivitamin use, periconception, 5:11 Project (DQIP), 41:2 cause-specific mortality in Norway vs. U.S., Mumps, type 1 diabetes risk with, 11:8 National Diabetes Surveillance System, 2:5 35:10 Musculoskeletal system malformations, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization cerebral edema with lactic acidosis, 17:9 5:62 Program (NGSP) death certificate limitations for deter- M-value, 13:17 A1c assay standardization, 1:7,9 mining, 36:1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 30:17 A1c in lifestyle intervention trials, 38:10 death rate with diabetic ESRD, 22:30 Myocardial infarction assay certification, 1:10 depressive symptom association with, adiposity measurement association with, Zensharen study, 38:10 33:10 18:10 National Health and Nutrition Examination diabetes and cancer mortality, 29:4–7 blood pressure association, 18:9 Survey (NHANES). See NHANES data with diabetes before and during pregnancy, dyslipidemia and hormonal contraception National Health Insurance System (South 5:21 risks, 5:13 Korea), puerperal sepsis, 5:24 diabetes in youth, 15:38–41 outcomes with intensive glucose control, National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). diabetic kidney disease as risk factor for, 18:15 See NHIS data 22:19 physical activity and risk for, 18:18 National Home and Hospice Care Survey DKA-related, 17:3 pregestational diabetes and, 5:23 (NHHCS) epidemiologic surveillance methods, 36:3 pregnancy-related, 5:23 long-term care, 40:43–44 geriatric diabetes, 16:11 rosiglitazone and, 24:13 long-term care utilization, 40:43–44 heart disease in type 2 diabetes, 18:1 Myonecrosis, 30:14 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care in-hospital, 5:33 Myristic acid, 11:10 Survey hypoglycemia, 17:11–12 DKA patient visits, 17:4 infant mortality in U.S., 5:66 N receipt of contraceptive counseling, 5:11 infant mortality with preterm delivery, 5:45 National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) kidney disease in persons with diabetes, with acute complications of diabetes, 17:3 N-acetyl- -D-glucosaminidase (NAG), 22:3 β bariatric surgery to treat diabetes, 39:10 22:2,9 lactic acidosis, 17:8–9 celiac disease in hospital discharges, NAION (nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic maternal death ratio at delivery, 5:22 27:10 neuropathy), 21:37–38 methodological challenges in assessment, data sources and limitations, 30:7 Nateglinide, 6:12; 38:9,12 36:2 diabetic foot ulcers in, 23:14

Index–42 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

emphysematous cholecystitis, 30:16–17 gestational hypertension/pregestational interpregnancy interval for diabetic women, gestational diabetes prevalence trends, 4:5 diabetes, 5:34 5:7 hospital utilization, 40:26 hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state in large-for-gestational age infants, 5:56 hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state mortality trends, 17:6 polycythemia, 5:68–69 morbidity and mortality, 17:6 infections associated with diabetes, 30:7 with pregestational diabetes, 5:47–71 incidence of lactic acidosis, 17:8 maternal mortality statistics, 5:21 respiratory distress, 5:67–68 lactic acidosis in diabetic patients, 17:9 mortality and morbidity with infections, Nephropathy. See Diabetic kidney disease lower extremity amputation, 16:8; 30:1 Nervous system 20:23,25 pregestational diabetes data, 5:3 myelinated fibers in neuropathy, 23:5 polyneuropathy and autonomic neurop- pregestational diabetes prevalence during nerves susceptible to focal neuropathy, athy, 23:9 pregnancy, race/ethnicity, 5:17 23:3 prevalence of stroke, 20:25 Nationwide Sample of Delivery Admissions quantitative sensory testing, 23:5–6 National Inpatient Sample chronic hypertension with pregestational Netherlands. See Dutch investigations chronic hypertension/gestational diabetes diabetes, 5:33 Neuroarthropathy. See Charcot risks, 5:33 stroke and pregestational diabetes, 5:22 neuroarthropathy deliveries with pregestational diabetes, Native Americans. See American Indian/ NEUROG3 (Neurogenin3) gene, 7:11 5:16 Alaska Native Neurologic impairment in lactic acidosis, maternal death ratio at delivery, 5:22 Nauruan population 17:8 “near-miss” morbidity evaluation, 5:25 impaired glucose tolerance in, 1:18 Neuropathic arthropathy. See Charcot pregnancy-related stroke and hypertensive impaired glucose tolerance progression to neuroarthropathy disorders, 5:22 diabetes, 1:18 Neuropathic foot, 23:5 risk factors for myocardial infarction, 5:23 plasma glucose concentrations in, 1:13 Neuropathic pain, 23:2,9; 28:18 sepsis prevalence and mortality, 5:24 NAVIGATOR trial, 6:12; 38:9 Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS), 20:18; stillbirth rates, 5:37 Near-miss morbidity/mortality, 5:25 23:5 stroke before or during delivery, 5:22 Necrotizing fasciitis, 30:13–14 Neuropeptides types 1 and 2 diabetes in pregnancy trend, NEI-VFQ-25 scores, 21:9 appetite regulation, 7:11; 25:20 5:14,16 Neonatal complications prohormone convertase cleavage of, 7:11 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive hyperbilirubinemia/jaundice, 5:71 Neurotoxic effects of glucose, 19:9 and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), 2:2 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 5:68 Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin National Institutes of Health (NIH) hypocalcemia/hypomagnesemia, 5:71 cancer risk vs. insulin glargine, 29:11 antibody measurement standardization, large-for-gestational age infants, 5:55–56 hypoglycemic episodes with insulin pump, 15:2 major congenital malformations, 5:59–67 15:17 diabetes definition, 2:3 with maternal diabetes, 5:69–71 Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin National Kidney Foundation (NKF) placenta characteristics, 5:67 (NGAL), 22:2,9 glomerular filtration rate determination, placental contribution, 5:67 Nevada, total preexisting diabetes during 22:3 polycythemia, 5:68–69 pregnancy, 5:14 screening for diabetic kidney disease, 22:4 pregestational diabetes and, 5:47–59 New Hampshire, periodontitis prevalence, National Maternal and Infant Health Survey respiratory distress, 5:67–68 31:4,6 (NMIHS), 4:5; 5:3 seizures, 5:49 New Jersey National Nursing Home Survey (NNHS) shoulder dystocia, 5:55–59 mortality by race, 35:7 diabetes prevalence in nursing homes, small-for-gestational age with, 5:55 stillbirth rates with diabetes, 5:37 16:4 Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) New Jersey 725 study diabetic complications predisposing to, 6q24 imprinting defects with, 7:10 hypertension predictor of mortality, 35:11 30:4 epidemiology, 7:9–10 macular edema-socioeconomic status infections associated with diabetes, 30:7 gene defects, 7:1,9–10 association, 21:29 long-term care utilization, 40:43 INS gene mutations in, 7:10–11 retinopathy in African Americans, 21:27 prevalence of dementia in diabetes, 24:10 monogenic diabetes, 7:2 type 1 diabetes mortality and race, trends in infections, 30:4 other mutations, 7:11 35:4–5 National Survey for Family Growth permanent, 7:10–11 New Mexico contraceptive methods and use, 5:11–12 presentation, 7:9 age-adjusted total preexisting diabetes preexisting diabetes with pregnancy, 5:7,17 transient, 7:10 during pregnancy, 5:14 self-reported prevalence of diabetes, 5:6 Neonatal encephalopathy (NE), 5:2,49 periodontitis prevalence, 31:4,6 National Vital Statistics Report Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, 5:71 prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, 3:4 diabetes mortality from, 36:7 Neonatal hypoglycemia U.S. centers for SEARCH, 15:4 risks with chronic hypertension in preg- association with macrosomia, 5:56 U.S. vs. non-U.S. countries diabetes prev- nancy, 5:33 breastfeeding for prevention, 5:73 alence, 2:2 National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) with maternal diabetes, 5:49,69 U.S. vs. non-U.S. Native American popula- Apgar scores in newborns, 5:48 MODY3 clinical presentation, 7:4 tions, 2:2 chronic hypertension with pregestational with pregestational diabetes, 5:70–71 New York City. See also Northern Manhattan diabetes, 5:33 Neonatal mortality and morbidity Study (NOMAS) deliveries with pregestational diabetes, early induction for birth trauma prevention, Hispanic/Latino population, 3:7 5:16 5:59 metabolic syndrome prevalence, diabetes mortality from, 36:5,8 13:22–23

Index–43 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

New York City Health and Nutrition gingival bleeding and retinal hemorrhage risk factor control trends, 41:3–10 Examination Survey, 13:22–23 risk, 31:15 risks factors for hearing loss, 23:12 New York State. See also Northern Manhattan glucose tolerance in women age 20–44 self-care practices with diabetes, 39:1,8–9 Study (NOMAS) years, 4:8,10 self-reported healthy and ulcer diagnosis, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 31:6 glycemic control trends, 41:3–4 20:20 self-reported periodontal disease, 31:6 HCHS/SOL study prevalence comparison, sensory impairment and A1c levels, 23:12 total diabetes percentages, 8:9 3:12 sociodemographic characteristics, 8:3–4 New Zealand healthcare utilization and insurance soda consumption, 10:11 diabetes registries, 2:5 coverage, 42:11 stroke risk without diabetes, 19:9–10 diabetic retinopathy prevalence in youth, hearing deficits with diabetes, 23:10 survey characteristics and use, 41:3 15:20 heart disease prevalence with/without surveys for diabetes surveillance, 2:5 type 1 diabetes incidence in children, 2:10 diabetes, 18:4 total diabetes prevalence, 3:9 type 1 vs. type 2 diabetes pregnancy heart rate and hyperglycemia association, type 2 diabetes incidence and prevalence, losses, 5:43 23:13–14 3:3–4 NF-kappaB activation in pathogenesis of hepatitis and diabetes, 26:8,10–11 undiagnosed diabetes detection, 3:3–4,9 neuropathy, 23:7 hyperinsulinemia prevalence trends, 13:18 urinary albumin excretion, 22:12 NHANES data incident fractures, 32:2 urinary incontinence association with A1c, fasting glucose, and 2-hour plasma intermittent claudication risk factors, neuropathic pain, 28:18 glucose combination, 9:5 20:7–8 U.S. adult prevalence and incidence data, A1c and fasting glucose cutpoints, 1:26 liver and gallbladder disease, 26:2 2:2–3 A1c levels and insomnia symptoms, 25:9 lower urinary tract symptoms with NHIS data A1c levels in diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes, 28:5 adult diabetes hospital use, 40:39 diabetes, 20:6 measurement and criteria, 9:2 age-related macular edema, 21:38 A1c sensitivity and specificity vs. oral medication use and self-care practices, ambulatory care services use, 42:2 glucose tolerance, 1:12 39:1–14 cancer in adults with and without diabetes, ADA A1c vs. fasting glucose measures, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular 29:2 1:20 risk, 18:9–10 cataracts with type 2 diabetes, 21:33 albumin:creatinine ratios and risk with oral health and diabetes, 31:2–3 cost of diabetes model, 40:59 diabetes, 22:19 overall all-cause mortality rate, 36:5 data collected, 8:3 alcohol consumption, 10:9 periodontal disease and kidney disease dental care utilization, 31:39 awareness before screening, 1:27 relationship, 22:38 diabetes in older adults, 16:1–2,5 cardiovascular complications in older periodontitis prevalence, 31:6 diabetes mortality from, 36:7 adults, 16:6–7 peripheral arterial disease associations, diagnosed diabetes estimates, 3:15 chronic kidney disease prevalence by type 20:9–10 diagnosed diabetes prevalence, 3:4–9 of diabetes, 22:12 physical activity, 10:12,14–15 diagnosed diabetes prevalence plateau data collected, 3:9 physical limitations associated with in, 3:17 data on type of diabetes, 2:2–3 diabetes, 34:3 diagnosed diabetes prevalence trends, depression prevalence, 33:2 population factors in increased prevalence, 3:17 diabetes and anti-HCV antibodies, 26:8–9 3:19 disability and diabetes, 34:3 diabetes burden in youth, 15:8–10 pregestational diabetes prevalence during emergency department visits, 40:23 diabetes definition in, 2:4 pregnancy, 5:18 eye examination in persons with diabetes, diabetes in older adults, 16:1–3 prevalence and trends in diabetic persons, 21:31 diabetes risk factor control, 41:3 21:1,2 HCHS/SOL study prevalence comparison, diabetes risk with short sleep, 25:3 prevalence in women of childbearing age, 3:7 diabetes type and level of amputation, 5:4–5 health insurance coverage, 42:11 20:24 prevalence of cataracts with diabetes, healthcare utilization and diabetes costs, diabetic foot ulcers, 20:20 21:33 40:2 diagnosed/undiagnosed trends, 3:19–20; prevalence of diabetes, 36:3 healthcare utilization and insurance 36:3 prevalence of elevated albumin excretion, coverage, 42:11 disability/impairment status, 34:7–8 22:12 hospital utilization, 40:26 estimated prediabetes prevalence, 13:16 prevalence of elevated AST and ALT, 26:3 insurance prevalence and types of estimated prevalence of retinopathy and prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis, 32:17 coverage, 42:16–17 vision-threatening retinopathy, 21:12 prevalence of type 1 diabetes, 1:12; lower extremity amputation frequency, experimental design of, 3:3–4 2:10–11 20:23 eye examination in persons with diabetes, prevalence of type 1 diabetes in youth, lower extremity amputations, 16:8 21:31 15:5 medication and self-care practices, fatty liver disease prevalence in diagnosed race/ethnicity differences in retinopathy, 39:1–14 diabetes, 26:3 21:27–29 neuropathy manifestation prevalence, foot lesions on presentation with diabetes, race/ethnicity variations in A1c levels, 1:11 23:10 20:16 racial/ethnic diabetes trends, 1:12 physical activity, 10:12–13 fracture prevalence, 32:3–4 retinopathy cross-association with meta- prevalence of diabetes, 36:3 gallstone disease with diabetes, 26:15 bolic syndrome, 21:26 prevalence of heart disease with/without retinopathy data and FPG cutpoints, 1:13 diabetes, 18:4

Index–44 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

prevalence of screening, 1:25 “Non-insulin-dependent” diabetes, 1:6 sleep apnea rates, 25:12 self-reported glaucoma with diabetes, Non-major histocompatibility complex stillbirth rates in, 5:37 21:36 (MHC). See Non-MHC North Carolina sociodemographic characteristics, 8:3 Nonmedical induced abortions, 5:26 cognitive status with diabetes, 24:8 survey for diabetes surveillance, 2:5 Non-MHC (non-major histocompatibility Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 31:6 trends in use, 39:3 complex). See also MHC pregestational diabetes prevalence, 5:5 type 2 diabetes and prediabetes, 3:2–3 affected sibpair families for, 12:6 racial/ethnic differences in stroke in type 2 diabetes incidence and prevalence, gene regulation vs. protein structure alter- diabetes, 19:7 3:2–3 ation, 12:1 total diabetes percentages, 8:9 type 2 diabetes prevalence in Asian ImmunoChip data, 12:9 North Dakota. See also American Indian/ subgroups, 3:7–8 single nucleotide polymorphism in, Alaska Native type 2 diabetes prevalence/incidence 12:10,11 albuminuria with type 2 diabetes, diagnosed diabetes, 3:16–17 Nonmyeloablative autologous hematopoi- 22:18,30 visual impairment with diabetes, 21:3 etic stem cell therapy (AHSCT), 37:14 metabolic syndrome in, 13:23 Niacin, 6:12 Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). See Nicotinamide trials, 37:5,14 (NPDR) also New York City; New York State Night-Eating Syndrome A1c levels and detection of, 1:9 hyperglycemia as stroke risk, 19:9 characteristics of, 33:20 duration of type 2 diabetes and, 21:15 insulin resistance and stroke risk, 19:9 diabetes control in, 33:21 incident geographic atrophy with, 21:38 ischemic stroke and metabolic syndrome, NIH Consensus Development Conference intensive glycemic control, 21:20–21 19:10 Statement, gestational diabetes treat- macular edema with, 21:12 stroke incidence ratio racial differences, ment criteria, 4:10 prevalence in early pregnancy, 5:26–27 19:7 NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study progression to proliferative, 21:29 stroke subtypes in diabetes, 19:8 diabetes risk with short sleep, 25:3 quality of life with, 21:9 Northwestern University Diabetes and kidney cancer and BMI association, 29:9 treatment before pregnancy, 21:26 Pregnancy Center, Pima Indian study, Nitric oxide (NO), 19:3 visual impairment with, 21:7 4:12 in adaptive immunity, 30:18 Non-REM sleep (NREM), 25:1 Norwegian studies hemodynamic regulation of kidney, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs fetal sex-associated risk, 5:66 22:35,37 (NSAIDs), 22:38–39 gestational age at stillbirth, 5:43 interleukin-18, 13:19 Non-sulfonylurea medications, 39:2 major malformations with type 2 diabetes, in peripheral arterial disease, 20:1 use in geriatric population, 16:14 5:62 susceptibility to stroke, 19:3 Nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymor- maternal diabetes effects on brachial Nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression phism, 12:6 plexus palsy, 5:58 in diabetic kidney disease, 22:8 Normal weight, BMI criteria for, 13:11 maternal serum docosahexaenoic in preg- in podocyte injury, 22:8 Normoalbuminuric diabetic nephropathy, nancy, 11:12 retinopathy, 21:29 15:20 predictors of brachial plexus palsy perma- Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Normoglycemia, rosiglitazone and rever- nence, 5:59 in Alstrom syndrome, 7:12 sion to, 38:9 preeclampsia rates with pregestational description/diagnosis, 26:2–3 Normoglycemia in Intensive Care diabetes, 5:34 and diabetic medication effects, 26:4 Evaluation–Survival Using Glucose prevalence of albuminuria, 22:12–13 mortality with type 2 diabetes, 26:6 Algorithm Regulation (NICE SUGAR) type 1 diabetes cause-specific mortality, pathophysiology and progression, 26:5–6 Study, 18:15 35:10 prevalence in U.S., 26:2 North American studies. See also DCCT Nuchal translucency, 5:67 Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) study; Meta-analyses; SEARCH for Diabetes Nuclear cataract, 21:34 all-cause mortality association, 26:7 in Youth Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) directionality of diabetes association, 26:6 birth weight and type 2 diabetes risk, ALT level and risk for diabetes, 26:5 hepatocellular carcinoma risk with, 13:13 breast cancer and weight loss association, 26:6–7,12 disability and diabetes association, 34:3 29:8 liver enzymes with, 13:20; 26:4 gestational age at delivery with diabetes, categorization of diabetes for study, 19:5; liver transplantation, 26:12 5:45 32:3 necroinflammatory condition,26 :2–3 nephropathy risk with type 2 diabetes, C-peptide concentration in type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver progression to, 15:17 13:17 26:5 preeclampsia risk with type 1 diabetes, depression and type 2 diabetes risk, 13:15 progression to cirrhosis, 26:6 5:34 diabetes risk by race/ethnicity, 13:4 Non-amnestic cognitive impairment, 24:2 prevalence of DKA at onset, 15:17 diabetes risk with short sleep, 25:3 Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neurop- prevalence of preexisting diabetes during geriatric comorbid condition risks, 16:11 athy (NAION), 21:37–38 pregnancy, 5:17 hazard ratio for diabetes, 25:24 Nondiabetic kidney disease, 22:4,55–56 proinsulin prediction of heart disease in nocturnal melatonin secretion and Non-Hispanic Asians. See Asian/Pacific men, 18:11 diabetes, 25:28–29 Islander seafood consumption and type 2 diabetes weight loss and cancer association, 29:6 Non-Hispanic black. See Black/African risk, 13:8 Nursing home American shoulder dystocia with vaginal delivery, activity of daily living limitations, 40:48 Non-Hispanic white. See White/Caucasian 5:56 chronic conditions, 40:47

Index–45 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

duration of stay, 40:49 congenital heart defect association, 5:10 definition and diagnosis, 25:12–13 environment, 40:44 contraceptive nonuse in, 5:11 diabetes complications, 25:17 living arrangements before admission, contribution to disability with diabetes, diabetes development risk with, 13:14; 40:46 34:11 25:15–16 payment sources, 40:50 in diabetes of youth, 15:33–34 glucose intolerance association with, resident demographics, 40:44–46 duration of, 13:11 25:14 Nutrition early childhood breastfeeding and, 13:13 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and, alcohol consumption, 13:9 with eating disorders, 33:20–21 25:19 calcium, 10:10 effects on gestational diabetes prevalence metabolic dysfunction mechanism, carbohydrates, 10:4–5 trends, 4:8 25:13–17,18 –20 cereal/grain exposure and type 1 diabetes, fetal overnutrition pathway for, 15:12 prevalence in type 2 diabetes, 25:16 15:11 general and abdominal, with diabetes, 9:14 reactive oxygen species in, 25:19–20 cholesterol, 10:7 in geriatric population, 16:5–6 REM-related, 25:17 coffee, 13:9 increased risk with sleep disturbance, risk factor for stroke, 19:10 dairy, grains, beverages, 10:11–12 25:10–11 risk factor for type 2 diabetes, 13:14; dietary carbohydrate and fiber, 13:6 insulin resistance with, 1:3 25:15–16 dietary fat, 13:6 insulin resistance with binge eating sympathetic nervous system activity, dietary patterns, 13:9 disorder, 33:21 25:19 fetal exposure to famine and diabetes risk, intrauterine exposure to diabetes, 4:12 systemic inflammation,25 :20 13:13 leptin modulation by, 25:10–11 treatment in well-controlled diabetes, fiber, 10:7–9 macrophage infiltration of adipose tissues, 25:18 food items and groups, 13:8–9 13:18 Oculomotor palsy, 23:3 fruits and vegetables, 10:10–11 major malformation association with, 5:67 Odds ratio (OR) definition, 12:3 gluten-free diet effects, 27:14 measures for, 18:10,11 Ohio high-protein diet and diabetes with risk for metabolic syndrome prevalence with, diabetes in youth burden, 15:4 kidney damage, 22:35–36 13:21 fetal overweight, 5:56 islet cell autoimmunity and early cereal nonpregnant women age <20 years, 5:6 large-for-gestational age with pregesta- exposure, 27:14 obesity in offspring with exposure to tional diabetes, 5:70 micronutrients, 13:6–7 maternal diabetes, 5:73–74 preconceptual care use, 5:8 periconception and maternal, 5:11 in older adults, 16:1 prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, 3:4 protein, 10:5 oral contraceptive effectiveness in, 5:13 spontaneous abortion, 5:36 restricted protein intake with kidney pregestational diabetes prevalence in preg- standardization of type 1 diabetes cohorts, disease, 22:52–53 nancy, 5:19 35:12 saturated fat, 10:5–6 prevalence in youth population, 2:3 subclinical cardiovascular disease, seafood consumption and type 2 diabetes pro-opiomelanocortin and, 7:11 15:34,37 risk, 13:8 relation to diabetes prevalence, 3:17 total diabetes prevalence, 8:9 sodium intake, 10:10 risk factor for diabetic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes incidence trends, 15:9 sodium intake modification, 22:53–54 22:37–38 U.S. vs. non-U.S. countries for type 1 sugar-sweetened beverages, 13:10 risk factor for heart disease, 18:2–3,9–11 diabetes, 2:2 tooth loss consequences, 31:34–36 risk factor for type 2 diabetes, 13:12; Ojibwa-Cree community, 15:12. See also total calories, 10:2 18:10 American Indian/Alaska Native total fat, 10:2–4,7 risk for type 2 diabetes with, 18:10 Oklahoma Indians. See also American Indian/ vitamins, 10:10 signaling to melanocortin receptors, 7:11 Alaska Native whole-grain/fasting insulin levels, 13:5 sleep and circadian disturbances with, albuminuria with type 2 diabetes, 25:10–11 22:18,30 O stratification by BMI and waist measures, metabolic syndrome in Native Americans, 13:12 13:23 structural changes in kidney with, 22:37 neuropathy prevalence, 23:10 Obesity. See also Abdominal obesity “thrifty” obesity pathway for, 15:12 retinopathy/socioeconomic status relation- adipocyte function, 25:11 in treated type 1 diabetes, 1:5 ship, 21:29 adiposity measurement for, 18:10 in type 1 diabetes in youth, 15:11 Older adults. See Geriatric diabetes amniotic fluid insulin concentration, in type 2 diabetes in youth, 15:2 Omega-3 fatty acids, 11:12 15:12–13 in utero exposure to maternal diabetes, Omphalocele, 5:65,66 anthropometric measures of fat distribu- 15:13 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), 1:21 tion, 13:11–12 Observational studies, biases in, 29:10 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate-O-acyltrans- BMI criteria for, 13:11 Obstetric morbidity, severe, 5:24–25 ferase 2, 7:15 body fat distribution, 13:11–12 Obstetric Surveillance System, 5:22 1-hour plasma glucose, 1:19 breastfeeding and, 15:13 Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) 1000 Genomes Project, variants in type 2 breastfeeding protective effect from, adipocytokine-derived factors in, 25:20 diabetes genetics, 14:9–10 13:13–14; 15:13 apnea-hypopnea index for severity of, Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in changes in children’s diets, 15:12 25:14 Combination With Ramipril Global children with diabetic mothers, 5:74–75 continuous positive airway pressure treat- Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET), 22:49 in classification of diabetes, 2:3 ment, 25:18 Onychomycosis, 30:11

Index–46 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Open-angle glaucoma. See Glaucoma root fragments, 31:34 P Operative vaginal delivery. See Vaginal sociodemographic disparity in periodon- delivery titis, 31:6 Pancreas. See also Beta cell dysfunction/ Ophthalmoscopy tooth eruption rate with diabetes, 31:36 function glycemia assessment on, 1:16 tooth loss consequences, 31:34–36 agenesis/hypoplasia, 7:11 retinopathy detection by, 21:31 tooth loss risk with diabetes, 31:34 annular, 7:11 Opportunistic screening, 1:24 tooth loss/missing teeth with diabetes, enterovirus detection in, 11:4 Optic nerve 31:27–36 transplants for diabetes treatment, 39:9 damage in glaucoma, 21:36 Oral insulin trials, 37:6–7 Pancreas after kidney transplant (PAK), diabetic papillopathy, 21:39 Oregon, preexisting diabetes during preg- 39:9 in diabetic retinopathy, 21:12 nancy, 5:13–14 Pancreas or gut endocrine tumors, 6:15–16 in optic neuropathy, 21:37 Orexigenic neuropeptides, 25:20 Pancreas transplant alone (PTA), 39:9 Optic neuropathy, 21:37–38 Orlistat prevention trials, 38:5 Pancreatic cancer Oral contraceptive use Orthostatic hypotension, 23:4,6,9 incretin-based diabetic therapy, 29:12 diabetes induced by progestins and, 6:13 Osmotic diuresis, 1:1; 17:6 mortality from, 29:7–8 early pregnancy use and structural birth Osteoarthritis (OA), 32:14 pancreatogenic diabetes, 6:8–9 defects, 5:11 misclassification of,32 :17 risk factors for, 6:7,8 –9 retinopathy risk with, 21:26 prevalence and risk factors for, 32:14–15 Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), 6:7 Oral diabetes medications Osteoblasts, 32:12 Pancreatitis-related (pancreatogenic) diabetes treatment, 39:2–3 Osteomyelitis, 30:12–13,17 diabetes guidelines for use, 18:15 Osteoporosis diagnosis and clinical characteristics, use with pancreatitis-related diabetes, 6:7 definition and identification of, 32:2,9,14 6:7–8 Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and fractures with diabetes, 32:14 F cells in, 6:7 A1c comparisons, 1:15 in geriatric diabetes, 16:5,8 hereditary/genetic pancreatitis, 6:8 A1c sensitivity and specificity vs, 1:12 prevalence with diabetes, 32:9,10 incretin-based therapy for, 29:12 criteria for testing in pregnancy, 4:2 risk with thiazolidinediones and sulfony- pancreatic cancer, 6:8–9 disadvantages for diabetes diagnosis, 1:12 lureas, 6:13 pathophysiology, 6:7 gestational diabetes follow-up, 4:12 treatment for prevention, 32:14 Panic Disorder, 33:16 in gestational diabetes screening, 4:4,7 Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Panretinal photocoagulation, 21:7 glycemia cutoffs and definitions, 13:16 study, 32:2–3,8 Parasympathetic nervous system function heart disease risk association, 18:7 O’Sullivan-Mahan criteria, 4:2,3,9 in cardiac autonomic neuropathy, 15:27; insulin secretion indices from, 13:17 Otelixizumab 23:6–7,13 NHANES methods for, 9:2 anti-CD3 intervention studies, 37:11 cardiovascular autonomic function, 23:6 presymptomatic diabetes diagnosis, 1:1 RCT placebo controlled trial, 37:11,12 detrusor muscle dysfunction, 28:4 in screening vs. A1c, 1:26 Outcome Reduction With Initial Glargine in functional gastrointestinal disorders, with short sleep and insomnia, 25:29 Intervention (ORIGIN) Trial 27:3 Oral health and diabetes, 31:1–49 glargine insulin and cancer risk, 29:11–12 Parietal cell antibodies (PCA), 11:16; 12:12; burning mouth/diabetic neuropathy, 31:37 glycemic control and cardiovascular 27:16 candidiasis, 31:38 disease events, 18:15 Parvovirus infections, 11:8 caries, 31:36 Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome, 28:10 Pathophysiology/pathogenesis dental care utilization, 31:39–40 Overload hypothesis, 15:11 cystic fibrosis-related diabetes,6 :5–7 dental plaque, 31:3 Overnutrition/overfeeding diabetic kidney disease, 22:5 diabetes effects on peri-implant disease, type 1 diabetes in youth, 15:11 gastrointestinal manifestations of diabetes, 31:23 in utero exposure and, 15:12 27:4,8 dry mouth, 31:38 Overt nephropathy. See Macroalbuminuria gestational diabetes, 4:3 geographic location disparities in, 31:6 Overweight hemochromatosis, 6:10 gestational diabetes risk with periodontitis, BMI criteria for, 13:11 hypoglycemia, 17:9 31:14–15 in childhood after in utero diabetes expo- lower extremity amputation, 20:24 gingivitis, 31:3,4 sure, 13:12 lower urinary tract symptoms, 28:4,14 heart disease risks with periodontitis, in development of type 2 diabetes in youth, malnutrition-related diabetes, 6:18 31:15 15:12 metabolic syndrome, 13:21 insurance claims data, 31:40–41 effects on gestational diabetes prevalence nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progres- multidisciplinary treatment, 31:40–41 trends, 4:8 sion, 26:5 new type 2 diabetes with periodontitis, in geriatric population, 16:5–6 pancreatitis-related diabetes, 6:7 31:14 high BMI and age at diagnosis in youth, peripheral arterial disease, 20:17 NHANES data and critique of, 31:2–3 15:11 sexual dysfunction, 28:6–10 oral health-diabetes links, 31:41–42 macrophage infiltration of adipose tissues, stroke in diabetes, 19:3 periapical periodontitis, 31:22–23 13:18 subcategories of diabetes, 1:1 periapical periodontitis/diabetes interac- maternal diabetes as risk factor for transient neonatal diabetes, 7:10 tion, 31:7,15,16,17 offspring, 4:12 type 1 diabetes autoantibodies, 1:3 peri-implant disease, 31:7,15,23 offspring of diabetic parents, 4:13 viral-mediated mechanisms for diabetes, race/ethnicity disparity in periodontitis, pregestational diabetes in pregnancy, 5:16 6:1–5 31:3–6 trends in youth, 15:12 PAX4 (paired 4) gene, 7:7

Index–47 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

PCSK (proprotein convertase subtilisin/ metabolic syndrome interactions with, Phenformin, lactic acidosis precipitation, kexin type)-1/3 and -2, 7:11–12 31:21 17:8 PDX1 (pancreatic and duodenal homebox) overt diabetes relationship with, 31:17 Phenotype gene, 7:7,11 prediabetes effects on, 31:22 autoimmune type 1 diabetes and obesity, Pediatric diabetes. See Children and prevalence in type 2 diabetes, 31:17 15:3 adolescents prevalence in U.S., 31:4–6 correlation with genotype, 12:12 Pegylated granulocyte colony-stimulating prevalence in well-controlled diabetes, of diabetes, 6:2 factor (GCSF), 37:14 31:17 diabetes with IPEX, 6:14 Penn State Cohort, 25:29 racial/ethnic disparity in, 31:4–6 epigenetic changes and, 22:45 Pennsylvania, total diabetes percentages, risk factors for diabetes/hyperglycemia factors determining diabetes, 6:4 8:9 and, 31:23 genotype correlations in INS mutations, Pentadecanoic acid, 11:10 risk with type 2 diabetes in adults, 7:12 Pentamidine, 6:13 31:19–21 for insomnia, 25:29 Pentoxifylline effects on kidney function, Sea Island Gullah African Americans, 31:21 linkage analysis in type 2 diabetes, 22:54 socioeconomic status disparity, 31:6 14:2,6,10 Peptide-binding groove, 12:5 type 2 diabetes development in, 31:14 linkage analysis with, 14:2 Peri-implant mucositis, 31:23 U.S. state level prevalence, 31:6 with lipodystrophies, 7:13,16–18,20,21 Peri-implantitis, 31:23 Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), 20:1–34. metabolic syndrome, 13:24; 18:9 Perilipin 1, 7:19 See also Foot ulcers in diabetes with mitochondrial diabetes, 6:18 Perinatal morbidity and mortality abdominal adiposity association, 20:11 with MODY, 7:7–8 fetal demise (stillbirth), 5:36–44 adiposity relation with, 20:11 neonatal diabetes mellitus, 7:11 gestational diabetes treatment and, 1:4; ankle-brachial index, 20:2,3 with pancreatitis-associated diabetes, 6:7 4:10–11 atherosclerosis pathophysiology, 20:1–2 single nucleotide polymorphism and, with maternal diabetes, 5:48 blood calcium association, 20:9 14:10 with nephropathy, 5:29 cardiovascular outcomes with, 20:14–15 in Williams syndrome, 6:17 preconception care of diabetic women, 5:7 data sources and limitations, 20:3–4 Phenotypic type 2 diabetes with preexisting diabetes, 5:73 diabetes and risk factors for, 20:5–7 antibodies found in, 1:5–6 spontaneous abortion, 5:35–36 diabetes treatment and disease risk, 20:12 disease complexity, 14:6 stillbirths in types 1 vs. 2 diabetes, 5:43 diagnostic criteria for, 20:6 insulin processing defects, 7:12 with twin pregnancies, 5:67 in disability with diabetes, 34:11 Phentermine-topiramate combination trial, Perindopril exercise testing for diagnosis, 20:3 38:10 effects on retinopathy, 21:25 frequency of insulin use, 20:12 Pheochromocytoma, 6:15 micro-/macrovascular association with homocysteine levels association, 20:8 Philadelphia Pediatric Diabetes Registry, blood pressure, 19:12 hypercholesterolemia as risk factor for, 2:5,7; 15:4 Periodontal disease 20:8 Physical activity complication rates with diabetes, 30:15 hypertension as risk factor for, 20:7 by age, 10:14 definitions of,31 :4 inflammatory markers, 20:7,8 –9 covariates for heart disease risk, 18:12 infections associated with diabetes, 30:15; invasive measurement of, 20:2 decline in children and adolescents, 15:12 31:3 lower extremity amputation with, 20:24 effects on A1c levels, 18:18–19 risk factors for diabetic kidney disease, noninvasive measurement, 20:2–3 inactivity risk factor for type 2 diabetes, 22:38 presentation symptoms, 20:1–2 13:10–11 Periodontal probing depth (PPD), 31:3–4,8 prevalence of, 20:4 leisure-time, 3:17 Periodontitis progression and cardiovascular outcomes, MET hours, 10:15 bidirectional relationship with diabetes, 20:12–14 in older adults, 16:1 31:23–26 renal dysfunction association, 20:9–11 relationship to retinopathy, 21:27 children and adolescents with type 1 renal dysfunction with, 20:10 with type 2 diabetes, 10:12 diabetes, 31:18,21 revascularization with, 20:13–14 Picornaviruses, 12:6 chronic periodontitis in U.S., 31:4–7 smoking as risk factor for, 20:7 Pigmented hypertrichosis and insulin-de- diabetes complication effects on, 31:19 symptom-based diagnosis, 20:3 pendent diabetes (PHID), 7:8–9 diabetes complication risks with, 31:15 Peripheral Nerve Society, 23:5 Pima Indian studies. See also American diabetes-periodontitis interactive effects, Peripheral neuropathy. See Diabetic Indian/Alaska Native 31:21 neuropathies ALT level and risk for diabetes, 26:5 effect on diabetes, 31:8–9,17 Perivascular nitrergic nerves, 19:3 breastfeeding and type 2 diabetes, 15:13 epigenetic programming of risk, 28:5 Permanent neonatal diabetes (PNDM), candidate genes for ESRD in, 22:43 geographic location disparities, 31:6 7:9,10–11 diabetic ESRD in, 22:27 gestational diabetes, 31:14–15,22 Pernicious anemia, 27:15,16 epigenetic programming from in utero glycemic control, 31:9–14,17–18 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor exposure, 22:42 HOMA-IR model and, 31:8 gamma (PPARγ). See PPAR-γ ESRD incidence and in utero diabetes hyperglycemia effects on, 31:21 Persistent albuminuria. See Albuminuria exposure, 22:42 indicator for undiagnosed prediabetes, Persistent postpartum diabetes, 1:29 fetal overnutrition effects in, 15:12 31:21 Petamidine, diabetes induced by, 6:13 gallstone prevalence in, 26:13 measurement and definitions for, 31:3 Pharmacologic intervention, type 2 GGT levels association with diabetes, 26:5 diabetes prevention, 38:5,11 glomerular filtration in,22 :9

Index–48 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

glucose intolerance to type 2 diabetes Plasma glucose measurements Postprandial insulin response. See Insulin conversion, 13:16–17 A1c comparisons, 1:14–15 response heritability of type 2 diabetes, 21:29 criteria for diabetes diagnosis, 1:2 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 33:16 hyperglycemia as risk for kidney disease, cutpoints for diagnosis, 1:13 Poverty Income Ratio (PIR), 8:12 22:30 in pediatric age group, 1:14 PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated incidence of ESRD with obesity, 22:37 Plasmid-encoded proinsulin effects, 37:14 receptor) incidence of proteinuria, 22:16 Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), alpha gene and acarbose, 38:11 increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, 13:19–20 delta gene and acarbose, 38:11 15:9 PLIN1 gene gamma gene, 38:11 insulin resistance measures in, 13:17 mutation in familial partial lipodystrophy, PPARG (peroxisome proliferator-activated longitudinal periodontitis study, 31:20–21 7:1,19 receptor-gamma) gene microalbuminuria prevalence in, 15:24; Pneumocystis carinii, 6:13 cod liver oil interaction type 1 diabetes 22:14 Podocytes risk, 11:16 mortality from kidney or cardiovascular alterations induced by diabetes, 22:8 in familial partial lipodystrophies, 7:19 disease, 22:20–21 type 1 diabetes changes in, 22:8–9 gamma coactivator (PGC-1), 38:11 mortality in diabetes of youth, 15:38 type 2 diabetes changes in, 22:8–9 ligand for anti-inflammatory actions, 11:16 nephropathy with type 2 diabetes, 15:24 POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organo- mutation in familial partial lipodystrophy, obesity trends in, 22:37 megaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal 7:1 overweight prevalence in youth, 15:12 gammopathy), 6:16 single nucleotide polymorphisms of, 14:2; periodontitis severity, 31:17,21 Poland 38:11 plasma glucose concentrations in, 1:13 immunotherapy trials, 37:14 thiazolidinedione target coding, 7:20; predictive power of impaired fasting prepregnancy glycemic control, 5:10 14:11 glucose and glucose tolerance, 1:20 type 1 diabetes incidence, 2:7 type 2 diabetes risk factor, 7:11 proteinuria in offspring, 22:43 Polio model of type 1 diabetes, 11:1,6–7 PPAR-γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated proteinuria in offspring with intrauterine Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), 13:21; receptor gamma) exposure, 15:24 33:22 bone loss with, 32:12 proteinuria with type 2 diabetes in Polycythemia, neonatal, 5:68–69 in familial partial lipodystrophies, 7:19 offspring, 22:32 Polyhydramnios, 5:45–46 omega-3 fatty acids and, 11:16 retinopathy data and fasting glucose Polymicrobial infections, 30:13,14 risk factor for type 2 diabetes, 7:11 cutpoints, 1:13 Polymicrobial necrotizing fasciitis, 30:14 stroke incidence with diabetes, 19:1 retinopathy incidence in, 15:18; 21:29 Polypharmacy risks in geriatric diabetes in type 2 diabetes, 14:2 survival with normal albuminuria, analyzing drug effects with, 6:10 Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), 6:16–17 22:19–20 with comorbid diseases, 16:5 Preconception diabetes. See also Preexisting type 2 diabetes development in, drug/chemical-induced diabetes, 6:10–13 diabetes with pregnancy 1:3,13,20,22 increased risk of drug side effects, 16:10 definition,5 :3 type 2 diabetes prevalence in, 31:15–16 quality of care for, 41:12 low utilization of care, 5:8 type 2 diabetes risk with maternal diabetes, risk of fall with, 16:15 Preconception planning/counseling/care, 15:13 risk with long-acting , 17:10 5:35 type 2 diabetes/periodontitis association, Polysomnography/polysomnogram (PSG) Prediabetes 31:15–16 actigraphy correlation with, 25:9 A1c definition of, 3:3 in utero exposure to maternal diabetes, apnea-hypopnea index after night shift, A1c detection of, 3:15 4:12–13; 22:42 25:30 A1c levels and insomnia symptoms, 25:9 worsening kidney function and death rates diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea, 2-hour plasma glucose, 9:6 in, 22:20–21 25:12–13 cutpoints of biomarkers, 9:2 Pioglitazone insomnia and short sleep, 25:29 data sources, 3:2–4 ACT NOW prevention study, 38:10 shallow sleep defined by,25 :6 detection by A1c/FPG/2-hour plasma bladder cancer association with, 29:11 Ponderal index (PI), 5:56 glucose, 3:15 bone loss and fractures with, 32:12 Population attributable risk (PAR), 18:6 diabetes and anti-HCV antibodies, 26:8–9 cancer risk in preclinical studies, 29:11,13 Porphyromonas endodontalis, 31:16 diagnostic criteria for, 1:5–6; 9:2 diabetes risk reduction with, 38:13 Posterior subcapsular cataract, 21:34 disability/impairment status, 34:7–8 myocardial infarction risk with, 24:13 Postpartum hemorrhage, 5:25 effects on periodontitis severity, 31:22 safety update on, 38:13 Postpartum wound infection, 5:24 estimated rate of, 13:16 type 2 diabetes and macrovascular Postprandial glucose intolerance. See fetal effects in, 4:2 disease, 19:13–14 Impaired glucose tolerance fracture incidence, 32:6 Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Postprandial hyperglycemia gallstone disease prevalence in, 26:15–16 Complications Study (EDC). See insulin secretagogue effects on cardiovas- glycemia cutoffs and definitions, 13:16 Epidemiology of Diabetes Complication cular disease prevention, 38:12 glycemic criteria for, 1:1 Study (EDC) insulin-stimulated glucose uptake with, high-risk range for diabetes, 1:13 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), 25:9 14:6 increased risk with short sleep duration, Placenta previa, 5:24–25 in MODY2 presentation, 7:6 25:3 Placental abruption, 5:24–25,43 in Rabson-Mendenhall and Donohue inflammatory response, 9:23 PLAGL1 (pleiomorphic adenoma gene-like syndromes, 7:12 insomnia and lifestyle, 25:9 1) gene, 7:10 maternal, 4:4

Index–49 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

missing teeth in, 31:32 delivery complications, 5:45–46 rates with pregnancy, 4:7–8 in nonpregnant women of childbearing diabetes development, 5:73 respiratory distress, 5:67–68 age, 5:4–5 disparities by race/ethnicity, 5:17–19 retinopathy, 5:26–28 in older adults, 16:3 DKA in, 5:25 risk factor for thromboembolism, 5:23 oral health effects in, 31:8 early terminations with, 5:16 risk for antepartum venous thromboembo- overall prevalence, 3:13 epidemiologic studies of management in, lism, 5:23 periodontitis as indicator of, 31:21 5:72–73 “at risk” prevalence at age 15–44 years, periodontitis prevalence, 31:17 fetal complications before delivery, 5:4 prevalence by A1c/FPG/2-hour PG, 5:35–44 sepsis likelihood with, 5:24 3:15–16 gestational hypertension prevalence in, simulated estimates of, 5:18 prevalence of, 3:13–14 5:34 small-for-gestational age with, 5:55 prevalence trends by A1c/FPG measures, historical context, 5:2–3 spontaneous abortion, 5:35–36 3:20 hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice, 5:71 stillbirth rates, 5:37,43 prevalence trends in, 3:18–21 hypertensive disorders in, 5:30–35 stroke and hypertensive disorder, 5:22 preventive behavior in, 1:27 hypocalcemia/hypomagnesemia, 5:71 studies on, 5:102–106 race/ethnicity, 3:13–14 hypoglycemia, 5:26 total during pregnancy, 5:13–14 screening for, 1:27 large-for-gestational age, 5:55–56 type 2 diabetes, 5:14–15 sex differences in, 3:13–14 major maternal morbidity with, 5:24 type 2 diabetes in pregnancy trends, 5:16 subclinical proinflammatory condition in, management methods for, 5:72–73 types 1 and 2 diabetes in pregnancy trend, 13:18 maternal age, 5:16 5:14 use as classification,1 :17 maternal complications before and during undifferentiated diabetes in pregnancy “Prediabetic” neuropathy. See Distal pregnancy, 5:21–35 trends, 5:15 symmetrical polyneuropathy maternal risks, 5:2 vaginal delivery with shoulder dystocia, Prediction models for type 2 diabetes risk, mental and psychomotor development of 5:56–59 13:24 children, 5:75–76 in women of childbearing age, 5:3–4 Preeclampsia metabolic control and outcomes in, 5:3 Pregestational diabetes. See Preexisting complications with vaginal delivery, 5:25 micro/macroalbuminuria prevalence with, diabetes with pregnancy diabetes vs. control, 5:34 5:29 Pregnancy diagnostic criteria, 5:30 mild/severe preeclampsia/eclampsia, 5:34 A1c levels in, 5:10 gestational diabetes treatment effects, neonatal, perinatal, and infant mortality, cesarean delivery, 5:46 4:11 5:47 chronic proteinuria with, 5:29 gestational diabetes with chronic hyperten- neonatal cardiomyopathy with, 5:68 complications and maternal age, 5:16 sion, 5:33 neonatal complications with, 5:47–71 consecutive diabetic pregnancy mortality, microalbuminuria predictive value of, 5:29 neonatal hypoglycemia and, 5:69–71 5:22 planned preterm delivery with, 5:45 nephropathy with, 5:29–30 depression risks with diabetes, 33:9 preeclampsia diagnostic criteria, 5:30 neuropathy with, 5:28–29 depressive symptoms with diabetes in, pregestational diabetes and with chronic non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander,5 :17 33:9 hypertension, 5:34–35 nonpregnant women age 15–19 years, DKA with type 2 diabetes, 5:25 prophylactic aspirin treatment, 5:35 5:6–7 elements of care for glycemic control, 5:72 rates with types 1 and 2 diabetes, 5:34 obesity, metabolic syndrome, 5:74–75 insulin-induced hypoglycemia, 5:26 reduction with treatment, 4:3 objective and historical context, 5:2–3 intensive vs. conventional insulin therapy retinopathy with type 2 diabetes, 21:26 obstetric morbidity in, 5:24–25 in, 5:26 risk factor for venous thromboembolism, peripartum myocardial , 5:23 interpregnancy interval for diabetic women, 5:23 placental characteristics in, 5:67 5:7 risk factors for preeclampsia, 5:35 polycythemia, 5:68–69 kidney function in diabetic vs. nondiabetic risk with sleep disturbances, 25:21 preconception care utilization with, 5:7–8 pregnancy, 22:40 stillbirth comorbidities, 5:43 preconception glycemic control and maternal deaths with diabetes, 5:21 stroke association with maternal diabetes, malformations, 5:10–11 neuropathy prevalence in pregnancy with 5:22 preeclampsia frequency in, 5:34–35 type 1 diabetes, 5:28–29 type 1 vs. 2 diabetes, 5:35 pregnancy outcomes with diabetes, 5:37 oral glucose tolerance testing in, 4:2 Preexisting diabetes with pregnancy, pregnancy planning, 5:4–13 outcome with mild chronic hypertension, 5:1–106. See also Maternal diabetes pregnancy planning and contraception, 5:33 birth certificate/hospital record data,5 :13 5:6–7 perinatal morbidity and mortality with birth condition and sequelae, 5:48–49 pregnancy-related myocardial infarction twin, 5:67 breastfeeding, feeding, 5:73–74 risk, 5:23 periodontal bacteria and inflammation cesarean deliveries, 5:46–47 prepregnancy neuropathy frequency, with, 31:25 chronic hypertension prevalence with, 5:28–29 planning for diabetic women, 5:7 5:33 preterm delivery in, 5:45–46 preconception care utilization, 5:7–10 congenital heart defects, 5:67 prevalence during pregnancy, 5:13–17 preconception planning/counseling, 5:8 congenital malformation with, 5:59–67 prevalence in women of childbearing age, with pregestational diabetes, 5:1–76 contraception for diabetic women, 5:10–11 5:4–7 pregnancy effects on, 5:29 data sources and limitations, 5:3–4,13 prevalence of preexisting diabetes during prenatal hyperglycemic testing, 5:10 definition,5 :3 pregnancy, 5:13–21 preterm delivery, 5:46

Index–50 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

prevalence of complication by diabetes cyclosporine early intervention, 37:7 cortisol exposure and levels of, 33:14 status, 5:3 docosahexaenoic acid supplement, 37:5 with docosahexaenoic acid supplements, prevalence of preexisting diabetes during etiology of type 1 diabetes, 37:1–3 37:5 pregnancy, 5:13–21 glutamic acid decarboxylase intervention pathway for diabetes-depression associa- retinopathy development or progression studies, 37:12 tion, 33:14 with, 21:26–27 gluten exposure, 37:5 with periodontal disease, 31:24 retinopathy progression time course in, immunologic interventions, 37:3,13–14 in response to sleep deprivation, 25:10 5:26–27 interleukin-2 and rapamycin, 37:13 type 2 diabetes risk and adiponectin levels, risk factors for diabetic kidney disease, intranasal insulin trial safety trial, 37:6 13:19 22:40–41 nicotinamide trials, 37:5,14 Proinflammatory processes sleep changes during, 25:21 oral insulin trials, 37:5,11 association with insulin resistance, 19:9 sleep disturbances during, 25:21 parenteral insulin trial, 37:6,7 in atherosclerosis, 20:1 slow wave sleep during, 25:21 primary prevention trials and enrollment gut microbiome effects on, 11:8,14 spontaneous abortions with type 1 criteria, 37:3–5 hyperglycemia promotion of, 19:3 diabetes, 5:35–36 secondary prevention trials and enrollment in kidney disease, 22:34,38 terminations for malformations, 5:43,62 criteria, 37:5,6,7 periodontal disease, 31:24 with type 1 diabetes, 5:2 staging criteria, 37:2–3 in prediabetes and insulin resistance, unintentional with diabetes, 5:8 tertiary prevention trials, 37:7 13:18–19 unplanned, 5:11 tertiary prevention trials and enrollment with sleep and circadian disturbance, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring criteria, 37:7,11–12 25:10,21 System (PRAMS) thymoglobulin (antithymocyte globulin) Proinsulin 2009 postpregnancy survey, 5:17 trial, 37:13 beta cell dysfunction assessment by, 13:17 limitations of data, 5:5 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and, effects of plasmid-encoded, 37:14 pregestational diabetes prevalence during 11:11–12 heart disease prediction by, 18:11 pregnancy, 5:18 vitamin D effects, 37:5 insulin processing defects, 7:11 prevalence in women of childbearing age, Prevention of type 2 diabetes, 38:1–21. See meta-analysis for, 14:9 5:4 also Genetics of type 2 diabetes in metformin-treated patients, 38:6 prevalence of preconception diabetes, acarbose in prevention study, 38:8,10 plasmid-encoded proinsulin effects, 37:14 5:15–16 Bedford study, 38:2 processing to insulin, 7:11 unintended pregnancies, 5:8 Canadian Normoglycemia Outcomes risk factor for cardiovascular disease, Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). See Evaluation, 38:9–10 18:11–12 Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Da Qing study, 38:5 SGSM2 gene and, 14:6 Premature placental separation, 5:25 Diabetes Prevention Program, 38:6–8 Proinsulin peptide effects, 37:14 Presymptomatic diabetes. See Prediabetes early U.K. and Swedish studies, 38:2–5 Proinsulin-to-insulin ratios, 13:17 Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled extended follow-up of outcomes, Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) Evaluation. See ADVANCE trial 38:12–13 prevalence in early pregnancy, 5:26 Preterm delivery, 5:45–46 Finnish prevention study, 38:5–6 risk factors, 21:7 chronic hypertension/gestational diabetes genetic contribution to, 38:11–13 risk for vision loss, 21:7 risks, 5:33 glutamic acid decarboxylase vaccine trials Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), 7:11 preconception care of diabetic women, 5:7 in, 37:6–7 PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In sleep disturbance relation to, 25:21 Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme, macroVascular Events (PROactive), 19:13 spontaneous, 5:45 38:8 Prostaglandin synthesis, 22:39 Preterm premature rupture of membranes, intention-to-treat analysis, 37:3; Prostate hyperplasia (benign), 28:4 5:46 38:5–6,9,12 Protein metabolism Prevalence of total diabetes. See also other lifestyle intervention with Japanese men, amino acid tissue uptake in diabetes, 1:6 specific conditions and populations 38:8,10 in diabetes, 1:2 NHANES and NHIS data on, 3:4 liraglutide weight management study, Proteinuria. See also Albuminuria prevalence, 3:9 38:10–11 definition of,5 :30 prevalence age <20 years, 3:19 ramipril and rosiglitazone trial, 38:9 effects on serum creatinine in type 1 prevalence estimation, 3:3 randomized controlled trials discussion, diabetes, 22:48–49 state ranking for, 8:9 38:13–16 glucose intolerance prediction of, 1:18 Prevention of Progression of Arterial SEQUEL secondary analysis/CONQUER, incidence of proteinuria in type 2 diabetes, Disease and Diabetes (POPADAD), 18:17 38:10 22:16–17 Prevention of type 1 diabetes, 37:1–21 in Prevention of Diabetes, preeclampsia diagnostic criteria, 5:30 alefacept trial, 37:13 38:8 in pregnancy, 22:40 alpha-1 antitrypsin, 37:13–14 vitamin D effects, 13:7 in renal disease with diabetes of youth, anti-CD3 and anti-CD5 monoclonal anti- voglibose study, 38:9 15:20 body studies, 37:11–12 Primary hyperaldosteronism, 6:15 risk factor for retinopathy, 21:25 azathioprine early intervention, 37:7 Primary Oral Insulin Therapy Study role of free fatty acids in, 22:35 bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine early inter- (Pre-POINT), 37:5 visual impairment association, 21:7–8 vention, 37:7–11 Primary Prevention Project (PPP), 18:17 Proximal motor neuropathy. See Diabetic cow’s milk consumption meta-analysis, Proinflammatory cytokines radiculoplexus neuropathy (DRPN) 37:3 in adipose tissue dysregulation, 13:18

Index–51 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Proyecto Vision Evaluation and Research Puerperal sepsis, 5:24 with gastrointestinal disorders, 27:5,9,14 (VER) Puerto Ricans with geriatric diabetes, 16:11 racial/ethnic differences in retinopathy, diagnosed diabetes prevalence, 3:7 oral health-related, 31:34,38,39,41 21:28 prediabetes prevalence, 3:14 with osteoarthritis, 32:14 retinopathy/socioeconomic status relation- total cholesterol prevalence, 3:12 psychiatric/psychosocial issues, ship in Mexican Americans, 21:29 undiagnosed diabetes prevalence, 3:12 33:15,16,18–19 PRSS1 (cationic trypsinogen) gene, 6:8 Pulmonary embolism (PE) sexual dysfunction effects, 28:7 Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, chronic hypertension/gestational diabetes urinary incontinence treatment, 28:14 30:13,15,16; 37:14 risks, 5:33 visual impairment and blindness, 21:9 Psychiatric/psychosocial issues, 33:1–34 maternal mortality from, 5:22 Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) Bipolar Disorder prevalence with type 2 prevalence of, 5:24 persistent postpartum diabetes treatment, diabetes, 33:21 Pulse-wave velocity (PWV), 15:34 1:29 depressive disorder and diabetes-related PVT1 (plasmocytoma variant 1) gene, 22:43 screening costs and benefits, 1:27 distress, 33:4–16 Pyelonephritis Quantitative glycemic traits diabetes care with, 41:12 acute renal failure with, 30:10 genetic determinants of, 14:2 diabetes-related emotional distress, 33:3 emphysematous, 30:10 meta-analysis of, 14:3 dysthymia prevalence, 33:2 with pregestational diabetes, 5:24 TBC1D4 gene, 14:3–4 emotional distress, 33:4 in pregnancy, 5:24 in type 2 diabetes, 14:1 public health implications, 33:23–24 presentation of, 30:9–10 Quantitative sensory testing (QST), 23:5–6 schizophrenia, 33:21–22 prevalence of histologic, 22:55 Quinoline-3-carboxamide, 37:7 schizophrenia/autism risks in offspring, renal papillary necrosis with, 22:56 33:21 risk with asymptomatic bacteriuria, 30:9 R socio-cultural context/psychosocial issues, urologic complications with type 1 33:23 diabetes, 22:56 Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, 7:12 substance use and related disorders, in women with diabetes, 28:20 Race/ethnicity. See also specific racial/ethnic 33:23 Pyorrhea. See Periodontal disease groups subthreshold depressive symptoms and A1c variations independent of glycemia, diabetes distress, 33:4 Q 1:11–12; 3:13,15 treatment with comorbid Schizophrenia, with dementia, 24:3 33:22 Quality of care, 41:1–19 depressive episode likelihood, 33:9 type 1 diabetes risk and psychological age-related differences in risk factor diabetes by age distribution, 8:7 stress, 11:15 control, 41:6–7,9,12 diabetes in older adults, 16:3 Psychosomatic symptom checklist, 27:2 appropriate measurements for, 41:11–12 differences in stroke in diabetes, 19:7 Psychotropic medications blood pressure, 41:6 ESRD variations, 22:29,58 for addressing diabetes risks, 33:22 blood pressure control, 41:4–5 high-risk groups for, 15:9–10 mood stabilization with, 33:21–22 clinical practice guidelines, 41:2–3 metabolic syndrome stratification by, type 2 diabetes risks with, 33:24 defining quality care, 41:1–2 13:21 PTF1A (pancreas 1A) evidence base for definition, 41:2–3 MODY epidemiology, 7:4 gene, 7:11 foot and eye care with diabetes, 41:7 overweight in diabetes in youth, 15:12 PTPN22 gene geriatric diabetes care standards, 16:16 pediatric screening recommendations, dietary exposure interactions, 11:16 glycemic control, 41:3–4,5–6 1:14 mode of delivery interaction, 11:17 high-quality care definitions, 41:2 prediabetes prevalence, 3:13 single nucleotide polymorphism variant, improvements needed, 41:13 preexisting diabetes with pregnancy, 12:11 measurement tool for, 41:10,11 5:17–19 type 1 diabetes association with, 11:3; monitoring groups for, 41:2 projections for type 1 diabetes, 2:10 12:1; 32:15 performance measures and improvement “stroke belt” region, 19:7 type 1 diabetes risk, 11:16; 12:6 initiatives, 41:10–11 “stroke buckle” region, 19:7 PTRF gene psychiatric/psychosocial issues in, 41:12 trends in diabetes in youth, 15:6 caveolin-1 and -3 regulation, 7:16 racial/ethnic differences in risk factor type 1 diabetes prevalence and incidence, in congenital generalized lipodystrophy, control, 41:5–6,8,12 2:5,6 7:15,16 regional variations in, 41:12 type 2 diabetes mutations with congenital generalized retinopathy care, 41:5 prevalence and incidence, 3:8,12–13 lipodystrophy, 7:1 risk factor control trends, 41:2–10 risk factors, 13:3–4 Puberty risk factor management for, 41:3,6–7 variants in specific populations, 14:6 retinopathy relationship to, 21:23 for special populations, 41:12 type 2 diabetes prevalence and incidence, type 1 diabetes mortality onset at, 35:6 trends in children and adolescents, 41:12 3:5 Public health surveillance/implications Quality of life types 1 and 2 diabetes in youth, 15:2 of childhood/adolescent diabetes, 2:4 bone and joint complications, 32:1,14 Raloxifene, 32:14 classification for pediatric surveillance with diabetes in youth, 33:4 Ramipril (ACEI), 19:12; 22:49; 38:9 in, 15:4 disability effects on, 34:1–2 Rancho Bernardo Study definition,2 :5 with distal symmetrical polyneuropathy, A1c levels and FPG comparisons, 1:15 oral health-diabetes links, 31:41 23:5 cognitive decline with diabetes, 24:8 surveillance of type 1 diabetes, 2:4 for ethnic minorities with diabetes, 33:23

Index–52 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

coronary artery calcification and subclin- with obstructive sleep apnea, 25:19–20 Respiratory tract infections ical heart disease, 18:10 sleep and circadian disturbances, influenza and pneumonia,30 :7–8 stroke risk with diabetes, 19:6 25:19–20 sinusitis and bronchitis, 30:8 type 2 diabetes/testosterone level associ- in stroke etiology and diabetes, 19:3 tuberculosis, 30:17–18 ation, 13:20 Reasons for Geographic and Racial Restriction fragment length polymorphisms weight loss/mortality association with Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, in type 2 diabetes, 14:2 diabetes, 16:10 19:7–8 Retinal arteriolar emboli, 21:38 Random plasma glucose Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC), Retinal microaneurysm, 21:12 confirmation of diagnosis,1 :16 1:9; 12:10; 13:24 Retinal vein occlusion, 21:38 for high risk for diabetes, 1:6 Receptor for AGEs (RAGE) Retinopathy. See also Visual impairment Randomized controlled trials (RCTs). See diabetes development, 19:10 A1c association with, 1:12 also specific studies and trials links to glycemia, 24:4 age and duration of diabetes, 21:8–9 ACE trial, 38:11 serum soluble RAGE and heart disease, APOE epsilon4 allele polymorphism, 21:25 ACT NOW study, 38:10 19:11 BMI association with, 21:25–26 Canadian Normoglycemia Outcomes Reduced kidney function, 22:3 care of persons with retinopathy, Evaluation, 38:9–10 Reduction of Endpoints in Non-insulin 21:30–32 challenges of implementation, 38:1–2 dependent diabetes with the Angiotensin cataract surgery with, 21:35 control of risk factors for heart disease, II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) study, characteristics of, 21:12 18:18–19 22:32,49 comorbidity and mortality, 21:29–30 CPAP treatment for obstructive sleep Relative insulin deficiency cost-effectiveness of detection, 21:30–31 apnea, 25:18 etiology of, 1:3 diabetic management effects on, critique of, 38:13–17 type 2 diabetes in youth, 15:2 21:12–13 Da Qing Lifestyle Modification, 38:5,17 REM (rapid-eye movement) sleep epsilon4 allele polymorphism, 21:25 Diabetes and Atorvastatin (DIATOR) Trial, in normal sleep, 25:1 examinations in high-risk populations, 37:14 during pregnancy, 25:21 21:33 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial prevalence of sleep apnea with, 25:17 geographic atrophy with non-proliferative (DCCT). See DCCT study. Renal agenesis, 5:60,65 retinopathy, 21:38 in diabetes prevention, 38:1–14 Renal failure. See Kidney failure glycemia level assessment, 1:16 treatment outcomes, Renal hypoplasia, 5:60 glycemic measures for, 1:13–14 20:22 Renal insufficiency/dysfunction. See also incidence in type 1 vs. type 2 diabetes, DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials, Diabetic kidney disease 21:16–18 21:24–25 effects on glycated hemoglobin, 1:12 ischemic hypoxic nonproliferative phase, discussion of prevention trials, 38:13–16 metformin-associated lactic acidosis, 17:8 21:12 DREAM study, 38:9 peripheral arterial disease association, Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules and, 22:7 extended follow-up beyond hyperglycemia, 20:9 long-term effects of pregnancy on, 5:27 38:12–13 pregnancy effects on, 5:29 macular edema with, 21:16–18 Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, 38:5–6 type 1 diabetes mortality, 35:11 medical interventions for, 21:30 gestational diabetes treatment effects, Renal papillary necrosis microaneurysms in, 1:16 4:10–11 infections with type 1 diabetes, 28:20 with nephropathy, 5:29 IDPP study, 38:8 prevalence with diabetes, 22:56 new interventions for treatment, 21:29–30 intensive glycemic control, 18:13–14 Renalase, 12:8 pathogenesis, 21:25 Lifestyle Intervention in Japanese Men Renin-Angiotensin System Study (RASS), photocoagulation treatment of, 21:7 with IGT, 38:8,10–11 21:25 pregestational diabetes, 5:26–28 mild gestational diabetes treatment, 4:10 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in presymptomatic diabetes diagnosis, 1:1 NAVIGATOR trial, 38:9 (RAAS) prevalence, 1:9; 21:12–16 Orlistat, 38:5 cardiovascular event reduction with, 38:12 prevalence in early pregnancy, 5:26 periodontal therapy and glycemic control, combined hormonal contraception effects, progression risk during pregnancy, 5:26 31:12–14 5:13 public health applications of data on, REPAIR T1D, 37:14 early treatment benefits, 22:16 21:30–33 SEQUEL/CONQUER studies, 38:10 kidney injury with dual therapy, 22:49 quality of care with, 41:5 STOP-NIDDM trial, 38:8 renoprotective effect in type 2 diabetes, risk factors for, 21:7,19 –30 TODAY study, 15:18 22:49 self-reported prevalence of, 41:5 Troglitazone in Prevention of Diabetes, stimulation by oral contraceptives vs. three-step progression of, 15:18; 21:21 4:12; 38:8 transdermal patch, 5:13 RFX6 (regulatory factor X, 6) gene muta- type 2 diabetes prevention, 38:1–11 REPAIR T1D, 37:14 tions, 7:11 voglibose trial, 38:9 Reproductive Risks of Incontinence Study Rheumatoid arthritis Zensharen study, 38:10 at Kaiser (RRISK) frequency in diabetic persons, 32:1 Rapid-acting insulin, 6:7 sexual dysfunction in women, 28:20 genetic associations with type 1 diabetes Rapid-eye movement sleep. See REM urinary incontinence remission, 28:16 and, 32:15 (rapid-eye movement) sleep urinary tract symptoms in minorities, intestinal microbiota association, 11:8 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 28:11 parvovirus association with, 11:8 formation of, 25:20 Resistin, 25:20 prevalence in with diabetes, 32:17 in neuropathy pathogenesis, 23:7 Respiratory distress, 5:67–68 with Turner syndrome, 6:17

Index–53 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis, 17:3; 30:16 S postpartum after gestational diabetes, Rhizopus species, 30:5 13:21 Ricin A-chain, 37:11 San Antonio Heart Study (SAHS) prevalence of screening, 1:25 Rifampicin, 30:17 insulinogenic index and type 2 diabetes retinopathy and, 1:16 Risk factor clustering. See Metabolic risk, 13:17–18 screening cutpoints for type 2 diabetes, syndrome metabolic syndrome prevalence, 13:22 1:25–26 Risk factors for diabetes metabolic syndrome traits and diabetes screening for type 2 diabetes, 1:22–27 bidirectional periodontitis relationship, risk, 13:24 screening results with type 1 diabetes, 31:24 risk for type 2 diabetes, 13:17 1:26–28 congenital syndromes, 6:16 San Luis Valley Study, 23:9–10 skin autofluorescence,1 :15–16 enteroviral infections and type 1 diabetes, Sarcopenia type 1 diabetes diagnostic criteria, 11:6 diabetes-related disability, 34:1,11 1:3,27–28 glycemic, 1:16 in geriatric population, 16:1,5,10 type 2 diabetes diagnostic criteria, hypoglycemia, 17:10–11 in older adults, 16:1 1:3–4,22–23 intrauterine growth retardation, 6:18 risk of falls and, 16:15 type 2 diabetes prevalence in youth, 1:14 malnutrition, 6:18 Sardinia, type 1 diabetes risk in, 12:4 venues for, 1:23–24 mitochondrial diabetes, 6:18 Saudi Arabian screening in dental clinics, Screening for Impaired Glucose Tolerance periodontitis-diabetes common risks, 1:24 study, 1:11 31:23 Scandinavian countries Sea Island Gullah African Americans, 31:21. for retinopathy (diabetic), 21:19–30 susceptibility haplotypes in, 12:4 See also Black/African American transplant recipients, 6:17–18 type 1 diabetes incidence in children, 2:10 SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth type 1 diabetes, 11:1–29 Schizophrenia by age in U.S. populations, 3:4–5 type 2 diabetes, 13:1–37 atypical antipsychotic medications in, 6:11 birth-month pattern/seasonal variation, 2:7 unique populations at risk, 6:17–18 common risk factors for diabetes, 33:24 cardiac autonomic neuropathy, 15:27; Risk score for autoantibody-positive rela- impaired glucose metabolism with, 33:22 23:13 tives, 1:28 psychiatric/psychosocial issues, 33:22 carotid intima media thickness, 15:34–37 Risk scores from clinical factors schizophrenia/autism risks with maternal childhood diabetes and viral infections, for autoantibody-positive relatives of diabetes, 5:76; 33:21 6:4–5 persons with type 1 diabetes, 1:28 type 2 diabetes risk factors, 6:11; classification with autoantibodies/insulin predictive value of, 1:23 33:21–22 sensitivity, 2:3–4; 15:3–4 Rituximab, 37:13 Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research composition of population for, 15:5 RNLS gene Team (PORT), 33:22 depression and quality-of-life measures, age at onset of type 1 diabetes, 12:12 Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients 33:4 type 1 diabetes risk, 12:8 (SRTR), 26:2,11 by diabetes autoantibodies, 2:3 Rochester, Minnesota cohort, 32:2–3 Scotland antenatal centers, long-term diabetes in offspring after gestational Rogers syndrome, 7:8 effects of intrauterine hyperglycemia, diabetes, 4:12 Rose questionnaire for peripheral arterial 4:12–13 diabetes prevalence/incidence, 15:9 disease, 20:3 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network women of childbearing age, 5:4,6 Rosiglitazone (SIGN) in youth, 15:4 bone loss and fractures with, 32:12 prognostic system for foot ulcers, 20:22 distal symmetric polyneuropathy preva- Canadian Normoglycemia Outcomes risk classification for diabetes,20 :21 lence, 23:10 Evaluation, 38:9–10 Screening for diabetes, 1:6–29 DKA prevalence/incidence at onset/diag- cancer risk in preclinical studies, 29:11 awareness before screening, 1:27 nosis, 15:17; 17:2 cognitive decline prevention, 24:13 cost-effectiveness of screening, 1:27 dyslipidemia, 15:33 combination with metformin, 15:18; cutpoints for, 1:25–26 elevated albumin:creatinine ratio, 15:20 38:9,13 early screening benefits, 1:24–25 elevated blood pressure, 15:33 for diabetes prevention, 38:9 economic analysis of screening, 1:27 etiologic classification for,2 :3–4 diabetes risk reduction with, 38:13 genetic testing for, 1:16 geographical regions used, 15:4 myocardial infarction risk with, 24:13 for gestational diabetes, 1:28–29; 4:2 by glutamic acid decarboxylase autoanti- reduction of diabetes risk, 38:9,14 glycated albumin, 1:15 bodies, 2:3 safety update, 38:13 glycated hemoglobin, 1:7 glycemic control data, 15:28 use as insulin sensitizer, 24:4 glycemic tests for, 1:15 lifestyle characteristics Rotavirus infections, 11:8 high risk groups, 1:24 diabetes/prediabetes, 10:2,7,10 –11 Rotterdam Study, 38:11 lack of standardized classification, 2:12 smoking, 10:16–17 R-R interval measures, 23:7 microaneurysms at diagnosis, 1:16 metformin treatment for type 2 diabetes, RRISK 2, 28:20–21 patients with neuropathy, 1:16 15:18 Rubella virus in patients with serious mental illness, minority/ethnic projections from, 2:10 congenital infection and diabetes, 11:8 33:21 MODY epidemiology, 7:4 type 2 diabetes risk factors, 11:15 in pediatric age group, 1:14 obesity and insulin resistance, 15:34 Russia, mortality in childhood-onset type 1 plasma glucose measurements, 1:13–14 peripheral neuropathy with type 1 and diabetes, 35:12 positive A1c vs. oral glucose tolerance type 2 diabetes, 15:27 test, 1:26 populations monitored, 2:2

Index–54 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

race/ethnicity patterns in type 2 diabetes Serum soluble RAGE (sRAGE), heart sex-specific differences in mortality, and prediabetes, 3:5 disease association, 19:10–11 36:5–7 retinopathy prevalence/incidence in Severe albuminuria. See Macroalbuminuria stroke risk with diabetes, 19:5–7 minority youth, 15:18 Severe insulin deficiency in thyroid cancer occurrence, 29:10 risk for chronic complications, 5:7 monogenic diabetes, 7:2 total calories consumed, 10:2 type 1 diabetes type 1 diabetes, 1:3–4 type 1 diabetes mortality by sex, 35:6–7 complications and insulin use, 15:17 Sex differences type 1b diabetes, 6:18 prevalence/incidence age <20 years, A1c and cancer risk, 29:4 in type 2 diabetes and alcohol consump- 2:5 A1c in prediction of incident diabetes, 1:20 tion, 13:9 racial/ethnic variation, 2:6–7; 15:6 in A1c levels, 1:11 type 2 diabetes incidence in girls vs. boys, risk factors, 15:11 adiposity of offspring from gestational 3:16 trends in adolescents, 1:14 diabetes, 4:12 type 2 diabetes/prediabetes prevalence, in youth, 2:9 age distribution by sex, 8:7 3:5 type 2 diabetes prevalence/incidence alcohol consumption, 10:9–10 visual impairment, 21:3,9 data collection, 3:4 cardiovascular mortality risk with diabetes, Sexual dysfunction with diabetes (female) diagnosed diabetes incidence, 36:8 definition of,28 :20 3:16–17 with cataracts in type 2 diabetes, 21:33 insulin-treated type 2 diabetes, 28:20–21 ever vs. never breastfeeding, 5:74 chronic kidney disease risk factors, 22:12 mechanisms of, 28:21 pediatric diabetes data, 15:10 constipation/laxative used in diabetes, symptoms of, 23:4 sex differences in, 3:5 27:2 type 1 diabetes, 28:21 trends in adolescents, 3:17 coronary artery calcification scores, Sexual dysfunction with diabetes (male). in utero diabetes exposure, 4:12; 15:37–38 See also Urologic disease in diabetes 13:13 depression risks for, 33:9 data sources and limitations, 28:6 in youth, 3:16 diagnosed, undiagnosed, and total type 2 diabetes association in, 28:9–10 U.S. centers for, 15:4 diabetes prevalence, 3:10–11 erectile dysfunction defined,28 :6 Seasonality diagnosed diabetes, 3:16 measurement and classification,28 :6 birth of children with type 1 diabetes, diagnosed diabetes prevalence, 3:5–6; pathophysiology and comorbid conditions, 11:11 16:2 28:6–7 diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, 11:3 in disability with diabetes, 34:11 prevalence, 28:7–8 onset of type 1 diabetes at age <20 years, dysglycemia prevalence in men, 3:14 prevalence and incidence with diabetes, 2:7–9 eating disorders in females age <20 years, 28:8 Seattle risk score for diabetic foot ulcer, 33:19 treatment recommendations, 28:9–10 20:21 fractures with type 2 diabetes, 32:4–5 SGLT2 (sodium glucose transporter-2) Second International Workshop-Conference gallstone disease, 26:13–15 inhibitor, 18:15 on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus hand osteoarthritis, 32:12 SGSM2 gene, 14:6 glucose measures for screening, 4:2 in hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, 17:6 SH2B3 gene, 12:6 screening time recommendations, 4:4 hyperinsulinemia/heart disease associa- Shift work Secondary diabetes, 1:4 tion in, 18:11 sleep and circadian disturbances, Second-generation antipsychotics. See idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, 32:17 25:24–30 Atypical antipsychotic medications increased prevalence of diabetes, 3:19 type 2 diabetes risk with, 13:15 Seipin, 7:15–16 late neonatal deaths, 5:48 SHORT (Short Stature, Hyperextensibility Selective IgA deficiency in celiac disease, lifestyle intervention, 38:17 of and/or Inguinal Hernia, Ocular 27:9 lung cancer mortality rates, 29:8 Depression, Reiger Anomaly, and Self and non-self, 12:2 macroalbuminuria prevalence, 22:12 Teething Delay) Syndrome, 9:26 Semmes-Weinstein monofilament (SWM), metabolic syndrome prevalence, Shortened crown-rump length, 5:67 20:18; 23:5 13:21,23–24 Shoulder dystocia Senile lens changes. See Cataracts microalbuminuria prevalence, 22:12 cerebral palsy and, 5:49 Sepsis. See also Infections associated with mortality in childhood-onset type 1 with gestational diabetes treatment, diabetes diabetes, 35:12 4:3,10 with chronic kidney disease, 22:22 mortality rates with hematologic cancers, macrosomia and, 5:56 with diabetes-associated infections, 29:10 reduced risk with gestational diabetes 30:14–15 mortality trends in type 2 diabetes, 36:11 treatment, 4:3 diagnosis with foot ulcers, 30:13 musculoskeletal disorder in upper in small-for-gestational age, 5:33 maternal mortality from, 5:24 extremity, 32:18 with vaginal delivery, 5:56–59 precipitation by lactic acidosis, 17:8 obesity, diabetes, and heart disease, 18:6 Sickness Impact Profile, 20:25 SEQUEL secondary analysis on weight loss, peripheral arterial disease prevalence, Signaling pathways 38:10 20:5 cascade initiated by insulin receptor, 7:12 Sequence tag sites in type 2 diabetes, 14:1 prediabetes prevalence, 3:13 hormone-sensitive lipase activation, 25:19 Seroconversion prediabetes/type 2 diabetes, 3:10–12 impaired C-peptide-related, 23:7 antibodies in type 1 diabetes progression, prevalence of type 2 diabetes, 3:19–20 inflammatory response in kidney disease, 37:2 in retinopathy and visual impairment, 21:9 22:8 beta cell injury manifestation, 37:2 sex distribution with diabetes, 8:4 to melanocortin receptors in obesity, 7:11 melatonin, 25:19

Index–55 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B, 22:42 sleep fragmentation and shallow sleep, sex distribution, 8:4 placental contribution with cytokines, 5:67 25:6–9 diabetes characteristics Sildenafil, 28:10 sympathetic nervous system activity, age at diagnosis, 8:8 Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant, 25:10 duration, 8:8–9 39:9 systemic inflammatory response, 25:10 employment characteristics Single gene defects. See Monogenic forms of type 2 diabetes risk factors, 13:14–15; current occupations of workers, diabetes 25:1–44 8:18–19 Single nucleotide polymorphism genotype, type 2 diabetes sleep breathing disorders, hours worked when employed, 8:18 12:7 25:20–21 past 12 months, 8:15 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Sleep Heart Health Study, 25:14,20 prior week, 8:15 association with retinopathy, 21:29 Slow wave sleep (SWS), 25:1,21 reason for not working in prior week, diabetic kidney disease association, 22:43 Small area estimation (SAE) method, 31:6 8:15 effect of acarbose on prevention, 38:11 Small fiber neuropathies (SFN), 23:3 type of employer, 8:15–18 GWAS identification correlated, 14:10 Small-for-gestational age (SGA) veteran status, 8:18 importance of, 14:2–3 chronic hypertension/gestational diabetes, NHANES data, 8:3 linkage mapping, 12:6 5:33 NHIS data, 8:3 metformin treatment interaction, 38:11 growth restriction definition, 5:49 place of residence relation to age at onset, 12:12 intellectual performance and, 5:75 metropolitan/nonmetropolitan county, in type 1 diabetes, 12:4–5 with macrosomia trend effects on, 5:55 8:9 type 1 diabetes risk association, 12:6 with maternal diabetes, 5:55 state of U.S., 8:9 type 2 diabetes, 38:11 planned preterm delivery with, 5:45 time in U.S. for immigrants, 8:10 in type 2 diabetes mortality, 14:1 shoulder dystocia risk, 5:33 race/ethnicity distributions, 8:4,6–7 Sitagliptin Smoking reported health insurance benefits, 8:19 lansoprazole combination use, 37:14 after diagnosis of diabetes, 1:27 sex distribution, 8:4 pancreatic cancer/pancreatitis risks with, arterial disease and amputation associa- social and health benefits,8 :19 29:12 tions, 20:25 socioeconomic characteristics trends in use of, 39:3–4 association with chronic kidney damage, cohabitation type, 8:11 22:36–37 education, 8:12 AGPAT2 isoform expression in, 7:15 cessation and type 2 diabetes risks, 33:22 family income, 8:12 exercise effects on, 13:11; 17:10 congenital malformation prediction by, family size, 8:12 impaired insulin signaling in, 6:15 5:10 marital status, 8:11 insulin resistance in, 15:2 covariates for cardiovascular risk, poverty income ratio, 8:12–13 LMNA gene mutations, 7:19 18:12–13 type 2 diabetes risk factors, 13:15 postprandial hyperglycemia, 14:6 with diabetes, 10:16–17 undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes, sympathetic activation effects on, 25:19 dose-response relation to type 2 diabetes 8:20 TBC1D4 level in, 14:6 risk, 13:15 U.S. region of residence, 8:9–10 wasting with neuropathy, 23:5 geriatric diabetic population, 16:6 world region of residence, 8:10 Skin autofluorescence, 1:15–16 incidence of intermittent claudication, Socioeconomic status (SES) SLC19A2 (thiamine transporter) gene, 7:8 20:6 association with depression symptoms SLC29A3 gene mutation, 7:8–9 incidence or progression of retinopathy with diabetes, 33:9 SLC30A8 gene with, 21:27 association with retinopathy, 21:29–30 type 2 diabetes association, 14:10 with mood disorders, 33:23 diabetic kidney disease risk factor, 22:30 zinc transporter variant, 13:5 pregnancy-related myocardial infarction likelihood of psychiatric disorders with, SLC47A1 gene, metformin response associ- risk, 5:23 33:23 ation, 38:11 risk factor for periodontitis, 31:23 mortality risk for type 1 diabetes, 35:10 Sleep and circadian disturbances risk factors for diabetic kidney disease, risk factors for diabetic kidney disease, adipocyte function, 25:11 22:36–37 22:30 appetite-regulating hormones, 25:10–11 type 1 diabetes mortality, 35:11 type 1 diabetes mortality, 35:10 brain glucose utilization, 25:10 Smooth muscle type 2 diabetes association, 13:14 circadian system and glucose metabolism, in bladder outlet obstruction, 28:6 type 2 diabetes risk factors, 13:13–14 25:24–30 hyperglycemia effects on, 20:1 Sodium-lithium countertransport activity, gestational diabetes risk with, 25:21 proinflammatory process in, 19:3 22:32 growth hormone changes, 25:10 in prostate, 28:2,4 Soluble CTLA4Ig. See Abatacept hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and, Social phobia, 33:16 South Americans. See Central/South 25:10 Sociodemographic characteristics, 8:1–67 Americans insomnia and diabetes risk, 25:6–9 age distribution with diabetes, 8:4 South Carolina insufficient sleep,25 :2–6 communication characteristics cesarean delivery in diabetic women, 5:46 long sleep duration impact, 25:11 household telephone access, 8:14 dyslipidemia and glycemic control in youth, metabolic pathways involved, 25:10 main interview language, 8:14 15:33 obstructive sleep apnea, 25:12–20 data sources and limitations, 8:2–3 oral health with diabetes, 31:21 during pregnancy and gestational diabetes, demographic characteristics pediatric diabetes trends, 15:4 25:21–24 age distribution, 8:4 pregestational diabetes prevalence during age distribution by sex, 8:7 pregnancy, 5:18

Index–56 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, 3:4 “Stress” hyperglycemia, 19:9 stroke subtypes, 19:8–9 racial/ethnic differences in stroke in Stroke and diabetes, 19:1–23 transient ischemic attack, 19:2 diabetes, 19:7 age and sex difference in stroke risk, UKPDS Risk Engine, 19:11 U.S. vs. non-U.S. countries diabetes prev- 19:5–7 in young persons, 19:8 alence, 2:2 albuminuria risk prediction for, 19:10 “Stroke belt” region, 19:7 South Dakota. See also American Indian/ antiplatelet use, 19:14 “Stroke buckle” region, 19:7 Alaska Native atrial fibrillation,19 :17 Strong Heart Study albuminuria with type 2 diabetes, autonomic neuropathy risk prediction for, albumin:creatinine ratio as cardiovascular 22:18,30 19:11 disease predictor, 22:19,21 metabolic syndrome in, 13:23 blood pressure management, 19:12 albuminuria with type 2 diabetes, 22:18 Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, 7:11 carotid and vertebral artery disease treat- lipoprotein concentration and elevated Spontaneous abortion ment, 19:14–17 albuminuria risk, 22:32 early fetal loss rate, 5:35–36 carotid revascularization in, 19:16–17 metabolic syndrome prevalence, 13:23 maternal mortality ratio in, 5:22 classification of,19 :2,3 neuropathy prevalence, 23:10 Stage 1 type 1 diabetes criteria, 37:2 clinical definition,19 :1 stroke occurrence in, 19:8 Stage 2 type 1 diabetes criteria, 37:3 clinical presentation and topography of, Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), Stage 3 type 1 diabetes criteria, 37:3 19:3 31:21,33,34 Staphylococcus aureus, 30:8,12–13,14,16 coronary artery disease, 19:17 Study of Heart and Renal Protection Staphylococcus epidermidis, 30:16 definition of, 19:1,2 (SHARP), 22:52 Staphylococcus pyogenes, 30:14 before or during delivery, 5:22 Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF), Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 30:9 dementia risks with, 24:3 32:2–3,8,16; 34:11 State Inpatient Databases, 5:18 diabetes as independent risk factor, 19:17 Study of Thymoglobulin to ARrest Type 1 Statin therapy. See also Dyslipidemia disability association with, 34:8 diabetes (START), 37:13 combined with ezetimibe, 22:52 disease course and prognosis, 19:17 Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation diabetic patient expenditures for, 40:63 dyslipidemia management, 19:12–13 (SWAN), 28:14,16 dyslipidemia management, 18:16 epidemiology in diabetes, 19:4 Study to Help Improve Early Evaluation and expenditures for, 40:66 extracranial carotid and vertebral artery Management of Risk Factors Leading to genetic association with hard exudates disease treatment, 19:14–16 Diabetes (SHIELD), 10:12 in, 21:25 glycemic control, 19:13–14 Sulfonylurea medications in geriatric population, 16:14 hypercoagulability risk prediction for, 19:11 acute metabolic complications with, 17:10 modification of ESRD risk with, 22:32 hyperglycemia risk prediction for, 19:9 CYP2C9, 14:9 preconception use of, 5:36 hypertension/blood pressure control, fracture rates with, 32:12 pregnancy loss with exposure to, 5:36 19:11–12 glucose intolerance progression to use in early pregnancy, 5:11 hypertension/systolic blood pressure diabetes effects, 1:19 Steno Hospital/Clinic studies management, 19:11–12 insulin secretagogue action of, 16:16 cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy incidence and prevalence in types 1 and 2 KCNJ11/ABCC8 target encoding for, 14:11 intervention, 23:13 diabetes, 19:4–5 in MODY, 7:6 cause-specific mortality, 35:9 inflammation/CRP risk prediction for, in treatment of neonatal diabetes mellitus, intensive treatment of cardiovascular risk 19:10 7:10 factors, 16:14 insulin resistance risk prediction for, trends in use of, 39:2 legal blindness with retinopathy, 21:7 19:9–10 use in geriatric population, 16:14 life expectancy improvement with type 1 insulin-like growth factor 1 in risk predic- Sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1) diabetes, 35:5 tion, 19:11 encoding for, 7:5

life expectancy trend, 35:5 ischemic and hemorrhagic, 19:2 in KATP channel, 7:5 multifactorial intervention, 18:18; 22:2,16 lifestyle interventions, 19:11 neonatal diabetes mellitus and, 7:10 multifactorial intervention for kidney lipid assessment for vascular disease, 18:8 Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), 25:24 disease, 22:54 magnitude of diabetes/heart disease risk, Surrogate markers specific-cause mortality with type 1 18:7–8 for Alzheimer’s disease, 24:4 diabetes, 35:9 metabolic syndrome, 19:10 for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 26:3 visual impairment incidence, 21:7 metabolic syndrome risk prediction for, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Stiff man syndrome, 6:15 19:10 Results Program (SEER), 29:7 Stillbirth (fetal death). See Fetal demise migraine history and, 5:22 Surveillance, HIT-based systems, 2:12 Stillbirth Collaborative Research Group obstructive sleep apnea risk prediction Susceptibility genes and loci population-based, case-controlled, 5:37 for, 19:10 APOE-ε4 for late-onset dementia, 24:3 risk of stillbirth with diabetes, 5:43 pathophysiology in diabetes, 19:3 CTLA4 gene, 11:16; 12:6–7 Stimulated C-peptide response peripheral vascular disease, 19:17 for ESRD, 22:43 defining type 1 diabetes,2 :3 pregestational diabetes and, 5:22–23 IL2RA/CD25 gene for type 1 diabetes, evaluation of beta cell function, 37:7 race/ethnicity differences in, 19:7–8 12:6 in “remission” in cyclosporine trials, 37:7 receptor for AGEs risk prediction, KIAA0350 gene for autoimmune disease, STOP-NIDDM (Study to Prevent Non-Insulin- 19:10–11 12:6 Dependent Diabetes Mellitus), 38:8 risk predictors for, 19:9–11 SH2B3 (12q24), 12:6 acarbose in prevention study, 38:8,12 risk with peripheral arterial disease, 20:14 type 1 diabetes, 12:6 gene polymorphism evaluation in, 38:11 stroke risk factors in type 2 diabetes, 19:1 for type 1 diabetes, 12:6–8

Index–57 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

type 1 diabetes, 12:8 T functional limitations with diagnosed type 1 diabetes risk factors, 12:6 diabetes, 34:9 Swedish Childhood Diabetes Registry, 2:10 T lymphocytes/cells. See also Immune geriatric diabetes cost projections, 16:17 Swedish Medical Birth Registry Tolerance Network gestational diabetes prevalence, 4:7,11 brachial plexus palsy, 5:58–59 autoimmune destruction of beta cells, hospitalization/hospital utilization with mothers with type 1 diabetes, 5:70 15:2 diabetes, 40:28–32 ponderal index use, 5:56 autoimmune gastritis, 27:15 in hyperinsulinemia prevalence, 13:18 Swedish National Registry, 22:12–14 in autoimmunity development, 12:11 lower extremity amputation frequency, Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS), 29:6 in diabetes immune response, 37:2 20:23 Swedish studies effects of vitamin D on response by, 11:11 maternal death from sepsis, 5:24 Apgar scores in macrosomia, 5:56 foreign peptide recognition, 12:2–3 medication use and self-care practices, blood pressure and heart disease associ- immune response to gluten, 27:9 39:3–4 ation, 18:9 immune tolerance intervention studies, mortality from hyperglycemic hyperos- cancer risks with glargine insulin, 29:11 37:13 molar state, 17:6 cardiovascular risk with metabolic infiltration of kidney interstitium, 22:9 national estimates of disability and causes, syndrome traits, 18:9 MHC role in type 1 diabetes risk, 12:2 34:9 cesarean delivery in diabetic women, 5:46 peptide antigen presentation for activation, national trends in type 2 diabetes mortality, change in type 1 diabetes genotype, 11:3 12:2–3 36:10 diabetes association with prostate size, response to infection with diabetes, 30:11 obesity in Pima Indians, 22:37 28:4–5 in type 1 diabetes, 12:2–3 physical activity levels, 10:12 diabetes registries, 2:5 in type 1 diabetes immune response, 37:2 population factors in increased prevalence, fetal sex-associated risk, 5:66 T1D Exchange Clinic Registry, 15:17,20 3:19 Malmöhus County, Sweden, 38:2–3 Taiwan National Health Insurance Database, prediabetes prevalence, 3:20 mild/severe preeclampsia/eclampsia, 5:34 29:8 preexisting diabetes with pregnancy, 4:7–8 prevalence of albuminuria, 22:12–14 Taiwanese studies. See Chinese/Taiwanese pregestational type 1 diabetes in preg- prevalence of DKA at onset, 15:17 studies nancy, 5:16 proinsulin prediction of heart disease, Targeted genotyping arrays, 14:6 prevalence of low filtration rate with 18:11 TBC1D4 gene diabetes, 22:12 pulmonary embolism risk factors, 5:23–24 Greenlandic population, 14:6 prevalence of persistent albuminuria with residual brachial plexus palsy effects, 5:59 trans-ethnic meta-analyses, 14:3–6 diabetes, 22:12 school performance of offspring of TCF7L2 gene, 14:1 retinopathy in youth-onset, 15:18 diabetic women, 5:75 incidence prediction, 38:11 smoking prevalence with diabetes, sex differences in fetal demise, 5:43 noncoding variant in, 14:2 10:17–18 stroke association with maternal diabetes, risk factor for type 2 diabetes, 1:16; 7:11 total diabetes prevalence, 3:19 5:22 rs7903146 SNP relationship, 14:1,10–11 type 1 diabetes Swedish Childhood Diabetes Registry, 2:10 in type 2 diabetes, 14:1,6 incidence in youth, 2:9–10; 11:1 weight loss and cancer association, 29:6 TEDDY study mortality, 35:5 Sympathetic nervous system activity DKA prevalence at onset, 15:17 prevalence and incidence in adults, autonomic dysfunction with distal symmet- islet autoimmunity data, 11:2; 12:12 2:11–12 rical polyneuropathy, 23:5 islet autoimmunity triggers, 15:10; 37:2 type 2 diabetes effects on skeletal muscle, 25:19 longitudinal studies, 15:10 mortality, 36:1–14 lipolytic effects of, 25:11,19 viruses in causation of type 1 diabetes, prevalence/incidence in adolescents, in obstructive sleep apnea, 25:20 11:8; 12:12 3:16 on prostate smooth muscle, 28:4 Temporal trends types 1 and 2 diabetes in pregnancy trend, during REM-related sleep apnea, 25:17 American Indian population youth, 3:17 5:14 sleep and circadian disturbances, 25:19 cardiovascular mortality trends, 36:10–11 in visual impairment with diabetes, 21:3 with sleep disturbances, 25:10 change in type 1 diabetes genotype, 11:3 Tennessee Sympathomimetic agents, hyperglycemic changes in age at onset of diabetes, 15:1 mortality comparison to general popula- hyperosmolar state precipitation, 17:6–7 childhood diabetes data for type 1 tion, 35:5 Symptom turnover, 27:5 diabetes, 15:6 racial/ethnic differences in stroke in Systemic inflammatory response. See also childhood diabetes data for type 2 diabetes, 19:7 Inflammatory response diabetes, 15:9–10 Teplizumab abdominal obesity enhancement of, 25:20 chronic hypertension with pregestational anti-CD3 intervention studies, 37:11 adipocytokines/adipokines and, 25:10 diabetes and age, 5:33 effects on beta cell function, 37:5,12 C-reactive protein association with, diabetes in geriatric population, 16:3 in prevention of type 1 diabetes, 37:6–7 13:18–19 in diabetes in U.S. youth, 1:14,54 Teratogenic effects gingivitis effect on, 31:25 diabetes medication use, 39:3 first trimester drug use, 5:10 glucose metabolism and, 25:10 in diagnosed diabetes, 3:17–19 glucose effects on malformations, 5:11 gut microbiome effects on, 11:8 diagnosed/undiagnosed diabetes preva- uncontrolled diabetic state, 5:66 with obstructive sleep apnea, 25:10,20 lence, 3:19–20 Texas. See also San Antonio Heart Study periodontal treatment and, 31:14,16 in economic impact of diabetes, 40:69–71 acute metabolic complications in youth, risk factor for stroke, 19:10 in Framingham Offspring Study, 13:18 15:17

Index–58 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

gallstone disease in Mexican Americans in well-controlled diabetes, 31:32 type 1 diabetes mortality, 35:11 with diabetes, 26:13 Toronto Consensus on Diabetic TRIGR (Trial to Reduce IDDM in the genetics of retinopathy, 21:29 Neuropathies, 23:5,6 Genetically at Risk) study heritability of retinopathy, 21:29 Total cholesterol breastfeeding vs. cow’s milk formula, total diabetes percentages, 8:9 diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes, 15:11 Texas University Classification (TUC) risk 9:19 cow’s milk formula exposure and autoim- classification for diabetic foot ulcers, ESRD association with, 22:32 munity development, 37:3 20:21,22 race/ethnicity prevalence, 3:12 enteroviral infections and autoimmunity, The Environmental Determinants of retinal hard exudate association with, 11:4–5 Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. See 21:25 Trisomy 21. See Down syndrome TEDDY study types 1 and 2 diabetes in youth, 15:33 Troglitazone The Health Improvement Network (THIN) Transcription factor 7-like 2 gene (TCF7L2). diabetes risk reduction with, 38:13 preexisting diabetes in pregnancy, 5:16 See TCF7L2 gene liver failure with, 32:12 venous thromboembolism risk with Transcription factor NEUROD1, 7:7 Troglitazone in Prevention of Diabetes pregestational diabetes, 5:23 Transcutaneous bilirubin estimates, 5:71 (TRIPOD) trials, 4:12; 38:8 Thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) Tropical diabetes, 6:18 (TRMA), 7:8 in diabetic kidney disease, 22:45,54 Tuberculosis, 30:17–18 Thiazide diuretics in diabetic nephropathy, 22:31 Tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state precipi- nicotine effects on, 22:37 22:2 tation by, 17:7 Transient ischemic attack (TIA) in diabetic kidney disease, 22:9 incident diabetes with thiazide, 6:12 carotid artery disease and, 19:17 in survival models for ESRD, 22:9 micro- and macrovascular event reduction, defined,19 :2–3 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) 19:12 Transient neonatal diabetes (TNDM) adipose tissue inflammatory pathway, Thiazolidinedione (TZD) medications chromosome 6q24, 7:9–10 13:19–20 bone loss and fractures with, 32:12 clinical presentation of, 7:10 etanercept blocking of, 37:14

cancer risks with, 29:11,13 KATP channel, 7:10 in insulin resistance, 13:19 cautions for use of, 38:16 Translating Research into Action for levels with sleep deprivation, 25:10 dementia prevention and treatment, 24:13 Diabetes (TRIAD) with obstructive sleep apnea, 25:20 glucose intolerance progression to barriers to self-care, 39:8 in type 1 diabetes immune response, 37:2 diabetes effects, 1:19 death certificate data for mortality,36 :3 type 2 diabetes risk factors, 13:19 oral glycemic control, 39:2 death certificate limitations for cause of Turner syndrome pioglitazone, 38:10 death, 36:3 diabetes risk with, 6:17 PPARG gene target coding, 14:11 smoking, 10:16–17 growth hormone in, 6:13 side effects of, 38:13 Transplant recipients, diabetes risk with, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) steatosis and steatohepatitis effects, 26:4 6:17–18 islet autoimmunity and, 11:12 trends in use of, 39:3–4 Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke type 1 diabetes risk and levels of, “Thrifty” obesity pathway, 15:12 Treatment, 19:2 11:11–12 Thymoglobulin (antithymocyte globulin) Trial to Evaluate Cardiovascular and Other type 2 diabetes incidence, 13:7 ATG, 37:13 Long-term Outcomes With in 2-hour plasma glucose (PG) Thyroid dysfunction, 6:15 Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN- A1c comparisons, 1:14–15 Time-related biases, 29:10 6), 18:16 by age stratification, 9:5 Tinea pedis, 20:18 TrialNet Natural History Study association with heart disease risk, 18:7 Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), 20:8 assays used for screening, 1:27–28 diagnostic criteria for diabetes, 1:2; 36:1 Tissue transglutaminase autoantigen (TTG) ZnT8 autoantibodies, 1:27–28 FPG comparison for prediction, 1:19 in celiac disease detection, 27:9–10 TrialNet Nutritional Intervention to Prevent glycated albumin correlation, 1:15 in nondiabetic high-risk children, 27:11 Type 1 Diabetes (NIP) in impaired glucose tolerance definition, TNF-beta NcoI gene, 21:29 monoclonal antibody studies, 37:6–7 1:18 TOAST classification (stroke), 19:2 nutritional supplements on type 1 diabetes, levels in undiagnosed diabetes, 9:5 TODAY (Treatment Options for Type 2 37:5 NHANES methods for, 9:2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth) study prevention of type 1 diabetes, 37:12–13 nonsense p.Arg684Ter variant, 14:6 albuminuria and renal failure risk, 15:24 Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 30:11 prediabetes criteria, 9:5 exercise recommendations by, 10:12 Trichophyton rubrum, 30:11 prediction of cardiovascular disease and kidney disease in youth-onset diabetes, Triglycerides, 9:21–22 mortality, 1:17 22:2 with cardiac autonomic neuropathy, 15:27 race/ethnicity variations in, 1:12 metformin and lifestyle intervention, 15:18 in diabetes, 1:2,6 TBC1D4 gene, 14:6 retinal evaluations in youth, 15:18 enzymes in biosynthesis, 7:15 undiagnosed diabetes detection by, 3:15 sedentary behavior in adolescents, 10:19 in familial partial lipodystrophies, 7:17 untreated diagnosed diabetes, 9:5 Tohono O’okham (Papago) Indian residents, fenofibrate studies,18 :16 Type 1 diabetes 31:15 in fetal overnutrition, 5:73 acute complications in youth, 15:17 , 38:2,5 heart disease association with, 18:8 albuminuria progression or regression, Tooth loss/missing teeth lower extremity amputation association 22:5–6 all-cause mortality association, 31:41 with, 20:25 autoantibodies in, 1:6 diabetes association with, 31:27–32 metabolic syndrome traits, 13:24 binge eating disorder prevalence in, 33:20

Index–59 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

biomarkers for initiation phases of, data for, 2:3 MHC loci, 12:2–5 12:11–12 race/ethnicity projections in youth, 2:10 non-MHC risk loci, 12:6 candidate genes for, 11:16 surveillance for, 2:12 with pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel celiac disease association, 27:11–12 trends in youth, 2:9–10 disease, 27:15 celiac disease in, 27:9–15 worldwide incidence/prevalence, 2:6–7 pre- and perinatal factors, 11:15 chronic kidney disease in, 22:4 in youth, 1:54 psychosocial/socioeconomic factors, clinical stages of, 37:2–3,5,6,7,11 Type 1 diabetes mortality 11:15 current surveillance systems, 2:5 age of onset, 35:6 susceptibility genes, 12:6 data sources and limitations, 2:2–5 causes of death, 35:7–8 toxins and chemical compounds, 11:14 defined,2 :3–4 cause-specific in Norway vs. U.S.,35 :10 vaccines, 11:8 diabetes-periodontitis interactive effects, complication-specific causes of death, Type 1a diabetes 31:17–21 35:8–10 diagnostic criteria, 1:3 etiology of, 1:1 current (post-1980 era) findings,35 :3–4 in neonates, 7:9 IFIH1 gene representation in, 12:6 death certificate limitations for deter- Type 1b diabetes incidence in age <20 years, 2:6–7 mining, 35:7–8 characteristics of, 1:3; 6:18 incidence trends in, 2:9–10 dyslipidemia, 35:11 diagnostic criteria for, 15:2 initiation of, 11:13; 12:11–12 early/premature mortality with, 15:38–39; risk factors for, 6:18 international comparisons for, 2:7 35:1,9 single gene defects, 7:8 onset and progression of, 1:2 general population comparisons, 35:5 Type 1.5 diabetes. See Combined types 1 and polio model for, 11:6 glycemic control as risk factor for, 35:10 2 diabetes prevalence and incidence, 1:54–70; historical (pre-1980 era), 35:2–3 Type 2 diabetes 2:10–11 hypertension, 35:11 A1c for screening, 1:26 public health surveillance/implications, insulin resistance, 35:12 albuminuria association with, 2:4–5 life expectancy improvement in, 35:5 22:6–7,12,15–16 race/ethnicity projections for, 2:10 race/ethnicity, 35:7 albuminuria with, 22:18 seasonality of onset in children, 2:7–9 renal failure, 35:11 alcohol consumption effects in, 13:9 surveillance for, 2:5,12–13 risk factors for, 35:11 Asian subgroups, 3:7–8 treatment during pregnancy, 5:2–3 sex-specific differences in, 35:6–7 autoantibody positivity with, 1:5; 11:2 U.S. adult population, 2:11–12 smoking, 35:11 benefits of early screening, 1:24 U.S. age <20 years, 2:6–7 socioeconomic factors, 35:10 biases in observational studies for, 29:10 Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium standardized protocol for classification, biomarkers for, 13:1 (T1DGC) 35:8 biomarkers in, 13:6 affected sibpair families for, 12:6,9 U.S. active duty military personnel, 2:3 breastfeeding protective effect for, 15:13 childhood diabetes and viral infections, 6:5 U.S. compared to other countries, 35:12 chronic hypertension with pregestational, GWAS meta-analysis, 12:6–7 Type 1 diabetes prevalence. See also specific 5:33 GWAS scans for, 11:3; 12:6–9,12 conditions and populations chronic kidney disease in, 22:4 ImmunoChip data, 12:9,11 adults, 2:10–12 chronotype and glycemic control, sample characteristics in, 12:12 by age, sex, race/ethnicity, 2:5 25:27–28 type 1 diabetes risk factors, 12:7–8 age <20 years, overall, 2:5 common intronic rs7903146 polymor- Type 1 diabetes immune response age 0–4 years, 2:5 phism, 14:2 etanercept effects in, 37:14 age 15–19 years, 2:5 comparison of A1c and OGTT, 1:26 initiation of, 37:2 European ancestry, 12:1 contraceptive use in youth, 5:11 postprandial hyperglycemia trigger for, HLA allele/haplotype population frequen- criteria for screening, 1:22–23 38:8 cies, 12:4 data sources and limitations, 3:2–4 Type 1 diabetes in youth. See also Diabetes NHANES 1999–2010 data, 2:2–3 definition and diagnostic criteria for,1 :4,6; in youth SEARCH study identification of, 2:5 2:3 cardiac autonomic neuropathy in, 15:27 in youth, 2:2; 15:4–5 early-onset types, 15:11 cardiovascular endpoint predictors, 15:34 Type 1 diabetes risk factors. See also Risk effects of pregnancy on retinopathy, 5:27 complications, 15:1,13–17 scores from clinical factors epithelial fragility with type 2 diabetes, coronary artery calcification in, 15:38 dietary factors, 11:9–14 21:37 glycemia and cardiovascular disease in, environment x environment interactions, genetic architecture analysis for, 14:2–6 15:28 11:17 glaucoma risk with, 21:37 incidence, 2:6–7; 15:2,5–6 gene x environment interactions, 11:15–17 glomerular filtration barrier changes in, microalbuminuria regression in, 15:23–24 genetic factors, 12:1–16 22:9 mortality in, 15:38–39 genetic prediction of, 12:10 healthcare results of screening, 1:27 prevalence, 2:5; 15:4–5 genetic study designs for, 12:1–2 hypoglycemia incidence in, 17:10 prevalence trends in, 1:14 HLA genotype, 11:3 onset and progression of, 1:2; 13:16; 15:2 projections for, 15:6–8 infectious agents, 11:3–8 periodontal treatment effects on, retinopathy in, 15:18 insulin (INS) gene in susceptibility, 12:6 31:12–14 Type 1 diabetes incidence. See also specific interactive/additive MHC effects, 12:3–5 post-surgical infections, 30:15 age groups and populations intestinal microbiota, 11:8 preconceptual care use with, 5:10 in adults, 2:3,11–12 major histocompatibility complex, 12:2–5 pregestational diabetes prevalence during age 15–29 years, 2:11 metabolic studies, 11:14 pregnancy, 5:18

Index–60 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

prevalence and incidence of, 3:1–32 dietary factors, 13:5 prevalence by sex, 3:10–12 prevalence of screening, 1:25 early postnatal exposure, 13:13–14 prevalence of, 3:9; 16:3 prostate cancer risk with, 29:9 gene-environment interactions, 13:5 prevalence with age, 3:10 SGSM2 as causal locus, 14:6 impaired glucose metabolism, 13:16–21 prevalence with Hispanic ethnicity, 3:12 sleep disturbances and, 13:15; 25:20–21 insomnia and short sleep, 25:29 race/ethnicity variation in A1c, 3:13 spontaneous abortions with, 5:35–36 insulin resistance in progression, 13:17 relation to total diabetes, 3:19 sRAGE association, 19:11 intrauterine exposure, 13:12–13 sex differences in, 3:10 visual impairment and blindness, KCNJ11 mutations/polymorphisms, 7:11 2-hour plasma glucose levels in, 9:6–7 21:12,33–34 low acute insulin response, 13:17 waist circumference measures in, 9:14 Type 2 diabetes in youth. See also Diabetes metabolic syndrome, 13:21–25 United Kingdom National Screening in youth migration and acculturation, 13:14 committee recommendations, 1:23 characteristics of, 15:2 modifiable risk factors for, 13:1 United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes diabetic nephropathy in Pima Indians, nocturnal melatonin secretion, 25:28–29 Study (UKPDS) 15:24 nutrition, 13:6–10 A1c measures by, 1:7 ESRD incidence in Pima Indian studies, obesity, 13:11–12; 15:12 blood pressure control and mortality, 22:37 physical inactivity, 13:10–12; 15:12 36:10 fetal overnutrition effects in, 15:12 plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, 13:19 cardiovascular risk assessment model, kidney disease course in, 22:2 polycystic ovary syndrome, 13:21 19:11 microalbuminuria at diagnosis, 15:24 posttraumatic stress disorder, 33:16 cholesterol levels and heart disease, 18:8 mortality in, 15:39 previous gestational diabetes, 1:28–29; control of systolic hypertension, 19:12 prevalence and incidence, 15:8–9 4:11; 5:7; 13:21 declines in beta cell function before clinical projections, 15:10 for progression, 13:16–18 diagnosis, 1:22 risk factors, 15:11–13 proinsulin:insulin ratios, 13:17 glucose control and neuropathy, 23:11 screening for, 1:14 reduction with whole grains, 13:10; 29:6 glycemic control benefits, 16:13 Type 2 diabetes incidence schizophrenia, 33:22 heart disease association blood pressure, C-reactive protein association with, 13:19 sleep disturbances and, 13:14–15; 25:2,3 18:9 diet and activity effects, 28:19 smoking and, 13:15–16; 33:22,23 insulin-cardiovascular disease association, insulin resistance/sensitivity prediction of, socioeconomic status, 13:13–14 18:11 13:17–18 sugar-sweetened beverages, 13:9,14 intensive glycemic control, 18:13–14 trends in, 15:9–10 type 2 diabetes risk, 13:20 intensive vs. conventional insulin therapy in youth, 3:17,18; 15:9 in utero exposure to maternal diabetes, in, 19:13 Type 2 diabetes mortality, 36:1–14 15:13 lower extremity amputation and glycemic cardiovascular disease and, 36:8,10 Types 1 and 2 diabetes combination, 1:4–5 control, 20:25 data sources and limitations, 36:5–7 metabolic memory with type 2 diabetes, early/premature mortality with, 15:38–39 U 21:22 epidemiologic surveillance methods, micro- and macrovascular complication 36:3–5 reduction, 22:46–47 U.K. National Institute for Health and Care increased risk of cardiovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease prevalence, Excellence (NICE) 36:10–12 20:5–6 A1c for pregestational pregnancy, 5:10 life expectancy with, 36:8 progression of kidney disease with type 2 blood glucose recommendations, 5:72 methodological challenges in assessment, diabetes, 22:17 UKPDS Risk Engine, 19:11 36:1–3 risk estimation model for stroke with type Ulcerative colitis. See Inflammatory bowel mortality ascertainment, 36:3 2 diabetes, 19:11 diseases nonvascular disease in, 36:9 stroke risk with diabetes and metabolic Ultralente insulin. See Insulin vascular disease with, 36:8 syndrome, 19:10 Undiagnosed diabetes Type 2 diabetes prevalence. See also specific visual angle change risk factors, 21:7–8 with A1c criteria, 36:1 populations United Kingdom (U.K.) studies. See also A1c detection of, 3:15 Asian subgroups, 3:7 England age-specific prevalence,3 :10 Hispanic ethnicity, 3:7 chronic hypertension rates >10%, 5:33 blood pressure screening detection of, obstructive sleep apnea association, 25:14 diabetes registries, 2:5 1:22; 9:17 prostate size association with, 28:5 gestational age at stillbirth, 5:43 criteria for diagnosis, 3:19 trends in, 3:17 hypertension in pregnancy grading, 5:30 disability/impairment status, 34:7–8 in youth, 3:4,17; 15:8–9 invited vs. random screening, 1:23 gallstone disease with, 26:13,15,17 Type 2 diabetes risk factors, 13:1–37; 15:12– major malformations with type 2 diabetes, lipid measures in, 9:17–22 13. See also Risk scores from clinical factors 5:62 lower extremity amputations in, 20:24 adiponectin level relationship, 13:18–19 pregnancy outcomes with diabetes, 5:36 methods for diagnosis, 1:15,26; 3:3 age and sex demographics, 13:3 prevalence of pregestational diabetes NHANES data on blood pressure for atypical antipsychotic medications, during pregnancy, 5:16 screening, 1:22–23 33:21,24 risk for antenatal stroke, 5:22 in nonpregnant women of childbearing biomarkers for, 13:19–21 risk for venous thromboembolism with age, 5:4–5 birth weight, 13:13 pregestational diabetes, 5:23 physical inactivity in, 10:15 depression and antidepressant medica- severe maternal morbidity, 5:25 prevalence by measurement/criteria, tions, 13:15 3:15–16

Index–61 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

stillbirths in types 1 vs. 2 diabetes, 5:43 racial disparities in, 28:14 U.S. Virgin Islands. See also Black/African type 2 diabetes prevention studies, Urinary tract infections (UTIs) American 38:2–5 asymptomatic bacteriuria, 22:55–56; mortality by race, 35:7 United States Renal Data System (USRDS) 28:20; 30:9 non-Hispanic blacks type 1 incidence, 2:7 registry, 22:25,27 autonomic neuropathy role in, 30:4–5 Utah United States (U.S.) population. See also cystitis and pyelonephritis, 30:9–10 gestational hypertension/pregestational BRFSS data; NHANES data; NHIS data emphysematous pyelonephritis, 30:10 diabetes, 5:34 all-cause mortality with diabetes, 36:1 general infections, 30:9 periodontitis prevalence, 31:4,6 blood pressure and heart disease associ- with pregestational diabetes in pregnancy, type 2 diabetes before second pregnancy, ation, 18:9 5:24 5:10 burden of diabetes among youth, 15:4 renal and perinephric abscess, 30:10 cardiovascular risk with metabolic susceptibility with diabetes, 22:55–56 V syndrome traits, 18:9 Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). cause-specific mortality comparison, See ACR (albumin:creatinine ratio) Vagal neuropathy, 27:4,7 35:10 Urologic disease, congenital anomalies with Vaginal delivery chronic hypertension rates in pregnancy maternal diabetes, 5:60,65 after cesarean delivery, 5:46 with preexisting diabetes, 5:33 Urologic disease in diabetes, 28:1–26. See birth trauma with, 5:59 coronary vascular disease decline in, also Sexual dysfunction with diabetes instrumental/assisted, 5:46 18:10 bacteriuria and urinary tract infection in maternal complications with diabetes, deliveries with pregestational diabetes, women, 28:20 5:25 5:16 benign prostatic hyperplasia, 28:4–6 shoulder dystocia and trauma with, diabetes burden in youth, 15:8–10 lower urinary tract symptoms in men, 5:56–59 diabetes prediction of cognitive decline, 28:2–6 Valproic acid (Depakote), 33:22 24:8 lower urinary tract symptoms in women, Vardenafil, 28:10 diagnosed diabetes prevalence by age, 28:10–20 Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) 3:4–5 malformations with maternal diabetes presentation and course, 24:2 early mortality with type 1 diabetes, 35:9 exposure, 5:62,65 relation to diabetes, 24:8 heart disease prevalence in diabetic neuropathy vs. benign prostatic hyper- risk factors for, 24:3 persons, 18:1–30 plasia, 28:2 Vascular disease. See Macrovascular compli- lower extremity amputation risk in urinary tract infections, 30:9–10 cations; Microvascular complications Medicare population, 20:25 U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), maternal mortality, 5:21 Quality (AHRQ), 41:2 in diabetic nephropathy, 22:31 NAION incidence in, 21:37 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in POEMS syndrome, 6:16 nephropathy prevalence data, 5:29 adverse event reporting system data, retinopathy association, 21:29 PDR and NPDR frequency with pregesta- 29:12 Venous beading, 21:12 tional diabetes, 5:27 oral medications approved by, 39:2 Venous plasma glucose in gestational periodontitis prevalence in, 31:4–7 pancreatic islet cell transplants, 39:10 diabetes screening, 4:4 physical activity and type 2 diabetes risk, pharmacological preventive interventions Venous reduplication, 21:12 13:11 and, 38:16 Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevalence of type 1 diabetes in youth, pioglitazone use with bladder cancer, pregestational diabetes and, 5:23–24 2:2–3,5,6–7 29:11 prevalence of, 5:23 race/ethnicity projections age in youth, protease inhibitor hypoglycemia warning pulmonary embolism trends in pregnan- 2:9–10 requirement, 6:12 cy-related hospitalizations, 5:23 retrospective insurance claims analysis, statin safety label changes, 6:12 Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), 5:14–15 updated rosiglitazone safety review, 38:13 22:32,34 risks with chronic hypertension in preg- U.S. Health Information Technology Veterans Administration Diabetes Trial nancy, 5:33 for Economic and Clinical Health Act (VADT) state ranking with total diabetes percent- (HITECH Act), 2:13 A1c levels and cardiovascular disease risk, ages, 8:9 U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1:24 stroke association with maternal diabetes, 15:12 cardiovascular disease prevention, 16:13 5:22 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force in geriatric population, 16:13–14 type 1 diabetes incidence in youth, 2:6–7 (USPSTF) intensive vs. conventional insulin therapy type 1 diabetes mortality comparisons, diabetes screening recommendations, in, 19:13 35:12–13 1:22–23 seasonal variations in A1c, 1:12 type 2 diabetes prevalence trends in youth, gestational diabetes screening and treat- standards for diabetes screening, 1:20 3:17 ment recommendations, 4:2–3 Veterans Affairs High-density lipoprotein visual impairment with diabetes, 21:2 glycemia and risk for heart disease, 18:2 Intervention Trial (VA-HIT), 22:52 University of North Carolina Health Care hyperbilirubinemia screening, 5:71 Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes System, 2:4 U.S. regional characteristics (VA NEPHRON-D), 22:49 Uremia, 22:5 regional variations in quality of care, 41:12 Vibratrip, 23:5 Urinary albumin. See Albuminuria seasonality of type 1 diabetes, 2:7 Vibrio vulnificus, 30:14 Urinary incontinence (UI) “stroke belt” region, 19:7 Vietnamese population. See also Asian/ prevalence with type 2 diabetes, 28:14 “stroke buckle” region, 19:7 Pacific Islander

Index–62 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

type 2 diabetes in Asian subgroups, 3:8 sex differences, 21:9 abdominal obesity assessment, 13:1 Viral etiology of type 1 diabetes (VIGR), 11:5 sociodemographic/economic relationships with BMI for stratification, 13:12 Viral hepatitis. See Hepatitis to, 21:11 cardiovascular disease association with, Viral infections. See also Hepatitis visual acuity after cataract surgery, 18:11 autoimmune trigger for, 11:4 21:35–36 by diabetes status, treatment, age, congenital, 6:4–5 visual acuity definition, 21:1 9:11–13 Coxsackie virus, 11:4 visual acuity prediction of death, 21:11–12 with diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes, cytomegalovirus, 6:4–5; 11:8 visual angle change risk factors, 21:1,7–8 9:14 enterovirus, 11:4–6 visual loss/blindness risk factors, 21:7–9 measurement of, 9:2 HIV, 22:56 Vitamin B6 NHANES abdominal criteria, 9:14 IFIH1 gene function, 12:6 levels with peripheral arterial disease, 20:8 risk factors for type 2 diabetes, 13:11 immunizations, 15:10 malabsorption of, 27:10 Waist-to-hip ratio. See also BMI (body mass Kilham rat virus, 11:8 prevention trials, 37:5 index); Waist circumference measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) Vitamin B12 deficiency cardiovascular disease risk, 18:10–11 vaccine, 11:9 with autoimmune gastritis, 27:15 metabolic syndrome characteristics, 18:9 parvovirus, 11:8 effects on A1c measurement, 1:12 myocardial infarction risk association, picornaviruses, 12:6 peripheral neuropathy from, 27:10 18:10,11 postnatal, 6:5 Vitamin C reproducibility of adiposity measures, rotavirus, 11:8 insulin sensitivity effects of, 25:20 18:11 rubella virus, 11:8,15 intake, 10:10 with type 2 diabetes, 13:11 seasonal variations in diagnosis, 11:3 lower extremity osteoarthritis risks, 32:12 type 2 diabetes risk factors, 15:12 viral-mediated mechanisms for diabetes, Vitamin D Wake time after sleep onset (WASO), 25:6 6:5 adult-onset type 1 diabetes, 11:12 Washington, D.C., periodontitis prevalence, Visceral fat. See also Abdominal obesity deficiency and tuberculosis infection, 31:4 accumulation with glucocorticoids, 25:11 30:18 Washington state gastroesophageal reflux with, 27:8 diabetes and periodontitis risk factors, chronic kidney disease risk, 22:42 Vision-threatening retinopathy, 21:12 31:23 dementia and diabetes, 24:8 Visual impairment, 21:1–49. See also dietary intake of, 10:10 diagnosed diabetes prevalence, 3:4 Cataracts; Retinopathy genes associated with metabolism of, major malformations with type 1 diabetes, age and duration of diabetes, 21:8–9 11:12 5:60 age-related macular degeneration, 21:38 in geriatric population, 16:15 pyelonephritis with diabetes, 30:10 age-related macular edema, 21:38 HLA interaction, 11:16 U.S. centers for SEARCH, 2:2; 15:4 changes in prevalence with type 2 with lower extremity osteoarthritis, 32:12 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 24:8 diabetes, 21:3–4 prevention of type 1 diabetes, 37:5 Weight gain contact lens use with diabetes, 21:37 in prevention trials, 37:3 breast cancer chemotherapy, 29:13 corneal lesions and dry eye, 21:37 resistance in congenital generalized lipo- with mood stabilizers, 33:22 cost in persons with diabetes, 21:11 dystrophy, 7:25 pioglitazone effects, 38:10 cranial nerve dysfunction, 21:39 role in glucose metabolism, 13:7 smoking cessation and, 18:12; 33:23 criteria for impairment classification,21 :2 sarcopenia and deficiency of, 34:11 stillbirth risks, 5:43 diabetic papillopathy, 21:39 supplementation as prevention, 11:11–12 type 1 diabetes in youth and accelerated, glycemic control and systemic risk factors, type 2 diabetes incidence and levels of, 15:11 21:7–8 13:7 Weight loss impairment and blindness, 21:2–12 Vitamin E adiponectin gene association with, 38:11 incidence of, 21:4–7 effects in cardiovascular autonomic in adults, 18:3 incidence of blindness, 21:5 neuropathy, 23:9 and cancer association, 29:6 legal blindness criteria, 21:2 insulin sensitivity effects of, 25:20 cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy lens opacities, 21:33–34 intake, 10:10 effects, 23:8,13 macular edema, 21:16 lower extremity osteoarthritis risks, 32:12 for care of persons with diabetes, 41:13 nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic malabsorption of, 27:10 in celiac disease, 27:12 neuropathy, 21:37–38 protection against diabetes, 11:13 cognitive effects with, 24:12 ocular findings associated with diabetes, Vitamin K, with celiac disease, 27:10 distal symmetrical polyneuropathy with, 21:39 VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), 23:11 open-angle glaucoma, 21:36–37 22:32,34 in DPP study, 18:18 prevalence by age and diabetes duration, Voglibose study, 38:9 eating disorders and, 33:19–21 21:3–4 Von Willebrand factor with erectile dysfunction, 28:10 prevalence of diabetes-related, 21:2–3 with peripheral arterial disease, 20:8 in estimating stillbirth risk, 5:43 prevalence with type 1 diabetes, 21:1 type 2 diabetes risk, 13:20 evening preference and, 25:27 quality of life with, 21:9–10 functional status improvement with, 34:12 retinal arteriolar emboli, 21:38 W gallstone disease risks and, 26:13 retinal vein occlusion, 21:38 with gestational diabetes, 5:7 retinopathy, 21:2 in high-risk individuals, 1:19,22 review of data sources, 21:2–3 Waist circumference insulin sensitivity effects of, 38:10 self-reported diabetes and, 21:3 with abdominal obesity, 13:12 intensive lifestyle intervention and, 34:12

Index–63 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

lifestyle modification and, sociodemographic/economic relationships prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea, 38:5–6,8–11,13–15,16 to impaired vision, 21:11 25:12 with major depressive disorders, 33:2 socioeconomic status, 21:29–30 Wolcott-Rallison syndrome, 7:11 and mortality in geriatric patients, 16:10 type 1 diabetes mortality, 35:4 Wolfram Syndrome, 7:8 phentermine-topiramate combination, visual acuity as predictor of death, Women’s Health and Aging Study (WHAS), 38:10 21:11–12 34:11 postpartum, after gestational diabetes, visual acuity decrease with duration of Women’s Health Initiative Observational 5:73 type 1 diabetes, 21:4–5 Study (WHI-OS) for schizophrenia treatments, 33:22 visual angle changes, 21:7 dietary fat and insulin sensitivity, 13:6 with serious mental illness, 41:12 visual impairment by sex, 21:9 incident fracture data, 32:2–3,6 small fiber neuropathies with, 23:3 visual impairment incidence with type 1 markers for type 2 diabetes incidence, for stroke prevention, 19:11 diabetes, 21:5 13:19–20 with type 1 diabetes, 1:3,16; 15:2 West Virginia risk for type 2 diabetes, 13:18 type 2 diabetes prevention and, 38:1–2 age-adjusted total preexisting diabetes type 2 diabetes and vitamin D association, urinary incontinence prevention, 28:19 during pregnancy, 5:13–14 13:7 vertebral fracture association, 32:1 pregestational diabetes prevalence, 5:5 type 2 diabetes risk factors, 13:18 Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium Western Pacific island of Nauru, albumin- Women’s Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) (WTCCC), 12:6–7 uria prevalence in, 22:14 Study, 29:13 WESDR cohort White matter hyperintensities (WMH ) Working Group on Outcome Definitions, 5:3 A1c levels and neuropathy risk reduction, correlates of cognitive impairment, 24:4 World Health Organization (WHO) 23:11 in mild cognitive impairment, 24:2 A1c diagnostic criteria for, 1:2 age at diagnosis of diabetes, 21:23 subclinical brain injury, 19:2–3 A1c endorsement of, 1:13 alcohol consumption, 21:27 White/Caucasian. See also Race/ethnicity adiposity measurement recommendations, all-cause mortality association of visual ESRD incidence rate in, 22:27–30 18:10 impairment, 21:11–12 estimated chronic kidney disease preva- DIAMOND project, 2:5 blood pressure and retinopathy, 21:23–24 lence by type of diabetes, 22:12 disability definition and measurement, body mass index, 21:25–26 haplotype association in type 1 diabetes, 34:2 cataract extraction prevalence and age, 12:3 estimates of type 1 diabetes incidence, 2:5 21:35 knee osteoarthritis prevalence in, 32:16 fasting plasma glucose criteria for diag- cataracts with type 2 diabetes, 21:33 prevalence of peripheral arterial disease, nosis of diabetes, 1:6 comorbidity and mortality, 21:30 20:4 gestational diabetes criteria, 4:10 decreased tactile and temperature sensi- prevalence of persistent albuminuria, gestational diabetes recommendations, tivity in type 1 diabetes, 23:9 22:12 4:2 duration of diabetes and, trend in prevalence of hyperinsulinemia, glucose cutpoints acceptance by, 1:13 21:3–4,19–20,26 13:18 maternal death definition, 5:21 glaucoma incidence in types 1 and 2 type 1 diabetes in, 1:4 metabolic syndrome criteria, 18:9 diabetes, 21:37 type 1 diabetes risk in siblings, 12:1,3 mortality in childhood-onset type 1 glycemic control, 21:20–23 Whitehall study, 38:2 diabetes, 35:12 glycemic control and systemic risk factors, Williams syndrome, 6:17 osteoporosis definition,32 :2 21:7–8,9 Wisconsin. See also specific regional studies screening recommendation review, 1:23 glycemic control as risk factor, 35:10 A1c and mortality, 35:4,5 World regional characteristics. See specific hormonal/reproductive exposure in albuminuria with insulin treatment, 22:12 countries and populations women, 21:26–27 diabetes duration and proteinuria inci- hypertension and visual impairment, dence, 22:16,30 X 21:8–9 distal symmetrical polyneuropathy symp- incidence of proliferative retinopathy, toms, 23:9 Xerostomia, 31:38 21:22 fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes incidence of retinopathy, 21:16–18 mortality, 26:6 lipid control effects, 21:25 retinopathy with type 1 diabetes, 15:17–18 Y prevalence of blindness, 21:11 temporal trends in type 1 diabetes inci- progression of retinopathy, 21:18 dence, 2:9 YMCA of the USA Diabetes Prevention proteinuria and nephropathy, 21:25 visual impairment and diabetes duration, Program (Y-USA DPP), 38:15 puberty, 21:23 21:3–4 Youth. See Children and adolescents; Diabetes quality of life with visual impairment, 21:9 Wisconsin Diabetes Registry Study (WDRS) in youth race/ethnicity, 21:27–29 diabetic retinopathy, 15:18 Youth-onset diabetes. See Children and renal complications, 15:20 retinopathy prevalence in, 21:12 adolescents; Diabetes in youth retinopathy prevalence, 21:12–16 Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic risk factors for vision loss/legal blindness, Retinopathy (WESDR). See WESDR cohort Z 21:7–9 Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study risk of retinopathy at age <30 years, leptin/ghrelin levels with sleep, 25:11 ZAC (zinc finger) gene 15:17–18 obstructive sleep apnea and fasting hyper- apoptosis regulation, 9:16 smoking, 21:27 glycemia, 25:14 transient neonatal diabetes, 7:10

Index–64 DIABETES IN AMERICA, 3rd Edition

Zensharen study of lifestyle intervention, 38:10 Zinc dietary intake of, 13:5 levels in type 1 diabetes, 11:13 Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) autoantibodies in screening for type 1 diabetes, 1:27,28 autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes in youth, 15:2 beta cell destruction, 15:2 glucose metabolism effects of, 13:5 identification of type 1 diabetes, 37:2 in islet autoimmunity, 11:2 in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, 11:13 in seroconversion, 11:2 types 1 and 2 diabetes differentiation, 1:3 variant, 13:5 ZMPSTE24 (zinc metalloproteinase) gene, 7:17

Index–65