DOCSLIB.ORG

Indian Sandalwood Pruning Management to Minimise Fungal Attack

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Indian Sandalwood Pruning Management to Minimise Fungal Attack Indian sandalwood pruning management to minimise fungal attack MAY 2014 RIRDC Publication No. 14/012 Indian sandalwood pruning management to minimise fungal attack by A/Prof Treena Burgess, Ms Diane White, Dr Liz Barbour, Mr Len Norris and Mr Jonathan Brand May 2014 RIRDC Publication No. 14/012 RIRDC Project No. PRJ-004786 © 2014 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-74254-628-5 ISSN 1440-6845 Indian sandalwood pruning management to minimise fungal attack Publication No. 14/012 Project No. PRJ-004786 The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to RIRDC Communications on phone 02 6271 4100. Researcher Contact Details A/Prof Treena Burgess School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University MURDOCH WA 6150 Email: [email protected] In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form. RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 2, 15 National Circuit BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6271 4100 Fax: 02 6271 4199 Email: [email protected]. Web: http://www.rirdc.gov.au Electronically published by RIRDC in May 2014 Print-on-demand by Union Offset Printing, Canberra at www.rirdc.gov.au or phone 1300 634 313 ii Foreword This report addresses silviculture pruning methods to avoid heartwood rot fungal diseases infiltrating the bole of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album) in Australia. In a previous report (RIRDC 10/179), two types of decay were recognised; one that entered from the tree base and the other via the sapwood when the bark is damaged or following pruning. Oil analysis confirmed that the tree responds by trying to encapsulate the fungal infection with sesquiterpenes, the chemicals that make up sandalwood oil. As these compounds only develop as the tree matures, early care of sandalwood trees until sandalwood oil is deposited in the heartwood is a key factor affording fungal disease resistance and maintaining the commercial potential of the plantations. Wounds to the tree before it matures are potential infection sites for fungal pathogens. Tree pruning to improve form is a standard practice in the sandalwood industry and could be a major pathway for fungal infection. This report is targeted towards Indian sandalwood plantation growers, however the findings will be applicable to other plantation or orchard species in the north of Australia. Branch pruning was clearly shown to provide a pathway by which fungal pathogens could enter Indian sandalwood. Potentially, spread of this fungal disease could compromise heartwood formation as the tree grows. This concurs with previous observations of the presence of fruiting bodies of rot fungi on the main trunk of 8 and 12 year old trees (RIRDC 10/179). It would be expected that the rot would take several years to develop to a stage in which it is externally visible. Fungal pathogen presence can have a strong economic impact by reducing tree growth as well as destroying the cells, where heartwood development and oil production would occur. In severe cases, they could directly lead to the death of the trees, or indirectly by weakening the tree and rendering it more susceptible to other plantation pest or diseases. Silvicultural pruning is conducted industry-wide in order to obtain a clear bole of 1.0-2.5 m. Review of management systems indicates that to achieve this, yearly pruning up to four years of age maybe required. This study clearly shows that the smaller the pruning wound (branch diameter), the less chance of infection. Wounds on younger trees were rapidly occluded. However, canker fungi were isolated from 70% of occluded pruning wounds and rot fungi from 10% indicating that an occluded wound is not necessarily pathogen free and rot may develop in time. To reduce risk, the safest pruning is in the first year after establishment when the majority of the branches are small. As the tree ages, pruning cuts need to be further up the branch, away from the bole, to reduce branch dominance whilst exposing the smallest branch diameter possible. As there appears to be an element of fungal disease risk with silvicultural pruning, this project also recommends that sandalwood growers should introduce formal monitoring for visual evidence of wood rot or fungi during regular plantation inspections or inventory sampling. Occurrence observations could then be collated against plantation management records to potentially identify management practices that may contribute to the patterns of fungal presence or absence. This project was funded from RIRDC Core Funds which were provided by the Australian Government. The project was also funded by financial and inkind contributions from Elders Forestry. This report is an addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 2000 research publications and it forms part of the Essential Oils R&D program, which aims to improve production systems. Most of RIRDC’s publications are available for viewing, free downloading or purchasing online at www.rirdc.gov.au. Purchases can also be made by phoning 1300 634 313. Craig Burns Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation iii About the Author Associate Professor Treena Burgess and the tree pathology group at Murdoch University manage several projects under this broad topic, including the integrated pest and disease management to improve tree health and productivity, the biosecurity threats of exotic pathogens to Australian eucalypt plantations and natural forests and the impact of fungal pathogens on biodiversity. Ms Diane White is an experienced Research Assistant in the Plant Pathology group at Murdoch University. She maintains the culture collection and runs the molecular laboratory together with the quarantine facilities. The Forest Products Commission (FPC) is a Western Australian State agency that helped develop the plantation sandalwood system both in the north of WA with Santalum album and in the south-west of WA with Santalum spicatum. Dr Liz Barbour led the research project on Santalum album when working with this agency and initiated this project. She is now working with The University of Western Australia and remains involved with sandalwood research. Within the FPC, sandalwood research work continues to be led by Jon Brand, and together with Len Norris they have ensured the continuation of this research project to completion. Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the following contributors to the project: Elders Forestry for providing industry funding for this project and to their staff (Dr. Marie Connett, Wayne ‘red’ Davis, Ken Robson, Tony Burgess) for assistance with setting up and running this project. Santanol Pty Ltd, particularly Dr Sharmane Mattinson, for continuing to support this project since taking over the Elders sandalwood estate. Dr. Kessarin Tungnoen for assisting with pruning and sample harvesting through her Australian Research Council funding for LP100200016 ‘Molecular characterisation of the fungal disease response in tropical sandalwood (Santalum album).’ DAFWA technical staff for maintaining the FPC trials, particularly Craig Palmer for assisting in spore trap monitoring. The FPC is also thanked for providing a field site, staff and equipment to help achieve the aims of this project. iv Abbreviations DAFWA Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia Elders Elders Forestry (formerly Integrated Tree Cropping) FPC Forest Products Commission OTU Operational Taxonomic Unit ORIA Ord River Irrigation Area TFS Tropical Forestry Services v Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... iii About the Author .................................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................. iv Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................... v Executive Summary...........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Deep Microbial Community Profiling Along the Fermentation Process of Pulque, a Major Biocultural Resource of Mexico
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/718999; this version posted July 31, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Deep microbial community profiling along the fermentation process of pulque, a major biocultural resource of Mexico. 1 1 2 Carolina Rocha-Arriaga ,​ Annie Espinal-Centeno ,​ Shamayim Martinez-Sanchez ,​ Juan ​ ​ 1 2 ​ 1,3 ​ Caballero-Pérez ,​ Luis D. Alcaraz *​ & Alfredo Cruz-Ramirez *.​ ​ ​ ​ 1 Molecular​ & Developmental Complexity Group, Unit of Advanced Genomics, LANGEBIO-CINVESTAV, Irapuato, México. 2 Laboratorio​ de Genómica Ambiental, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Cd. Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico. 3 Escuela​ de Agronomía, Universidad de La Salle Bajío, León, Gto, Mexico. *Corresponding authors: [email protected], [email protected] ​ ​ ​ ● ​Our approach allowed the identification of a broader microbial diversity in Pulque ● We increased 4.4 times bacteria genera and 40 times fungal species detected in mead. ● Newly reported bacteria genera and fungal species associated to Pulque fermentation Abstract Some of the biggest non-three plants endemic to Mexico were called metl in the Nahua culture. ​ During colonial times they were renamed with the antillan word maguey. This was changed ​ ​ again by Carl von Linné who called them Agave (a greco-latin voice for admirable). For several ​ Mexican prehispanic cultures, Agave species were not only considered as crops, but also part ​ of their biocultural resources and cosmovision. Among the major products obtained from some Agave spp since pre-hispanic times is the alcoholic beverage called pulque or octli.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Mycosphaerella</I> Species of Quarantine
    Persoonia 29, 2012: 101–115 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158512X661282 DNA barcoding of Mycosphaerella species of quarantine importance to Europe W. Quaedvlieg1,2, J.Z. Groenewald1, M. de Jesús Yáñez-Morales3, P.W. Crous1,2,4 Key words Abstract The EU 7th Framework Program provided funds for Quarantine Barcoding of Life (QBOL) to develop a quick, reliable and accurate DNA barcode-based diagnostic tool for selected species on the European and Mediter- EPPO ranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) A1/A2 quarantine lists. Seven nuclear genomic loci were evaluated Lecanosticta to determine those best suited for identifying species of Mycosphaerella and/or its associated anamorphs. These Q-bank genes included -tubulin (Btub), internal transcribed spacer regions of the nrDNA operon (ITS), 28S nrDNA (LSU), QBOL β Actin (Act), Calmodulin (Cal), Translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) and RNA polymerase II second larg- est subunit (RPB2). Loci were tested on their Kimura-2-parameter-based inter- and intraspecific variation, PCR amplification success rate and ability to distinguish between quarantine species and closely related taxa. Results showed that none of these loci was solely suited as a reliable barcoding locus for the tested fungi. A combination of a primary and secondary barcoding locus was found to compensate for individual weaknesses and provide reliable identification. A combination of ITS with either EF-1α or Btub was reliable as barcoding loci for EPPO A1/A2-listed Mycosphaerella species. Furthermore, Lecanosticta acicola was shown to represent a species complex, revealing two novel species described here, namely L.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Barriopsis Iraniana</I>
    Persoonia 23, 2009: 1–8 www.persoonia.org RESEARCH ARTICLE doi:10.3767/003158509X467552 Barriopsis iraniana and Phaeobotryon cupressi: two new species of the Botryosphaeriaceae from trees in Iran J. Abdollahzadeh1, E. Mohammadi Goltapeh1, A. Javadi2, M. Shams-bakhsh1, R. Zare2, A.J.L. Phillips3 Key words Abstract Species in the Botryosphaeriaceae are well known as pathogens and saprobes of woody hosts, but little is known about the species that occur in Iran. In a recent survey of this family in Iran two fungi with diplodia-like Citrus anamorphs were isolated from various tree hosts. These two fungi were fully characterised in terms of morphology EF 1-α of the anamorphs in culture, and sequences of the ITS1/ITS2 regions of the ribosomal DNA operon and partial ITS sequences of the translation elongation factor 1- . Phylogenetic analyses placed them within a clade consisting of Mangifera α Barriopsis and Phaeobotryon species, but they were clearly distinct from known species in these genera. There- Olea fore, they are described here as two new species, namely Barriopsis iraniana on Citrus, Mangifera and Olea, and phylogeny Phaeobotryon cupressi on Cupressus sempervirens. systematics taxonomy Article info Received: 27 April 2009; Accepted: 17 June 2009; Published: 16 July 2009. INTRODUCTION (Slippers et al. 2004), Olea (Lazzizera et al. 2008), Prunus (Slippers et al. 2007, Damm et al. 2007) and Protea (Denman Species of the Botryosphaeriaceae are cosmopolitan and occur et al. 2003, Marincowitz et al. 2008). Such studies have yielded on a wide range of plant hosts (von Arx & Müller 1954, Barr several new species, thus revealing the diversity within this 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Community of Olives and Its Potential for Biological Control of Olive Anthracnose
    Microbial community of olives and its potential for biological control of olive anthracnose Gilda Conceição Raposo Preto Dissertation presented to the Agricultural School for obtaining a Master's degree in Biotechnological Engineering Supervised by Prof. Dr. Paula Cristina dos Santos Baptista Prof. Dr. José Alberto Pereira Bragança 2016 “The little I know I owe to my ignorance” Orville Mars II Acknowledgment First I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Dr. Paula Baptista., for your willingness, patience, being a tireless person who always helped me in the best way. Thank you for always required the best of me, and thank you for all your advice and words that helped me in less good times. I will always be grateful. I would like to thank my co-supervisor, Professor Dr. José Alberto Pereira, to be always available for any questions, and all the available help. A very special thank you to Cynthia, for being always there to cheer me up, for all the help and all the advice that I will take with me forever. A big thank you to Gisela, Fátima, Teresa, Nuno, Diogo and Ricardo, because they are simply the best people he could have worked for all the advice, tips and words friends you have given me, thank you. I couldn’t fail to thank those who have always been present in the best and worst moments since the beginning, Diogo, Rui, Cláudia, Sara and Rui. You always believed in me and always gave me on the head when needed, thank you. To Vitor, for never given up and have always been present in the worst moments, for your patience, help and dedication, and because you know always how to cheer me up and make smille.
    [Show full text]
  • Pestalotiopsis—Morphology, Phylogeny, Biochemistry and Diversity
    Fungal Diversity (2011) 50:167–187 DOI 10.1007/s13225-011-0125-x Pestalotiopsis—morphology, phylogeny, biochemistry and diversity Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura & Liang-Dong Guo & Ekachai Chukeatirote & Ali H. Bahkali & Kevin D. Hyde Received: 8 June 2011 /Accepted: 22 July 2011 /Published online: 31 August 2011 # Kevin D. Hyde 2011 Abstract The genus Pestalotiopsis has received consider- are morphologically somewhat similar. When selected able attention in recent years, not only because of its role as GenBank ITS accessions of Pestalotiopsis clavispora, P. a plant pathogen but also as a commonly isolated disseminata, P. microspora, P. neglecta, P. photiniae, P. endophyte which has been shown to produce a wide range theae, P. virgatula and P. vismiae are aligned, most species of chemically novel diverse metabolites. Classification in cluster throughout any phylogram generated. Since there the genus has been previously based on morphology, with appears to be no living type strain for any of these species, conidial characters being considered as important in it is unwise to use GenBank sequences to represent any of distinguishing species and closely related genera. In this these names. Type cultures and sequences are available for review, Pestalotia, Pestalotiopsis and some related genera the recently described species P. hainanensis, P. jesteri, P. are evaluated; it is concluded that the large number of kunmingensis and P. pallidotheae. It is clear that the described species has resulted from introductions based on important species in Pestalotia and Pestalotiopsis need to host association. We suspect that many of these are be epitypified so that we can begin to understand the probably not good biological species.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphology and Phylogeny of <I> Cladosporium
    MYCOTAXON ISSN (print) 0093-4666 (online) 2154-8889 © 2016. Mycotaxon, Ltd. July–September 2016—Volume 131, pp. 693–702 http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/131.693 Morphology and phylogeny of Cladosporium subuliforme, causing yellow leaf spot of pepper in Cuba Beatriz Ramos-García1, Tomas Shagarodsky1, Marcelo Sandoval-Denis2, Yarelis Ortiz1, Elaine Malosso3, Phelipe M.O. Costa3, Josep Guarro4, David W. Minter4, Daynet Sosa6, Simón Pérez-Martínez7 & Rafael F. Castañeda-Ruiz1 1Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical ‘Alejandro de Humboldt’ (INIFAT), Calle 1 Esq. 2, Santiago de Las Vegas, C. Habana, Cuba, C.P. 17200 2 University of the Free State, Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa 3 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Depto. de Micologia/Laboratório de Hifomicetos de Folhedo, Avenida da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50.740-600, Brazil 4Unitat de Micología, Facultat de Medicina Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain 5CABI, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9TY, United Kingdom 6Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, CIBE, Km 30.5, Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, Ecuador 7Universidad Estatal de Milagro (UNEMI), Facultat de Ingenieria, Milagro, Guayas, Ecuador *Correspondence to: [email protected],[email protected] Abstract—Cladosporium subuliforme is redescribed and illustrated from a specimen collected from yellow leaf spots on pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivated in high tunnels in Cuba. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of morphologically close Cladosporium species are provided. Key words—Capnodiales, hyphomycetes, plant disease, taxonomy, tropics Introduction Cladosporium Link (Bensch et al. 2010, 2012; Crous et al. 2007; Dugan et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Discussions on Fungal Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis
    Romanian Journal of Rhinology, Vol. 3, No. 11, July - September 2013 LITERATURE REVIEW Discussions on fungal taxonomy and nomenclature of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis Florin-Dan Popescu Department of Allergology, “Nicolae Malaxa” Clinical Hospital, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania ABSTRACT There is a significant debate regarding the role of fungi in chronic rhinosinusitis and whether allergic fungal rhinosi- nusitis truly represents an allergic subtype. The diverse nomenclature and heterogeneous taxonomy of fungi involved in the etiopathogenesis of this entity is important to be discussed in order to clarify the organisms detected and in- volved in this complex disease. KEYWORDS: fungi, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis INTRODUCTION flammatory cascade in AFRS is a multifunctional event, requiring the simultaneous occurrence of IgE- Fungal diseases of the nose and sinuses include a mediated sensitivity, specific T-cell HLA receptor ex- diverse spectrum of disease1. Although confusion pression and exposure to specific fungi4. Early recog- exists regarding fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS) classifi- nition of AFRS may be facilitated by screening pa- cation, a commonly accepted system divides FRS into tients with polypoid chronic rhinosinusitis or CRS invasive and noninvasive diseases based on histo- with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) patients for serum spe- pathological evidence of tissue invasion by fungi. cific IgE to molds5. Such specific IgE antibodies are The noninvasive diseases include saprophytic fungal also detectable in nasal lavage fluid and eosinophilic infestation, fungal ball and fungus-related eosinophi- mucin. Sinus mucosa homogenates may be assessed lic FRS (EFRS) that includes allergic fungal rhinosi- for IgE localization by immunohistochemistry and nusitis (AFRS). for antigen-specific IgE to fungal antigens by fluores- cent enzyme immunoassay6.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Morphology of Four New Species of Lasiodiplodia from Iran
    Persoonia 25, 2010: 1–10 www.persoonia.org RESEARCH ARTICLE doi:10.3767/003158510X524150 Phylogeny and morphology of four new species of Lasiodiplodia from Iran J. Abdollahzadeh 1,3, A. Javadi 2, E. Mohammadi Goltapeh3, R. Zare 2, A.J.L. Phillips 4 Key words Abstract Four new species of Lasiodiplodia; L. citricola, L. gilanensis, L. hormozganensis and L. iraniensis from various tree species in Iran are described and illustrated. The ITS and partial translation elongation factor-1 se- Botryosphaeriaceae α quence data were analysed to investigate their phylogenetic relationships with other closely related species and EF-1α genera. The four new species formed well-supported clades within Lasiodiplodia and were morphologically distinct ITS from all other known species. Lasiodiplodia phylogeny Article info Received: 11 March 2010; Accepted: 29 June 2010; Published: 27 July 2010. taxonomy INTRODUCTION as synonyms of L. theobromae since he could not separate them on morphological characters. However, on account of its Members of the Botryosphaeriaceae (Botryosphaeriales, morphological variability and wide host range it seems likely that Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) are cosmopolitan and occur L. theobromae is a species complex. Recent studies based on on a wide range of monocotyledonous, dicotyledonous and sequence data have confirmed this and eight new species have gymnosperm hosts (von Arx & Müller 1954, Barr 1987). They been described since 2004 (Pavlic et al. 2004, 2008, Burgess are associated with various symptoms such as shoot blights, et al. 2006, Damm et al. 2007, Alves et al. 2008). stem cankers, fruit rots, dieback and gummosis (von Arx 1987) There have been no studies on the Lasiodiplodia species in and are also known as endophytes (Slippers & Wingfield Iran apart from a few reports of L.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Botryosphaeriales</I>
    Persoonia 33, 2014: 155–168 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158514X684780 Confronting the constraints of morphological taxonomy in the Botryosphaeriales B. Slippers1, J. Roux2, M.J. Wingfield1, F.J.J. van der Walt2, F. Jami2, J.W.M. Mehl2, G.J. Marais3 Key words Abstract Identification of fungi and the International Code of Nomenclature underpinning this process, rests strongly on the characterisation of morphological structures. Yet, the value of these characters to define species in Botryosphaeriales many groups has become questionable or even superfluous. This has emerged as DNA-based techniques have morphotaxa increasingly revealed cryptic species and species complexes. This problem is vividly illustrated in the present phylogeny study where 105 isolates of the Botryosphaeriales were recovered from both healthy and diseased woody tissues taxonomy of native Acacia spp. in Namibia and South Africa. Thirteen phylogenetically distinct groups were identified based tree health on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rDNA PCR-RFLP and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α) sequence data, two loci that are known to be reliable markers to distinguish species in the Botryosphaeriales. Four of these groups could be linked reliably to sequence data for formerly described species, including Botryosphaeria dothidea, Dothiorella dulcispinae, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae and Spencermartinsia viticola. Nine groups, however, could not be linked to any other species known from culture and for which sequence data are available. These groups are, therefore, described as Aplosporella africana, A. papillata, Botryosphaeria auasmontanum, Dothiorella capri-amissi, Do. oblonga, Lasiodiplodia pyriformis, Spencermartinsia rosulata, Sphaeropsis variabilis and an un- described Neofusicoccum sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Products and Molecular Genetics Underlying the Antifungal
    Natural products and molecular genetics underlying the antifungal activity of endophytic microbes by Walaa Kamel Moatey Mohamed Mousa A Thesis Presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Plant Agriculture Guelph, Ontario, Canada ©Walaa K.M.M. Mousa, 2016 i ABSTRACT Natural products and molecular genetics underlying the antifungal activity of endophytic microbes Walaa K. Mousa Advisory Committee: University of Guelph Dr. Manish N. Raizada (Advisor) Dr. Ting Zhou (Co-advisor) Dr. Adrian Schwan Dr. Katarina Jordan Microbes are robust and promiscuous machines for the biosynthesis of antimicrobial compounds which combat serious crop and human pathogens. A special subset of microbes that inhabit internal plant tissues without causing disease are referred to as endophytes. Endophytes can protect their hosts against pathogens. I hypothesized that plants which grow without synthetic pesticides, including the wild and ancient relatives of modern crops, and the marginalized crops grown by subsistence farmers, host endophytes that have co-evolved to combat host-specific pathogens. To test this hypothesis, I explored endophytes within the ancient Afro-Indian crop finger millet, and diverse maize/teosinte genotypes from the Americas, for anti-fungal activity against Fusarium graminearum. F. graminearum leads to devastating diseases in cereals including maize and wheat and is associated with accumulation of mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (DON). I have identified fungal and bacterial endophytes, their secreted natural products and/or genes with anti-Fusarium activity from both maize and finger millet. I have shown that some of these endophytes can efficiently suppress F. graminearum in planta and dramatically reduce DON during seed storage when introduced into modern maize and wheat.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycosphere Notes 225–274: Types and Other Specimens of Some Genera of Ascomycota
    Mycosphere 9(4): 647–754 (2018) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/9/4/3 Copyright © Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences Mycosphere Notes 225–274: types and other specimens of some genera of Ascomycota Doilom M1,2,3, Hyde KD2,3,6, Phookamsak R1,2,3, Dai DQ4,, Tang LZ4,14, Hongsanan S5, Chomnunti P6, Boonmee S6, Dayarathne MC6, Li WJ6, Thambugala KM6, Perera RH 6, Daranagama DA6,13, Norphanphoun C6, Konta S6, Dong W6,7, Ertz D8,9, Phillips AJL10, McKenzie EHC11, Vinit K6,7, Ariyawansa HA12, Jones EBG7, Mortimer PE2, Xu JC2,3, Promputtha I1 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 2 Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China 3 World Agro Forestry Centre, East and Central Asia, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China 4 Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China 5 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China 6 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 7 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 8 Department Research (BT), Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, BE-1860 Meise, Belgium 9 Direction Générale de l'Enseignement non obligatoire et de la Recherche scientifique, Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Rue A.
    [Show full text]
  • Teratosphaeria Nubilosa, a Serious Leaf Disease Pathogen of Eucalyptus Spp
    MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY (2009) 10(1), 1–14 DOI: 10.1111/J.1364-3703.2008.00516.X PathogenBlackwell Publishing Ltd profile Teratosphaeria nubilosa, a serious leaf disease pathogen of Eucalyptus spp. in native and introduced areas GAVIN C. HUNTER1,2,*, PEDRO W. CROUS1,2, ANGUS J. CARNEGIE3 AND MICHAEL J. WINGFIELD2 1CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, the Netherlands 2Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, Gauteng, South Africa 3Forest Resources Research, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 100, Beecroft 2119, NSW, Australia Useful websites: Mycobank, http://www.mycobank.org; SUMMARY Mycosphaerella identification website, http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/ Background: Teratosphaeria nubilosa is a serious leaf pathogen mycosphaerella/BioloMICS.aspx of several Eucalyptus spp. This review considers the taxonomic history, epidemiology, host associations and molecular biology of T. nubilosa. Taxonomy: Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Class INTRODUCTION Dothideomycetes; Order Capnodiales; Family Teratosphaeriaceae; genus Teratosphaeria; species nubilosa. Many species of the ascomycete genera Mycosphaerella and Teratosphaeria infect leaves of Eucalyptus spp., where they cause Identification: Pseudothecia hypophyllous, less so amphig- a disease broadly referred to as Mycosphaerella leaf disease enous, ascomata black, globose becoming erumpent, asci apara- (MLD) (Burgess et al., 2007; Carnegie et al., 2007; Crous, 1998; physate, fasciculate, bitunicate, obovoid to ellipsoid, straight or Crous et al., 2004a, 2006b, 2007a,b). The predominant symptoms incurved, eight-spored, ascospores hyaline, non-guttulate, thin of MLD are leaf spots on the abaxial and/or adaxial leaf surfaces walled, straight to slightly curved, obovoid with obtuse ends, that vary in size, shape and colour (Crous, 1998).
    [Show full text]