Knowledge Year 7 Unit #1 “Why did William win How England Began the Battle of Organiser Hastings”.

Key Terms Celts – 500BC Romans – 43AD Anglo-Saxons Vikings 800AD Migration In around 500BC, Celts started In AD43, Roman legions landed on AD 793 – The Vikings 450AD Moving from one crossing the sea to get to English soil and claimed the land as part raided , killing Saxons started to arrive place to another England. They were a collection of the Roman Empire. They are said to monks and stealing food. from mainland Europe Immigrant of different tribes and were have fought in a great battle against the They frequently raided (near Germany) half way Someone who had attracted to the rich and fertile Celts near the River Thames, before coastal areas. They came through the 5th Century. migrated land in England. Over the next attacking the Celtic capital at from Scandinavia where Without the Romans Push Factor few hundred years, the Celts Camulodunum (Colchester). The Romans there was little food or England was defenceless, A reason why a prospered and left their mark on then turned to the South-West of land to farm. They were and it is possible that migrant leaves their England. They introduced new England, destroying the hill forts built accomplished seamen. they were invited to come home land innovations such as iron working by the Celts. The Romans introduced King Alfred made a pact to defend the island and Pull Factor and iron ploughs for farming. many of the most impressive aspects of with the Vikings to give in return were given land A reason why a They also built some defensive their Empire to England. These included land in Northumbria is to farm. They settled migrant is attracted forts, some of which can still be Roman law, the first proper roads, and exchange for ending the and married into local to a certain place seen today such as Maiden Castle vegetables such as cabbages, turnips, raids. in Dorset. peas and carrots. populations. Invasion Entering country , King of with force and , Earl of , a William, Duke of Normandy. Also known as William the Who Norway, a Viking warrior. violence powerful and rich English nobleman. Bastard. The Norman chroniclers reported that Edward Hardrada means ‘hard ruler’ and Celts Wanted He had the full support of the Anglo- had promised his distant relative, William, the throne in Harald was a very tough king. Tribes from to be Saxon population. According to the 1051. William was the only blood relative of Edward, but His claim was based his claim on Northern Europe – Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Edward named the English throne was not hereditary anyway so this King? the fact that his ancestor, King most powerful group Godwinson as his successor on his claim was not as strong as you might think. Claims that Cnut, had once ruled England in England until the deathbed. The next day, the royal Edward promised the throne were probably made up by (1016‒1035). When Cnut died, Roman invasion council, known as the Witan, met and the rival sides after the event. The , had Romans declared Godwinson king. An English which was made after the Conquest, shows Godwinson seized the throne from Magnus Members of the king was proclaimed by the Witan - swearing an oath of support to William in a visit to who it was promised to, as a Roman Empire – the this gives Harold Godwinson the only Normandy in 1064. William claimed that Harold result Norwegians like Hardrada most powerful group claim to the throne by right. Also, Godwinson had sworn on sacred relics (this was serious as felt they should rule England. n Europe from 100 Edward the Confessor had married everyone was very religious). As a result William got the Harald was helped by BC onwards. Based in Edith, who was the daughter of support of the Pope and the Pope excommunicated Harold Godwinson's brother, Tostig. Rome, Italy. Godwin of Wessex (Harold’s father). Godwinson! Saxons Tribes from German The Events of 1066 regions of Europe 5 Jan Edward the Confessor died leaving no heirs to the throne. He had lived in Normandy before his death. It was not clear who he Vikings wanted to e king after his death. He was a very religious man, so lead a celibate life (he had no children). The Witan elected Harold Tribes from Godwinson to be the next king of England. Scandinavia 6 Jan Harold was crowned as king of England, probably at . Heir 20 Sep Harald Hardrada and Tostig invaded, with more than 10,000 men in 200 long ships. Anglo- Saxon Earls Edwin and were The person who is defeated at Battle of Fulford. due to inherit 25 Sep Harold Godwinson travelled north to fight Harald Hardrada. In four days he marched 180 miles to surprise Hardrada and Claimants Tostig, east of . Godwinson defeated Hardrada but his army was tired and badly reduced in size. The people who 27 Sep William Duke of Normandy set sail with almost 700 ships. His soldiers landed at and made a small castle. The Normans believe they should pillaged and burned the surrounding area, in order to force Harold to come south. Having heard of William's landing while at inherit the York, he raced his army down the old Roman road of Ermine Street throne/become king 12 Oct Harold arrives at London, to recruit more troops 14 Oct —death of King Harold Knowledge Year 7 Unit #1 “Why did William win How England Began the Battle of Organiser Hastings”.

Harold’s Saxon Army William’s Norman Army The Battle of Hastings 14th October 1066 Made up of housecarls and the fyrd. Included knights from France and soldiers Anglo-Saxon tactics revolved around from Germany, Denmark and Italy, as well the shield wall. Shield wall was as infantry and cavalry. He was Better Prepared designed to stop charges and protect William had well trained and professional soldiers. Large parts of the soldiers from archers. This was an Infantry Harold’s army was untrained and made up of farmers (fyrd). Many of old fashioned method of warfare, but The Norman infantry was a mixture of Harold’s men had left the army to collect the harvest in. Harold was done correctly it was a very effective archers and infantry. The infantry were not prepared for the battle. William’s army was fresh and well tactic. professional, trained soldiers who were rested. He had lots of supplies. Harold’s was tired and reduced in armed with a sword, spear and shield. They size following the Bridge. The Fyrd all wore chainmail armour to protect them Mainly peasants and working men; in battle. Archers were well trained ad called up to fight for Anglo-Saxon used crossbows and bows – both were Luck Leadership kings in times of danger. The leaders deadly when in range. The bow used by The weather changed William was very of the fyrd had swords and spears; most soldiers was about 50 centimetres when William was brave and led his rest of the men were inexperienced (20 inches) long and was made of yew or trying to sail to men very well. fighters and carried weapons such as ash wood. The bow was only pulled back to England. Harold had William showed his iron clubs, slings, axes, scythes, and the chest and had a killing range of about to fight the Vikings Why did face during the haymaking forks. None of the fyrd 90 metres (100 yards). The Normans had first this gave William William battle to keep his had armour. The Anglo-Saxons had around 800 archers and 3000 infantry. the advantage. At a Win? solders from around 5,500 fyrd but this number key moment in the running away. could have been more as Harold Cavalry battle Harold was recruited more as he marched through Norman cavalry were knights. Wore a killed. villages. knee-length hauberk. In battle the hauberk was pulled up to protect the Housecarls bottom of the face. The conical helmet had Well-trained, full-time Anglo-Saxon a nose guard for further protection Tactics soldiers who were paid properly. Wore Better Army against blows to the face. They carried a Williams’ battle William arrived with 700 ships, a short mail-coat called a byrnie. long kite shield which was designed to tactics were better. Sleeves were left short to enable 3,000 horses and 15,000 infantry protect the left side of the body when He used archers made up of archers, knights and freedom of movement in battle. Wore carrying out cavalry charges and was made skilfully in battle, and a pointed helmet to help deflect blows professionally trained soldiers. with leather over a wooden frame. The used the strategy of They wore chainmail tunics to from sword attacks. Main weapon was Norman knights used a long double-edged the feint with great the battle-axe which could cut a horse protect their bodies, metal helmets sword and a lance. Sometimes knights effect several times. to protect their heads and carried in half. Also used a long double-edged carried a club-like weapon called a mace. Harold only had one sword with a shallow groove running long shields to deflect blows in Norman cavalry were terrifying soldiers tactic – the shield battle. Harold had a smaller army along the blade on both sides to make and no infantry could stand up to them wall. When this failed it lighter. Sometimes they also of 3,000 hoursecarls and about when they charged. The Normans had there was no other 5,500 fyrd. The fyrd were carried a spear or a throwing axe. The around 2000 knights on cavalry. plan. Anglo-Saxons had around 3000 untrained and did not have armour housecarls. or proper weapons. Revision “Why did William win Year 7 How England Began Unit #1 the Battle of Hastings”. Name:

Group Push Factor Pull Factor What they Facts about brought/left Edward the Confessor 1)______Celts 2)______3)______

Romans Why Should They Be King?

Harold Godwinson

Saxons

Harald Hardrada

Vikings William of Normandy What was the Anglo Saxon army like? Why did William Win the Battle of Hastings?

Point/ Evidence Why did this lead Reason to him winning? This led to William winning because…….

This led to William winning because……. What was the Norman army like?

This led to William winning because…….

This led to William winning because…….