Factors Affecting the Distribution and Survival of Endangered American Burying Beetles, Nicrophorus Americanus Olivier

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Factors Affecting the Distribution and Survival of Endangered American Burying Beetles, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier

Jessica Jurzenski University of Nebraska-Lincoln

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION AND SURVIVAL OF

ENDANGERED AMERICAN BURYING BEETLES, Nicrophorus americanus

OLIVIER

Jessica D. Jurzenski

A DISSERTATION

Presented to the Faculty of

The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska

In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements

For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Major: Entomology

Under the Supervision of Professors W. Wyatt Hoback and Shripat T. Kamble

Lincoln, Nebraska

August, 2012

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION AND SURVIVAL OF

ENDANGERED AMERICAN BURYING BEETLES, Nicrophorus americanus

OLIVIER

Jessica D. Jurzenski, Ph.D.

University of Nebraska, 2012

Advisors: W. Wyatt Hoback and Shripat T. Kamble

The disappearance of the federally endangered American burying beetle

(Nicrophorus americanus Olivier) over most of its range is poorly understood, which is

why the identification and evaluation of conservation measures is important. The

presence and distribution of all carrion beetles in Nebraska was first reported to help

understand where American burying beetles (ABBs) occur to aid in creating a habitat

suitability model for the Sandhills ecoregion and to locate suitable experiment areas.

There are 18 Nebraska counties with records of ABB presence in the last 15 years. The

final habitat suitability model performed well with an AUC value above 0.8 and will be a

functional tool in implementing conservation measures. There were eight variables that

best fit the presence and absence of ABBs. Loamy sand, variable soil textures, wetland,

and easting as a surrogate of precipitation were found to be positively correlated with

ABB presence; whereas, loam soil, agriculture, woodland, and development were

negatively correlated.

Experiments testing the effectiveness of bait away methods revealed that bait

stations did not draw significant numbers of ABBs out of mock “construction” zones and

did not successfully keep ABBs at bait stations. Even with the use of vertebrate excluder cages, there was mortality caused by northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens

Schreber), and without the cages, video captured opossum (Didelphis virginiana (Kerr))

consuming ABBs at a bait station. Bait away stations should no longer be used to clear

areas of ABBs for habitat alteration.

In Nebraska, a large portion of the known ABB distribution overlaps with

distributions of economically damaging grasshoppers that are managed using Dimilin and

Malathion pesticides. Dimilin was found to have some negative effects on N. orbicollis

Say brood success when carcasses were exposed to the pesticide and then later used for larval development. Malathion caused direct mortality of N. marginatus Fabricius, a

diurnal species, when sprayed directly, but would be unlikely to directly harm nocturnal

ABBs. Indirectly, Malathion on a carcass might stress parental beetles and cause changes

in brood size. Dimilin use should be restricted to periods with little ABB aboveground

activity until further research can pinpoint the associated risks.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I do not think that I would have survived the stress, field or lab work, and

supervising others if it had not been for the help and understanding of my fiancé, Geoff

Putney. It always amazed me how quickly he picked up insect identification and how willing he was to assist in the “dirty” work. He has been my rock. A special thanks is in order for my advisor, friend, and mentor Dr. W. Wyatt Hoback. I feel that I have

improved as a teacher and biologist because of his patience with my procrastination,

encouragement to succeed, and questioning demeanor. I will never forget how both Bob

Harms and Mike Fritz treated me like a colleague from the start of my projects. For this,

I thank them many times over.

Also, I must thank a vital person in the UNK department that makes all things

possible, Judy Kuebler, their office manager. Judy has always been patient and friendly,

despite the countless duties and demands that we have imposed upon her. I hope to

acquire similar skills of organization and personnel management that Judy possesses and

uses on a daily basis. I found similar friendly and helpful faces, Jeri Cunningham and

Marilyn Weidner, in the Entomology Department office. Overall, I feel that I found a

good home in the UNL Entomology Department and would like to thank Dr. Gary

Brewer and all other faculty staff in their continual support and encouragement. In

particular, I enjoyed interacting with Dr. Fred Baxendale at outreach events, Dr. Nick

Miller in the Bruner Club, and both Drs. Bob Wright and Ken Pruess during Linnaean

games practices. Students that I leaned on in times of need, whether it was for drinks,

volleyball, bowling, outreach events, or insect pinning, include Justin McMechan, Amy

Maile, Travis Prochaska, Kate Kneeland, Chelsea Piitz, Tim Husen, and Ken Miwa. I do v

not think I can begin to express the amount of gratitude I have for Stephanie Butler. I

hope we not only continue to look back at the good times we had doing field work and coming up with Chuck Norris/ABB jokes, but create new memories in our future

adventures.

I have come to view the Chambers area in Holt County where a large part of my

research took place as a sort of home away from home. This was largely due to the

friendships I have made and support I have received. Tim Lambert and his wonderful

family have welcomed me and members of the “beetle brigade” to his home many times.

Several individuals have assisted in my research efforts by allowing us to use their land, including Jo and Gerald Harkins, Nancy and Jerrol Winings, Brad Dexter, Gary Strong, and Dave Nickols. Torpin’s Rodeo Market in O’Neill was so gracious to allow the use of a walk-in freezer during our summer research. My literal home away from home lies

northwest of Chambers in the lovely guest house ran by Nancy and Jerrol. Also, I

appreciated housing assistance provided in other parts of the great Sandhills of Nebraska,

such as the Calamus Fish Hatchery via Doug Kapke and the Valentine National Refuge

headquarters. Visits to the Valentine National Refuge were always enjoyable experiences

made possible by Melvin Nenneman and Mark Lindvall.

I thank the numerous individuals that contributed survey data and voucher

specimens: Gary Marrone, Doug Backlund, Paul Timm, T.J. Fyfe, Justin Haas, Brian

Sass, Jeff Hamik, Sean Whipple, Chad Taylor, Lori Jumps, Tim Griffin, Ben Wheeler,

and Nick Dobesh. Brian Peterson, T.J. Walker, Mark Peyton, and Phil Dobesh have

conducted carrion beetle surveys for several years and were gracious enough to share

important data that significantly added to this update. Many thanks to the field and vi

laboratory technicians that made my projects possible since 2008, including D. Prososki,

S. Lockwood, L. Vincentini, M.L. Giardini-Conceição, S. Butler, S. McPherron, S.

Maestrello, J. Lammers, M. Parenti, L. Vivian, J. Carlson, S. Amami, A. Koehler, L.

Workman, , A. Mijone, S. Santiago, and C. Rosim. Andy Bishop, John Reins, and Roger

Grosse of the Rainwater Basin Joint Venture, and Bob Harms (USFWS) and Mike Fritz

(NGPC) provided critical assistance in the development and completion of the statewide update and habitat suitability (HS) model. I thank Neal Niemuth for his guidance in

model criteria selection and providing statistical advice and software.

I am very grateful to Dr. Kathy Hanford for teaching me the appropriate statistical analyses in SAS, which I will continue to benefit from in the future. Manuscript suggestions by Dr. Brett Ratcliffe (University of Nebraska State Museum), Hayley

Dikeman (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), and several anonymous reviewers were greatly appreciated. Dr. Shripat Kamble has always been there for me when I needed advice and guidance at UNL. I am happy he could serve as my co-advisor and look forward to keeping him as a valuable resource in my future network of colleagues and friends. Dr. Dave Wedin in the School of Natural Resource at UNL served as an excellent outside member of my committee by bringing forward important ecological concepts and aspects that continually reminded me to look at the big picture. Dr. John

Foster provided encouragement and support for publishing my research and was an essential member of my committee. A dissertation review by all committee members was very helpful in completing this document.

ABB trapping was conducted under U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Permit

#TE045150-0. I owe thanks to various funding agencies, including the Nebraska vii

Department of Roads, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service, Nebraska

Game and Parks Commission, and the University of Nebraska at Kearney. This report

was funded in part through grants from the Federal Highway Administration (and Federal

Transit Administration) of the U.S. Department of Transportation. The views and

opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the

U.S. Department of Transportation. Rainwater Basin Joint Venture and U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service provided funding and use of their GIS lab for the creation of HS models.

Nebraska Game and Parks Commission and Nebraska Department of Roads helped provide vehicles and funding for field sampling. Funding for pesticide research was supplemented by the Center for Great Plains Studies and USDA-APHIS-PPQ. The

Chemtura Company provided Dimilin for research use and tested samples for diflubenzuron activity, which was greatly appreciated.

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... viii

LIST OF TABLES ...... xi

LIST OF FIGURES ...... xii

LIST OF APPENDICES ...... xvi

CHAPTER 1: Literature Review ...... 1

Introduction and Background ...... 2

Conservation Concerns ...... 7

Minimizing Risk of ABB Mortality ...... 13

Nontarget Pesticides ...... 15

Study Areas ...... 17

Research Goals ...... 18

Objectives ...... 18

CHAPTER 2: New records of carrion beetles in Nebraska reveal increased presence of the American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier

(Coleoptera: Silphidae) ...... 24

Abstract ...... 25

Introduction ...... 26

Materials and Methods ...... 28

Results and Conclusions ...... 31 ix

Mark-recapture population estimation ...... 32

Additional silphid records ...... 36

CHAPTER 3: The American burying beetle: Can a habitat suitability model be useful for a habitat generalist? ...... 47

Abstract ...... 48

Introduction ...... 49

Materials and Methods ...... 51

Study area ...... 51

Model criteria ...... 52

ABB surveys ...... 55

Results ...... 56

Discussion ...... 57

CHAPTER 4: Taking the bait: Evaluating an American burying beetle (Coleoptera:

Silphidae) conservation protocol...... 73

Abstract ...... 74

Introduction ...... 75

Materials and Methods ...... 78

Study area ...... 78

Bait stations ...... 79

ABB night activity and pronotal width ...... 83

Results ...... 84

Discussion and Conclusions ...... 86 x

CHAPTER 5: Opossums and leopard frogs consume the federally endangered American burying beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae) ...... 98

CHAPTER 6: Dimilin and Malathion effects on survival and reproduction of burying beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) ...... 103

Abstract ...... 104

Introduction ...... 105

Materials and Methods ...... 109

Direct Exposure Mortality ...... 110

Direct Exposure Effects on Brood Success ...... 111

Secondary Poisoning of Adults via Grasshopper Carcasses ...... 112

Indirect Exposure Effects on Brood Success ...... 113

Results ...... 114

Direct Exposure Mortality ...... 114

Direct Exposure Effects on Brood Success ...... 114

Secondary Poisoning of Adults via Grasshopper Carcasses ...... 115

Indirect Exposure Effects on Brood Success ...... 115

Discussion ...... 116

CHAPTER 7: Management implications ...... 127

LITERATURE CITED ...... 134

LIST OF APPENDICES ...... 148

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Mark-recapture population estimates for American burying beetles (ABB) in six counties in Nebraska ...... 40

Table 2. Variables tested in the habitat suitability modeling of the American burying beetle in the Sandhills ecoregion of Nebraska ...... 64-66

Table 3. Descriptive statistics for the Nebraska Sandhills American burying beetle (ABB) habitat suitability models ...... 67

Table 4. American burying beetle habitat suitability model's logistic regression equation values ...... 68

Table 5. Threshold-dependent values at four occurrence thresholds for the Nebraska Sandhills American burying beetle habitat suitability models ...... 69

Table 6. American burying beetles captured at bait stations or modified bait stations, “construction” zone pitfall traps, and black light traps ...... 90

Table 7. American burying beetles recaptured in 2009 and 2010 at bait stations, "construction" zone pitfall traps, and black light traps, including the mean distance (km) traveled during the recapture period and the mean number of days between captures ...... 91

Table 8. American burying beetles recaptured in 2011 at modified bait stations and "construction" zone pitfall traps, including the mean distance (km) traveled during the recapture period and the mean number of days between captures ...... 92

Table 9. Summary of beetles found on carrion ...... 123

Table 10. Nicrophorus marginatus reproduction attempts after direct spray of water, Dimilin, or Malathion ...... 124

Table 11. Reproduction attempts, successful mouse burial, and larvae of Nicrophorus orbicollis supplied with a mouse sprayed with water, Dimilin, or Malathion ...... 124

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. An American burying beetle (ABB), Nicrophorus americanus, tagged in field research at a bait station in the Nebraska Sandhills region in August 2010 (A). Several ABBs captured in a baited pitfall trap in Holt County, Nebraska in August 2010 (B) ...... 20

Figure 2. American burying beetle populations as of 2003 (black) and historic distribution based on specimen records (gray shaded area and white dots) (Sikes and Raithel 2003, as modified from Lomolino et al. 1995, Holloway and Schnell 1997, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1991) (A). American burying beetle populations as of 2008 (black) and historic range (gray shaded) (Creighton et al. 2009, as modified from Lomolino et al. 1995 and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1991) (B). Reintroduction attempts are indicated by the letters A and C; whereas B, D, and E are extant populations ...... 21

Figure 3. Procession of events in brood ball formation by Nicrophorus spp. (Image borrowed from Ratcliffe 1996) ...... 22

Figure 4. A modified illustration by Bedick et al. (2004) showing the baited pitfall trap used in Nebraska ...... 23

Figure 5. A predictive hazard map for grasshopper management with the current American burying beetle distribution marked as a cautionary zone. (Source: http://entomology.unl.edu/grasshoppers/gh%20hazard%20maps/ ghhazardmap2012.jpg Date accessed 17 May 2012) ...... 23

Figure 6. Map of Nebraska’s counties ...... 41

Figure 7. Baited bucket pitfall trap results from 2001 to 2010, showing the presence and absence of the American burying beetle (ABB) in Nebraska. Absence is defined as three or more survey nights without ABB capture. County records illustrated as either 1999 or historical ABB county records are as reported in Bedick et al. (1999). Boyd county records were provided by Doug Backlund and Gary Marrone from sampling performed in 2001 ...... 42

Figure 8. The number of American burying beetles (ABBs) marked and recaptured in six survey areas during June. Surveys conducted over 10 survey nights (A) and 5 survey nights (B) are reported. The number of pitfall traps used are indicated by N = x. These data were used to calculate population estimates (Table 1) ...... 43

Figure 9. The number of American burying beetles (ABBs) marked and recaptured in five survey areas during August. Surveys conducted over 10 survey nights (A) and 5 survey nights (B) are reported. The number of pitfall traps used are indicated by N = x. These data were used to calculate xiii population estimates (Table 1) ...... 43

Figures 10A–Q. County-level distributions of 17 Nebraska carrion beetle species. Shaded counties represent counties with records from Ratcliffe (1996). Gray squares within a county represent records from various research surveys without voucher specimens and black squares within a county represent records with voucher specimens housed at the University of Nebraska at Kearney ...... 44-46

Figure 11. The number of silphid species recorded from each Nebraska county. The unshaded counties represent counties with zero species recorded in 1995 (Ratcliffe 1996) ...... 46

Figure 12. A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) plot for four American burying beetle habitat suitability models. Area under the curve (AUC) values are indicated in parentheses in the legend key ...... 70

Figure 13. A box and whisker plot produced using the 2011 prospective sampling data collected for 2011 model validation comparing American burying beetle (ABB) presence and absence. Presence and absence (x-axis) indicates the actual outcome of traps and the y-axis indicates the corresponding percent probability of occurrence for each trap when input into the 2011 pre-validation model. The mean percent probability of occurrence is marked by a dashed line within the boxes for both presence and absence data. Outliers are marked by a hollow circle ...... 70

Figure 14. The 2009 predictive model map for the American burying beetle (ABB) in the Sandhills ecoregion ...... 71

Figure 15. The 2010 predictive model map for the American burying beetle (ABB) in the Sandhills ecoregion ...... 71

Figure 16. The final 2011 predictive model map for the American burying beetle (ABB) in the Sandhills ecoregion ...... 72

Figure 17. The final 2011 predictive model map for the American burying beetle (ABB) in the Sandhills ecoregion with sampling data points used in model selection. Trap data are marked as a black cross (presence) or a hollow circle (absence) ...... 72

Figure 18. Holt Co., Nebraska with the locations of all experimental conditions in 2009, 2010, and 2011 (legend A). The Nebraska map on the right shows the presence and absence (three or more trap nights with zero ABB captures) of American burying beetles (ABBs) found in surveys conducted from 1992 to 2011 (legend B) ...... 93

xiv

Figure 19. Experimental designs in 2009 (n=2), 2010 (n=7), and 2011 (n=7) for baiting away experiments. The “construction” zone and section roads represent 1.6 km segments of road. A. the double-side condition in 2009, B. the single-side condition in 2009, C. the control condition in 2009, D. the experimental condition in 2010, E. the control condition in 2010, and F. the experimental condition in 2011 ...... 94

Figure 20. American burying beetles (ABBs) (± se) captured in baited pitfall traps during the final seven days of the 2009 bait station experiment. The “North” and “South” designations refer to the location relative to Hwy 11 between the Hwy 95 junction and Atkinson, Nebraska ...... 95

Figure 21. American burying beetles (ABBs) (± se) captured at bait stations during no black light trapping (off) and during black light trapping (on) for consecutive trial periods in 2010 ...... 95

Figure 22. American burying beetles (ABBs) captured at four baited bucket pitfall traps in Holt County, Nebraska over a 20 day sampling period in August 2010 ...... 96

Figure 23. American burying beetles (ABB) counted in videos within half-hour intervals at night and the total number of videos viewed ...... 96

Figure 24. American burying beetles (ABBs) (± se) found in the videos at night and in the box during the day during bait away experiments conducted in 2009 and 2010 in Holt County, NE ...... 97

Figure 25. The American burying beetles (ABBs) mean pronotal width (± se) differences for trap type, year, and sex for August data in 2009 and 2010. The right axis corresponds to the maximum and minimum ABB pronotal widths measured ...... 97

Figure 26. Failed reproduction attempts of Nicrophorus orbicollis over the course of three years and three treatments. *Malathion was not tested in 2009 ...... 125

Figure 27. The mean number of 2nd instar larvae per Nicrophorus orbicollis brood over the course of three years and three treatments. *Malathion was not tested in 2009 ...... 125

Figure 28. The mean weight of 2nd instar larvae found in Nicrophorus orbicollis broods over the course of three years and three treatments. *Malathion was not tested in 2009 ...... 126

Figure 29. The percent probability of occurrence of American burying beetles (ABBs) after habitat suitability modeling and the known presence of ABBs xv with 16 and 8 km buffers around traps located in the Sandhills and Loess Canyons (modified from McPherron 2011), respectively ...... 132

Figure 30. A map showing areas with the greatest percent probability of occurrence and the least amount of false presences of American burying beetles (ABBs) after habitat suitability modeling the Sandhills and Loess Canyons ecoregions (modified from McPherron 2011) ...... 133

xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: Bait away experiments (Chapter 4) location information and raw data ...... 148

Appendix A.1. Location information for all trap types used in bait away experiments in Holt County, Nebraska (2009) ...... 148

Appendix A.2. Total number* of Nicrophorus spp. observed at bait stations and pitfall buckets in 2009 ...... 150

Appendix A.3. The total number* of non-Nicrophorus silphid beetles observed at bait stations and pitfall buckets in 2009 ...... 158

Appendix A.4. Location information for all trap types used in bait away experiments in Holt County, Nebraska (2010 and 2011) ...... 166

Appendix A.5. Total number* of Nicrophorus spp. observed at bait stations, black light traps, and pitfall buckets in 2010 ...... 168

Appendix A.6. Total number* of non-Nicrophorus silphid beetles observed at bait stations, black light traps, and pitfall buckets in 2010 ...... 189

Appendix A.7. Incidental Nicrophorus americanus mortality at bait stations in 2010 and 2011 ...... 209

Appendix A.8. Total number of Nicrophorus americanus (ABB) captured on video and found the following morning in the bait station box ...... 210

Appendix A.9. Total number of Nicrophorus spp. observed at baited pitfall buckets and modified bait stations in 2011 ...... 210

Appendix A.10. Total number of non-Nicrophorus silphid beetles observed at pitfall buckets and modified bait stations in 2011 ...... 223

Figure A.1. Bait away stations in 2009 (A) and 2010 (B) ...... 236

Figure A.2. The black light traps used in 2010 ...... 237

Figure A.3. The container used for closed bait bucket pitfall traps in 2011. The decayed rat is placed within this container and then placed within the bucket ...... 237

Figure A.4. The Northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens) that was commonly found at the 2010 bait stations and consumed silphid beetles, xvii

including the American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus) ...... 238

Figure A.5. A picture of an unusually marked American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus) that was captured at a bait station in 2010 (A). A normally marked individual is also pictured (B). Several individuals with unusual markings similar to picture A were captured in Holt County in both 2010 and 2011 ...... 238

APPENDIX B: Pesticide experiments (Chapter 6) raw data...... 239

Appendix B.1. Survival results of direct spray treatments on Nicrophorus marginatus (raw data corresponds to the Direct Exposure Mortality section of chapter 6) ...... 239

Appendix B.2. Results of Nicrophorus marginatus survival and reproductive attempts after direct exposure to treatments (raw data corresponds to Table 9 in Chapter 6, Direct Exposure Effects on Brood Success section) ...... 241

Appendix B.3. Larval weights of Nicrophorus marginatus offspring after direct spray treatments and a mating opportunity with an unsprayed beetle (raw data correspond to the Direct Exposure Effects on Brood Success section in Chapter 6) ...... 242

Appendix B.4. Nicrophorus marginatus survival after feeding on treated grasshopper carcasses* (raw data corresponds to the Secondary Poisoning of Adults via Grasshopper Carcasses section in chapter 6) ...... 255

Appendix B.5. Preliminary mortality results of Nicrophorus marginatus feeding on treated* grasshopper carcasses in relation to beetle pronotal width (raw data corresponds to the Secondary Poisoning of Adults via Grasshopper Carcasses section in chapter 6) ...... 255

Appendix B.6. Nicrophorus orbicollis reproduction attempts using a treated mouse (raw data corresponds to Figures 26 and 27 in chapter 6, Indirect Exposure Effects on Brood Success section) ...... 256

Appendix B.7. Nicrophorus orbicollis 3rd instar larval weights after reproduction attempts using a treated mouse (raw data corresponds to Figure 28 in chapter 6, Indirect Exposure Effects on Brood Success section) ...... 258

Figure B.1. Dead grasshoppers killed by Malathion spray used in experiments testing the horizontal transmission of toxic residues between the grasshopper carcasses and Nicrophorus marginatus (Chapter 6, Secondary Poisoning of Adults via Grasshopper Carcasses section) ...... 265

Figure B.2. The containers (A) used for experiments testing the horizontal xviii transmission of toxic residues between grasshopper carcasses and Nicrophorus marginatus (Chapter 6, Secondary Poisoning of Adults via Grasshopper Carcasses section). A view from above is also shown (B) ...... 266

Figure B.3. Nicrophorus marginatus consuming a grasshopper (A) during an experiment testing the horizontal transmission of toxic residues between the grasshopper carcasses and Nicrophorus marginatus (Chapter 6, Secondary Poisoning of Adults via Grasshopper Carcasses section). The remains of two grasshoppers after 72 hours are shown (B) ...... 266

CHAPTER 1

Literature Review

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

The American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier (Fig. 1), is a species of carrion beetle (Order Coleoptera) in the family Silphidae and subfamily

Nicrophorinae. The Nicrophorus genus is more specifically known as burying beetles

because of the burying behavior displayed when preparing a carcass for reproduction

(Pukowski 1933, Scott 1998). The American burying beetle (ABB), which was listed as

federally endangered in 1989 (U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service

1989), is the largest species of Nicrophorus in the Western Hemisphere (27 to 35 mm)

(Anderson 1982a). Historically, the beetles were widespread and abundant in 35 of the central and eastern U.S. states. Its absence became apparent in the 1980s (Davis 1980,

Kozol et al. 1988) and by 1989 it was thought to only occur on an island off of Rhode

Island and on a military installation in Oklahoma (USFWS 1991). As of 2009, the known populations occurred in only 10% of the historical distribution area (7 states,

including Nebraska) (Fig. 2) (Creighton et al. 2009), which was verified by the lack of

ABB specimens recorded from sampling conducted in 12-15 states from 1990 to 2006

where previous historical records indicated ABB presence (Ratcliffe and Jameson 1992,

Creighton et al. 1993, Quisenberry and Purcell 1993, Backlund and Marrone 1997,

Guarisco 1997, Miller and McDonald 1997, USFWS 2008a).

To better understand the decline of ABB and its importance in North America, an

introduction of burying beetle natural history and biology is needed. Carrion beetles,

including burying beetles, compete for vertebrate carrion needed for sustenance and

developing offspring. Carrion beetles are able to locate dead vertebrates by using

sensitive chemoreceptors in their capitate antennae that detect molecules released by dead 3

and decaying organisms (Dethier 1947, Scott 1998). Competition for decaying carcasses varies depending on location, time of day, carcass age, and carcass size (Scott 1998).

Competitors consist of many fly families (e.g., Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and

Muscidae) (Scott 1994, Byrd and Castner 2000), beetle families (e.g., Silphidae,

Staphylinidae, and Dermestidae), ants species (Scott et al. 1987), various other arthropods, vertebrate scavengers (Wilson and Fudge 1984), and microbes (Rozen et al.

2008). Phoretic mites on Nicrophorus spp. can be beneficial because they consume fly

eggs and larvae, which minimizes competition for the resource (Wilson and Knollenberg

1987, Scott 1998). The competition for resources, such as carrion, can be intense because

it is scarce and unpredictable in space and time; therefore, it probably contributed to the

selection of diverse life traits of burying beetles.

As mentioned previously, the Nicrophorus genus is characterized by a burying

behavior displayed when preparing a carcass for reproduction; in addition, they have

been well-studied because of their extended biparental care of offspring (Trumbo 1994,

Trumbo 1996, Eggert et al. 1998, Scott 1998). Initially, a carcass is assessed by

Nicrophorus spp. for suitability and viability for reproduction (Scott and Traniello 1987,

Trumbo et al. 1995, Trumbo 1997). The surrounding habitat also plays a role in the

ultimate decision to secure the carcass. Soil composition can be a limiting factor for

burying beetles and if a suitable area is nearby, then the beetles will work together (or

alone) to move the carcass (Muths 1991). Smith et al. (2000) found that abandoned

burrows, holes, or cracks in the ground within 20 cm of the carcass were more likely to

be used than a direct burial, and that the proportion of successful broods was higher for

carcasses dragged to the holes. Carcass burial involves one or many beetles of one or 4 more Nicrophorus species, but only the most competitive (i.e., the largest as measured by pronotal width) male and female of a species will win the right of preparing a brood chamber and ovipositing (Otronen 1988, Safryn and Scott 2000). If few beetles have arrived at a carcass, a single male will signal for females through hormone secretion dispersed by a characteristic headstand stance (Beeler et al. 1999). The brood chamber is a small area created by the beetles around the carcass (Fig. 3). The carcass is formed into a ball and treated with the beetle’s oral and anal secretions (containing antimicrobial components) (Hoback et al. 2004, Kaspari and Stevenson 2008, Rozen et al. 2008).

Oviposition generally occurs within 24 hours of carcass discovery (Trumbo 1997) and is adjusted proportionately to the carcass size. After hatching, the larvae will enter the chamber where they are sometimes fed by the male and female parent beetles until the larvae are able to directly feed on the carcass (Trumbo 1992). The parent beetles also protect the offspring from intruders that will try to kill the current larvae and lay their own eggs (Scott 1990, Trumbo 1990a, Müller et al. 2003, Trumbo 2009). On the other hand, if the resource is being consumed to the extent that will result in brood loss or hatching success is greater than expected, then the adults will commit filial cannibalism to reduce the number of larvae competing for food (Bartlett 1987, Trumbo 1990b). The male often leaves shortly after egg hatch (3-7 days) and the female often leaves shortly before the resource is depleted (~ 14 days) (Scott and Traniello 1990). Shortly after the female leaves, the larvae disperse in the soil and pupate. Teneral adults emerge approximately a month after carcass burial.

There are approximately 72 burying beetle species occurring on all continents, except for Australia and Antarctica (Sikes et al. 2002, Sikes et al. 2006, and Sikes et al. 5

2008). North America’s Nicrophorus assemblage (north of Mexico) consists of 15

species with 2 species also present in Europe (Peck and Anderson 1985, Peck and

Kaulbars 1987, Sikes and Peck 2000). Over 70% of the known North American

Nicrophorus species have been observed in Nebraska, including American burying

beetles, its closely related congener N. orbicollis Say (Szalanski et al. 2000), and an abundant, ubiquitous species N. marginatus Fabricius (Ratcliffe 1996).

In terms of importance, burying beetles help recycle and remove decaying animals from habitats, which reduces fly populations. Other benefits may occur in nature that we have not observed or have not observed on a regular basis. For example, some flowers attract carrion beetles for pollination by a foul odor similar to a rotting carcass

(Seymour and Schultze-Motel 1997). Complex niche segregation by time (spatial and temporal), soil preference, carcass size suitability, and abiotic tolerances (temperature, moisture, and compaction) have created complementary assemblages for a wide variety of habitats (Anderson 1982b, Scott 1998). For ABB, their large size enables them to utilize larger carcasses excluding many other burying beetles from competition; however, it may increase competition with larger, more dangerous vertebrate scavengers.

Although Anderson (1982a) interpreted the known specimen localities in mature

forest as an indication of habitat specificity and Creighton et al. (1993) captured

significantly more ABBs in a oak-hickory site than a grassland site, it is now understood

that ABBs can proliferate in either forest or grassland habitats, along with gradations

between both (Lomolino et al. 1995, Lomolino and Creighton 1996, Bedick et al. 1999,

Jurzenski et al. 2011). Lomolino et al. (1995) found that in Oklahoma and Arkansas

ABBs were habitat generalists, but N. orbicollis was more abundant in wooded areas and 6

N. marginatus was more likely to be found in areas with few trees. Lomolino and

Creighton (1996) conducted another study in Oklahoma to determine the possible

breeding habitat requirements, not only occurrence. More ABBs successfully buried and

produced more offspring in an upland forest area than in a grassland area (t = 2.18, p <

0.05); however, the brood ball carcasses had fewer fly larvae (t = 2.09, p < 0.05) and

were buried deeper in the grassland area (t = 3.61, p < 0.01). Given the known distributions and different habitat types in Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Rhode Island, ABB are successful across several landscape types and can have a larger niche breadth than

many other Nicrophorus species (Lomolino and Creighton 1996). Movement between different habitats by individual ABBs was recorded by Creighton and Schnell (1998), including from open grassland to woodland and from bottomland to upland woodlands.

In Oklahoma, a two-year study found that ABBs moved 1.23 (± 0.73 sd) km per night with the maximum distance moved over one night (before recapture) 2.9 km

(Creighton and Schnell 1998). They recaptured one beetle twice, which had traveled a total of 10 km over the 6 nights between the first and last capture. Shubeck (1968) tested the ability of Oiceoptoma novaboracense (Forster), N. orbicollis, and N. tomentosus

Weber to locate carrion without wind present and found that they needed to be within 5

meters of the carcass to detect the carcass due to actual orientation, not random searching.

Raithel et al. (2006) found that wind direction does play a role when ABB are traveling

long distances (Fisher Exact Probability Test, p = 0.035). To better understand the

movement patterns of ABB, Walker and Hoback (2006) attempted to use small radio

transmitters (0.4-0.5 g) to track the beetles using telemetry. The attachment was 7

problematic and the transmitters proved to be too heavy; therefore, the study was

discontinued.

ABBs are generally described as univoltine, although ABBs will reproduce a second time in the laboratory at the end of the active season1, and live approximately 12

months (Bedick et al. 1999). The typical number of larvae in a brood is 12-18 larvae, but

can be as large as 35 larvae (Amaral et al. 1997). Adults overwinter in the soil and leaf

litter. Some evidence shows ABBs may preferentially overwinter with a carcass buried

similar to burial for reproduction, which could increase survival probabilities (Schnell et

al. 2008). They are nocturnal and require larger vertebrate carcasses for reproduction (80

– 3741 g) than other burying beetle species in North America (20-100g) (Kozol et al.

1988, Trumbo 1992, Lomolino and Creighton 1996). Research has shown that ABBs are

attracted to and able to reproduce on various types of carrion, including various

mammals, herptiles, and birds (Kozol et al. 1988, Bedick et al. 1999). Kozol et al. (1988)

found there was not a significant difference in preference between mammalian and avian

carcasses. Captive breeding uses live and dead invertebrates (e.g., mealworms) to

maintain adult beetles until presented with a suitable carcass to reproduce on (Dikeman

2009). The extent to which ABBs feed on invertebrate carrion in the wild is unknown.

CONSERVATION CONCERNS

The recovery goals set by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in 1991

for delisting consideration of the American burying beetle included 1) verification of at

least 3 populations no less than 500 individuals for 4 U.S. geographic regions: the

1 Hoback, W.W. 2012. Personal communication. 8

Northeast, the Southeast, the Midwest, and the Great Lakes states; and 2) each of the

populations achieving the first goal are self-sustaining for a minimum of 5 consecutive

years. In a 2008 assessment of the recovery objectives, the USFWS concluded the

immediate threat of extinction has diminished because of the increased population and

range extension information, such as the discovery of populations in Arkansas, Kansas,

Nebraska and South Dakota (USFWS 2008a). Delisting criteria were reviewed and

found that other than the Midwest geographic region, there are not sustained populations

in the other 3 regions, even with substantial reintroduction efforts (Amaral et al. 1997,

Dikeman 2009). The Midwest geographic region is considered stable with estimates of

at least 500 to 1,000 ABB individuals in populations over more than 5 consecutive years

(Peyton 2003, Amaral et al. 2005, Backlund et al.2008, and USFWS 2008a). Nebraska’s

Loess Canyon’s ABB population was estimated to be as large as 3,136 individuals

(Peyton 2003). New criteria were established assessing the threats to habitat or range,

overutilization of individuals for non-scientific or scientific purposes, occurrence of

disease or predation, utilization and quality of protective regulations or provisions, and

risk of anthropogenic factors affecting survival directly or indirectly.

Proposed hypotheses explaining the decline of ABB were reviewed by Sikes and

Raithel (2002). Critical evaluation and synthesis of these hypotheses are important because identifying factors that negatively impact the beetles will aid in their conservation. Also, Sikes and Raithel (2002) stated it is more likely a combination of these explanations under various circumstances that ultimately impacts ABB survival.

To evaluate the hypotheses, two main questions were asked in relation to the hypothesis: can it explain or account for similar Nicrophorus spp. being unaffected and does it match 9

or explain the geographic pattern of disappearance? There are limitations to these

generalizations because they seek to explain the decline of ABBs as a large-scale event

rather than localized events accumulating. This makes the identification of current and

future risks on smaller scales difficult to interpret.

The increased use of DDT (and other pesticides) is not a likely explanation

because of inconsistent disappearances of ABBs in areas without pesticide spraying and

the lack of disappearance of other Nicrophorus spp. in heavily sprayed areas (Sikes and

Raithel 2002). The possibility of decreases in ABB populations with increased artificial

lighting is supported by knowledge about where ABBs currently occur, which almost

entirely consists of remote areas with little artificial lighting or human presence. Yet,

other nocturnal silphid species continue to thrive in many areas with artificial lighting

and remote areas without artificial lighting similar to current ABB habitat have not

sustained ABB populations since its decline. Sikes and Raithel (2002) found that a pathogen could appropriately explain the disappearance pattern because ABBs seem to be

distantly related to other Nicrophorus spp. (Peck and Anderson 1985) and could harbor a pathogen that does not affect congeners. Also, the geographic pattern of only peripheral populations remaining fits the general outcome of an outbreak affecting the core population.

Five sub-hypotheses address the alteration of habitat involving the loss of specialist habitat, competition, and lack of ideal carrion for reproduction (Sikes and

Raithel 2002). The historical widespread and current distribution of ABBs across several habitat types are likely to rule out the loss of forest areas or prairie as a primary explanation. An increase in vertebrate scavengers from habitat fragmentation and loss of 10

higher order predators could explain a cascade-type effect involving both the loss of

appropriate sized carrion resources and an increase of sympatric congener competition

for less appropriate size carrion. There is not enough information to assess these three hypotheses concerning the geographic pattern of the ABB decline; therefore, they currently represent the best logical explanations for the widespread disappearance of

ABBs. More research on the abundance of vertebrate scavengers and species utilized by

ABBs in current habitats would help clarify these possible interactions. Vertebrate

scavengers of concern are American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm), turkey

vulture (Cathartes aura (L.)), red fox (Vulpes vulpes (L)), striped skunk (Mephitis

mephitis (Schreber)), raccoon (Procyon lotor (L.)), Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus

(Berkenhout)), feral cat (Felis catus L.), coyote (Canis latrans Say), and the Virginia

opossum (Didelphis marsupialis (Kerr)) (Sikes and Raithel 2002).

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2008a) suggested that the limiting factors for

ABBs are less likely to be vegetation assemblage or structure, but are adequate-sized

carrion sources, soil properties affecting burial of carrion for reproduction, and invertebrate or vertebrate competitors (Lomolino and Creighton 1996). These factors correspond well with Sikes and Raithel’s (2002) review. A comparison of ABBs

captured in baited pitfalls and the number of birds and small mammals in census counts

resulted in a significant correlation between the number of beetles and the biomass of

mammals plus birds (Holloway and Schnell 1997). The species diversity and number of individuals of mammals was also significantly correlated with ABB presence. Holloway

and Schnell (1997) indicated that although the vegetation characteristics of a habitat may

not be a determining factor of habitat suitability for ABBs, but it can influence the 11

abundance and assemblage of possible carrion resources. Also, the presence of small mammals may indirectly benefit burying beetles by providing small, abandoned burrow holes that can be used in brood chamber formation and in turn, increase the probability of a successful brood (Smith et al. 2000). Carrion availability as a limiting factor in ABBs abundance or decline was tentatively supported by the long term review of the Block

Island ABB population data (Raithel et al. 2006). They found that with supplemental carrion in and after 1994 there was an increase in the ABB captures (F = 17.3915; df = 1,

7; p = 0.0042) as compared to the trend from 1991 to 1993 (F = 0.2297; df = 1, 2; p =

0.679) without supplemental carrion.

A positive correlation between captured ABBs and increasing sand percentage

was measured (r = 0.43) (Lomolino et al.1995) for ABBs in an Oklahoma survey study.

Soil composition and moisture has not been well researched within ABB habitat; therefore, both may contribute to ABB habitat selection. Other Nicrophorus spp. are known to have specific associations with certain soil features. Bishop et al. (2002) found that several Nicrophorus spp. occurred significantly more often in a specific soil texture type. For example, N. orbicollis was found almost exclusively in alluvial soils compared to loam, sand, and loess.

Although ABBs may be habitat generalists, they could be negatively impacted by habitat fragmentation similar to the species sampled in a rural to urban habitat gradient in

New York (Gibbs and Stanton 2001). The effects of habitat disturbance and deforestation on ABB numbers was studied in Oklahoma after a previously surveyed area with a sizable ABB population had trees removed by the U.S. Forest Service (Creighton et al. 2009). They found a significant decline in ABBs/trap night in the areas of forest 12

removal, whereas the ABBs/trap night did not change in nearby areas without

disturbance. Even habitat alteration by the invasion of other species could play a role in

the success of ABBs. Scott et al. (1987) found that areas in Florida infested with red

imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren) caused negative local effects for burying

beetles working to secure a carcass. The encroachment of eastern red cedar (Juniperus

virginiana L.), which reduces open habitat, in the Nebraska Loess Canyons was identified as a possible negative factor in ABB abundance (Walker and Hoback 2007).

Captive breeding programs have been established for ABBs and reintroduction

efforts have been pursued in Ohio and two Massachusetts islands, Penikese and

Nantucket (Amaral et al. 1997, Selbo 2009, Smith 2009). Ohio reintroductions are still

being evaluated and supplemented, but have not had success, yet. The Penikese re-

introduction period lasted four years (1990-1993) and surveys three years later showed

promising results with a pair of ABBs found on a naturally-occurring herring gull chick

carcass and others captured in baited pitfall traps (Amaral et al. 1997). Additionally,

surveys performed eight years after the last ABB release showed ABB presence (NJDEP

2004). Although no data was presented, the reintroduction of ABBs on Nantucket in

1994 has been deemed a successful endeavor and is partially attributed to the lack of

vertebrate scavengers, presence of suitable carcasses, and general isolation (Smith 2009).

A non-essential experimental population reintroduction was approved for a prairie in

southwest Missouri, which was conducted in June 2012. The captive breeding programs

must consider the need to conserve the genetic diversity of the species in their efforts. To

date, research analyzing the genetic diversity among and between ABB populations has 13

found little diversity between populations, even with a known separation of at least 20

years (Kozol et al. 1994 and Szalanski et al. 2000).

MINIMIZING RISK OF ABB MORTALITY

Standardized procedures for ABB collection and mitigation are needed to both

minimize the risk of take or mortality and compare research data collected in different

projects and ecoregions. Bedick et al. (2004) provided a new sampling protocol for

ABBs, which was largely implemented with some modifications by Nebraska researchers and Fish and Wildlife Service personnel (USFWS 2008b) (Fig. 4). Once a location is identified for a baited pitfall trap, then the GPS coordinates are collected and a photograph is taken. An 18.9 liter plastic bucket (washed with bleach beforehand) is placed in a hole so that the lip rests approximately 6-8 cm above the surrounding soil. A soil berm is built up to the lip to allow beetles to reach the bucket lip, but avoid the flow of water into the bucket during rainfall events. Inside the bucket, there should be 5-8 cm of moist soil to prevent desiccation and allow beetles to seek refuge from other organisms in the pitfall trap. The bait for the pitfall trap is a previously frozen laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout), which can be ordered from online services (e.g.,

RodentPro.com). The American burying beetle is nocturnal, which means traps can be set at any time during the day before sunset. This also means the traps must be checked

as soon as possible the following morning to prevent mortality caused by heat and

desiccation. The soil in the bucket and the rat itself are checked for beetles. ABB data

generally collected includes pronotal width and sex. Marking can be useful to identify

beetles that have been previously captured in a study. Elytral clipping or cauterizing, 14 model paint, and bee tags adhered with super glue to the elytra or pronotum (The Bee

Works, Ontario, Canada) are the most common methods used for mark-recapture data collection (Creighton et al. 1993, Lomolino et al. 1995, Peyton 2003, Backlund et al.

2008, Butler 2011).

The major difference between the method outlined by Bedick et al. (2004) and the method used by southern states (Creighton et al. 1993, USFWS 2009a) is that 24 oz. cup transects are used in Oklahoma with rotted vertebrate pieces in a suspended, inaccessible cup. A transect consists of 8 cups with a small amount of soil and a moist sponge cube that are placed 20 meters apart with each trap receiving bait and a plastic covering to provide shade and to serve as a rain shield. Oklahoma also approves the use of bait away stations to keep ABB out of construction areas (USFWS 2009b). Nebraska does not allow this protocol because of concerns of effectiveness and mortality. The use of large whole carrion accessible by the beetles in the Nebraska protocol is to reduce drying out of the carrion and to reduce mortality caused by competition or aggression of beetles searching for food. Butler (2011) found that a bucket pitfall and cup transect could capture similar numbers of burying beetles in the same habitat, but if captures are reported per cup, then the methods cannot be easily compared.

The current method of construction area mitigation for ABB protection is trapping in the areas designated for construction and relocating ABBs to habitat at least 8 km away that is suitable habitat. Suitable habitat is identified through a rating system or from previous trapping with ABB presence. The trap and relocate procedure is both costly and inefficient for entities implementing the construction plans, for example, the

Nebraska Department of Roads (NDOR). Only personnel covered by a Fish and Wildlife 15

Services’ permit may handle the endangered beetles. A bait away station protocol would allow NDOR to use personnel to set up and maintain stations without the need to handle the beetles; therefore, they would not need to pay contracted permit holders to perform the trap and relocate. Also, the beetles would be free to come and go from the stations, which would be less stressful than the confined competition (inter- and intra-specific) that can occur within a baited pitfall trap.

NONTARGET PESTICIDES

Nontarget pesticide effects cannot explain the overall decline of ABB, but maybe the exclusion of ABB from some Nebraska habitats that would otherwise be suitable. For example, widespread use of DDT coincides with some areas of decline or disappearance; however, several congeneric species were not negatively affected in these areas and areas without DDT use suffered from ABB disappearance (Kozol et al. 1988, USFWS 1991).

Sikes and Raithel (2002) concluded that DDT use would be an unlikely primary explanation for decreased range of ABB, but may have contributed to extirpation of ABB and other congeners in specific locales.

The recommendation and use of an organophosphate (i.e., Malathion) and a chitin synthesis inhibitor (i.e., Dimilin) for the management of rangeland grasshoppers (USDA

2008) could explain the lack of ABB in habitats seemingly suitable in central Nebraska.

Custer County is directly between the known ABB populations in the Sandhills and

Loess Canyons ecoregions. The current ABB distribution is marked on predicted grasshopper hazard maps and requires a consultation with USFWS for federal assistance, but landowners can still implement their own spraying (Fig. 5). The use of the reduced 16

agent/area treatment (RAAT) program is supported by the United States Department of

Agriculture (USDA) because it was designed to reduce costs and minimize negative nontarget impacts (Smith et al. 2006). The method consists of alternating swaths of

pesticide and no pesticide, which allows for a refuge for nontarget fauna. Two pesticides,

Malathion and Dimilin, are recommended for grasshopper management in Nebraska

(USDA 2008).

These two recommended pesticides use different modes of action. Malathion, an

organophosphate, acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor, which causes the organism to lose

motor control and the ability to relax muscles because of continual stimulation by the

neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This stress will eventually lead to death if the organism is

unable to stop the constant contraction of muscle tissues. Exposure is achieved through

contact transfer. The environmental residual of Malathion can be as little as 2-4 days

(Smith et al. 2006). Dimilin, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, is most effective on immature invertebrates because they need to form new chitin for subsequent molts and is not

considered a threat to adult terrestrial invertebrates. By inhibiting chitin formation, the

invertebrate will die from desiccation and malformation. This pesticide can have a

residual activity leading up to and beyond 3 weeks and enters the insect body primarily

through ingestion (Smith et al. 2006).

A South Dakota study found that the use of Dimilin reduced the number of

grasshoppers, but did not significantly lower nontarget invertebrate numbers, including

some silphids (Catangui et al. 2004). Two methods were used to assess the nontarget

species in order to account for soil-surface associated and flying arthropods. A single

baseline collection was made before treatment and multiple sampling was conducted 17

post-treatment (i.e., 1 week after last treatment and for the following 10 weeks, then

again after 1 year). Another study using similar methods was conducted in Wyoming

using both Malathion and Dimilin (Smith et al. 2006). No significant reductions in

nontarget arthropods were measured when either pesticide was applied using the RAAT

protocol. The authors recognized that increased sampling could elucidate more small-

scale negative effects and the identification of organisms may have been too coarse of a

taxonomic analysis.

Despite the above findings, there may be more subtle changes in silphid

reproduction preventing the sustainability of populations colonizing treated areas.

Because of their unique burying behavior for reproduction and use of random carcasses

in the habitat, burying beetles (including ABBs) may suffer from either direct or indirect

effects of residual pesticides on carcasses secured for larval development. There has

been some indication that Dimilin can cause sterility or delayed reproduction in adult

invertebrates (Ascher et al. 1986, Ahmed 1992). For example, weevils absorb the

pesticide through their tarsal pads and experience reduced fecundity up to 99% for 2-3

weeks following exposure (Ganyard et al. 1977). More recently, the reduction of fertility and interruption of ovarian synthesis was found in Schistocerca gregaria Forsskål after ingestion of Dimilin (Tail et al. 2008). The experimental methods excluded chitin synthesis inhibition as an explanation, but looked at low levels of ecdysteroids.

STUDY AREAS

The continued presence of ABBs in Nebraska was discovered in 1992 with seven new specimens, which warranted further investigative trapping (Ratcliffe and Jameson 18

1992). There were only sparse records in Nebraska before these captures. One specimen

was collected in 1988 and the next oldest records occurred in 1970, 1969, 1957, and pre-

1950. The most recent published report of ABB population size and distribution in

Nebraska is for the south-central Loess Canyons (south of I-80 and Brady, NE) where a

population size of 3,000 individuals was calculated using Sequential Bayes Algorithm

(Peyton 2003). The estimated habitat range for the Loess Canyons population is 4,500 km2 (Peyton 2003) and population monitoring has continued to ensure the population is

stable. Another sizable population of ABB occurs in the North-central Sandhills of

Nebraska (Jurzenski et al. 2011).

RESEARCH GOALS

Sound conservation measures need to be exercised when faced with construction

or pest management decisions in areas with known ABB occurrence. The focus of this

research was to better understand the carrion beetle assemblage in Nebraska, especially

the American burying beetle distribution and habitat use, to evaluate the effectiveness of

the bait away method, and to identify possible nontarget pesticide threats to burying

beetles.

These Goals Had The Following Objectives:

1. Report an updated distribution of all carrion beetles in Nebraska to help

identify underlying distribution trends of the American burying beetle.

2. Create a GIS-based habitat suitability model and test the model’s validity for a

habitat generalist, the American burying beetle, in the Nebraska Sandhills

ecoregion. 19

3. Support or reject the use of bait away stations as a conservation protocol for

construction mitigation.

A. Identify potential dangers to or predators of ABB associated with bait

stations.

4. Identify the presence or absence of negative nontarget effects of Dimilin and

Malathion on burying beetles.

Hypotheses for this objective are as follows:

A. Mortality will be highest for beetles directly sprayed with

Malathion or when fed a Malathion-killed grasshopper.

B. Successful broods and number of larvae will be fewer for

beetles previously exposed to Dimilin (directly).

C. Successful broods and number of larvae will be fewer for

beetles reproducing with a Dimilin-sprayed mouse.

5. Identify the management implications associated with the experiments

conducted.

A B

Figure 3. Procession of events in brood ball formation by Nicrophorus spp. (Image borrowed from Ratcliffe 1996).

Figure 4. A modified illustration by Bedick et al. (2004) showing the baited pitfall trap used in Nebraska.

CHAPTER 2

New records of carrion beetles in Nebraska reveal increased presence of

the American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier

(Coleoptera: Silphidae)

Published:

Jurzenski, J., D.G. Snethen, M. Brust, and W.W. Hoback. 2011. New

records of carrion beetles in Nebraska reveal increased presence of the

American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier (Coleoptera:

Silphidae). Great Plains Research 21:131-143.

ABSTRACT

Surveys for the American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier

(Silphidae), between 2001 and 2010 in Nebraska resulted in 11 new county records for this endangered species and 465 new county records for 14 other silphid species. A total of 5,212 American burying beetles were captured in more than 1,500 different locations.

Using mark-recapture data, we estimated the population size of the American burying beetle (ABB) for six counties in the Sandhills. Blaine County (2003) had the largest population, with an estimated 56 ABBs per km2 (1,338 ± 272 ABBs). The remaining

estimates were between 2 and 36 ABBs per km2, which were calculated for Loup (2010)

and Holt (2010) Counties, respectively. I calculated movement distances, finding that some American burying beetles moved as far as 7.24 km in a single night. This new information greatly contributes to efforts to conserve the American burying beetle in the

Great Plains and provides knowledge about other silphid species distributions, which may

play a role in recovery of the American burying beetle.

Keywords: American burying beetle, carrion beetles, conservation, endangered species,

Nebraska, Silphidae

INTRODUCTION

Carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) are important saprophagous and predaceous insects because they recycle carcasses and compete with or consume many pest fly species (Pukowski 1933, Ratcliffe 1972, Scott 1998). Although Silphidae is a small family having only about 200 species, they are distributed worldwide, except for in

Antarctica, and occur across numerous temporal and spatial niches (Ratcliffe 1996,

Bishop et al. 2002, Sikes et al. 2006). North America (north of Mexico) contains 31 species of carrion beetles, four of which are shared with Europe (Peck and Kaulbars

1987). Over half of the North American silphid species have been recorded in Nebraska

(18 species), with seven species in the subfamily Silphinae and 11 species (all in genus

Nicrophorus) in the subfamily Nicrophorinae (Ratcliffe 1996). Members of the genus

Nicrophorus, characterized by their burial of small carcasses for reproduction, are better known as burying beetles (Pukowski 1933, Scott 1998). Comprehensive descriptions and identification keys for the carrion beetles in Nebraska can be found in Ratcliffe (1996).

Nicrophorus americanus Olivier, the American burying beetle (ABB), once occurred throughout temperate eastern North America and was found in 35 states of the

United States and in three of the Canadian provinces (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

1991). This species is the largest silphid in the Western Hemisphere (Anderson 1982a).

Its absence became apparent in the 1980s, and by 1989 the American burying beetle was thought to occur only on Block Island, Rhode Island, and on a military installation in

Oklahoma (Davis 1980, Kozol et al. 1988, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1991). It was listed as federally endangered in 1989 (U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife

Service 1989). At present, the American burying beetle is found in less than 10% of its 27

historic range, with localized, extant populations now found in seven states (Lomolino et

al. 1995, Miller and McDonald 1997, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2008a). Although

the specific reasons for its rapid decline are still undetermined, human impacts are

suspected to have played a role (Sikes and Raithel 2002). Reclassification criteria

(endangered to threatened) for the American burying beetle consists of the discovery or

reestablishment of three populations with 500 or more individuals within each of the four

geographic regions designated by the recovery plan (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

1991). As of 2008, these criteria have been met by the Midwest region (U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service 2008a).

ABB specimens were recorded from two Nebraska counties prior to 1950

(Antelope and Lancaster) and one county (Custer) in 1970 (Ratcliffe 1996). The

American burying beetle was rediscovered in Nebraska by Ratcliffe and Jameson (1992)

and was later captured from seven additional counties (Cherry, Dawson, Frontier,

Gosper, Keya Paha, Lincoln, and Thomas), which formed a broken band through central

Nebraska and included a sizable population of ABB in the Loess Canyon region

(Ratcliffe 1996, Bedick et al. 1999, Peyton 2003). Bedick et al. (1999) and Peyton

(2003) established population estimates for the Loess Canyon region. In 1996, June and

August population estimates calculated for an assumed area of 1,943 km2 (Bedick et al.

1999) resulted in 1,174 and 3,046 ABB estimated, respectively. A larger sample area of

4,500 km2 was reported to have over 3,000 ABB individuals in June 1998 (Peyton 2003).

Most sampling efforts for ABB prior to 1996 were limited to the south-central, northern, and eastern portions of Nebraska; there was relatively little effort in the north-central 28 region. As of 1999, ABB distribution records indicated two disjunct ABB populations

(Bedick et al. 1999).

The purpose of this study is to update all silphid county records in Nebraska, with a special focus on the American burying beetle. The estimated number of ABBs occurring in the Sandhills is presented along with additional survey information, including recapture distances.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From 2001 to 2010, various surveys involving carrion beetles were conducted across the state of Nebraska. A majority of the surveys were concentrated in central Ne- braska (north to south), and other traps were scattered in the eastern and western portions of the state. Many of the traps were placed to identify ABB presence or absence. Also, voucher specimens in the University of Nebraska at Kearney (UNK) insect collection are included for county records.

Trapping in 2001 followed the Fish and Wildlife Service (1991) protocol for ABB as modified by Bedick et al. (1999). Baited pitfall traps were constructed using a 9.5 L plastic bucket with a diameter of 28.5 cm. These buckets were placed at selected sample sites and buried so that the lip of the bucket was approximately 2 cm above the ground surface. The bottom of the bucket was filled with about 10 cm of damp soil to reduce mortality from desiccation and from inter- and intraspecific competition or predation.

The carrion bait consisted of 300 ± 50 g of rat, which was allowed to decompose at environmental temperatures of 35°–40°C for four days prior to trapping. During trapping, the bait was placed in a plastic screw-cap container covered with a 0.5 cm 29

screen top, which prohibited beetles or flies from contacting the carrion. A 2.8 cm screen

(chicken wire) was placed over the top of the bucket and was staked in place to deter scavenging vertebrates from disturbing the trap. A rain cover consisting of a piece of

plywood approximately 30 cm by 30 cm was suspended 2.5 cm above the trap by 5 cm

stakes. Traps were placed a minimum of 0.8 km apart and were checked once per day.

The traps were baited by 6:00 p.m. and were checked the following morning by 10:00

a.m. Many trap sites were chosen by driving into a county and visually seeking habitat

that was minimally disturbed. Most traps were checked for three or five consecutive days before being removed. At each trap location, GPS coordinates were recorded. During

extended trapping periods, bait continued to degenerate through time, and bait was

changed after three, six, and eight nights of trapping.

Unless otherwise stated, surveys conducted from 2002 to 2010 followed the

American burying beetle Nebraska sampling protocol (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

2008b), which is similar to the protocol in Bedick et al. (2004), except the bait was kept

exposed. Traps were checked every 24 hours, except during a 31-county survey in 2004,

in which traps were checked at 48 to 72 hours after baiting. Occasionally, bait

deterioration required earlier bait change, and on these occasions, pitfall traps were

rebaited with roadkill or decomposed rats between the scheduled changing of the bait.

Trapped silphid beetles were identified to species, then counted and released.

Most ABB specimens were sexed, marked with a small spot of automobile touch-up paint

(different sequences of colored dots placed on the beetle’s pronotum or elytra) or with a 2 mm disk (colored-coded numbered disks superglued to the elytra or pronotum) (The Bee

Works, Ontario, Canada) to monitor recaptures, and released. American burying beetles 30

captured in August were usually identified as senescent, which indicated they had already

overwintered the year before, had reproduced, and had very darkened pronotal markings,

or were teneral, which indicated they had recently eclosed and had very bright orange-red

pronotal markings. In the 2004 survey, two vouchers of each silphid species, except for

the American burying beetle, were killed with ethyl acetate, pinned, and deposited in the

collections at the University of Nebraska at Kearney.

Mark-recapture surveys for ABB were conducted in four Nebraska Sandhills

counties in 2003 for two ten-day survey periods. A late June survey consisted of 12

baited pitfall trap locations at least 0.8 km apart in Loup and Rock Counties (six traps per

county). A mid-August survey also consisted of 12 baited pitfall trap locations at least

0.8 km apart, six each in Blaine and Brown Counties. The baited pitfall traps for these

surveys used 11.4 L buckets and guinea pigs as bait, but all other aspects were the same.

The age (i.e., senescent or teneral) was not recorded for captured ABBs in August for

these surveys to avoid variability and errors in the evaluation of age between multiple

research crews.

Subsamples of surveys in 2009 and 2010 were used for additional population

estimates in the Sandhills region. All trap locations were a minimum of 1.6 km apart.

Holt County was sampled in June 2009, June 2010, and August 2010 in various locations

using six traps for 10 trap nights, four traps for five trap nights, and four traps for 10 trap

nights, respectively. Rock County and a small portion of Brown County were sampled in

August 2009 using two transects with 11–12 traps for five trap nights. In 2010, Cherry

and Loup Counties were sampled over five trap nights using 19–25 traps in each transect.

Two areas in Cherry County were sampled in June, and the Loup County transect was 31

sampled in August. All August ABBs were recorded as senescent or teneral. Teneral

ABB data were used for all August population estimates unless otherwise noted.

All mark-recapture data used for population estimates were analyzed using ECO-

STAT software (Young and Young 1998) following the same procedure as Bedick et al.

(1999). The trapping radius used to calculate total area for the population estimates was

1 km2 per trap, as used by Bedick et al. (1999). The estimated number of ABBs per km2

was calculated to compare ABB numbers between years and seasons and should not be assumed to represent an equal distribution of the American burying beetle in the sampled areas.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Seventy-six of the 93 Nebraska counties (Fig. 6) were sampled between 2001 and

2010 at more than 1,500 sampling locations. ABB numbers were recorded from 537 different trap locations in 18 counties, with 11 counties being new county records (Fig.

7). The earliest capture of ABB was May 26 (of five ABBs), and the latest capture (of one ABB) was October 11 (September 28 was the second-latest capture); however, the majority of ABBs were captured in June and August. A total of 5,212 ABBs were captured and recorded, with 321 recaptured once, 38 twice, 8 three times, and 2 four times. The known occurrence of the American burying beetle in Nebraska counties was increased from 10 to 21 counties, but only 18 of the 21 counties have had the presence of

American burying beetle recorded in the last 15 years. The presence of the American burying beetle in Lancaster and Antelope Counties before 1950, and in Gosper County before 1995 has not been reconfirmed. The captures from 2001 to 2010 substantially 32

expand the distribution of the American burying beetle in Nebraska, connecting the known populations occurring in Keya Paha and Custer Counties and extending the range

almost 300 km farther west than that recorded before 1999. A large gap of approximately

90 km remains between the northern Sandhills population (4,082 ABBs captured) and the

southern Loess Canyons population (1,130 ABBs captured).

Mark-Recapture Population Estimation

In the 2003 mark-recapture surveys, a total of 378 (219 ♀, 156 ♂, and 3

undetermined) American burying beetles were trapped a total of 416 times over a period

of 240 trap nights for an average of 1.73 ABBs per trap night. A total of 64 captures of

American burying beetles occurred over a period of 120 trap nights during the early

survey from Loup and Rock Counties, for an average trapping ratio of 0.53 ABBs per

trap night. In Blaine and Brown Counties, American burying beetles were captured a

total of 352 times over a period of 120 trap nights during the late survey, for an average

trapping ratio of 2.93 ABBs per trap night. Overall, 9.1% of the ABBs were recaptured in the 10-day surveys.

These data were used to estimate the population size of the American burying beetle in Blaine, Brown, and Rock Counties (Figs. 8 and 9); however, the absence of recaptures in Loup County prevented the estimate of population (Table 1). Each estimate was calculated from a sample area of 18.84 km2. The population estimate was largest for

Blaine County (1338 ± 272 sd), followed by Brown County (277 ± 68 sd), and then Rock

County (157 ± 70 sd) (Table 1). Given the same sample area size that was used for the

estimates, the ABB per km2 follows a similar trend of 56, 12, and 7 for Blaine, Brown,

and Rock Counties, respectively. 33

In 2009, 1,097 (561 ♀, 529 ♂, and 7 undetermined) American burying beetles were captured in Brown, Holt, and Rock Counties, in which 59 recaptures traveled a mean distance of 0.41 (± 1.41 sd) km per night; however, 85% of the American burying

beetles did not move to a different trap (distance equaled zero), and 90% traveled 1.6 km or less. In June, one American burying beetle traveled 7.41 km in a single night and another was recaptured 29.19 km east-southeast from the original trap in which it was captured and marked the day before (this distance was excluded from average distance calculations). The latter American burying beetle individual traveled unusually far, and during the night the winds ranged from calm to 13.04 kph, with a majority of the wind blowing southeast to east-southeast. In comparison, an Oklahoma study found that recaptured American burying beetles moved an average of 1.23 (± 0.73 sd) km per night with the maximum distance moved over one night being 2.9 km (Creighton and Schnell

1998). A beetle recaptured twice in the Oklahoma study traveled a total of 10 km over the six nights between the first and last capture.

In 1995, Peyton (2003) recaptured 11 specimens out of 201 marked in the Loess

Canyons in Nebraska, with all but one recaptured within the same trap. In 1996, a single

American burying beetle was recaptured 30 days after initial marking and had traveled 11 km (Peyton 2003). A total of 21 American burying beetles (out of 379 initial captures) recaptured by Peyton (2003) in 1998 were caught within five days in the same trap in which they were originally marked. Bedick et al. (1999) also trapped American burying beetles in 1995 and 1996 in the Loess Canyons and found that most recaptures occurred over distances of less than 1 km. More recently, Walker (2005) recaptured 56 out of 202 marked ABBs in a 2004 and 2005 study located in the same area as the studies by Peyton 34

(2003) and Bedick et al. (1999). These beetles were found to travel between 0 km (39% of marked beetles) and 6.2 km (single ABB over four nights), with a mean distance of

0.54 km.

The 2009 mark-recapture survey in Holt County had zero recaptures, thus preventing an estimate of population size, but the 213 ABBs captured or 11 ABB per km2 serves as a conservative population estimate (Table 1). In June 2010, the Holt County pitfall traps yielded approximately eight ABB per km2, and in August 2010, traps were

more widely separated in distance in Holt County resulting in a larger estimate of 36

ABB per km2. From my experience sampling in these areas, the estimated population of

451 ± 97 (sd) ABBs, or 36 ABB per km2, better reflects the number of ABBs in Holt

County. An area sampled in August 2009 in Rock County and part of Brown County had

an estimated six ABBs per km2. The remaining mark-recapture samples in 2010

provided estimates of six, nine, and two ABBs per km2 for two areas in Cherry County

and one area in Loup County, respectively. Three of the six counties sampled using

mark-recapture methods showed estimates greater than 10 ABBs per km2 and overall did not show any distinct decreases or increases in ABB population over time.

Population estimates using June sampling data should not directly be compared to the August estimates, because June estimates were calculated using the number of mature adults that survived overwintering, whereas teneral adults emerging from summer broods were used to calculate August estimates (Fig. 8). June sampling may have lower recapture probabilities because mature beetles are removed from the available population

when they secure a source for reproduction. A visual comparison of recapture numbers in August (Fig. 9) and in June (Fig. 8) illustrates a potential trend in which recaptures are 35

more likely in August. Please note these results are for separate locations in June and

August (Figs. 8 and 9) and cannot be directly compared for population growth. Future research using multiple mark-recapture surveys in June and August in the same location

is needed to test for trends in recapture rates. Additionally, consecutive surveys would

allow for an estimate of population growth in a specific habitat from June to August,

whereas consecutive surveys in August and the following June would allow for estimates

in mortality rates.

Bedick et al. (1999) found that their extrapolated population of 1,174 American

burying beetles in June increased in August to 3,046 ABBs (only teneral adults). They

suggested the approximate 159% increase in population size was a result of either

population growth or overwintering mortality, which would indicate an approximate 61%

decrease in population size. A smaller overwintering mortality rate of 40% was found by

Schnell et al. (2008) in 2005 at sites located in Fort Chaffee, Arkansas. In South Dakota,

Backlund et al. (2008) found an approximate 104% increase from June to August

population estimates, which may reflect either a smaller population growth rate or

estimate a lower mortality rate (i.e., 51% decrease) farther north. Assuming an average

132% population increase calculated from Bedick et al. (1999) and Backlund et al.

(2008), then Rock County in 2003 (Table 1) could have had as many as 249 American

burying beetles in August, which is similar to the adjacent Brown County’s estimate of

277 American burying beetles in 2003 (Table 1). Given the differences in experimental

methods between the three aforementioned studies, we cannot make assumptions

concerning differences in latitude or climate and mortality rates for American burying

beetles. 36

Overall, the population sizes estimated using mark-and-recapture data should be

cautiously interpreted because of assumed lack of emigration and immigration and

because all individuals are assumed to be available for recapture during the sampling period. Often, short sampling intervals (relative to the overall active season of the organism) are used to limit the variability of the first assumption. Five- to ten-day sampling periods are equal to or less than a third of the observed activity period for

American burying beetles in either June or August. The availability of individuals is likely skewed for recapture in June, because ABBs are seeking out and securing carcasses for reproduction, which would continually reduce the number of available adults in an area. Similarly, August sampling could violate this assumption if sampling occurs too early, when many ABB tenerals have not yet eclosed, or if senescent adults are included in the calculations. To test the effects of these differences, we calculated the population size of American burying beetles in Rock County in 2010 using both senescent and teneral beetles, only senescent beetles, and only teneral beetles (Table 1). The use of both ages of beetles inflated the population size by 536 ABBs when compared to the estimate for only teneral ABBs. Also, the estimate using only senescent ABBs was greater than the estimate for only teneral ABBs, suggesting the sampling period was too early.

Additional Silphid Records

A total of 15 species of silphids were collected during surveys conducted in

Nebraska from 2001 to 2010, resulting in 465 new county records (based on Ratcliffe

1996) (Fig. 10A–Q). Each species captured in the surveys is listed and the number of

new county records follows within the parentheses: Heterosilpha ramosa (Say) (17), 37

Necrodes surinamensis (Fabricius) (34), Necrophila americana (L.) (43), Nicrophorus americanus (11), N. carolinus (L.) (28), N. guttula Motschulsky (19), N. marginatus (40),

N. obscurus Kirby (20), N. orbicollis (33), N. pustulatus Herschel (19), N. tomentosus

Weber (50), Oiceoptoma inaequale (Fabricius) (36), O. novaboracense (Forster) (40),

Thanatophilus lapponicus (Herbst) (35), and T. truncatus (Say) (40). Three species with

few historical records, Nicrophorus hybridus Hatch and Angell, N. investigator

Zetterstedt, and N. mexicanus Matthews, were not captured during the surveys.

Prior to this study, there were 358 known county records for silphid beetles in the

state of Nebraska (Ratcliffe 1996). This study more than doubled the number of silphid

county records. In addition to new information at the county level, distributional ranges

were greatly increased. Counties with few or no carrion beetle records, such as Colfax,

Dakota, Dodge, Furnas, Hayes, Kimball, and Thurston, are likely to have similar species

found in surrounding counties and should be surveyed (Fig. 11).

A South Dakota survey in three counties along the northern border of Nebraska captured 13 silphid species, all of which were also captured in the surveys, except for N. hybridus (Backlund and Marrone 1997). In surveys conducted from 1992 to 1994,

Kansas researchers identified 11 of their 13 historically recorded species, all of which were found in the Nebraska surveys (Lingafelter 1995). Guarisco (1997) reconfirmed the presence of six silphid species and reported the discovery of extant populations of ABB in a 1996 survey of the Chautauqua Hills of southeastern Kansas. Further sampling in

1997 and 1998 on the Konza Prairie Biological Station (north-central Kansas) did not result in capture of American burying beetle but did find eight species previously documented by Lingafelter (1995). Trapping results from a northeastern Iowa study in 38

1996 showed the presence of 10 silphid species of which two, N. hybridus and N. investigator, were not identified in the surveys (Coyle and Larsen 1998). I found no current research on Wyoming silphids, but two resources provided some baseline information on silphid occurrence. Peck and Kaulbars (1987) reported the presence of 10 silphid species in Wyoming, including four species not found in the surveys, Aclypea bituberosa (LeConte), N. hybridus, N. investigator, and Thanatophilus sagax

(Mannerheim). In addition, Nicrophorus defodiens Mannerheim were collected in

Wyoming and used for laboratory research by Trumbo and Eggert (1994).

Despite the apparent population size and range in Nebraska, the American burying beetle is still rare compared to most other silphid species. For example, N. marginatus appeared in a majority of the traps reported in this paper and has been recorded in 89 of Nebraska’s 93 counties. It is unknown why the American burying beetle has a patchy distribution in Nebraska. Additional studies of carrion resources, similar to research conducted in Arkansas comparing available biomass of birds and mammals to the presence of the American burying beetle (Holloway and Schnell 1997), should be conducted to better understand the ABB distribution in Nebraska. Some counties have apparently suitable ABB habitats but have not been surveyed extensively

(both limited number of trap nights and coverage of the county) or have an unexplained absence of the American burying beetle. For example, Custer County is a large county that resides between Nebraska’s two known population areas and has large tracts of land without row crops and undisturbed rangeland with suitable water resources2. Only small portions of the county have been sampled, which makes it difficult to assume or explain

2 Hoback, W.W. and J. Jurzenski. 2009. Personal observations. 39 the presence or absence of ABB. In an Oklahoma study, Lomolino and Creighton (1996) found that habitat characteristics and competition influenced ABB occurrence and breeding success at some spatial scales but not others. The development of Nebraska

ABB habitat suitability models, made possible by the dataset presented in this paper, is intended to discover candidate areas for conservation or management, along with enhancing our understanding of ABB habitat and breeding criteria in both the Sandhills and Loess Canyons. Crawford and Hoagland (2010) presented an evaluation of habitat suitability models for ABB in Oklahoma, which details the important complications encountered in this process.

Overall, we found that ABBs are locally abundant (>200 adult beetles per sampled area) in at least five counties in the Sandhills. By assessing both this data and other published reports, standardized population estimates of ABB in Nebraska should be performed using at least five survey nights and teneral beetle data collected in mid- to late August. These data would be complimented by the identification of an overwintering survival rate via June sampling, which could allow for adjustments of mark-recapture data collected in June. The movement of ABBs during trapping periods varied greatly, with a majority of beetles moving 1.6 km or less over a single night, but beetles were capable of traveling distances as far as 7.41 km on a calm night or 29.19 km on a wind- aided night. This information may impact the way conservation measures are implemented, especially the assessment of nearby suitable habitat and the use of trap- and-relocate or baiting-away methods. This research provides a more complete view of the distribution of silphid species in Nebraska, all of which are important ecologically, and may help in conservation efforts of the American burying beetle.

TABLE 1 MARK-RECAPTURE POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR AMERICAN BURYING BEETLES (ABB) IN SIX COUNTIES IN NEBRASKA

Approx. Population Estimated area estimate (± sd) ABB/km2 (km2) County/Location Year June August Comments Loup 2003 18.84 n/a 1† No population estimate possible Rock 2003 18.84 157 ± 70 7 Holt 2009 18.84 n/a 11† No population estimate possible Northeast Cherry (1) 2010 65.91 374 ± 65 6 Southeast Cherry (2) 2010 52.47 498 ± 124 9 Holt 2010 12.56 99 ± 62 8 Blaine 2003 18.84 1338 ± 272 56 Unknown number of senescents Brown 2003 18.84 277 ± 68 12 Unknown number of senescents Holt 2010 12.56 451 ± 97 36 Only tenerals (removed 5 senescents) Rock (Brown*) 2009 65.87 927 ± 113 14 Both senescents and tenerals Rock (Brown*) 2009 65.87 487 ± 85 7 Only senescents Rock (Brown*) 2009 65.87 391 ± 65 6 Only tenerals (removed 156 senescents) Loup 2010 55.78 118 ± 25 2 Only tenerals (removed 3 senescents) * Five traps followed a road into eastern Brown County. †The total number of ABB marked was used in this estimate, not the population estimate. 40 41

Figure 6. Map of Nebraska’s counties.

Figures 10A–Q. continued

Figure 11. The number of silphid species recorded from each Nebraska county. The unshaded counties represent counties with zero species recorded in 1995 (Ratcliffe 1996).

CHAPTER 3

The American burying beetle: Can a habitat suitability model be useful

for a habitat generalist?

ABSTRACT

Conservation efforts for the federally endangered American burying beetle (ABB)

have been complicated because of the unknown causes for its decline and difficulty in

establishing habitat requirements. Extant populations of this widespread generalist species occur in broadly separated regions with varying habitat characteristics. Despite the generalist behavior, a habitat suitability model for the Nebraska Sandhills was developed over the course of three years using prospective sampling for validation. The succession of models from 2009 to 2011 indicated that the predictive variables stayed constant, but biased sampling and extrapolation areas affected the classifier values differently. Variables associated with ABB occurrence were loamy sand and variable soil textures, wetland, and easting as a precipitation surrogate. Four variables, loam soil, agriculture, woodland, and urban development, were associated with ABB absence. The final 2011 model produced an AUC value of 0.83 and provided a 3,285 km2 area

designated as highly likely to support ABBs. By limiting the model extent to the

Sandhills ecoregion and using both prospective sampling and threshold-dependent

classifiers, the final habitat suitability model became a functional resource for resource

managers.

Keywords: conservation, endangered species, Nebraska Sandhills, Silphidae, and

threshold-dependent

INTRODUCTION

The American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus, was listed as federally endangered in 1989 (U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service 1989) after the species’ disappearance from over 90% of its historical range became apparent.

Since that time, researchers have proposed reasons for its decline, including pesticide use, artificial lighting, pathogen infection, competition, and habitat alteration (Sikes and

Raithel 2002). The exact cause or causes are still undetermined and some areas, such as in the state of Nebraska, have large extant populations (Jurzenski et al. 2011). This species contributes to the recycling of nutrients and competes with other necrophagous scavengers, such as flies and opossums (Jurzenski and Hoback 2011). Specific associations between American burying beetles (ABB) and carrion resources have not been determined.

American burying beetles occur in a variety of habitats, including wet meadows, partially forested loess canyons, oak-hickory forests, shrubland, and grasslands (Kozol et al. 1988, Creighton et al. 1993, Lomolino et al. 1995, Lomolino and Creighton 1996,

Jurzenski et al. 2011). Creighton and Schnell (1998) recorded movement of individual

ABBs from open grassland to woodland, which suggests they are not restricted by the overall habitat structure. Unfortunately, the lack of understanding of the distribution of

ABBs makes it difficult to designate conservation priority sites and select reintroduction areas. Moreover, limited surveys of known populations are the best information available to USFWS personnel involved in making decisions about proposed habitat alterations.

The identification of basic habitat affinities for ABBs would be very useful. In

Oklahoma, Crawford and Hoagland (2010) identified elevation, slope, soil association, 50

surface geology, landcover, forest cover, annual temperature, days below freezing, last

growing season day, and May precipitation as predictor variables of ABB occurrence in a

Maxent model, but these characteristics cannot be automatically applied to other regions.

The lack of agricultural conversion and sparse human population in Nebraska’s Sandhills

region is thought to contribute to the continued presence of ABBs in this region, which is

also consistent with the Loess Canyons area in south-central Nebraska; however,

distribution information alone cannot confirm these explanations. Bishop et al. (2002)

found that some carrion beetles in Nebraska showed preference to soil textures and land

use, but did not include ABB in the study.

Habitat suitability models (HSMs) can identify important habitat characteristics

and provide probabilities of occurrence, which may be useful in locating new

populations, conserving known populations, and making science-based recommendations

(Franklin 2009). HSMs assume that the presence of a species at a sample location

indicates a favorable set of ecological variables. Following this principal, the absence of

the same species indicates an unfavorable set of ecological variables. Thus, presence and absence data can be used to construct a habitat suitability model using generalized linear modeling methods.

Although ABBs occur in many different habitat types, there could be other basic components within an ecoregion that have positive and negative influences on occurrence. I developed a habitat suitability model for the Nebraska Sandhills ecoregion to provide predictive occurrence values that can be used in the designation of

conservation priority sites and to make informed conservation decisions for this

endangered species. 51

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area

Nebraska is part of the Great Plains region of the continental United States.

Annual precipitation declines from east to west (OSU 2000), with periodic and seasonal rains (i.e., 75% of precipitation occurs between April and September) (Harvey and

Welker 2000). On average, summer temperatures exceed 20° C and winter temperatures

are below 0° C (Harvey and Welker 2000). The Sandhills ecoregion (Level III) is a large

grass-stabilized dune region (Bleed and Flowerday 1989) that has retained as much as

80% of its natural vegetation in some areas and is found in both Nebraska and South

Dakota (Omernik 1987, Sieg et al. 1999, Chapman et al. 2001, US EPA 2003). The

Nebraska Sandhills covers over one quarter of the state with an approximate area of

57,424 km2 (Chapman et al. 2001). An isolated small portion of the Sandhills Ecoregion

is found south of North Platte, Nebraska and is separated from the majority of the ecoregion because of the Platte River. The region’s soil is mostly composed of sand, sandy loam, loam, and loamy sand (SSURGO Database 2011). This area of sand dunes is the largest found in the Western Hemisphere and is composed of dry uplands and lowland wet meadows and wetlands (Bleed and Flowerday 1989).

The Sandhills’ dominant vegetation is big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii

Vitman), sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii Hack.), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash), sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn.), and

needle-and-thread grass (Hesperostipa comata (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth), which are

medium to tall grasses (Küchler 1964). The federally endangered blowout penstemon

(Penstemon haydenii S. Watson) occurs in sand blowouts with active erosion caused by 52

wind (Stubbendieck et al. 1989). The primary land use of the Sandhills is for cattle grazing (Bleed and Flowerday 1989). Fire control by land owners and state agencies has created reductions in erosion, but also, opened up the prairies to both ponderosa pine

(Pinus ponderosa Laws.), and eastern red cedar encroachment (Steinaur and Bragg

1987).

Model Criteria

In 2009, a database of carrion beetle trapping records from Nebraska was compiled using sampling data collected by various researchers and agencies, including

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Nebraska Game and Parks Commission

(NGPC), Nebraska Public Power District, U.S. Forest Service, and Nebraska Department of Roads (NDOR). Some records dated back to 1994, but a majority were from 2001 through the fall of 2009. Trap data points were selected from the database to use in modeling the probability of occurrence of ABB in the Sandhills ecoregion based on

SSURGO surface textures (SSURGO database 2011), land cover, and easting variables.

The 29 year average (i.e., from 1961 to 1990) of precipitation in Nebraska showed a consistent and fairly linear change from west to east, which permitted the use of easting as a surrogate for precipitation (OSU 2000).

Trap location data points in the database were evaluated for use in the model based on the following criteria: traps had corresponding GPS coordinates and a known number of survey nights, which were sampled recently (i.e., since 2001) with USFWS approved trapping protocol (described below) in the Sandhills ecoregion, and were at least 700 meters apart. One survey night was defined as a single bucket trap set before evening, open throughout the night, and checked the following morning. A 700 m buffer 53

radius was created for each trap in ArcMap to ensure independent samples. Overlapping

traps were evaluated on an individual basis allowing for the most recent and greatest

number of traps to be retained in the data set. Traps meeting these criteria were then

further evaluated to eliminate false positives, false negatives, and conflicting data. A

zero capture trap was defined as zero ABB captured in a trap with at least five survey

nights in either June or August, which are the peak active seasons for ABB in Nebraska

(Bedick et al. 1999). A positive capture trap was defined as the capture of at least one

ABB in a trap within the first 5 survey nights at anytime of the year. Overlapping trap

locations with both zero and positive capture results were removed if the sampling

occurred during different trapping periods. If the conflict occurred in the same trapping

period, then the trap with a positive ABB capture was kept in the data set. Lastly, each

trap location was designated as either a 1 for positive ABB captures or 0 for the absence

of ABB.

Twenty-one candidate variables were available for model consideration (Table 2).

Each candidate variable’s input was converted to binary form with a moving window

(i.e., a set of pixels within a specified radius of a particular pixel) radius set at 800

meters. This is the same distance designated by USFWS ABB sampling guidelines as the

attractive radius of carrion beetle traps consisting of a 18.9 L bucket baited with a

decayed rat (300 ± 50 g) (USFWS 2011a). The moving window allowed ArcMap 10

(ESRI 2009) to calculate the percent of each variable within the 800 m radius of a trap

location. I calculated an ANOVA test (Hintze 2007) to examine differences in candidate

variable percentages between ABB absence and presence point data. If no difference was found, then the variable was not used in the remaining assessments. I tested the 54

remaining variables for correlations using r2 values above 0.6 as a threshold and removed

variables that were highly correlated with other variables.

ABB presence or absence was designated as the dependent variable with ABB

absence serving as the reference group for various subsets of the candidate variables

being tested using logistic regression in NCSS software (Hintze 2007). The final log

likelihood and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) value, which is a threshold-

independent measure, were recorded for each stepwise logistic regression analysis. Each

analysis was referred to as a “run”. The final log likelihood was used to calculate AIC

values for each run. The run with the highest AUC and lowest AIC values was selected

to represent the best combination of variables predicting both ABB absence and presence.

Larger AUC values indicated a higher likelihood that a presence trap would score higher than an absence trap and smaller AIC value indicated greater goodness of fit. The logistic regression equation produced by the best performing run was used to produce the raster model layer (ERDAS Imagine 2010).

Sensitivity, specificity, and Kappa, which are threshold-dependent measures

(Fielding and Bell 1997), were calculated using values produced by the NCSS logistic regression report (Hintze 2007). The percent of data points correctly classified was also

recorded. These values were used to select map thresholds to maximize the usefulness of the model maps and assess the performance of the model (Freeman and Moisen 2008). I

set the required specificity to less than 5% of the trap locations where the species was

absent and the required sensitivity to less than 5% of the trap locations where the species

was present. The required sensitivity and required specificity thresholds were designated

as Presence 1 and Presence 4, respectively. Prevalence and the cross-over of sensitivity 55

and specificity defined the threshold value for Presence 2. The threshold value for

Presence 3 corresponded to both the maximum Kappa and percent correctly classified values. Areas with probability of occurrence values below the required specificity threshold or Presence 4 were designated as habitat without ABBs (e.g., absence). The total area (sq. km) of Presence 1 was calculated.

The modeling process was repeated with the addition of survey data in 2010 and

2011. Many survey locations were selected by identifying extrapolation areas on the

2009 model map (Hirzel and Le Lay 2008). Descriptive statistics were also performed for each candidate variable in 2009 and 2010 to evaluate sampling bias and identify corresponding sample areas to reduce the biases. In 2011, sample locations were placed in areas predicted in the 2010 model to have either greater than or less than 50% probability of ABB occurrence. A random sample of 100 trap locations from each group

(i.e., presence or absence) in the 2011 dataset was set aside for validation calculations.

These were prospective samples and were not used in the 2011 pre-validation model creation. Validation was assessed using AUC values and a Mann-Whitney U-test comparing the probability of occurrence values for the aforementioned 200 random samples categorized by presence and absence of ABB. A final, post-validation 2011 model was created after the addition of the 200 validation points.

ABB Surveys

The 2010 and 2011 sampling followed the survey protocols outlined by USFWS

(USFWS 2008b; USFWS 2011a). I used the single bucket method (18.9 L bucket) with all traps at least 1.6 km apart. Each trap was sampled for 5 or more survey nights in June or August. GPS coordinates were recorded at each trap location. The bait consisted of a 56

decayed rat (previously frozen 275-374 g laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus), which was

replaced every third survey night. All silphid beetles, including the American burying

beetle, were identified and recorded for each trap in the morning after each survey night.

RESULTS

Out of 2,315 survey traps previously sampled in Nebraska, I identified 234 that

met the criteria to be included in the 2009 Sandhills model analysis. Sampling in 2010

and 2011 increased the total number of traps meeting the model criteria to 775 with more

than 400 different locations with American burying beetle presence (Table 3).

Prospective sampling based on the 2009 and 2010 models helped identify two new

county records and other range extending ABB presence traps (Jurzenski et al. 2011).

Variables associated with American burying beetle presence included two soil

classifications, loamy sand and variable, and one land cover classification, wetlands (i.e.,

with and without wet meadows), along with the precipitation surrogate, easting.

American burying beetle absence was associated with loam soil and three land cover

classifications: crop, woodland, and developed (i.e., minus roads). The relative strength

of these variables in the model can be inferred from the logistic regression equation

values (Table 4).

All of the models produced AUC values above 0.8 and the validation dataset scored 0.8 (Fig. 12). Sampling in 2010 and 2011 increased the interpolation area by

21%, which reduced the extrapolation area within the Sandhills region (Table 3). The sampling density increased from 0.01 to 0.03 from 2009 to 2011. The percent probability of occurrence (PPO) thresholds each represents a different interpretation of the model 57

based on threshold-dependent evaluation criteria (Table 5). The larger PPOs indicated by

Presence 1 reduce the number of false positives within the classification area. The

prevalence of ABB in each of the model datasets was greater than 50% (Table 3), which

corresponds with the Presence 2 classification (Table 5). Each Presence 3 PPO is at 45 or

50% based on the maximum Kappa value calculated. The low PPO values of Presence 4 indicate a majority of false absences occur at higher thresholds.

A Mann-Whitney U-test showed that the mean probability of occurrence values for ABB presence traps (77.9% ± 1.75) were significantly greater than the ABB absence

traps (49.0% ± 2.65) (U = 2,032, p < 0.001) (Fig. 13). The interquartile range is smaller

for the presence values than the absence with over half of the presence traps occurring at a percent probability of occurrence value above 68% (Fig.13). This validation test of the

2011 model agrees with the 55% or greater probability of occurrence threshold calculated for Presence 2. The area of each classifier (e.g., Presence 1, Presence 2, etc) changed for each sequential model (Figs. 14, 15, and 16). The total area of Presence 1 decreased from

8,089 sq. km in 2009 to 3,285 sq. km in 2011 (Table 3, Figs. 14 and 16). The final 2011

model with eligible traps shows a large portion of the Sandhills was sampled to create the final model (Fig. 17).

DISCUSSION

The models in this study generalize both spatial and temporal characteristics to predict the probability of ABB occurrence in the Nebraska Sandhills region. Eight variables best fit the presence and absence of ABB in each model, which were very similar across the four models (Table 3). AUC measured each model’s ability to 58 discriminate between presence and absence that was not dependent on the prevalence of

ABB (Freeman and Moisen 2008) and was a threshold-independent measure that indicated the proportion of time a randomly selected ABB presence trap data point scored a higher percent probability than a randomly selected ABB absence data point (Fielding and Bell 1997, Franklin 2009). The final 2011 model (Fig. 17) produced an AUC of 0.83

(Fig. 12), which is considered a moderately performing model (Franklin 2009).

Although the predictor variables remained roughly the same from the 2009 to

2011 model, the resulting maps changed greatly for each year (Figs. 14-16). The small changes in threshold values between the models (Table 5) are not likely to explain the changes in area for each classifier. The 2009 model predicts absence areas more similar to the 2011 model than the 2010 model. The 2010 model dataset included more centrally located ABB presence traps than the 2009 model dataset, but both datasets had few ABB absence traps in the western portion of the Sandhills ecoregion. The lack of western and centrally located ABB presence traps in the 2009 model created a larger extrapolated absence area, which matched the true absence area created by the addition of over 50 absence traps in the 2011 model. Parts of the modeled region contained extrapolated data, because of sampling limitations associated with funding, time, and large tracts of private land. As evidenced above, I was able to reduce extrapolated regions with additional sampling in 2010 and 2011, which strengthened my final model.

In 2009 and 2010, ABB occurrence was modeled using similar methods for the

Loess Canyons region of Nebraska (McPherron 2011). These models found similar variables were important in predicting the occurrence of ABB, but several influenced the model in the opposite direction. For example, the 2009 Loess Canyons model found 59

woodland to have a positive influence on ABB occurrence and wetland to have a negative

influence. Variables found in the Loess Canyon models that were in agreement with the

Sandhills’ model variables were the negative influence of agriculture and developed areas. These differences in Nebraska elucidate the local differences of American burying beetle occurrence and that extrapolation beyond specific ecoregions should be done with caution.

The importance of soil texture variables, such as loam and loamy sand, in predicting the probability of ABB occurrence is not surprising because they may determine whether or not a brood is successfully reared underground. Looney et al.

(2006) found that different types of parent soil material were correlated with different carrion beetle communities. Similar niche partitioning associated with soil type was found for several Nebraska burying beetles in areas without American burying beetle presence (Bishop et al. 2002). Soil texture candidate variables were not part of the best subset of variables for the Loess Canyon’s ABB suitability models; however, this region does not have the dry upland areas found in the Sandhills and has high silt content. A possible explanation is that ABB can utilize many soil types, but is more sensitive in drier environments, which is supported by the easting predictor variable as a precipitation surrogate and the wetland variable. Lomolino et al. (1995) found that ABB presence increased in areas with increased sand content and decreased in areas with increased silt or clay percentages; however, the sand content did not exceed 80% and many upland areas within the Sandhills have 100% sand content. Nicrophorus marginatus Fabricius is found in almost all counties in Nebraska (Jurzenski et al. 2011), but its diurnal activity pattern reduces desiccation by avoiding the hottest parts of the day (Bedick et al. 2006). 60

ABBs experience a different situation because they are nocturnal and overall may need to avoid drier areas and soils, which is supported by their presence in wetland areas that provide a more reliable water source than the nearby upland hills and fields. The inclusion of developed and agriculture variables in the Sandhills models supports the idea that ABBs are restricted to the current range because of habitat destruction and other anthropogenic changes, such as artificial lighting and increasing vertebrate scavenger competition (Sikes and Raithel 2002, Jurzenski and Hoback 2011).

Hirzel and Le Lay (2008) reported at least five causes for false absences (i.e., fallacious absences), of which three can be related to American burying beetle sampling: local extirpation, alternative habitats, and biotic interactions. As a habitat generalist, it is possible that ABBs use alternative habitats for breeding and overwintering, which could have contributed to the 15 false absences found below the Presence 4 threshold of 30%

(Table 5). During reproduction, ABBs are underground and unavailable for sampling.

This usually occurs in July, which is why absence data from that timeframe was not used; however, even within June and August it is possible that absence traps were located in favorable habitat with ABB populations, but the beetles were unavailable for sampling.

A false positive is also problematic because it is difficult to identify and the data contributes false information to the modeling process. Individuals flying into unsuitable habitat by random events, attraction to a carcass for short-term feeding, or overcrowding in suitable habitat can explain the occurrence of false positives. The presence of both false absences and false presences introduces sampling locations with almost identical ecological variables, but with conflicting classifications, which will degrade the performance of the model (Fielding and Bell 1997). In my models, the use of threshold- 61

dependent values as absence and presence classifiers helped reduce the effects of false

absences and presences on the performance in predicting ABB occurrence.

This model provides important information concerning defined conservation

areas, which will be useful in the development and justification of consultation methods

for the conservation and protection of the American burying beetle. Presence 1

represents the area with the greatest specificity, which will be the most useful in

designating priority conservation sites. Presence 2 and 3 correspond to thresholds

delineating the difference between presence and absence. Presence 4 represents the

largest area predicting possible ABB occurrence, which is most useful when making

conservation decisions concerning habitat alteration. It is likely that ABBs are in a non- equilibrium situation because it does not seem to be occupying the entire range of available suitable habitat, which is why Presence 4 areas without current survey data need to be continually assessed (Cianfrani et al. 2010).

Future research and modeling for this species should take into account the density of ABBs per trap night and incorporate known distributions of both potential animal

resources and competitors. Potentially, limiting the model extent to a smaller sample

area with more fine-scale variables, including consumable resources, could help

distinguish between suitable feeding habitat and reproductive or overwintering habitat characteristics. An ABB breeding habitat requirement study by Lomolino and Creighton

(1996) showed that more offspring were produced in an upland forest area compared to an adjacent grassland area, but the brood chambers were deeper and had less fly competition in the grassland area. These differences could be attributed to soil texture and compaction or other landcover variables. Additional information on the distribution 62

and density of other carrion beetles found in the Sandhills ecoregion could be utilized in

future modeling efforts because of the possible influence of niche partitioning (Bishop et

al. 2002, Dobesh 2007).

Crawford and Hoagland (2010) pointed out a number of difficulties in modeling

ABB occurrence, such as problems determining grain size (i.e., effective trapping radius),

the use of attractive traps to assume presence, biased sampling along roads, and the

ability of ABB to disperse and utilize different habitats. My models were similarly

affected by these concerns. I tried to reduce the likelihood of spatial autocorrelation by

using a sampling radius buffer to identify independent samples and restricting the moving

window to the same radius, which would change if future research suggests a different

effective trapping radius for these methods. Biotic interactions, such as competition,

predation, mutualism, and parasitism, are not easily incorporated into models. These

factors are likely key components in explaining both the current distribution of ABB and

the disappearance of the species from over 90% of its historical range (Sikes and Raithel

2002, USFWS 1991).

A comparison of two habitat generalist and specialist plants showed the habitat

generalist species could not be successfully modeled because of inconsistent results for variables when using different model methods and overall low model performance when

compared to the specialists’ model performance (Evangelista et al. 2008). In contrast,

Mueller et al. (2009) found that generalist crows could be successfully modeled when

different habitat designations and spatial scales were considered. The resulting ABB

models of this study found that the predictor variables were stable across multiple models

and predictive performance was likely affected by the use of an ecoregion to define 63

extent and prospective sampling to both increase sampling density and validate the model performance.

The final 2011 model performed moderately well as indicated by the threshold- independent measure, AUC, and was made meaningful by selecting presence classifiers

based on threshold-dependant measures. The use of prospective sampling for model validation allowed for an independent assessment of the selected variables and performance, and verified that model-based sampling would be more efficient than

random sampling (Le Lay et al. 2010). The American burying beetle likely does not have

specific habitat requirements that agree across its entire known range, yet the models

presented in this paper showed the beetles’ occurrence can be adequately explained

within an ecoregion. This information will be important in future conservation efforts for

this federally endangered animal, especially when considering priority conservation and reintroduction sites.

TABLE 2 VARIABLES TESTED IN THE HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELING OF THE AMERICAN BURYING BEETLE IN THE SANDHILLS ECOREGION OF NEBRASKA Habitat variables Sandhills range Description Loam (%) Clay loam, silt loam, silty clay, silty clay loam 0 - 100 Loamy sand (%) Loamy coarse sand, loamy fine sand, loamy 0 - 100 sand, loamy very fine sand

Sand (%) Coarse sand, fine sand, sand 0 - 100 Sandy loam (%) Fine sandy loam, sandy loam, very fine sandy 0 - 100 loam Variable (%) Bouldery fragmented material, variable, unweathered bedrock, stratified sand, gravelly coarse sand, stratified sand to fine sandy loam, 0 - 85 stratified loamy fine sand, stratified fine sand to fine sandy loam, slightly decomposed plant material

Easting Surrogate for precipitation, which increases as n/a easting increases

Agriculture (%) Alfalfa, corn, fallow, sorghum, soybeans, 0 - 99 sunflowers, wheat, and other row crop agriculture Developed (%) Areas of urban and rural development, including 0 - 100 roads

Developed minus roads Areas of urban and rural development 0 - 74 64

Table 2 (cont.) Roads (%) Paved roads 0 - 58 Grass (%) CRP grass, mixed grass, sandhills grasslands, 0 - 100 shortgrass, tallgrass

Grass minus CRP (%) Mixed grass, sandhills grasslands, shortgrass, 0 - 100 tallgrass

Riparian (%) Trees, shrubs, grasses, and CRP land adjacent to 0 - 92 large and small waterways

Riverine (%) River channel, river channel, sand bars, slough, wet meadow, flood plain marsh, vegetation 0 - 100 adjacent to rivers

Wetland (%) Playas, Sandhills wetlands, Sandhills lakes, pits, stock ponds, CRP wetlands, emergent marsh, 0 - 100 saline marsh, rainwater basins, wet meadow, floodplain marsh, open water, river channel

Wetland minus riverine (%) Playas, Sandhills wetlands, Sandhills lakes, pits, stock ponds, CRP wetlands, emergent marsh, 0 - 100 saline marsh, rainwater basins, wet meadow, floodplain marsh, open water

Wetland minus wetmeadow (%) Playas, Sandhills wetlands, Sandhills lakes, pits, stock ponds, CRP wetlands, emergent marsh, 0 - 100 saline marsh, rainwater basins, floodplain marsh, open water, river channel

Table 2 (cont.) Wetland minus wet meadow and reservoir Playas, Sandhills wetlands, Sandhills lakes, pits, (%) 0 - 100 stock ponds, CRP wetlands, emergent marsh, saline marsh, rainwater basins, floodplain marsh

Wet meadow (%) A complex of grassland and wetland areas 0 - 99 Woodland (%) CRP upland trees, CRP riparian trees, Eastern red cedar, ponderosa pine, upland woodland, 0 - 100 juniper, riparian canopy, exotic riparian shrubland, native riparian shrubland

Cedar trees (%) Eastern red cedar trees 0 - 91 66 67

TABLE 3 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR THE NEBRASKA SANDHILLS AMERICAN BURYING BEETLE (ABB) HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELS Model dataset characteristics 2009 2010 2011

No. of ABB presence traps 150 224 433 No. of ABB absence traps 84 166 342 Prevalence of ABB (% presence traps) 64.1 57.4 55.9 % of trap data from before 2008 51.7 25.9 11.4 Area of extrapolation (sq. km) 36,567 n/a 24,516 Sampling density 0.01 0.01 0.03 Area of Presence 1 (sq. km) 8,089 3,788 3,285

Influence on ABB Predictor variables presence

Soil textures loamy sand + + + variable + + + loam - - - Land cover wetland + wetland (minus wet meadow) + + agriculture - - - developed (minus roads) - - - woodland - - - Easting precipitation surrogate + + +

TABLE 4 AMERICAN BURYING BEETLE HABITAT SUITABILITY MODEL'S LOGISTIC REGRESSION EQUATION VALUES Regression coefficients 2011 Model inputs 2009 2010 2011 Final Intercept -3.66766 -1.806780 -3.73960 -3.90522 Loamy sand 0.01266 0.027540 0.01340 0.01211 Variable soil 5.75192 0.293540 0.29310 0.28210 Loamy -0.01189 -0.040900 -0.06738 -0.06278 Wetland 0.02755 Wetland (minus wet meadow) 0.087590 0.01848 0.01809 Agriculture -0.02269 -0.035000 -0.03575 -0.02452 Developed (minus roads) -1.91954 -0.911240 -0.93491 -0.81256 Woodland -0.03089 -0.034240 -0.03325 -0.02775 Precipitation surrogate (easting) 0.00001 0.000004 0.00001 0.00001

TABLE 5 THRESHOLD-DEPENDENT VALUES AT FOUR OCCURRENCE THRESHOLDS FOR THE NEBRASKA SANDHILLS AMERICAN BURYING BEETLE HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELS Probability True False False True of Correctly Model presence presence absence absence Year occurrence Kappa Sensitivity Specificity classified classification (no. of (no. of (no. of (no. of threshold (%) traps) traps) traps) traps) (%) 85 Presence 1 80 3 70 81 0.423 0.533 0.964 68.8 60 Presence 2 126 16 24 68 0.636 0.840 0.810 82.9 2009 50 Presence 3 140 24 10 60 0.672 0.933 0.714 85.5 25 Presence 4 146 50 4 34 0.430 0.973 0.405 76.9

80 Presence 1 95 10 129 156 0.333 0.424 0.940 64.4 55 Presence 2 160 47 64 119 0.426 0.714 0.717 71.5 2010 45 Presence 3 189 63 35 103 0.475 0.844 0.620 74.9 25 Presence 4 216 122 8 44 0.252 0.964 0.265 66.7

85 Presence 1 145 20 288 322 0.255 0.335 0.942 60.3 55 Presence 2 326 84 107 258 0.504 0.753 0.754 75.4 2011 45 Presence 3 370 99 63 243 0.571 0.855 0.711 79.1 30 Presence 4 418 175 15 167 0.477 0.965 0.488 75.5

69 70

Figure 12. A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) plot for four American burying beetle habitat suitability models. Area under the curve (AUC) values are indicated in parentheses in the legend key.

Figure 14. The 2009 predictive model map for the American burying beetle (ABB) in the Sandhills ecoregion.

Figure 15. The 2010 predictive model map for the American burying beetle (ABB) in the Sandhills ecoregion. 72

Figure 16. The final 2011 predictive model map for the American burying beetle (ABB) in the Sandhills ecoregion.

CHAPTER 4

Taking the bait: Evaluating an American burying beetle (Coleoptera:

Silphidae) conservation protocol

ABSTRACT

Conservation measures are needed for the protection of endangered species,

including the American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus Olivier), especially when habitat alteration is needed for human development. To mitigate the effects of habitat alteration, state and federal agencies implement protocols to minimize potential mortality risks. One method to limit risk to ABB is to use stations baited with carrion at

a distance of at least 800 m from a construction site. I tested the ability of bait stations to

remove American burying beetles from mock “construction” zones and to keep the

beetles from returning to the zones. Initial experiments using two or four stations showed

the mock “construction” zones still contained American burying beetles and the number

of beetles did not differ from control sites. The bait stations were monitored over night to

measure if American burying beetles stayed at the bait stations during the day; a

significant number of beetles were found to leave. When marked beetles were released in

a mock “construction” zone, only 4.6% were recaptured at modified bait stations outside

the zone. These results indicate that bait stations do not effectively reduce risks of

mortality to American burying beetles. Observations of video and feces found at the bait

stations showed that opossums and leopard frogs consumed American burying beetles

attracted to the stations. Overall, bait stations should not be used as a conservation

measure for the American burying beetle.

Keywords: bait stations, conservation measure, endangered species, intercept feeding,

and mitigation

INTRODUCTION

The American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier, is a federally endangered insect with a large remaining population in Nebraska (USFWS 2008a).

American burying beetles (ABBs) are the largest carrion-feeding insects in North

America reaching lengths of 3.5 centimeters and weighing up to 3 grams (Anderson

1982a, Ratcliffe 1996). Like other burying beetles, ABBs utilize dead animals for nutrition and reproduction, which helps recycle decaying materials into the ecosystem

(Scott 1998). A fierce competition between many species of burying beetle can erupt

when a carrion resource is not infested by maggots, is of an appropriate size that can be

buried by the beetles, and can provide enough food for developing larvae. This competition can lead to physical damage to ABBs, including loss of legs, antennae, and even mortality (Bedick et al. 1999). Aggressive interactions will ensue until there is only a single beetle pair occupying the carcass. This pair is generally the largest individuals of the largest species that discovered the carcass and either drove away or killed competitors

(Wilson and Fudge 1984). The victorious pair will then work cooperatively to quickly entomb the carcass and create a brood chamber. ABBs can successfully reproduce on mammal carcasses up to 300 grams3 or avian carcasses as large as 100 grams (Kozol et

al. 1988). Carcasses not suitable for reproduction are still an important source of

nutrition.

Within Nebraska, sampling has shown ABBs are found in two geographic areas,

the Loess Canyons in south-central Nebraska (Bedick et al. 1999, Peyton 2003) and the

Sandhills in north-central Nebraska extending into South Dakota (Backlund et al. 2008,

3 Hoback, W.W. 2011. Personal observation. 76

Jurzenski et al. 2011). In Nebraska, most adult ABBs emerge in early June (Bedick et al.

1999), and by the start of July, successful ABBs are underground with a buried carcass

and their offspring. In early August, both the newly eclosed tenerals and mature

senescents can be found in survey traps (Bedick et al. 1999, Jurzenski et al. 2011). The newly emerged ABBs search the environment for food and find an area in which to overwinter. ABBs and a similar congener, Nicrophorus orbicollis Say, are nocturnal burying beetles (Scott 1998, Szalanski et al. 2007). During the day, both species are

thought to burrow into soil or under leaf litter until the following evening when they become active again. It is not known if there are specific preferences as to where either

species chooses to spend the day. Preliminary studies have shown that ABBs prefer leaf litter and moist sandy loam soil4, but these were in laboratory conditions. In the

Sandhills ecoregion, a habitat suitability model predicted higher probabilities of

occurrence in loamy sand (Chapter 3), but this characteristic does not exclude it from

other soil types during the day. Because ABBs can move as much as 6 km in a single

night (Walker 2005, Jurzenski et al. 2011) and are attracted to carrion, it is difficult to

identify areas with or without beetles during the daytime, which causes problems in

assessing mortality risks associated with soil disturbances, such as construction projects.

Currently, conservation measures for ABB are aimed at preventing mortality of

individuals. Construction leading to habitat alteration or destruction could pose a great

risk if ABB are resting in the soil or leaf litter during the day in the disturbed area. Thus,

construction areas in at least 18 Nebraska counties where ABB are known to occur are

reviewed by Nebraska Game and Parks Commission and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

4 Hoback, W.W. 2008. Personal observation. 77

(USFWS) (USFWS 2008b) in compliance with Sections 7 and 9 of the Endangered

Species Act. The USFWS in Nebraska requires the use of a trap and relocate protocol

(USFWS 2008b). This protocol removes ABBs from areas to be impacted. Attracted

beetles are collected and moved a distance usually greater than 3.2 km.

Trapping can exacerbate stress and competition among burying beetles as the bait

is placed in an artificial situation where beetles are attracted to but cannot leave the

carcass. Also, the trapped beetles cannot bury the bait to prevent further competition and must instead continue to defend the carcass (Bedick et al. 1999). Concerns with trap and

relocate costs and potential risks to ABB health have lead to the use of other methods to avoid ABB mortality in areas with habitat alterations. “Bait-away” procedures have been

used to mitigate construction harm to ABB. This method was outlined in a USFWS

guidance document for Oklahoma (USFWS 2009b), but was not included in the recovery

plan or five year review (USFWS 1991, USFWS 2008a). Because “bait-away” is

designed to attract beetles to an area away from construction, it does not require a federal

handling permit, although permission from USFWS is still needed. Baiting away is

conducted by placing whole carrion onto a structure that prevents burial and is placed

some distance from the impacted habitat. The carrion is monitored and replaced

frequently.

Although there is no documentation of ABB mortality associated with road

construction, the burial behavior of beetles during periods of inactivity could result in

mortality from disturbance during the day or for overwintering beetles. Therefore,

construction is currently limited to time periods when ABB are active and after beetles

have been trapped and relocated from the construction zones. Successful bait away 78 procedures would reduce potential exposure of ABBs to construction equipment associated mortality risks and would increase the window for construction activities.

The efficacy of a bait away protocol or intercept feeding can be measured by multiple methods. This study focused on the ability of bait stations to reduce the populations of ABBs in mock “construction” zones, to keep ABBs at bait stations (i.e., out of “construction” zones), and to draw out and capture ABBs that were marked in mock “construction” zones. Field experiments using bait stations were conducted to examine the effectiveness of and associated risks involved with this conservation measure.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area

Holt County is located in the northeast corner of the Sandhills region in Nebraska with multiple areas with known ABB presence (Jurzenski et al. 2011), with suitable habitats consisting of wet meadows and/or absence of dry upland sandy hills or row crops, and with road access. In 2009, two areas south of Atkinson (referred to as the north area) and west of Chambers (referred to as the south area) were identified as suitable for the bait station experiments, because there were multiple 1.6 km stretches of highway that had section roads that extended either direction at least 800 km perpendicular to the “construction” zone (Fig. 18). Each of the six 1.6 km stretches of highway will be referred to as a “construction zone”, which were at least a 1.6 km apart.

New locations were selected in 2010 and 2011, which included rural county roads because there were not enough highway locations that met the treatment criteria. Seven 79

locations in Holt County were selected near Chambers, Nebraska or south of the Hwy 95

and Hwy 281 junction (Fig. 18).

Bait Stations

An individual bait station consisted of a collection pan (47.63 X 38.74 X 13.34 cm) dug into the ground and filled with moist soil until it was flush with surrounding soil.

This step was only for evaluation of the protocol and would not be recommended as a standard part of a bait away procedure. Within a closed 18.93 L (5 gallon) bucket, frozen rats (rodentpro.com) were allowed to either thaw for one day or thaw and decay for three to five days with daily high temperatures ranging from 16 to 32°C. One thawed and one decayed rat was placed on plastic fencing (2.3 cm diameter hexagonal spaces), which was laid over the collection pan’s soil to prevent the beetles from burying the carrion. The

fencing was secured to the ground using garden and tent stakes. A tarp-and-post

constructed tent shaded and protected the station from heat and flooding. When possible,

a camcorder with extended battery, and either nightshot capability or a red lighted

headlamp, was set up each night to record beetle activity. Rats were replaced every 2 to

3 days depending on the quality of the bait (e.g., smell, moisture, and remaining meat).

The collection pans were sifted every other day in 2009 and every day in 2010 to measure

the presence of nocturnal silphid beetles. Bait stations in the 2010 experiment followed

the same set-up and procedure as the bait stations in 2009, except a metal fence enclosure

covered in chicken wire was placed over the collection pans to keep out vertebrate

scavengers. In 2011, a modified bait station consisting of a baited pitfall trap was used to

mimic the bait station’s attraction but trap the beetles rather than allowing them to arrive

and leave on their own accord. Baited pitfall traps were 18.93 L (5 gallon) buckets dug 80 into the ground following a similar procedure as outlined by Bedick et al. (2004). The baited bucket pitfall traps will be referred to as modified bait stations.

The first bait station experiment was conducted August 7 to 21, 2009 and consisted of two experimental conditions and a control. Experimental conditions were single-side bait stations or double-side bait stations. The double-side bait station treatment consisted of four bait stations 1.6 km apart each set 800 km from the

“construction” zone (Fig. 19A). The single-side bait station treatment had only two bait stations on the same directional side of the “construction” zone (Fig. 19B). Control areas without bait stations were designated for other 1.6 km stretches of highway at least 1.6 km away from either of the two treatments (Fig. 19C). Two replicates of each treatment condition were implemented. All “construction” zones and control areas were mowed within 10 days of the experiment and road kill was removed daily to prevent ABBs from being drawn back into the “construction” zones.

Bait stations were baited and monitored for 14 consecutive days. ABB found by sifting the collection boxes were processed by recording sex, measuring the pronotal width, and tagging with numbered, colored bee tags. These beetles were released within

1 meter of the bait station. After the first seven days of baiting and monitoring the bait stations, three “construction” zone pitfall traps baited with decayed rats (same decay procedure previously stated) were opened to measure the number of ABB present in the

“construction” zone. The immediate vicinity (approximately 2 m radius) of the pitfall traps was raked to remove any leaf litter or dead vegetation. The raking was performed to simulate the mowing and raking (i.e., vegetation removal) that occurs prior to trap and relocate methods within a real construction zone, which is used to reduce the habitat 81 suitability for ABBs. Pitfall traps were kept open concurrently with the bait stations for the following seven evenings and were checked daily. Each day, captured ABB were processed using the same procedure for bait stations, but were relocated 3-5 km away in suitable habitat. The number of ABB captured in each treatment’s “construction” zone pitfall traps was compared using the Proc Glimmix procedure with a Poisson distribution transformation in SAS. Treatment and location were considered fixed effects, while date was considered a random effect. A similar analysis was performed comparing the number of ABB found in the bait station boxes before and after the “construction” zone pitfall traps were opened. This was done to assess bait competition between the bait stations and pitfall traps.

Bait stations in 2010 were baited for 10 consecutive nights instead of 14 nights and all locations consisted of the double-side bait station condition. Control and bait station conditions were paired within similar habitats to serve as a blocking factor to account for habitat, environmental, and ABB population variations. Seven replicates were used and the experiment was performed twice in these locations, consecutively.

The first trial began on August 1, 2010 and the second trial began on August 11, 2010.

Four baited pitfall traps were used during both trials to confirm ABB activity (i.e., presence/absence) in the Holt County area. These pitfall traps were placed at least 3.2 km away from any light trap or bait station so they would not interfere with the experiment. Beetles were released within 10 meters of the pitfall trap.

On the fifth consecutive night of monitoring bait stations in 2010, the presence of

ABB in the “construction” zone was measured using a single black light trap

(Bioquip.com) powered by a 12 volt sealed battery, which was placed in the middle of 82

the 1.6 km stretch (Fig. 19D). This method replaced the pitfall traps used in 2009 to

reduce attraction of beetles to carcasses in the construction zone. Light traps were

checked the following 5 consecutive nights concurrently with the bait stations to measure

if the bait stations attracted and continued to attract ABB out of the “construction” zone.

Control areas also began black light trapping on the fifth night and were at least 1.6 km

from the bait station’s “construction” zone (Fig. 19E). The same analysis used in 2009 to

compare ABB in pitfall traps was used to compare the number of beetles in

“construction” zone and control area light traps. All silphids were counted in the black

light traps and N. orbicollis data were used in data analysis because they are also

nocturnal burying beetles.

To assess movement of ABBs from the “construction” zone, three pitfall traps baited with decayed rats were placed within the “construction” zone of each area for five

traps nights in 2011 (Fig. 19F). In June, two of the three traps in each “construction”

zone used closed bait, which encloses the rat carcass in a plastic container and prevents beetles from feeding. In August, open bait was used for the first two trap nights and then closed bait was used for the remaining three trap nights. The closed bait was used to keep beetles hungry to increase the probability of recapture in modified bait stations. All

ABBs were processed using the same methods as previous years and were released within one meter of the pitfall trap.

After trapping and recording beetles in the “construction” zone for five trap nights, pitfall traps were closed and modified bait stations were opened. The modified bait stations were placed in the same location as the 2010 bait stations and contained two decayed rats (Fig. 18). Pitfall traps were used in place of bait stations because the 83

number of recaptured ABBs needed to be recorded. The modified bait stations were

sampled for five trap nights. The number of ABBs recaptured in the modified bait

stations confirms the percent of beetles that were drawn out of the “construction” zone.

The experiment ran from June 17 to June 21 and August 7 to August 11, 2011 for the

“construction” zone pitfall traps and from June 22 to June 26 and August 12 to August

16, 2011 for the modified bait stations.

ABB Night Activity and Pronotal Width

In 2009 and 2010, camcorder data were collected using camcorders as often as

possible at bait stations. Identification of ABBs in video footage was possible because of

the orange-red pronotal coloration, which is not present on any other burying beetle.

Video data provided the ABB time of arrival, the cumulative number of ABBs visiting a station, and the number of ABBs expected to be found in the box the following morning.

The cumulative number of ABBs observed in camcorder videos was compared to the number of ABBs found in the collection pans the following morning to determine whether or not ABBs stay and burrow into the soil at a bait station. The Proc Glimmix procedure for paired data with a Poisson distribution transformation in SAS was used to analyze this data.

I compared the pronotal widths of ABBs captured in 2009 and 2010 to look at overall size trends (Safryn and Scott 2000) for ABBs within and between the two years, by attraction to trap types. All analyzed ABBs were all captured in August. Three explanatory variables, trap type, year, and sex, were compared using the Proc Glimmix procedure in SAS. There were no interactions between any of the variables, which allowed me to examine only the main effects. 84

RESULTS

During the three years I evaluated the bait away method, 741 ABBs (400 ♀, 333

♂, and 6 unsexed) and 510 ABBs (259 ♀, 249 ♂, and 2 unsexed) were captured, tagged,

and released at bait stations and modified bait stations, respectively (Table 6). Nineteen

ABBs were recaptured at bait stations in 2009 and 2010 (Table 7), one was recaptured at

a “construction” zone bucket 0.8 km away in 2009, and one was recaptured at a light trap

4.02 km away in 2010 (Table 7). At bait stations and modified bait stations, 84.5%

percent of the ABBs recaptured were recaptured at the same location (Tables 7 and 8).

Of all recaptured ABB, 64.5% of them were marked the day before. The bait condition

was variable at each station over the two days before receiving new carrion with some

stations exhibiting fly larvae infestations. Each year, several bait boxes were moved because of invading ants.

The 2009 comparison of ABB captures in “construction” zone pitfall traps

showed no significant interactions and no significant difference between the conditions

(Fig. 20), but did show a significant difference between the north (0.72 ABB ± 0.216 se)

and south areas (2.67 ABBs ± 0.533 se) (F1,18 = 21.10, P < 0.001). Bait stations did not

have a significant increase or decrease in the number of ABBs captured during the use of

baited pitfall traps in the “construction” zone (F3,12 = 1.26, P = 0.33).

In 2010, statistical analysis was not possible to compare the number of ABBs in

black light traps because of the low capture rate of ABBs. Fifteen ABBs (13 ♀ and 2 ♂)

and 91 N. orbicollis were captured at the light traps, which is why I compared light trap captures of N. orbicollis in “construction” zones and control areas. There were no interaction effects and no significant difference was detected between trials; therefore, I 85 pooled the data from the two trials. I found that the difference in N. orbicollis capture between control areas and “construction” zones approached significance (F1,18 = 3.92, P

= 0.063), but did not meet the designated alpha level of P < 0.05. Similar to 2009, I examined the possible effect of black light trapping on ABB occurrence at bait stations and found a three-way interaction between the number of ABB, the two trial periods, and black light trap status (i.e., off or on) (F1,16 = 35.97, P < 0.001) (Fig. 21). The baited pitfall traps showed ABB activity in the research area throughout the sampling period

(Fig. 22).

In 2011, 130 ABBs (68 ♀, 61 ♂, and 1 unknown) were captured and marked in the “construction” zone. Of these beetles, only six were recaptured in a modified bait station (Table 8). One recaptured ABB in August had been marked in a modified bait station during the June sampling 55 days earlier and it moved a total distance of 12.66 km.

A majority of the videos finished before daylight; however, I was able to count the number of ABB visiting the bait away stations throughout most of the night (Fig. 23).

ABB activity data recorded in the early morning hours when fewer than 50 videos were available for comparison in 2010 were not considered reliable and are not included in the figure. The peak activity at the stations occurred from 9 pm or sunset to midnight (Fig.

23). In both 2009 and 2010, significantly more ABBs visited the station throughout the night (i.e., video) (15.14 ABBs ± 6.38 se in 2009 and 15.14 ABBs ± 4.88 se in 2010) than stayed with the rats in the morning (i.e., box) (1.16 ABBs ± 0.67 se in 2009 and 5.75

ABBs ± 1.99 se in 2010) (2009: F1,3 = 36.65, P = 0.009; 2010: F1,6 = 6.16, P = 0.0476)

(Fig. 24). 86

The comparison of pronotal width for ABBs captured in 2009 and 2010 showed

that significantly larger ABBs were captured in pitfall traps (10.38 mm ± 0.058 se) than

at the bait stations (10.02 mm ± 0.078 se) (F2,597 = 7.65, P = 0.0005) (Fig. 25). Also,

significantly larger ABB were captured in 2010 (10.22 mm ± 0.099 se) than in 2009 (9.99 mm ± 0.124 se) (F1,597 = 5.71, P = 0.0172), of which the males (10.21 mm ± 0.119 se)

had significantly larger pronotal widths than the females (10.01 mm ± 0.102 se) (F1,597 =

4.65, P = 0.0316).

In 2009, I did not find direct evidence of ABB mortality at the bait stations; however, one video recorded an opossum, Didelphis virginiana (Kerr), consuming multiple ABB at a bait station (Jurzenski and Hoback 2011). Direct evidence of ABB mortality was found at bait stations in 2010. One ABB carcass found was most likely caused by a small opossum that was able to crawl through the holes of the cage before chicken wire was added. Four additional ABB were eaten by northern leopard frogs,

Lithobates pipiens Schreber, based on pronota found in feces. The largest ABB pronotal width consumed by a frog was 10.43 mm, which was larger than the mean pronotal widths found for female and male ABBs captured in this study (Fig. 25); however, all other pronota found in frog feces were smaller than these means (Jurzenski and Hoback

2011).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Baited stations can provide important insight into the movement patterns of organisms and help identify environmental concerns. For example, researchers in New

Zealand identified the use of baited tracking tunnels as non-lethal method to monitor 87

wetas (Watts et al. 2011). The video observations from this study provide information

about the nightly activity period of ABBs (i.e., within the first few hours of dusk), which

was similar to findings in the Loess Canyons (Bedick et al. 1999). The attraction of scavengers and predators was an unexpected result of the experiments, but provided important insight into the natural ecology associated with carrion. Wilson and Fudge

(1984) found that 6% and 35% of the carcasses they placed in two different habitats were taken by vertebrate scavengers before silphid beetles could bury them creating an additional challenge for a data collection at their bait.

ABB presence was confirmed at all “construction” zones and bait station areas through the course of the three year study; however, the methods employed did not result

in fewer ABB in “construction” zones than the control areas without bait stations. Bait

station observations showed that ABBs used the bait stations for feeding and interactions,

but did not remain with the rats during the daytime and the location to which they

dispersed is unknown. Less than 5% of marked “construction” zone ABB were attracted

to and captured at modified bait stations. This percent represents the number of ABBs

baited away from the “construction” zone and is inadequate to recruit ABBs out of a high

mortality risk area.

Uncontrollable variables such as ABB movement and teneral emergence could

have affected the results of these experiments by increasing or reducing the available

population in any of the sampling areas. Despite these possibilities, it seems unlikely that

the results each year would have been similarly confounded. If flies discover and

reproduce on the bait station carcass prior to burying beetles, the developing dipteran

larvae can quickly consume the nutrients and reduce the attractiveness of the bait. This 88

requires monitoring every other day. If the carcass is discovered by ants, Nicrophorus spp. will defend the carcass, which can lead to mortality caused by aggressive ant colonies (Scott et al. 1987). This condition also requires additional effort to move the station to a new area without nearby ant colonies. The changes in ABB numbers at pitfall traps in August 2010 is likely explained by changes in weather, which could cause drastic declines with low night temperatures or steady rain, and from emergence of tenerals from broods near the trap locations, which could temporarily increase the local population

(Fig. 23).

Bait stations, sometimes called intercept feeding stations, have been used to assist black bear conservation (Ziegltrum 1994, Rogers 2011), track lynx presence (McDaniel et al. 2000), supplement food resources for endangered griffon vultures (Becker et al.

2009), and decrease the number of deer-vehicle collisions (Wood and Wolfe 1988).

Pheromone or other chemical baits have been used to monitor threatened or endangered bees and butterflies (New and Britton 1997, Nemésio et al. 2012). Zhang and Schlyter

(2004) suggested that the behavioral avoidance of non-host volatiles by bark beetles could be used in the conservation of host trees.

Wood and Wolfe (1988) found that intercept feeding might reduce deer-vehicle collisions by less than 50% with short-term use, but other preventative methods were recommended. Knapp et al. (2003) noted intercept feeding would be an ineffective measure with risks of increasing pathogen spread and drawing more deer near the highway than there would be without the intercept feeding. Similarly, bait stations designed to continually draw in ABBs could bring more into the area than were there before, interfere with beetles seeking reproductive opportunities, increase predation risks, 89 and exhaust the beetles that are continually trying to bury the carcass and defend against competitors. In 2006, burying beetle mortality exceeding 30% was observed in association with field bait stations in Nebraska5. The next year, modified procedures resulted in lower mortality; however, attracted beetles moved to and from the bait stations spending long periods of time in the environment.

The pronotal size differences indicate that although larger ABBs could have visited the bait stations, they did not stay with the carcass. The differences for any of the explanatory variables were not likely caused by rural-urban gradients (Ulrich et al. 2008) because ABBs were trapped in similar rural areas. The frequency of contests for reproductive carrion sources in June may help explain the larger ABB individuals in

2010. Creighton (2005) found that under high rearing densities Nicrophorus orbicollis produced small broods with larger individuals; however, Rauter et al. (2010) found only smaller broods and no difference in individual offspring size for N. pustulatus Herschel.

If ABBs experienced more competition for reproductive carcasses in June 2010, then it could have affected the overall size of teneral individuals captured in August. The capture of larger ABB males has not been reported before.

Overall, the results of these experiments did not show bait stations as a reliable method to either draw ABBs out of areas designated for habitat alteration or keep ABBs away from the designated areas. Risks of predation were confirmed even after metal cages with chicken wire were implemented. Baiting away with carrion stations is not a reliable conservation measure for the federally endangered American burying beetle.

5 Snethen, D. 2006. Personal communication. 90

TABLE 6 AMERICAN BURYING BEETLES CAPTURED AT BAIT STATIONS OR MODIFIED BAIT STATIONS, "CONSTRUCTION" ZONE PITFALL TRAPS, AND BLACK LIGHT TRAPS

Number Number Number Number Sampling of of black of Female Male Unsexed of bait period pitfall light survey stations traps traps nights 2009 31 16 6 12 - - 14 2009 97 58 0 - 24 - 7 2010 110 68 0 28 - - 20 2010 black light 13 2 0 - - 14 10 2010 114 88 0 - 4 - 20 2011 June 179 193 2 28 - - 5 2011 June 19 31 1 - 21 - 5 2011 August 80 56 0 28 - - 5 2011 August 49 30 0 - 21 - 5

TABLE 7 AMERICAN BURYING BEETLES RECAPTURED IN 2009 AND 2010 AT BAIT STATIONS, "CONSTRUCTION" ZONE PITFALL TRAPS, AND BLACK LIGHT TRAPS, INCLUDING THE MEAN DISTANCE (KM) TRAVELED DURING THE RECAPTURE PERIOD AND THE MEAN NUMBER OF DAYS BETWEEN CAPTURES Mean Mean travel Year Initial capture location Recapture location ♂ ♀ distance period (km) (days) 2009 Bait station Same bait station 0 2 0.0 3.0 2009 Bait station Different bait station 0 1 7.1 1.0 2009 Bait station "Construction" zone pitfall 0 1 0.8 2.0 2009 "Construction" zone pitfall Same "construction" zone pitfall 0 0 n/a n/a 2009 "Construction" zone pitfall Different "construction" zone pitfall 0 0 n/a n/a 2009 "Construction" zone pitfall Bait station 0 0 n/a n/a 2010 Bait station Same bait station 4 12 0.0 1.5 2010 Bait station Different bait station 1 0 1.6 2.0 2010 Bait station Light trap 1 0 4.0 1.0 2010 Light trap Same light trap 0 0 n/a n/a 2010 Light trap Different light trap 0 0 n/a n/a 2010 Light trap Bait station 0 0 n/a n/a

TABLE 8 AMERICAN BURYING BEETLES RECAPTURED IN 2011 AT MODIFIED BAIT STATIONS AND "CONSTRUCTION" ZONE PITFALL TRAPS, INCLUDING THE MEAN DISTANCE (KM) TRAVELED DURING THE RECAPTURE PERIOD AND THE MEAN NUMBER OF DAYS BETWEEN CAPTURES Mean Mean Sampling travel Initial capture location Recapture location ♂ ♀ distance Comments period period (km) (days) June Modified bait station Same modified bait station 7 10 0 1.1 1 unknown sex June Modified bait station Different modified bait station 2 4 2.16 1.3 June Modified bait station "Construction" zone pitfall 0 0 n/a n/a June "Construction" zone pitfall Same "construction" zone pitfall 2 2 0 1.3 June "Construction" zone pitfall Different "construction" zone pitfall 0 0 n/a n/a June "Construction" zone pitfall Modified bait station 4 1 1.79 4.5 2 unknown sex August Modified bait station Same modified bait station 8 5 0 1.5 August Modified bait station Different modified bait station 1 0 12.66 55 Tagged in June August Modified bait station "Construction" zone pitfall 0 0 n/a n/a August "Construction" zone pitfall Same "construction" zone pitfall 1 0 0 1 August "Construction" zone pitfall Different "construction" zone pitfall 3 0 0.8 1.3 August "Construction" zone pitfall Modified bait station 0 1 1.17 4 92

Figure 21. American burying beetles (ABBs) (± se) captured at bait stations during no black light trapping (off) and during black light trapping (on) for consecutive trial periods in 2010.

Figure 22. American burying beetles (ABBs) captured at four baited bucket pitfall traps in Holt County, Nebraska over a 20 day sampling period in August 2010.

Figure 23. American burying beetles (ABBs) counted in videos within half-hour intervals at night and the total number of videos viewed. 97

Figure 24. American burying beetles (ABBs) (± se) found in the videos at night and in the box during the day during bait away experiments conducted in 2009 and 2010 in Holt County, NE.

CHAPTER 5

Opossums and leopard frogs consume the federally endangered

American burying beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

Published:

Jurzenski, J. and W.W. Hoback. 2011. Opossums and leopard frogs consume the federally endangered American burying beetle (Coleoptera:

Silphidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 65:88-90.

The American burying beetle (ABB), Nicrophorus americanus Olivier, has disappeared from more than 90% of its historic range and has been listed as federally endangered since 1989. Prior to its listing, relatively few studies existed documenting

ABB ecology and interactions with other animals, including its potential vertebrate predators. Bedick et al. (1999) documented a predation event by a blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata L. Walker and Hoback (2006) presented circumstantial evidence of predation by a bat of a beetle that was equipped with a radio transmitter. Shrews that fall into pitfall traps occasionally eat American burying beetles6. Further evidence of potential predation

by shrews was found in an illustration of a masked shrew consuming an American

burying beetle (Zim and Hoffmeister 1955). Herein, we document video surveillance of

predation of American burying beetle by Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana (Kerr),

and pronota and elytra of ABB in feces of the northern leopard frog, Lithobates pipiens

Schreber.

I conducted two studies in the northeastern region of Nebraska’s Sandhills

utilizing camcorders to record carrion beetle activity at night on rat (Rattus norvegicus

Berkenhout) carcasses. The rat carcasses (approximately 300 g) were secured and could

not be buried or removed from the site; however, beetles and some other animals could

freely enter or exit the bait stations. Similar stations were used in 2010, but cages were

used to eliminate access by opossums. The cages kept opossums out, but did not deter

northern plains leopard frogs. Over 230 hrs of video were captured in 2009 and over 500 hrs in 2010, providing novel ABB footage and the opportunity to make behavioral

observations.

6 Hoback, W.W. 2011. Personal observation. 100

American burying beetle mortality caused by an opossum was confirmed by a video recorded on the night of 13 August 2009. The bait station had at least 15 ABB present approximately 50 min after sunset. At 3 hrs and 53 min (approximately 1:00

AM), an opossum arrived and immediately ate an ABB. Within the next 10 min, it consumed four more ABB out of eight ABB present at that time. The remaining ABB were not visible and the opossum began feeding on the rat carcass. The scavenger left for approximately 30 min, then returned to eat two more ABB and more of the rat. A total of seven ABB were killed by this opossum. When it left, no ABB were visible at the station. Up to four ABB returned to the carcass (no opossum present) and fed before morning, but none stayed with the rat carcasses. Opossums were recorded at 28% of the bait station locations during the study in 2009.

In 2010, several videos captured leopard frogs attempting to eat large ABB (>10 mm pronotal width, which is a relative indicator of size [Safryn and Scott 2000]). Video footage on the night of 17 August 2010 showed a leopard frog preying on Nicrophorus orbicollis Say. Frogs consuming smaller ABB was confirmed through the presence of the red/orange marked pronotum in frog feces within the bait station cages. Three pronota were collected over a 20-day period. These pronota had widths of 8.72, 9.49, and

9.66 mm. The remains of a tagged elytron was also found in frog feces and the beetle’s pronotal measurement at the time of tagging was 10.43 mm. Frogs were present at bait stations in 63% of the videos.

Although only one video showed conclusive evidence of an opossum consuming

ABB and several videos showed frogs attempting to eat ABB, the potential exists for opossums and frogs to cause mortality at carcasses within the range of the American 101

burying beetle. Opossums have a varied diet from insects to vertebrate carrion to occasional plant material (McManus 1974). They are nocturnal and are active at sunset and the following five hours (Sunquist et al. 1987), which coincides with ABB activity

(Bedick et al. 1999). Northern plains leopard frogs are known to eat beetles, and Collier et al. (1998) found the adults readily feed on diurnal or nocturnal insects. At least two studies found silphid beetles in the stomachs of L. pipiens (Miller 1978) and Rana temporaria L. (Stojanova and Mollov 2008).

One of the prevailing hypotheses concerning the disappearance and decline of

ABB is competition for carrion with increased abundance of vertebrate scavengers (U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service 1991, Sikes and Raithel 2002), including the American crow,

Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm, red fox, Vulpes vulpes L., striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis Bonaparte, raccoon, Procyon lotor (L.), coyote, Canis latrans Say, and Virginia opossum. These scavengers can reduce the availability of carrion needed by the beetles for both nutrition and reproduction. My data show that opossums not only compete for the carrion, but feed directly on the endangered beetles, suggesting that direct predation of ABB may be important in limiting them in some areas.

The American burying beetle is the largest silphid species in the Western

Hemisphere and reproduces successfully on larger carrion than other congeneric beetles

(Kozol et al. 1988, Lomolino and Creighton 1996, Ratcliffe 1996). Currently, the extant populations of ABB occur in either areas with large unfragmented tracts of land with small human populations or areas with few vertebrate scavengers (Amaral et al. 1997,

Holloway and Schnell 1997, Peyton 2003). Garrott et al. (1993) suggested that the overabundance of some native vertebrate scavengers results from anthropogenic changes 102 to the environment, especially habitat fragmentation (Cuarón et al. 2010). Therefore, areas with increased human presence and alteration may favor the success of opportunistic vertebrates and lead to a reduction of larger and/or nocturnal silphid species.

Unfortunately, there are no published data comparing the number of vertebrate scavengers, including opossums, in areas with extant ABB populations and areas that no longer support these populations. Such a comparison could lead to new insights and perhaps explain reintroduction failures in places like Ohio. In addition, projects using bait-away stations should immediately implement vertebrate exclosures that prevent opossums from reaching the carrion. Exclusion of leopard frogs may also be important in further conserving ABB.

103

CHAPTER 6

Dimilin and Malathion effects on survival and reproduction of burying

beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

104

ABSTRACT

Necrophagous insects are beneficial because they recycle nutrients back into the

environment; yet, unintentional secondary poisoning of these insects from pesticides has

been poorly understood. When aerial spraying is used to manage rangeland pests, there is

a potential that either the resulting dead invertebrates or exposed vertebrate carcasses

could retain toxic residues. Burying beetles are known to feed on and reproduce using

small vertebrate carcasses, but could also be attracted to dead invertebrates killed by

pesticide use. Therefore, pesticides pose a risk to the survival and recovery of federally

endangered American burying beetles, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier. This research

determined the effects of direct and indirect spraying of Dimilin and Malathion on the

survival and reproduction of congeners of the American burying beetle. Malathion

caused mortality when directly sprayed on Nicrophorus marginatus F., but had no lethal

effect on burying beetles when fed grasshoppers killed with Malathion. Malathion

residues significantly affected the fecundity and larval weight of N. marginatus, which

may be related to physiological changes in the female during the reproductive period.

Treatment of mouse carcasses with Dimilin negatively affected the reproduction of N.

orbicollis Say in 2008, but produced inconsistent results in 2009 and 2010. Dimilin is often considered a safe alternative because it has no lethal effect on adult insects;

however, the potential to alter reproductive success makes it a threat to burying beetles.

Keywords: American burying beetle, Dimilin, Malathion, necrophagous, and nontarget

effects 105

INTRODUCTION

Necrophagous insects are beneficial in ecosystems because they remove dead and decaying animal matter, which contributes to the recycling of nutrients. Risk assessment of beneficial arthropods with pesticide usage is not a new concept; however, the definition of beneficial arthropods has varied with a majority of research focusing on honey bees, biological control organisms, natural predators, and parasitoids (Keever et al.

1977, Broadbent and Pree 1984, Haynes 1988, Murphy et al. 1994, Desneux et al. 2007).

Several necrophilous beetles have been examined (e.g., Carabidae and Staphylinidae) for non-target effects of pesticide use because of their predatory and scavenging traits (Quinn et al. 1991, Kunkel et al. 1999, Boetel et al. 2005). The potential impact of pesticide application, and remaining toxic residues, on necrophagous insects has occasionally been addressed in publications involving non-target ground-dwelling arthropods with some authors specifically reporting the effects on scavengers (Hoffmann et al. 1949, Arthurs et al. 2003, Smith and Lockwood 2003). Yet, the beneficial insects reviewed in a comprehensive paper on sublethal pesticide effects had no mention of necrophagous insects (Desneux et al. 2007).

Necrophagous beetles exploit carrion of vertebrates and invertebrates differently than generalized predators, pollinators, and parasitoids. There are at least nine families within Coleoptera that are attracted to and/or consume carrion (Table 9). This study focuses on two Nicrophorus species (Coleoptera: Silphidae), because of their specific use of vertebrate carcasses (Pukowski 1933, Scott 1998). This beetle genus also contains the federally endangered American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier (Kozol et al. 1988). Large tracts of rangeland occur in central and western Nebraska containing 106

populations of both grasshopper pest species and the American burying beetle (USDA

2008, Jurzenski et al. 2011). Recommended management techniques for rangeland

grasshoppers include the use of Dimilin, a growth regulator, and Malathion, an

organophosphate, pesticides (USDA 2008). Therefore, understanding potential nontarget risks of pesticide exposure is important to the conservation and protection of this endangered beetle.

The increase of dead insects in an environment has the potential to attract vertebrates and invertebrate scavengers, and can potentially affect the activity of necrophagous beetles (Seastedt et al. 1981, Young 1984, Arthurs et al. 2003, Yang 2005).

For example, the emergence of periodical cicadas causes a large number of available carcasses near the end of their adult life cycle. Yang (2005) found the occurrence of necrophagous beetles (e.g., Silphidae and Histeridae) increased with increased cicada litterfall density. Similarly, random vertebrate pest carcasses following management programs using aerial-sprayed pesticides could affect necrophagous beetle species specializing in vertebrate carrion for nutrition and reproduction (Hegdal et al. 1986,

Notman 1989).

A review by Joermann (1998) concerning rodenticides detailed many studies of vertebrates consuming poisoned rodents, but there was no mention of negative impacts on invertebrate scavengers. Sullivan (1988) noted the potential for negative non-target effects on Silphidae, Staphylinidae, and Scarabaeidae from feeding on poisoned ground squirrels, but indicated that carcass degradation rates do not seem to be affected by poisoning. Management of ground squirrel populations using sodium fluoroacetate, a cellular respiration inhibitor (i.e., 1080), bait treatments can result in dead ants near the 107

bait (Eisler 1995, Notman 1989). Eisler (1995) and Notman (1989) cautioned that

secondary poisoning of necrophagous insects from consumption of poisoned vertebrate

carcasses is a likely result of sodium fluoroacetate applications as a rodenticide.

Insecticides may also pose a threat by increasing available invertebrate carrion

containing toxic residues. A comprehensive study conducted in forested areas of

Maryland tested the effects of aerial application of DDT on many invertebrates using multiple survey tools, including carrion-baited pitfalls (Hoffmann et al. 1949). Twenty- five species in five families were identified in these traps with a majority of species found in the Silphidae family. They found several Nicrophorus spp. were reduced or eliminated following application, even up to a year after spraying when compared to control areas.

The authors suggested the lack of capture was more likely because of the increased abundance of carrion (caused by DDT), which would remove them from the sampling pool, rather than direct mortality from the pesticide application, but this cannot explain the absence of organisms the following year. It is also possible the reduction in carrion beetle populations was from their utilization of the increased abundance of carrion, which then secondarily caused direct mortality or deleterious sublethal effects through exposure to insecticide residues.

The four classes of pesticides known to cause significant mortality to adult and immature beetles are macrocyclic lactones (e.g., ivermectin), organophosphates (e.g.,

Malathion), insect growth regulators (e.g., diflubenzuron), and synthetic pyrethroids. The use of insect growth regulators, such as Dimilin with the active ingredient diflubenzuron,

are often recommended to reduce negative impacts in non-target arthropod communities;

however, more caution should be exercised because of sublethal effects on egg viability 108

(Ascher et al. 1986) and the potential for non-herbivorous beetle larvae (i.e., necrophagous) exposure via residual toxins. To determine the negative impact caused by pesticides, direct or indirect exposure needs to be explored because each potentially causes lethal or sublethal toxicities. For example, veterinary parasiticides via fecal residues (i.e., indirect exposure) have been implicated in lethal and sublethal effects on several dung-inhabiting species of beetles (Floate et al. 2005). Sublethal effects include changes in reproduction, development, and behavior caused by direct or indirect exposure to a pesticide.

Dimilin is a restricted-use insect molt inhibitor that is typically applied by aerial spray. In the environment, Dimilin binds with vegetation and dirt. The compound has an approximate 28 day residual effect. Malathion is not a restricted-use pesticide and it directly kills insects by disrupting their nervous system. This pesticide may stay active in the soil up to 25 days and within plants for less than 9 days (National Pesticide

Information Center 2001).

This research was undertaken to determine the effect on burying beetles, as surrogates of the endangered American burying beetle, from direct exposure to Dimilin and Malathion. Also, experiments were conducted to assess the effects of indirect exposure to Malathion through feeding and indirect exposure to both Dimilin and

Malathion during reproduction. These experiments tested the hypotheses that direct exposure to Malathion or consumption of Malathion treated grasshoppers causes mortality because it disrupts the nervous system of insects and that exposure to Dimilin directly or via residues on a mouse during reproduction decreases brood success because its mode of action inhibits chitin synthesis, which affects egg hatch and larval molting. 109

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Adult Nicrophorus marginatus and N. orbicollis were collected from Buffalo,

Kearney, and Lincoln counties in Nebraska in a variety of habitats. Beetles were maintained in either 18.9L buckets or 37.8L glass aquaria with moist sandy loam soil.

Raw lean ground beef was added ad libitum for food. Each species and sex was held in separate containers. Beetles were released after use in any experiment.

Dimilin was provided by Chemtura and Malathion was purchased from a local pesticide distributor or from an online distributor. The field application of Dimilin 2L for rangeland grasshoppers was 0.073 L per hectare (1 fl. oz per acre) and 0.585 L (8 fl. oz. per acre) for Malathion 57EC (USDA 2008). Hand-held spray bottles (0.95 L or 32 oz.) were calibrated by spraying a measurable area with 0.03 L (1 oz.) of water to estimate the spray rate. This number allowed me to calculate the appropriate amount of formula to be added to a bottle. This calculation was performed by dividing the area of 0.4 hectare or

4,047 m2 by the total area covered by 0.03 L. The resulting number, which is the amount

needed to cover 0.4 hectare (1 acre) at the given spray rate, was then divided by the

amount of water in the spray bottle to get the number of bottles needed to cover 0.4

hectare. The recommended rate could then be divided by the number of bottles that

would be needed to cover 0.4 hectare. The final result is the amount of pesticide to be added to a single spray bottle. Each spray bottle was calibrated individually and nozzles were marked to prevent accidental movement which would change the spray rate. The control bottle contained water and was set to a spray dispersal level similar to the pesticide bottles. All safety precautions were followed when handling and mixing the 110

pesticides as per the material safety data sheets (MSDS) (i.e., ventilation hood, protective

eyewear, and gloves).

All experiments for reproduction trials followed the same experimental procedure.

Sand and loam soil collected from Kearney and Buffalo, Nebraska counties was sieved to

remove interfering invertebrates (e.g., ants, beetles, and worms) and to standardize particle size. These were mixed to create a sandy loam soil suitable for burial and brood chamber formation. Each reproduction tank (9.5 liter aquarium) was filled three-fourths

full with soil and was mixed with water to create an evenly distributed moisture level of

0.15 to 0.20 water fraction by volume (WFV) (Stevens Hydra-Probe, Portland, OR,

USA). In 2010, the sandy loam soil mixture was autoclaved before use. Mice (~30 g) purchased from RodentPro.com were thawed and a one was placed on the soil surface of each tank.

All statistical analyses were performed using the Proc Glimmix procedure in SAS

9.2 (SAS 9.2 2008). This was chosen because it performs estimation and statistical inference for generalized linear mixed models and can be adapted for several distribution families. Significance was determined at an alpha level of 0.05. Model characteristics and distribution designations are defined in the methods subsection for each experiment.

Direct Exposure Mortality

Nicrophorus marginatus was used in direct exposure experiments because it is a

day active species. Beetles were placed in individual plastic containers and sprayed with either Malathion or with water. After spraying, a moist cotton ball was added. Five trials were conducted with ten beetles each with an equal number of males and females for each treatment in each trial. Beetles were observed for mortality over a 48 hour period. 111

During this time, the beetles were housed in an environmental chamber set to a day/night cycle of 15/9 hours with daytime temperatures set at 25° C and nighttime temperatures set at 20° C. The number of beetles alive in each trial was compared using a Poisson distribution with the treatment condition as a fixed effect and the ilink function to determine means.

Direct Exposure Effects on Brood Success

Nicrophorus marginatus was used in direct exposure experiments because it is a day active species. Beetles had all phoretic mites removed and were isolated in small plastic containers. Each beetle was sprayed once with Dimilin, Malathion, or water and then observed for 32 hours after providing a clean, moist cotton ball. The recommended spray rate as indicated above was used for both pesticides. Beetles were placed in an environmental chamber set at a day/night cycle of 14.5/9.5 hours with daytime temperatures set at 25° C and nighttime temperatures set at 18.5° C. Twenty-four beetles with an equal number of males and females were tested in each treatment condition. The surviving beetles were placed in a reproduction tank with a thawed mouse carcass and a beetle of the opposite sex that had not been sprayed. Tanks were placed in an environmental chamber set at a day/night cycle of 15/9 hours with daytime temperatures set at 25 ° C and nighttime temperatures set at 20° C. All tanks were sifted after two weeks to assess the presence and number of third instar larvae and measure the weight of larvae.

Mortality within the first 32 hours after spraying was recorded. Each reproduction tank was designated as failed if zero larvae were found after two weeks. To compare the number of failed tanks, I used a Binomial distribution with the treatment 112 condition as a fixed effect and sex of the sprayed beetle as a random effect. The number and weight of larvae found in each tank were recorded. The number of larvae in each tank, excluding the failed tanks, was compared using a Poisson distribution, again with the treatment condition as a fixed effect and sex as a random effect. The ilink function was used to determine means. The larval weights were compared as a normally distributed dataset with the treatment condition as a fixed effect, and the sex of the sprayed beetle and the tank number as random effects. The number and weight of larvae were compared to measure the relative health of the brood, which could be affected by pesticide residues.

Secondary Poisoning of Adults via Grasshopper Carcasses

Nicrophorus marginatus was used in secondary poisoning experiments because the species is more easily obtained for laboratory use. Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), two- striped grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acrididae), were collected from grasslands west of

Kearney, Nebraska. In September 2009, five trials were conducted for three treatments over a 72 hour period. Each individual beetle was placed in a small plastic cup with a moist cotton ball. For each trial, 20 grasshoppers were placed in a small terrarium and sprayed once using the aforementioned recommended spray rate of Malathion and another 20 grasshoppers were placed in the freezer for no less than 12 hours.

To account for natural mortality and negative effects of feeding on grasshoppers, non-starved beetles were placed in holding containers without grasshoppers or other food to consume to served as a non-fed control. The fed control group consisted of each beetle being isolated without food for two days, then receiving 2 freeze-killed grasshoppers to consume. The Malathion treatment beetles were isolated without food for two days, then 113

provided with 2 Malathion-killed grasshoppers to consume. These samples were held in rooms with an approximate light/dark cycle of 14/10 hours and temperatures set at 24° F and 17° F for day and night, respectively.

Each trial was conducted using ten beetles with an equal number of males and

females for each treatment or control group. The final sample size for each group was 50

beetles tested. Tests were conducted within 12 hours of spraying the grasshoppers with

Malathion. Beetles were classified as dead or alive after the 72 hour observation period.

The number of beetles alive in each trial was compared using a Poisson distribution with the treatment condition as a fixed effect and the ilink function to determine means.

Pronotal widths of two preliminary trials were measured to estimate possible mortality related to size (Safryn and Scott 2000). These trials were conducted in the same manner as the above experiment, except that the fed control and Malathion experimental groups were starved for four days. The pronotal widths were compared as a normally distributed dataset with pronotal width and treatment condition as fixed effects and trial as a random effect.

Indirect Exposure Effects on Brood Success

Nicrophorus orbicollis was used in indirect exposure experiments because it is a night active species and is more closely related to the American burying beetle. A male and a female N. orbicollis were added to each of the prepared reproduction tanks. The beetles were allowed to bury themselves since they are night active and would not be expected to be above ground during pesticide application. After burial, a thawed mouse was placed on the soil surface. The mouse and soil were then sprayed with Dimilin or

Malathion to simulate the field conditions during pesticide application. Malathion was 114

not tested in 2009 trials. Control tanks were sprayed with water. In 2008 and 2009, tanks

were placed in a cabinet that would adequately simulate a dark environment and the room

was temperature controlled at 24° F and 17° F for day and night, respectively. In 2010,

tanks were placed in an environmental chamber set at a day/night cycle of 15/9 hours

with daytime temperatures set at 20° C and nighttime temperatures set at 18° C.

If the mouse was not buried within three days of the start of the experiment and

had considerable mold growth, then the tank was considered a failure. The number and weight of surviving larvae were recorded after two weeks. Each reproduction tank was designated as failed or successful with the definition of failed corresponding to an unburied mouse or zero larvae after two weeks. The same statistical analyses were used as the direct exposure reproduction; however, each year was analyzed separately because of the changes made to the experimental conditions. Pair-wise comparisons were performed using Dunnett’s test, which will be reported using t values.

RESULTS

Direct Exposure Mortality

On average, more N. marginatus beetles died when sprayed with Malathion (5.8 beetles ± 1.08 se) compared to beetles sprayed with water (10.0 beetles ± 1.41 se) (F1,8 =

5.45, P = 0.048). Most of the beetles that died were found dead within 24 hours and zero control beetles died.

Direct Exposure Effects on Brood Success

Forty-six percent of N. marginatus beetles (6♀ and 5♂) died within 32 hours of being sprayed with Malathion. All Dimilin and control beetles survived. Each of the 115

surviving beetles and their unsprayed mates were successful in burying the mice

provided. Few tanks had zero larvae and the statistical comparison showed no difference

between the treatment conditions (F2,57 = 0.93, P = 0.40) (Table 10). Within the 57 successful reproduction tanks, I counted 731 larvae. The mean number of larvae per reproductive effort (F2,53 = 2.41, P = 0.10) and the mean larval weights (F2,674 = 0.14, P =

0.87) were also not different between the three treatment conditions (Table 10). The

mean number of all larvae per tank was 12.8 larvae (± 0.50 se) and the mean weight of all

larvae was 0.47 g (± 0.01 se).

Secondary Poisoning of Adults via Grasshopper Carcasses

The number of dead N. marginatus did not differ between the treatment

conditions (F2,12 = 0.2, P = 0.82). The total mortality for the fed control was 8% and the

total mortality for the Malathion treatment was 12%. No beetles died when monitored

without grasshopper or other food for the 72 hour observation period. The preliminary

dataset used to compare pronotal width contained more deaths than the September 2009

dataset with 11%, 25%, and 30% mortality for the control, non-fed, and Malathion

groups, respectively. Pronotal width was not significantly different between alive (6.3

mm ± 0.45 se) and dead (6.8 mm ± 0.51 se) beetles (F1,45 = 2.03, P = 0.16) or within any

of the three treatment groups (F2,45 = 2.5, P = 0.09) after the initial analysis showed there was no interaction between the condition of the beetle and the treatment. The mean pronotal width of N. marginatus used in the preliminary trial was 6.4 mm (± 0.13 se).

Indirect Exposure Effects on Brood Success

Sample sizes differed by only one or two tanks per treatment (Table 11) and over

1,000 larvae were measured in the 97 successful tanks out of 169 tanks total. Exposure to 116

Dimilin and Malathion affected the reproductive success of N. orbicollis differently across the three years and varying experimental conditions. In 2008, more Dimilin tanks failed than the control (t63 = -2.48, p = 0.03); however, no significant differences were found between the treatment groups in 2009 or 2010 (Fig. 26). The 2010 difference in tanks failing between control and Dimilin groups did approach significance (t60 = -2.12, p

= 0.06). There were an equal number of control and Dimilin tanks that failed in 2009, but there were significantly fewer larvae per brood in the Dimilin tanks (t30 = -3.99, p <

0.001) (Fig. 27). The mean number of larvae between control (18.3 ± 1.35 SE) and

Dimilin (13.5 ± 2.60 SE) tanks was not significantly different (t22 = -1.48, p = 0.28), despite only 3 and 24 larvae found in the two successful Dimilin tanks. Fewer larvae were found in the Malathion tanks (12.5 larvae ± 0.98 SE) compared to the control tanks

(t22 = -3.56, p = 0.003) (Fig. 27), but the mean weight of larvae in Malathion tanks was greater than larvae in control tanks in both 2008 and 2010 (Fig. 3). Comparisons of larval weight between control and Dimilin groups resulted in conflicting differences in

2008 and 2009 with no difference found in 2010 (Fig. 28). One Dimilin tank in 2010 contained larvae in the 2nd instar stage, which indicates eggs were laid at a later time than all other tanks with 3rd instar larvae.

DISCUSSION

The results of these experiments indicate potential risks to direct and indirect exposure of pesticides to burying beetles. Direct mortality of N. marginatus was caused by the recommended spray rate of Malathion, but feeding on grasshoppers killed by

Malathion did not pose a threat to N. marginatus survival. Although Malathion could 117

impact day active Nicrophorus species’ survival, it does not cause concern for survival of

the American burying beetle, which is night active (Bedick et al. 1999).

The identification of scavenging rates of pesticide-killed and freeze-killed

invertebrates provide a community structure-type analysis (Kunkel et al. 1999, Arthurs et

al. 2003). Smith and Lockwood (2003) found pesticide concentrations 25 to 2,000 times

the label rate caused significant mortality via horizontal transmission among

grasshoppers and slight mortality (not significant) via trophic transmission between grasshoppers and tenebrionid beetles. Two studies assessed arthropod community abundance following application of the Sevin formulation of carbaryl, Dimilin formulation of diflubenzuron, and Malathion relative to controls in rangeland (Catangui et al. 2004, Smith et al. 2006). Neither study found a significant decline in abundance of beetles, carabids, or scavengers. Catangui et al. (2004) used scavengers as a functional group consisting of Scarabaeidae, Silphidae, and Tenebrionidae. Both publications noted the importance of different biological functions and characteristics of insects within an ecosystem that cannot be adequately assessed by a single method or coarse taxonomic analysis.

Overall, secondary poisoning of adult beetles through trophic transmission is not

likely to affect burying beetle populations. The acetylcholinesterase activity was

measured in Harplus pennsylvanicus DeGeer, a necrophagous carabid beetle, after

consuming western corn rootworm either freeze-killed or killed by cucurbitacin-carbaryl

bait (Slam®), which affects the nervous system similar to Malathion (McKenzie et al.

2002). A significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity was found when H.

pennsylvanicus consumed two treated rootworms; however, no decreases were found 118

with consumption of 3, 4, or 5 treated rootworms. Mortality observed could not be

attributed to treated rootworms and the authors stated Slam® did not pose a significant

threat to carabid scavengers via secondary poisoning. Similarly, low mortality of N.

marginatus was measured after feeding on Malathion-sprayed grasshoppers in the study

presented in this paper. Higher mortality percents were recorded in preliminary trials;

however, this was more likely caused by the extended starve time before the experiment

and was not statistically compared. The preliminary trials provided information that

pronotal width was not associated with mortality.

A field study of an organophosphate, Fenitrothion, showed that after a field was

sprayed, the scavenging rates of dead grasshoppers placed in a transect was reduced

compared to control areas; however, the authors did not indicate Nicrophorus species

present at either treated fields or control fields, but did find ants and carabid scavengers

(Arthurs et al. 2003). Field surveys could be used to determine the presence of burying

beetles before and after spraying for rangeland grasshoppers. If affects are short-lived

and adjacent populations are healthy, then beetles should be able to re-populate areas quickly. Also, depending on the timing of spray, adult burying beetles could already be underground taking care of their current brood. For American burying beetles in

Nebraska, adults are surface active in late May to early July and then occurrence will peak again in August (Bedick et al.1999). Pesticide sprays before surface activity in June would not likely impact the adults or resulting larvae. Spraying could also occur in July when adults are caring for the brood underground, which would minimize risks.

Comparisons of initial and long-term survey results are more likely to indicate results of direct toxicity versus indirect effects of toxic residues in the field. Yet, surveys 119 conducted through time after pesticide application can be complicated by the influx of scavenger and necrophagous beetles created by the increase of invertebrate carcasses caused by pesticide application (Boetel et al. 2005), which could incorrectly be interpreted as a “recovered” population. Similarly, predators may have a population decline because of the reduction of prey items, not direct toxicity of the pesticide

(Murphy et al. 1994). The use of control plots can help elucidate these differences; however, surveys can yield vastly different results depending on the location of replicates or controls, taxonomic resolution used, and variation of susceptibility (Murphy et al.

1994, Smith et al. 2006).

Insect growth regulators exhibit ovicidal and larvicidal properties plus egg sterility in some beetles, which was found in a study using a nitidulid beetle, Carpophilus hemipterus L. (Ascher et al. 1986). There were not any sublethal effects, such as egg sterility, found to hinder reproduction in N. marginatus after direct exposure to Dimilin, but Dimilin did cause some differences in brood success for N. orbicollis (Fig. 26). The increased reproductive failures in 2008 was not replicated in the following two year’s studies, yet the trend was similar in 2010 and despite the equal number of failures in

2009, there were significantly fewer larvae produced per brood (Fig. 27). The presence of 2nd instars in 2010 may have been caused by the female beetle delaying egg laying or laying unviable eggs, both of which could have been the result of Dimilin residues.

These data show that Dimilin may negatively affect burying beetle reproduction if a carcass has been sprayed, which may have a very low probability of occurrence. This risk should be researched further with N. orbicollis to determine the proper methods to distinguish possible negative impacts on brood success. There could be differences in 120 how a reproductive attempt fails, such as with mouse burial, delayed egg laying, egg hatch, or larval molting. These factors and standardized methods would need to be known if research is to be conducted to identify real, not inferred, risks to the American burying beetle from Dimilin use.

Malathion did not seem to affect the success or failure of N. orbicollis broods, but resulted in larger, but fewer, larvae (Figs. 27 and 28). N. orbicollis and two other

Nicrophorus species have been found to display phenotypic plasticity in brood size with general trends indicating larger broods with smaller individuals under competition stress

(Creighton 2005, Rauter et al. 2010) or decreased nutrition (Steiger et al. 2007). It is possible that the negative impact of Malathion on the nervous system created similar physiological stress compared to competition that resulted in the modulation of brood size.

Continued research into the direct and indirect toxicity of both of these pesticides should be conducted to assess the effects on phoretic mites. Phoretic mites,

Poecilochirus carabi G. & R. Canestrini, assist beetles at a dead carcass by minimizing the competition by other invertebrates, for example blow fly larvae, by feeding on the eggs or larvae of the other scavengers (Wilson and Knollenberg 1987). More details on the effects of either pesticide on the survival and reproduction of the phoretic mites could have an impact on the subsequent success of adult beetles procuring suitable food for brood ball formation. The phoretic mites may also play a role in the success of the larvae within an already established brood because their own reproduction is closely associated with the brood ball formation (Schwarz and Müller 1992). Dimilin would pose an immediate threat because the mites residing on the adult beetles are deuteronymphs that 121

do not reach sexual maturity until a suitable carcass and soil substrate is found to

continue their development and reproduction (Schwarz and Müller 1992). While Dimilin

does not directly impact adult beetle survival, it may eliminate the mites once they begin

their final molt before reproduction. This may be caused by direct contact from spraying,

from residual active ingredient in the soil, or from surface contact of sprayed dead

carcasses that attract the burying beetles.

A major factor that was not controlled in these experiments was the age or

reproductive status of adult beetles. Trumbo (2009) found that young and old N.

orbicollis reared broods of similar size and success rate when it was their first

reproductive attempt; whereas, the number and weight of larvae decreased for second and

third broods of N. orbicollis when reared in the laboratory by Scott and Traniello (1990).

The reproductive maturity of burying beetles collected in the field is unknown and later reproduction in the lab can be complicated by the use of large carrion in baited pitfall

traps, which could prematurely trigger ovary development. After eclosion, the female

can mate and store sperm, but is not sexually mature for 12-20 days (Trumbo et al. 1995).

The female will remain at a prebreeding state until an appropriate breeding source is

found (Scott and Traniello 1987, Trumbo et al. 1995). The ovaries complete development sometimes as quickly as 15 hours after carcass assessment (Scott and

Panaitof 2004). Scott and Traniello (1990) were successful in rearing second and third

broods after a five day wait period following the female’s exit of her previous brood, but

this does not ensure that the beetles used in this study’s experiments were unaffected.

The establishment of a laboratory colony would greatly assist any future studies

conducted on burying beetle reproduction and non-target effects of pesticides. 122

The mean N. orbicollis control brood size (15.0 larvae ± 3.62 sd) and weight (0.37

g ± 0.13 sd) found in this study was comparable to other laboratory studies, which had

mean number of larvae range from 13.2 (Scott and Traniello 1990) to 16.6 larvae per

brood (Trumbo 2009) and an average 0.36 g per 3rd instar larvae (Scott and Traniello

1990) for initial broods. Variation in brood success and larval characteristics could be attributed to uncontrolled variables, such as age and sexual maturity; however, these would have varied randomly across treatments. This indicates that the differences found are likely related to the treatments and not other variables; therefore, my data show that there are some risks associated with pesticide use in areas with burying beetles, including the American burying beetle. Areas with known American burying beetle occurrence should be evaluated on a case by case basis with timing of application as a major consideration until further research confirms the actual level of risk.

Non-target effects of pesticides on necrophagous insects may require different assessment methods than other beneficial insects, especially when considering the unique behaviors of burying beetles. These experiments showed that negative impacts of

Dimilin, as an insect growth regulator, may have been overlooked and my initial hypothesis was supported by one experiment. The hypothesis that direct exposure to

Malathion would cause mortality was supported, but consumption of Malathion-sprayed grasshoppers was rejected. Continued research involving burying beetles and other necrophagous invertebrates will contribute to the overall health and functioning of our ecosystems.

TABLE 9 SUMMARY OF BEETLES FOUND ON CARRION Scientific family Common name Carrion activities Agyrtidae primitive carrion beetles attracted to and live in carrion Carabidae ground beetles attracted to carrion and predaceous on other insects or scavenger of dead insects Cleridae checkered beetles predaceous on maggots and other insect larvae in later stages of carcass decay Cryptophagidae silken fungus beetles attracted to carrion and feed on fungi Dermestidae skin, hide, and carpet beetles feed on late stages of carcass decay (dry animal tissue) Geotrupidae earth-boring dung beetles attracted to carrion, but generally found in dung Histeridae clown beetles attracted to carrion and dung, predaceous on maggots and other insect larvae Hydrophilidae (Sphaeridiinae) water scavenger beetles attracted to carrion, but generally found in dung Leoididae (Catopinae) round fungus beetles attracted to and live in carrion Nitidulidae sap beetles attracted to later stages of carcass decay Ptiliidae feather-winged beetles attracted to carrion and feed on fungi Scarabaeidae scarabs, dung beetles mostly use dung for food and reproduction, but are attracted to early stages of carcass decay (and some may reproduce with carrion resources) Silphidae carrion beetles feed on carrion and reproduce using early stages of carcass decay Sphaeritidae false clown beetles attracted to and live in carrion Staphylinidae rove beetles attracted to carrion, predaceous on maggots and other insect larvae or scavenger of dead insects Tenebrionidae darkling beetles attracted to carrion and predaceous on other insects or scavenger of dead insects Trogidae hide beetles feed on carrion during mid to late stages of carcass decay 123

TABLE 10 NICROPHORUS MARGINATUS REPRODUCTION ATTEMPTS AFTER DIRECT SPRAY OF WATER, DIMILIN, OR MALATHION Mean Total number of Mean larval number of reproduction weight (g) larvae tanks (± se) Treatment (± se) Larvae Larvae

absent present Control 1 23 12.2 ± 0.73 0.49 ± 0.021 Dimilin 1 23 14.0 ± 0.78 0.47 ± 0.021 Malathion 2 11 11.5 ± 1.02 0.48 ± 0.030

TABLE 11 REPRODUCTION ATTEMPTS, SUCCESSFUL MOUSE BURIAL, AND LARVAE OF NICROPHORUS ORBICOLLIS SUPPLIED WITH A MOUSE SPRAYED WITH WATER, DIMILIN, OR MALATHION No. of reproduction tanks No. of larvae Treatment Total Mice buried Larvae present 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 Control 22 20 21 15 20 21 10 16 15 183 249 167 Dimilin 22 20 21 14 20 16 2 16 8 27 167 90 Malathion 22 n/a 21 15 n/a 21 13 n/a 17 162 n/a 174 124 125

Figure 26. Failed reproduction attempts of Nicrophorus orbicollis over the course of three years and three treatments. *Malathion was not tested in 2009.

Figure 27. The mean number of 2nd instar larvae per Nicrophorus orbicollis brood over the course of three years and three treatments. *Malathion was not tested in 2009.

126

Figure 28. The mean weight of 2nd instar larvae found in Nicrophorus orbicollis broods over the course of three years and three treatments. *Malathion was not tested in 2009.

127

CHAPTER 7

Management Implications

128

The previous chapters present many aspects of American burying beetle (ABB)

distribution and ecology, in addition to their response to experimental conditions. The

management implications of these results are important to the conservation and

protection of ABBs. Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act guides agencies in

assessing actions that may or may not jeopardize the safety of species listed as threatened

or endangered (USFWS 2011b). Federal agencies should consult with the U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service (USFWS) during the early stages of project planning to begin an

informal consultation that starts with whether or not the species or its known habitat

occurs in the proposed area. This initial step relies on up-to-date range maps or the use of

presence or absence surveys. A working understanding of ABB distribution and their

habitat requirements, which was accomplished with the database of survey information

and the habitat suitability model as presented in Chapters 2 and 3, provides the USFWS

and other decision-makers with the resources they need to identify whether or not a

project is likely or not likely to affect the beetles or their habitat.

A combination of the presence of ABB and the predictive occurrence model (Fig.

29) provides the best possible information concerning ABB occurrence in Nebraska.

This map was constructed using a combination of the habitat suitability model presented in Chapter 3 for the Nebraska Sandhills ecoregion and the habitat suitability model constructed for the Loess Canyons in 2011 (McPherron 2011). The Loess Canyons

model criteria consisted of three trap night data, which differed from the Sandhills model’s five trap night criteria, and was completed after the 2010 trapping season.

Buffers were created around known presence records. The Sandhills buffer was set at 16 km (10 miles) because of ABBs ability to move as much as 7.4 km in a single night 129

(Chapter 2), which indicates that in three nights a beetle could move as far as or farther

than 16.1 km. The Loess Canyons presence buffer was decreased to 8 km (5 miles)

because of the sharply defined landscape that likely limits ABB dispersal.

A formal consultation by USFWS is only needed if the listed species or its critical

habitat is found likely to be adversely affected by a proposed action. Take, in relation to

the Endangered Species Act, is defined as killing, harming, harassing, or attempting to

engage a listed species, especially if an action results in the degradation of suitable

habitat or disrupts normal behavior patterns. In some states, it may be determined that

proposed actions are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species

and an incidental take statement can be submitted; however, in Nebraska, there is a no

take policy, which means that any action that could result in take must be modified or

avoided. Avoidance and minimization of take can be accomplished through the

relocation of listed organisms or by using methods to attract individuals out of harm’s

way. Trap and relocate procedures have been implemented as a conservation measure for

ABB since at least 2007 (USFWS 2008b). Chapters 3 and 4 provide evidence that the use of bait stations to draw ABBs out of an area intended for modification or construction is not an effective or safe option for minimizing take. The bait stations used did not reduce the number of ABBs in mock “construction” zones and did not recapture a majority of ABBs after release within the mock “construction” zones. A majority of

ABBs observed at bait stations did not stay at the stations during the day, which is their inactive period. If the beetles do not stay with the stations, then it is unknown whether or not the beetles would return to a construction zone or not. Two predators were identified at the bait stations, even after protective cages were used. The northern leopard frog and 130

Virginia opossum both consumed ABBs at bait stations, which was evidenced by video and diagnostic parts in feces. Bait away stations should not be considered a conservation method for ABBs.

A potential threat to ABBs, especially during reproduction, is the use of harmful chemicals to manage pests. In the Nebraska Sandhills ecoregion, grasshoppers can cause economic damage; therefore, pesticides are used to prevent grasshopper populations from

reaching damaging levels. Two pesticides recommended by the USDA are Dimilin, a

molt inhibitor, and Malathion, a neurotoxin. Chapter 6 highlights several preliminary

studies investigating the effects of Dimilin and Malathion on two burying beetles species similar to the ABB. The primary concern for ABBs in areas with pesticide management would the exposure to residues, not direct contact, because ABB are nocturnal and would

be under soil or leaf litter during the day when pesticides would be sprayed. Malathion-

poisoned grasshopper carcasses, which could be a possible food source for hungry beetles

in the environment after spraying, were found to have no effect on burying beetle

survival after consumption. Similarly, the possibility of a vertebrate carcass being

present during spraying may be minimal or unlikely, but could still contain harmful residues. The results of Nicrophorus orbicollis reproducing using a mouse carcass with

Dimilin chemical residues showed that more broods failed in 2008 trials than broods with a water-sprayed carcass. These results were not strongly supported in 2009 and 2010 trials; however, even the potential of a small threat needs to be taken seriously.

Malathion-sprayed mouse carcasses were associated with smaller broods and larger larvae, which indicated possible stress increases during brood care. If this condition persisted over multiple generations, then a population could decrease to numbers that are 131

not sustainable or susceptible to losses from catastrophic events, such as fire or harsh

winters. Both pesticides affected burying beetles indirectly and the best way to minimize

harm would be to ensure spraying did not occur during June when ABBs are actively

securing vertebrate carcasses for reproduction. USFWS should continue using a

restricted-use policy in ABB’s known range. Alternatively, recommendations could be made that spray periods before or after the month of June in areas with suitable habitat as indicated by the final 2011 habitat suitability model in Chapter 3 would not jeopardize the continued survival of ABB in Nebraska.

The ultimate goal for species listed as endangered is sustainable populations and recovery. For ABBs in Nebraska, the discovery of new populations and extension of the known range would be a beneficial step towards de-listing. The final 2011 habitat suitability model could be used to focus survey efforts and identify priority conservation areas by highlighting the areas with the least number of false presences (Fig. 30). The variables in the best fit model (Chapter 3) agreed with current habitat assessment criteria

used in the Sandhills ecoregion, such as the presence of wet meadows and loamy sand,

but the absence of agriculture or row crops. Appropriate conservation measures are

needed to minimize risk and those that are not effective or could cause harm need to be

removed from use, which is why bait away stations are not recommended. Lastly, a

balance needs to be found between land management to benefit humans and the safety of

the federally endangered American burying beetle. Identifying the best time to apply

pesticides for rangeland grasshopper pests is a step towards finding this balance. I hope

the management implications of the results presented in this dissertation are applicable to

federal and state agencies and understandable to people that co-occur in areas with ABB.

Figure 29. The percent probability of occurrence of American burying beetles (ABBs) after habitat suitability modeling and the known presence of ABBs with 16 and 8 km buffers around traps located in the Sandhills and Loess Canyons (modified from McPherron 132 2011), respectively.

Figure 30. A map showing areas with the greatest percent probability of occurrence and the least amount of false presences of

American burying beetles (ABBs) after habitat suitability modeling the Sandhills and Loess Canyons ecoregions (modified from 133 McPherron 2011). 134

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A.

Bait away experiments (Chapter 4) location information and raw data.

APPENDIX A.1 LOCATION INFORMATION FOR ALL TRAP TYPES USED IN BAIT AWAY EXPERIMENTS IN HOLT COUNTY, NEBRASKA (2009) GPS UTM UTM UTM coordinate Site ID* East North zone system Location description BACR09_C01 502398 4699870 14 Nad 83 Hwy 11, mi marker 143, W side BACR09_C02 502413 4698928 14 Nad 83 Hwy 11, 0.5 mi S of 143 mi marker, E side BACR09_C03 502471 4698278 14 Nad 83 Hwy 11 & 142 mi marker, E side BACR09_C04 503014 4683980 14 Nad 83 Hwy 11 & 133 mi marker, E side BACR09_C05 503012 4683973 14 Nad 83 Hwy 11, 0.5 mi btwn 133 & 132 mi markers, E side BACR09_C06 503019 4682159 14 Nad 83 Hwy 11 & 860 rd, NE corner of intersection DBAB09_B01 502407 4702905 14 Nad 83 Hwy 11 & 873 Rd, SE corner of intersection DBAB09_B02 502410 4701958 14 Nad 83 Hwy 11 & 0.5 mi btwn 873 & 872 Rd, E side DBAB09_B03 502412 4701318 14 Nad 83 Hwy 11 & 872 Rd, NE corner of intersection DBAB09_B04 503020 4678899 14 Nad 83 Hwy 11 & 858 Rd, SW corner of intersection DBAB09_B05 503022 4678056 14 Nad 83 Hwy 11, 0.5 mi btwn 858 & 857 Rds, W side DBAB09_B06 503023 4677331 14 Nad 83 Hwy 11 & 857 Rd, NW corner of intersection DBAS09_B01 500798 4701306 14 Nad 83 872 Rd, 1 mi W of Hwy 11 DBAS09_B02 501530 4702917 14 Nad 83 873 Rd, 0.5 to 1 mi W of Hwy 11 DBAS09_B03 503197 4702919 14 Nad 83 873 Rd, 0.5 mi E of Hwy 11 DBAS09_B04 503213 4701316 14 Nad 83 872 Rd, 0.5 mi E of Hwy 11 DBAS09_C01 502356 4678909 14 Nad 83 858 Rd, 0.5 mi W of Hwy 11 DBAS09_C02 504403 4678931 14 Nad 83 858 Rd, 0.5 mi E of Hwy 11 DBAS09_C03 502178 4677299 14 Nad 83 857 Rd, 0.5 mi W of Hwy 11 DBAS09_C04 503788 4677303 14 Nad 83 857 Rd, 0.5 mi E of Hwy 11 SBAB09_A01 502373 4706039 14 Nad 83 Hwy 11 & 875 Rd, S of bridge on E side SBAB09_A02 502396 4705460 14 Nad 83 Hwy 11 & 0.5 mi btwn 875 & 874 Rds, E side SBAB09_A03 502400 4704545 14 Nad 83 Hwy 11 & 874 Rd, NE corner of intersection 148 SBAB09_A04 504703 4672469 14 Nad 83 Hwy 95 & 477 Ave, SE corner of intersection

APPENDIX A.1 (cont.) SBAB09_A05 505346 4672476 14 Nad 83 Hwy 95, 0.5 mi btwn 477 & 478 Aves, S side SBAB09_A06 506319 4672481 14 Nad 83 Hwy 95 & 478 Ave, SE corner of intersection SBAS09_A01 501309 4706150 14 Nad 83 875 Rd, 0.5 mi W of Hwy 11 SBAS09_A02 501352 4704526 14 Nad 83 874 Rd, 0.5 mi W of Hwy 11 SBAS09_D01 506333 4671608 14 Nad 83 478 Rd, 0.5 mi S of Hwy 95 SBAS09_D02 504685 4671604 14 Nad 83 477 Rd, 0.5 mi S of Hwy 95 * = "BACR" = Bait away control raked, "DBAB" = Double-side bait away bucket, "DBAS" = Double-side bait away station, "SBAB" = Single- side bait away bucket, "SBAS" = Single-side bait away station

149

APPENDIX A.2 TOTAL NUMBER* OF NICROPHORUS SPP. OBSERVED AT BAIT STATIONS AND PITFALL BUCKETS IN 2009 Nicrophorus Site ID** Date americanus carolinus guttula marginatus obscurus orbicollis pustulatus tomentosus BACR09_C01 8/15/2009 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 BACR09_C01 8/16/2009 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C01 8/17/2009 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C01 8/18/2009 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 BACR09_C01 8/19/2009 0 1 0 5 0 1 0 0 BACR09_C01 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C01 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C02 8/15/2009 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 BACR09_C02 8/16/2009 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 BACR09_C02 8/17/2009 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C02 8/18/2009 2 10 0 3 0 3 0 0 BACR09_C02 8/19/2009 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C02 8/20/2009 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C02 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C03 8/15/2009 0 3 0 6 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C03 8/16/2009 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 BACR09_C03 8/17/2009 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C03 8/18/2009 0 1 0 12 0 0 0 1 BACR09_C03 8/19/2009 0 4 0 6 0 4 0 0 BACR09_C03 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 BACR09_C03 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C04 8/15/2009 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 5 BACR09_C04 8/16/2009 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C04 8/17/2009 2 6 0 11 0 4 0 0 BACR09_C04 8/18/2009 0 4 0 42 0 2 0 0 BACR09_C04 8/19/2009 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 2 BACR09_C04 8/20/2009 1 7 0 45 0 12 0 4 BACR09_C04 8/21/2009 4 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C05 8/15/2009 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C05 8/16/2009 3 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 BACR09_C05 8/17/2009 5 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 BACR09_C05 8/18/2009 1 2 0 5 0 1 0 0 BACR09_C05 8/19/2009 3 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 150 BACR09_C05 8/20/2009 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 BACR09_C05 8/21/2009 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

APPENDIX A.2 (cont.) BACR09_C06 8/15/2009 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C06 8/16/2009 0 2 0 12 0 7 0 1 BACR09_C06 8/17/2009 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 BACR09_C06 8/18/2009 2 10 0 22 0 2 0 0 BACR09_C06 8/19/2009 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C06 8/20/2009 0 1 0 4 0 1 0 0 BACR09_C06 8/21/2009 2 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 DBAB09_B01 8/15/2009 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 DBAB09_B01 8/16/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B01 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B01 8/18/2009 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B01 8/19/2009 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B01 8/20/2009 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 DBAB09_B01 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 DBAB09_B02 8/15/2009 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B02 8/16/2009 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 DBAB09_B02 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B02 8/18/2009 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 DBAB09_B02 8/19/2009 0 0 0 3 0 6 0 1 DBAB09_B02 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 DBAB09_B02 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B03 8/15/2009 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 DBAB09_B03 8/16/2009 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B03 8/17/2009 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B03 8/18/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B03 8/19/2009 2 1 0 8 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B03 8/20/2009 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 DBAB09_B03 8/21/2009 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B04 8/15/2009 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 DBAB09_B04 8/16/2009 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B04 8/17/2009 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B04 8/18/2009 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 DBAB09_B04§ 8/19/2009 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 DBAB09_B04 8/20/2009 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B04 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B05 8/15/2009 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B05 8/16/2009 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B05 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 151 DBAB09_B05 8/18/2009 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B05ɣ 8/19/2009 2 1D 0 5D 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.2 (cont.) DBAB09_B05 8/20/2009 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B05 8/21/2009 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 DBAB09_B06 8/15/2009 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B06 8/16/2009 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B06 8/17/2009 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B06 8/18/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B06§ 8/19/2009 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B06§ 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B06 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B01 8/8/2009 x x x x x 1 x 1 DBAS09_B01 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 DBAS09_B01 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x 1 DBAS09_B01 8/11/2009 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B01 8/12/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B01 8/13/2009 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 DBAS09_B01 8/14/2009 1 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B01 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 DBAS09_B01 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B01 8/17/2009 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 DBAS09_B01 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B01 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B01 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B01 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B02 8/8/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B02 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 DBAS09_B02 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B02 8/11/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B02 8/12/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B02 8/13/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B02 8/14/2009 x x x 1 x x x x DBAS09_B02 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 DBAS09_B02 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B02 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B02 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B02 8/19/2009 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 DBAS09_B02 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B02 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DBAS09_B03 8/8/2009 x x x x x 1 x x 152 DBAS09_B03 8/9/2009 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 DBAS09_B03 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x x

APPENDIX A.2 (cont.) DBAS09_B03 8/11/2009 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 DBAS09_B03 8/12/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B03 8/13/2009 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 DBAS09_B03 8/14/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B03 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B03 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B03 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 DBAS09_B03 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B03 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B03 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B03 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B04 8/8/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B04 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 DBAS09_B04 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B04 8/11/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B04 8/12/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B04 8/13/2009 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 DBAS09_B04 8/14/2009 x x x 1 x x x x DBAS09_B04 8/15/2009 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 DBAS09_B04 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B04 8/17/2009 2 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 DBAS09_B04 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B04 8/19/2009 1 (1 recap) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B04 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_B04 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C01 8/8/2009 2 x x x x 3 x x DBAS09_C01 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 DBAS09_C01 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_C01 8/11/2009 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 DBAS09_C01 8/12/2009 x x x x x x 2 1 DBAS09_C01 8/13/2009 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C01 8/14/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_C01 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 DBAS09_C01 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_C01 8/17/2009 2 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 DBAS09_C01 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_C01 8/19/2009 0 4 0 1 0 1D 0 0 DBAS09_C01 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x x 153 DBAS09_C01 8/21/2009 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 DBAS09_C02 8/8/2009 x x x x x 3 x x

APPENDIX A.2 (cont.) DBAS09_C02 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 DBAS09_C02 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_C02 8/11/2009 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 DBAS09_C02 8/12/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_C02 8/13/2009 1 0 0 1 0 4 0 2 DBAS09_C02 8/14/2009 1 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C02 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C02 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_C02 8/17/2009 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 DBAS09_C02 8/18/2009 x 1 x x x x x x DBAS09_C02 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C02 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_C02 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C03 8/8/2009 5 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C03 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C03 8/10/2009 1 (1 recap) x x x x x x x DBAS09_C03 8/11/2009 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C03 8/12/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_C03 8/13/2009 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C03 8/14/2009 1 x x 1 x x x x DBAS09_C03 8/15/2009 0 5 0 9 0 0 0 1 DBAS09_C03 8/16/2009 x 1 x x x x x x DBAS09_C03 8/17/2009 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C03 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_C03 8/19/2009 1 8 0 6 0 0 1 3 DBAS09_C03 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_C03 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C04 8/8/2009 x x x x x 3 x x DBAS09_C04 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 DBAS09_C04 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_C04 8/11/2009 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 DBAS09_C04 8/12/2009 4 x x x x 1 x x DBAS09_C04 8/13/2009 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 DBAS09_C04 8/14/2009 x x x x x 1 x x DBAS09_C04 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 DBAS09_C04 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x x DBAS09_C04 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

DBAS09_C04 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x x 154 DBAS09_C04 8/19/2009 0 1D 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C04 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x x

APPENDIX A.2 (cont.) DBAS09_C04 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A01 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A01 8/16/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A01 8/17/2009 2 0 0 0 0 7 0 1 SBAB09_A01 8/18/2009 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 SBAB09_A01 8/19/2009 0 0 0 1 0 8 0 1 SBAB09_A01ɣ 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1, 1D 0 0 SBAB09_A01 8/21/2009 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 SBAB09_A02 8/15/2009 0 0 0 43 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A02 8/16/2009 0 5 0 24 0 7 0 1 SBAB09_A02 8/17/2009 0 1 0 77 0 0 0 2 SBAB09_A02 8/18/2009 0 0 0 175 0 1 0 0 SBAB09_A02 8/19/2009 1 1 0 75 0 1 0 1 SBAB09_A02 8/20/2009 2 14 0 77 0 8 0 7 SBAB09_A02 8/21/2009 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A03 8/15/2009 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 SBAB09_A03 8/16/2009 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A03 8/17/2009 0 0 0 7 0 3 0 0 SBAB09_A03 8/18/2009 1 0 0 1 0 5 0 2 SBAB09_A03 8/19/2009 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 7 SBAB09_A03 8/20/2009 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A03 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A04 8/15/2009 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A04 8/16/2009 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A04§ 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A04 8/18/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A04ɣ 8/19/2009 2 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A04 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A04 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A05 8/15/2009 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A05 8/16/2009 3 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 SBAB09_A05 8/17/2009 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A05 8/18/2009 0 10 0 8 0 8 0 2 SBAB09_A05ɣ 8/19/2009 1 10D 0 3, 15D 0 5D 0 0 SBAB09_A05 8/20/2009 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A05 8/21/2009 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A06 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A06 8/16/2009 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 155 SBAB09_A06 8/17/2009 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A06 8/18/2009 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

APPENDIX A.2 (cont.) SBAB09_A06 8/19/2009 2 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 SBAB09_A06 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A06 8/21/2009 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_A01 8/8/2009 x x x x x 5 x 1 SBAS09_A01 8/9/2009 1 0 0 2 0 6 0 2 SBAS09_A01 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_A01 8/11/2009 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 SBAS09_A01 8/12/2009 x x x 1 x x x x SBAS09_A01 8/13/2009 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 SBAS09_A01 8/14/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_A01 8/15/2009 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 SBAS09_A01 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_A01 8/17/2009 3 (1 recap) 1 0 4 0 2 0 0 SBAS09_A01 8/18/2009 1 x x x x x x x SBAS09_A01 8/19/2009 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 SBAS09_A01 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_A01 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_A02 8/8/2009 x x x x x 2 x x SBAS09_A02 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 2 SBAS09_A02 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_A02 8/11/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 SBAS09_A02 8/12/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_A02 8/13/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 SBAS09_A02 8/14/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_A02 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_A02 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_A02 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 SBAS09_A02 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_A02 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_A02 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_A02 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_D01 8/8/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_D01 8/9/2009 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_D01 8/10/2009 1 x x x x x x x SBAS09_D01 8/11/2009 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_D01 8/12/2009 2 x x 1 x x x x SBAS09_D01 8/13/2009 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 SBAS09_D01 8/14/2009 x x x x x x x x 156 SBAS09_D01 8/15/2009 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_D01 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x x

APPENDIX A.2 (cont.) SBAS09_D01 8/17/2009 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 SBAS09_D01 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_D01 8/19/2009 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_D01 8/20/2009 1 x x 1 x 2 x x SBAS09_D01 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_D02 8/8/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_D02 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 SBAS09_D02 8/10/2009 1 x x x x x x x SBAS09_D02 8/11/2009 0 31 0 1 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_D02 8/12/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_D02 8/13/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 SBAS09_D02 8/14/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_D02 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_D02 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_D02 8/17/2009 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_D02 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_D02 8/19/2009 6 5 0 6 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_D02 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x x SBAS09_D02 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * = Bait stations were sifted every other day, which is indicated by an "x" unless a beetle was observed on the surface. The numbers of recaptured N. americanus are denoted in parentheses by “recap”, which indicates how many of the total listed was recaptured. Beetles that were found dead in the trap are denoted by “D”. ** = "BACR" = Bait away control raked, "DBAB" = Double-side bait away bucket, "DBAS" = Double-side bait away station, "SBAB" = Single-side bait away bucket, "SBAS" = Single-side bait away station § = shrew(s) found in trap ɣ = trap flooded or partially flooded

157

APPENDIX A.3 THE TOTAL NUMBER* OF NON-NICROPHORUS SILPHID BEETLES OBSERVED AT BAIT STATIONS AND PITFALL BUCKETS IN 2009 Heterosilpha Necrodes Necrophila Oiceoptoma Thanatophilis Site ID** Date ramosa surinamensis americana inaequale novaboracense lapponicus truncatus BACR09_C01 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C01 8/16/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C01 8/17/2009 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 BACR09_C01 8/18/2009 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 BACR09_C01 8/19/2009 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 BACR09_C01 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 BACR09_C01 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C02 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 BACR09_C02 8/16/2009 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 BACR09_C02 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 BACR09_C02 8/18/2009 0 0 0 0 0 24, 1D 0 BACR09_C02 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 BACR09_C02 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 BACR09_C02 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C03 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BACR09_C03 8/16/2009 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C03 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 BACR09_C03 8/18/2009 0 1 0 0 0 33 0 BACR09_C03 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 BACR09_C03 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 BACR09_C03 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C04 8/15/2009 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 BACR09_C04 8/16/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C04 8/17/2009 0 4 19 0 0 18 0 BACR09_C04 8/18/2009 0 2 17 0 0 54 0 BACR09_C04 8/19/2009 0 4 4 0 0 29 0 BACR09_C04 8/20/2009 0 5 5 0 0 14 0 BACR09_C04 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C05 8/15/2009 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C05 8/16/2009 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C05 8/17/2009 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C05 8/18/2009 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 158 BACR09_C05 8/19/2009 0 1 0 0 0 6 0

APPENDIX A.3 (cont.) BACR09_C05 8/20/2009 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 BACR09_C05 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C06 8/15/2009 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C06 8/16/2009 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C06 8/17/2009 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C06 8/18/2009 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 BACR09_C06 8/19/2009 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BACR09_C06 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 BACR09_C06 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B01 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B01 8/16/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B01 8/17/2009 0 0 1 0 1 1, 1D 0 DBAB09_B01 8/18/2009 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 DBAB09_B01 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 DBAB09_B01 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 DBAB09_B01 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B02 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B02 8/16/2009 0 0 12 0 0 7 0 DBAB09_B02 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B02 8/18/2009 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B02 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B02 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 DBAB09_B02 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B03 8/15/2009 0 1 3 0 0 3 0 DBAB09_B03 8/16/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B03 8/17/2009 0 0 2 0 0 11 0 DBAB09_B03 8/18/2009 0 0 3 0 1 3 0 DBAB09_B03 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 DBAB09_B03 8/20/2009 0 0 3 0 0 9 0 DBAB09_B03 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B04 8/15/2009 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 DBAB09_B04 8/16/2009 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 DBAB09_B04 8/17/2009 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 DBAB09_B04 8/18/2009 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 DBAB09_B04§ 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 DBAB09_B04 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 DBAB09_B04 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B05 8/15/2009 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 159 DBAB09_B05 8/16/2009 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 DBAB09_B05 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.3 (cont.) DBAB09_B05 8/18/2009 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 DBAB09_B05ɣ 8/19/2009 0 0 1D 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B05 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B05 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B06 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B06 8/16/2009 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B06 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 DBAB09_B06 8/18/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B06§ 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B06§ 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAB09_B06 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B01 8/8/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B01 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B01 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B01 8/11/2009 0 0 0 0 2 18 0 DBAS09_B01 8/12/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B01 8/13/2009 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 DBAS09_B01 8/14/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B01 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 DBAS09_B01 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B01 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 DBAS09_B01 8/18/2009 x x x x x 2 x DBAS09_B01 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 DBAS09_B01 8/20/2009 x x x x x 6 x DBAS09_B01 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B02 8/8/2009 x x x x 1 x x DBAS09_B02 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B02 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B02 8/11/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B02 8/12/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B02 8/13/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B02 8/14/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B02 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B02 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B02 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B02 8/18/2009 x x x x x 1 x DBAS09_B02 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 DBAS09_B02 8/20/2009 x x x x x 1 x 160 DBAS09_B02 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B03 8/8/2009 x x x x x x x

APPENDIX A.3 (cont.) DBAS09_B03 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 DBAS09_B03 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B03 8/11/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B03 8/12/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B03 8/13/2009 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 DBAS09_B03 8/14/2009 x x x x x 2 x DBAS09_B03 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B03 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B03 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_B03 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B03 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 DBAS09_B03 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B03 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 DBAS09_B04 8/8/2009 x x x x x 1 x DBAS09_B04 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 DBAS09_B04 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B04 8/11/2009 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 DBAS09_B04 8/12/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B04 8/13/2009 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 DBAS09_B04 8/14/2009 x x x x x 1 x DBAS09_B04 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 DBAS09_B04 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B04 8/17/2009 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 DBAS09_B04 8/18/2009 x x 1 x x x x DBAS09_B04 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 DBAS09_B04 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_B04 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C01 8/8/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C01 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C01 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C01 8/11/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C01 8/12/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C01 8/13/2009 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C01 8/14/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C01 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C01 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C01 8/17/2009 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 DBAS09_C01 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x 161 DBAS09_C01 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 DBAS09_C01 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x

APPENDIX A.3 (cont.) DBAS09_C01 8/21/2009 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 DBAS09_C02 8/8/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C02 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C02 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C02 8/11/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C02 8/12/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C02 8/13/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C02 8/14/2009 x x x x x 1 x DBAS09_C02 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C02 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C02 8/17/2009 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 DBAS09_C02 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C02 8/19/2009 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 DBAS09_C02 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C02 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C03 8/8/2009 x x 1 x x x x DBAS09_C03 8/9/2009 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 DBAS09_C03 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C03 8/11/2009 0 5 3 0 0 1 0 DBAS09_C03 8/12/2009 x x 1 x x 1D x DBAS09_C03 8/13/2009 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 DBAS09_C03 8/14/2009 x x 1 x x x x DBAS09_C03 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 DBAS09_C03 8/16/2009 x x 1 x x x x DBAS09_C03 8/17/2009 0 0 1 0 0 16 0 DBAS09_C03 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C03 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 DBAS09_C03 8/20/2009 x x 1 x x 13 x DBAS09_C03 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C04 8/8/2009 x x 3 x x 4 x DBAS09_C04 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 DBAS09_C04 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C04 8/11/2009 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 DBAS09_C04 8/12/2009 x x 1 x x 1 x DBAS09_C04 8/13/2009 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 DBAS09_C04 8/14/2009 x x 1 x x x x DBAS09_C04 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C04 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x 162 DBAS09_C04 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C04 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x

APPENDIX A.3 (cont.) DBAS09_C04 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DBAS09_C04 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x DBAS09_C04 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A01 8/15/2009 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 SBAB09_A01 8/16/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A01 8/17/2009 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 SBAB09_A01 8/18/2009 0 0 8 0 1 38 0 SBAB09_A01 8/19/2009 0 0 1 0 0 10 0 SBAB09_A01ɣ 8/20/2009 0 0 1 0 0 9 0 SBAB09_A01 8/21/2009 0 0 2 0 0 9 0 SBAB09_A02 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 SBAB09_A02 8/16/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A02 8/17/2009 0 0 2 0 0 9 0 SBAB09_A02 8/18/2009 0 1 0 0 1 9 0 SBAB09_A02 8/19/2009 0 2 1 0 0 22 0 SBAB09_A02 8/20/2009 0 5 4 0 1 39 0 SBAB09_A02 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 SBAB09_A03 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A03 8/16/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A03 8/17/2009 0 0 1 0 0 20 0 SBAB09_A03 8/18/2009 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 SBAB09_A03 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 SBAB09_A03 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 SBAB09_A03 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A04 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A04 8/16/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 SBAB09_A04§ 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A04 8/18/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A04ɣ 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 SBAB09_A04 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A04 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A05 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A05 8/16/2009 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 SBAB09_A05 8/17/2009 0 0 4 0 0 7 0 SBAB09_A05 8/18/2009 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 SBAB09_A05ɣ 8/19/2009 0 3, 6D 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A05 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A05 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 163 SBAB09_A06 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A06 8/16/2009 0 0 0 0 0 3 0

APPENDIX A.3 (cont.) SBAB09_A06 8/17/2009 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 SBAB09_A06 8/18/2009 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 SBAB09_A06 8/19/2009 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 SBAB09_A06 8/20/2009 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 SBAB09_A06 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_A01 8/8/2009 x x x x 1 x x SBAS09_A01 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 SBAS09_A01 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_A01 8/11/2009 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 SBAS09_A01 8/12/2009 x x x x x 2 x SBAS09_A01 8/13/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 SBAS09_A01 8/14/2009 x x x x x 1 x SBAS09_A01 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 SBAS09_A01 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_A01 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_A01 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_A01 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 SBAS09_A01 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_A01 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_A02 8/8/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_A02 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_A02 8/10/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_A02 8/11/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_A02 8/12/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_A02 8/13/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_A02 8/14/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_A02 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_A02 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_A02 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_A02 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_A02 8/19/2009 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 SBAS09_A02 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_A02 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_D01 8/8/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_D01 8/9/2009 0 1 0 0 0 7 0 SBAS09_D01 8/10/2009 x x x x x 1 x SBAS09_D01 8/11/2009 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 SBAS09_D01 8/12/2009 x 1 x x x 3 x 164 SBAS09_D01 8/13/2009 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 SBAS09_D01 8/14/2009 x x x x x x x

APPENDIX A.3 (cont.) SBAS09_D01 8/15/2009 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 SBAS09_D01 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_D01 8/17/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_D01 8/18/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_D01 8/19/2009 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 SBAS09_D01 8/20/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_D01 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SBAS09_D02 8/8/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_D02 8/9/2009 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 SBAS09_D02 8/10/2009 x x 2 x x x x SBAS09_D02 8/11/2009 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 SBAS09_D02 8/12/2009 x x 1 x x 9 x SBAS09_D02 8/13/2009 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 SBAS09_D02 8/14/2009 x x x x x 8 x SBAS09_D02 8/15/2009 0 0 1 0 0 11 0 SBAS09_D02 8/16/2009 x x x x x x x SBAS09_D02 8/17/2009 0 0 1 0 1 9 0 SBAS09_D02 8/18/2009 x x x x x 10 x SBAS09_D02 8/19/2009 0 0 3 0 0 10 0 SBAS09_D02 8/20/2009 x x x x x 1 x SBAS09_D02 8/21/2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * = Bait stations were sifted every other day, which is indicated by an "x" unless a beetle was observed on the surface. Beetles that were found dead in the trap are denoted by “D”. ** = "BACR" = Bait away control raked, "DBAB" = Double-side bait away bucket, "DBAS" = Double-side bait away station, "SBAB" = Single-side bait away bucket, "SBAS" = Single-side bait away station § = shrew(s) found in trap ɣ = trap flooded or partially flooded

165

APPENDIX A.4 LOCATION INFORMATION FOR ALL TRAP TYPES USED IN BAIT AWAY EXPERIMENTS IN HOLT COUNTY, NEBRASKA (2010 AND 2011) GPS UTM UTM UTM coordinate Site ID* East North zone system Location description Holt10_03 524944 4672531 14 NAD 83 Hwy 95, E of Chambers on south side at pro-life sign Holt10_65 511103 4672486 14 NAD 83 SE corner of 481 Ave & Hwy 95 in the ditch, approx. 60 m E of 481 Ave Holt10_66 528790 4674886 14 NAD 83 E side of Hwy 281, 1.5 mi N. of Hwy 95 junction, N. of pull-in under cottonwood tree Holt10_67 533626 4666691 14 NAD 83 W. side of 495 Ave, ~0.5 mi N. of 849 Rd, in ditch near large jagged stump Holt10_02 507941 4675443 14 NAD 83 479 Ave N of Hwy 95, east side at turn sign (to Amelia) BAS10_01B 523934 4681416 14 NAD 83 on 489 Ave, 0.5 mi N of 859 Rd on E side by cedar tree (3 mi W of Hwy 281) BAS10_01D 523928 4679774 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi. S of 859 Rd on 489 Ave, E side by cottonwood, just past house on W side BAS10_01A 523923 4679771 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi N of 859 Rd on 488 Ave, W side of Rd btwn cedar trees BAS10_01C 522303 4679798 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi S of 859 Rd on 488 Ave, E side of Rd at end of fence line BAS10_02B 522307 4679194 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi E of 487 Ave on 857 Rd, S side of Rd by big cottonwood BAS10_02A 519858 4677368 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi W of 487 Ave on 857 Rd, S side of Rd BAS10_02C 519903 4675758 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi W of 487 Ave on 856 Rd, S side of Rd (W of Zane and Donna's farm) BAS10_02D 521500 4675760 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi E of 487 Ave on 856 Rd, N side of Rd by pull-in and pond BAS10_03D 523974 4666837 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi S of 851 Rd on 489 Ave, E side of Rd by rows of old hay bales BAS10_03B 523966 4668495 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi N of 851 Rd on 489 Ave, E side of Rd by gate (moved to S of house) BAS10_03C 522414 4666937 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi S of 851 Rd on 488 Ave, E side of Rd BAS10_03A 522408 4666937 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi N of 851 Rd on 489 Ave, W side of Rd (N of Silvia's house) BAS10_04D 529744 4667741 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi E of Hwy 281 on 851 Rd, S side of Rd BAS10_04C 527961 4667734 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi W of Hwy 281 on 851 Rd, S side of Rd near Gerald & Jo's house BAS10_04B 529637 4669347 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi W of Hwy 281 on 852 Rd, N side of Rd by 4 stumps BAS10_04A 529638 4669345 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi E of Hwy 281 on 852 Rd, S side of Rd BAS10_05D 529610 4662895 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi E of Hwy 281 on 848 Rd, S side of Rd BAS10_05B 529822 4664512 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi E of Hwy 281 on 849 Rd, N side of Rd in ditch BAS10_05A 528028 4664507 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi W of Hwy 281 on 849 Rd, S side of Rd (opposite corn field) BAS10_07B 543275 4670488 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi N of 852 Rd on 501 Ave, W side of Rd by fence BAS10_07D 543291 4666519 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi S of 852 Rd on 501 Ave, E side of Rd by fence BAS10_07C 541672 4668405 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi S of 852 Rd on 500 Ave, W side of Rd by fence BAS10_07A 541655 4670179 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi N of 852 Rd on 500 Ave, W side of Rd by hay bales BAS10_05C 528039 4662902 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi W of Hwy 281 on 848 Rd, S side of Rd across ditch by trees BAS10_06B 533589 4670416 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi N of 852 Rd on 495 Ave, E side of Rd btwn cottonwood

BAS10_06D 533004 4668654 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi S of 852 Rd on 495 Ave, W side of Rd 166 BAS10_06A 531986 4670147 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi N of 852 Rd on 494 Ave, W side of Rd

APPENDIX A.4 (cont.) BAS10_06C 531998 4668624 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi S of 852 Rd on 494 Ave, W side of Rd BAC10_01 526311 4680612 14 NAD 83 1.5 mi W of Hwy 281 on 859 Rd (paved), S side of Rd near cottonwood BAC10_02 517503 4674571 14 NAD 83 855 Rd & 485 Ave intersection, SW corner, under small tree near fence BAC10_03 519779 4666073 14 NAD 83 850 Rd, 0.75 mi W of 487 Ave, S side of Rd by telephone pole w/ willow and cedar tree BAC10_04a 528821 4671940 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi S of Chambers corner café (Hwy 95 & 281 intersection), E side of Hwy in ditch BAC10_04b 528823 4671770 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi S of Chambers corner café (Hwy 95 & 281 intersection), W side of Hwy in ditch BAC10_05 528816 4660318 14 NAD 83 1.5 mi S of 848 Rd on Hwy 281, W side next to curve sign (south of bridge) BAC10_06 536172 4669392 14 NAD 83 1.5 mi E of 495 Ave on 852 Rd, S side of Rd at the top of the hill (E of dairy farm) BAC10_06/07 538350 4669421 14 NAD 83 2 mi E of 495 Ave on 852 Rd, N side of Rd BAC10_07 539713 4669424 14 NAD 83 1.5 mi W of 500 Ave on 852 Rd, N side of Rd (E of pull-in) BAL10_01 523330 4680581 14 NAD 83 859 Rd, 0.5 mi btwn 488 & 489 Aves, N side of Rd BAL10_02 520694 4676492 14 NAD 83 487 Rd, 0.5 mi btwn 857 & 856 Rds, W side of Rd across from house BAL10_03 523234 4667677 14 NAD 83 851 Rd, 0.5 mi btwn 488 & 489 Aves, N side of Rd BAL10_04 528827 4668518 14 NAD 83 Hwy 281, 0.5 mi btwn 851 & 852 Rds, E side by green gate pull-in BAL10_05 528815 4663704 14 NAD 83 Hwy 281, 0.5 mi btwn 848 & 849 Rds, E side of Rd by pull-in BAL10_06 533018 4669374 14 NAD 83 852 Rd, 0.5 mi btwn 494 & 495 Aves, N side of Rd BAL10_07 542416 4669430 14 NAD 83 852 Rd, 0.5 mi btwn 500 & 501 Aves, N side of Rd, W of house BAB11_001 522264 4680640 14 NAD 83 NE intersection of 859 Rd & 488 Ave BAB11_002 523058 4680817 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi. btwn 488 & 489 Ave. on 859 Rd., N. side of Rd BAB11_003 523930 4680404 14 NAD 83 NW intersection of 859 Rd & 489 Ave BAB11_004 520685 4677364 14 NAD 83 NW intersection of 857 Rd & 487 Ave BAB11_005 520564 4676630 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi between 487 & 486 Rd, E side BAB11_006 520781 4675807 14 NAD 83 NE intersection of 856 Rd & 487 Ave BAB11_007 522282 4667608 14 NAD 83 SE corner of intersection of 488 Ave & 851 Rd BAB11_008 523176 4667566 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi. btwn 488 & 489 Ave. on 851 Rd S. side of Rd BAB11_009 523905 4667506 14 NAD 83 SE corner of intersection of 851 Rd & 489 Ave BAB11_010 543214 4669577 14 NAD 83 NW intersection 852 Rd & 501 Ave N. side BAB11_011 542479 4669340 14 NAD 83 0.5 between 501 & 500 Ave on 852 Rd, N side of Rd BAB11_012 541738 4669275 14 NAD 83 Intersection 882 Rd & 508 Ave, N side BAB11_013 533654 4669360 14 NAD 83 NW corner of 852 Rd & 495 Ave BAB11_014 532647 4669357 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi btwn 495 & 494 Ave on 852 Rd N. side BAB11_015 532008 4669457 14 NAD 83 NW corner of 852 Rd & 494 Ave BAB11_016 528856 4662914 14 NAD 83 Side Hwy 281 & 898 Rd BAB11_017 528786 4663754 14 NAD 83 E 5 mi btwn 848 Rd & 849 Rd on Hwy 281 BAB11_018 528783 4664462 14 NAD 83 E side Hwy 281 intersection 849 Rd BAB11_019 528770 4667707 14 NAD 83 SE corner of Hwy 281 & 851 Rd intersection BAB11_020 528903 4668393 14 NAD 83 0.5 mi btwn 851 & 852 Rd on Hwy 281, E side BAB11_021 528763 4669300 14 NAD 83 NE corner of Hwy 281 & 852 Rd intersection 167 * = "BAC" = Bait away control light trap (2010), "BAL" = Bait away light trap in "construction" zone (2010), "BAS" = Bait away station (2010 & 2011), "HOLT" = Baited bucket pitfall trap (2010), "BAB" = Bait away bucket in "construction" zone (2011)

In 2010, several methods of black light trap installation were tested for optimal capture of the American burying beetle and N. orbicollis. Black light traps are referred to as “light traps”, Three methods were tried, which included sitting on the ground as was the normal method, dug into the ground as a pitfall called “pitfall”, and hung on a tree or fence post above ground called “hanging”. These alternative methods are indicated in Table 3. No single method seemed to attract more or less American burying beetles; therefore, the normal method was adopted for the majority of the experiments.

APPENDIX A.5 TOTAL NUMBER* OF NICROPHORUS SPP. OBSERVED AT BAIT STATIONS, BLACK LIGHT TRAPS, AND PITFALL BUCKETS IN 2010 Nicrophorus Site ID** Date americanus carolinus marginatus obscurus orbicollis pustulatus tomentosus BAC10_01 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAC10_01 8/4/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAC10_01 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_01 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_01‡ 8/7/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_01 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAC10_01 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_01‡ 8/10/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_01 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_01‡ 8/17/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_01 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_01 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_01‡ 8/20/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_02† 8/3/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_02 8/4/2010 1 0 0 0 3 0 BAC10_02 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAC10_02 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 BAC10_02 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 BAC10_02 8/9/2010 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAC10_02 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 BAC10_02◊ 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_02◊◊,‡ 8/15/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_02‡ 8/16/2010 x x x x 1 x x

BAC10_02 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 168 BAC10_02 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAC10_02 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 BAC10_02 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAC10_03 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03 8/7/2010 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAC10_03 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 BAC10_03 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAC10_03 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03◊ 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAC10_03◊ 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03◊◊ 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03 8/19/2010 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAC10_03 8/20/2010 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAC10_04 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAC10_04 8/10/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAC10_04◊ 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAC10_04◊ 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 BAC10_04◊ 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04◊◊,‡ 8/15/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_04 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04‡ 8/18/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_04 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 BAC10_05◊ 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 BAC10_05◊ 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAC10_05◊ 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 169 BAC10_05◊◊ 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAC10_05 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAC10_06 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06◊ 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06◊ 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06◊◊ 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAC10_06 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/10/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07◊ 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAC10_07◊ 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 BAC10_07◊ 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 BAC10_07◊◊ 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAC10_07 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAC10_07 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 BAC10_07 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAC10_07 8/20/2010 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 BAL10_01 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_01 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_01 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_01 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_01 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_01‡ 8/16/2010 x x x x x x x BAL10_01‡ 8/17/2010 x x x x x x x BAL10_01 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_01 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 170 BAL10_01 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_02 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAL10_02 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_02 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_02 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_02 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_02‡ 8/16/2010 x x x x x x x BAL10_02 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_02 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_02 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAL10_02 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_03 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_03 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAL10_03 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAL10_03 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAL10_03 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_03 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_03 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_03‡ 8/18/2010 x x x x x x x BAL10_03 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAL10_03‡ 8/20/2010 x x x x x x x BAL10_04 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/8/2010 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 BAL10_04 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAL10_04 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_05 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_05 8/7/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAL10_05 8/8/2010 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAL10_05 8/9/2010 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 BAL10_05 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 BAL10_05 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_05 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_05 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_05 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 171 BAL10_05 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_06 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAL10_06 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_06 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_06 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_06 8/10/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_06 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_06 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_06‡ 8/18/2010 x x x x x x x BAL10_06 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_06 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAL10_07 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAL10_07 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAL10_07 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/20/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/3/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/6/2010 2 0 0 0 7 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/9/2010 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/10/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/12/2010 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/13/2010 4 1 1 0 4 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/15/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/16/2010 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/18/2010 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 172 BAS10_01A 8/20/2010 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAS10_01B§§ 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/6/2010 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/7/2010 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/8/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/10/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/13/2010 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/14/2010 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/16/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/18/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/19/2010 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/20/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/2/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/3/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/5/2010 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/6/2010 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/8/2010 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/9/2010 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/10/2010 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/11/2010 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/12/2010 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_01C 8/14/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/15/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/18/2010 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 173 BAS10_01C 8/20/2010 1 2 2 0 1 0 1 BAS10_01D§§ 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAS10_01D 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 BAS10_01D 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/5/2010 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 2, 1D 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/8/2010 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 BAS10_01D 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/12/2010 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/13/2010 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_01D 8/14/2010 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 BAS10_01D 8/16/2010 1 1 0 0 3 0 1 BAS10_01D 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 BAS10_01D 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_01D 8/19/2010 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 BAS10_02A 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/6/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/7/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/9/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/12/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/13/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/14/2010 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/16/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 174 BAS10_02A 8/20/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_02B 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAS10_02B 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/10/2010 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/11/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/14/2010 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/15/2010 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/18/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/2/2010 1D 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/6/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/7/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/8/2010 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/9/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/10/2010 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/12/2010 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 8 0 1 BAS10_02C 8/14/2010 5 0 2 0 2 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/16/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/17/2010 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/18/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 BAS10_02C 8/20/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAS10_02D 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/5/2010 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/6/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_02D 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/8/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/10/2010 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/11/2010 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/12/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/13/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/15/2010 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/16/2010 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/18/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/19/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/20/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 BAS10_03A 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/11/2010 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/12/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/14/2010 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/18/2010 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 176 BAS10_03A 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/1/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAS10_03B 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/12/2010 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/13/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/1/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_03C 8/3/2010 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 BAS10_03C 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/5/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 BAS10_03C 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/7/2010 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/9/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_03C 8/10/2010 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/11/2010 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/12/2010 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 BAS10_03C 8/13/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_03C 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 177 BAS10_03C 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAS10_03D 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_03D 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/19/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A†† 8/1/2010 x x x x x x x BAS10_04A 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/6/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/8/2010 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/9/2010 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/10/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/11/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/12/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/13/2010 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/14/2010 1D 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/15/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/16/2010 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/18/2010 1 2 3 0 0 0 0

BAS10_04A 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 178 BAS10_04A 8/20/2010 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B†† 8/1/2010 x x x x x x x

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAS10_04B 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 BAS10_04B 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/9/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/10/2010 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_04B 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/18/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C†† 8/1/2010 x x x x x x x BAS10_04C 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 BAS10_04C 8/8/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_04C 8/10/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/11/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/19/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 179 BAS10_04C 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D†† 8/1/2010 x x x x x x x

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAS10_04D 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_04D 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 BAS10_04D 8/7/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/11/2010 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_04D 8/12/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/13/2010 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/14/2010 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/20/2010 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/5/2010 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/9/2010 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/11/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/13/2010 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 BAS10_05A 8/14/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 BAS10_05A 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAS10_05B 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 BAS10_05B 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/7/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 BAS10_05B 8/8/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/9/2010 1 0 0 0 5 0 1 BAS10_05B 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/11/2010 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/14/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/15/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/19/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/20/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 2, 3D 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/6/2010 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/10/2010 0 0 1 0 11, 1D 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 BAS10_05C 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_05C 8/14/2010 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/15/2010 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/16/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/20/2010 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 181 BAS10_05D 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAS10_05D 8/2/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/8/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_05D 8/9/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_05D 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/11/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/12/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/14/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/16/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/20/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 BAS10_06A 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_06A 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/8/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 BAS10_06A 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/13/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 BAS10_06A 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/18/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 182 BAS10_06A 8/20/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAS10_06B 8/2/2010 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 BAS10_06B 8/3/2010 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06B 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 BAS10_06B 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/8/2010 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 BAS10_06B 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06B 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_06C 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_06C 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 BAS10_06C 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 183 BAS10_06C 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAS10_06D 8/2/2010 0 0 3 0 4 0 1 BAS10_06D 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/4/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/5/2010 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/6/2010 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 BAS10_06D 8/7/2010 0 0 1D 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 BAS10_06D 8/9/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/11/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 BAS10_06D 8/12/2010 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/13/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/14/2010 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/15/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/16/2010 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/17/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/18/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/19/2010 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/20/2010 2 2 4 0 1 0 0 BAS10_07A§§ 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/2/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/3/2010 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/5/2010 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/6/2010 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/7/2010 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/8/2010 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/9/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/10/2010 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/11/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/12/2010 0 13 4 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/13/2010 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/14/2010 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/15/2010 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/16/2010 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/18/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 184 BAS10_07A 8/20/2010 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B§§ 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAS10_07B 8/2/2010 0 8 4 0 0 0 1 BAS10_07B 8/3/2010 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/4/2010 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_07B 8/5/2010 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/6/2010 0 1 3 0 1 0 1 BAS10_07B 8/7/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/8/2010 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/9/2010 3 4 3 0 2 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/10/2010 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/11/2010 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/12/2010 0 5 7 0 0 0 1 BAS10_07B 8/13/2010 0 7 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/14/2010 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/15/2010 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/16/2010 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/17/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/18/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/20/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 BAS10_07C§§ 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 BAS10_07C 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_07C 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 BAS10_07C 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/9/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/10/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/11/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/15/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 BAS10_07C 8/16/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 BAS10_07C 8/17/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 185 BAS10_07C 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/1/2010 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) BAS10_07D 8/2/2010 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/4/2010 0 7 1 0 2 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/5/2010 0 1 2 0 0 0 3 BAS10_07D 8/6/2010 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 BAS10_07D 8/7/2010 0 6 1 0 2 0 3 BAS10_07D 8/8/2010 0 22 3 0 1 0 2 BAS10_07D 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_07D 8/10/2010 0 15 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/11/2010 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/12/2010 0 24 10 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/13/2010 0 13 7 0 0 0 5 BAS10_07D 8/14/2010 0 10 8 0 0 0 2 BAS10_07D 8/15/2010 0 8 9 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/16/2010 0 17 6 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/17/2010 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/18/2010 0 21 2 0 0 0 2 BAS10_07D 8/19/2010 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_07D 8/20/2010 0 24 15 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_02 8/5/2010 3 0 1 0 6 0 0 HOLT10_02 8/6/2010 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_02 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_02 8/8/2010 14 1 7 0 1 1 0 HOLT10_02 8/9/2010 13 1 0 0 1 0 2 HOLT10_02 8/10/2010 18 1 1 0 0 0 3 HOLT10_02 8/11/2010 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_02 8/12/2010 4 0 2 0 2 0 0 HOLT10_02 8/13/2010 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_02 8/14/2010 9 0 1 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_02 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_02 8/16/2010 15 0 0 0 2 0 0 HOLT10_02 8/17/2010 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_02 8/18/2010 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_02 8/19/2010 23 1 1 0 5 0 0 HOLT10_02 8/20/2010 19 0 3 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_03 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_03 8/2/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_03 8/3/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 186 HOLT10_03 8/4/2010 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_03 8/5/2010 0 10 2 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) HOLT10_65 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 HOLT10_65 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 HOLT10_65 8/3/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/4/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/5/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 HOLT10_65† 8/8/2010 x x x x x x x HOLT10_65 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/10/2010 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/12/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/13/2010 5 0 0 0 2 1 0 HOLT10_65 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/15/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/17/2010 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/18/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/19/2010 10 0 1 0 4 2 0 HOLT10_65 8/20/2010 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/1/2010 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/3/2010 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 HOLT10_66 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/6/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/8/2010 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 HOLT10_66 8/10/2010 4 0 0 0 13 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/11/2010 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/12/2010 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/13/2010 3 1 0 0 3 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/14/2010 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/19/2010 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 187 HOLT10_66 8/20/2010 2 0 0 0 4 0 0

APPENDIX A.5 (cont.) HOLT10_67 8/1/2010 1 0 0 0 8 0 2 HOLT10_67 8/2/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 HOLT10_67 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 HOLT10_67 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 HOLT10_67 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_67 8/6/2010 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_67 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 HOLT10_67 8/8/2010 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 HOLT10_67 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 HOLT10_67 8/10/2010 2 0 3 0 19 6 1 HOLT10_67 8/11/2010 1 0 2 0 6 1 1 HOLT10_67 8/12/2010 0 0 3 0 5 1 0 HOLT10_67 8/13/2010 1 0 9 0 5 0 0 HOLT10_67§ 8/14/2010 2 0 6 0 3 0 0 HOLT10_67 8/15/2010 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_67 8/16/2010 2 1 4 0 2 0 1 HOLT10_67 8/17/2010 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_67 8/18/2010 3 0 0 0 5 0 0 HOLT10_67 8/19/2010 1 0 2 0 2 2 0 HOLT10_67 8/20/2010 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 * = Beetles that were found dead in the trap are denoted by “D”. ** = "BAC" = Bait away control light trap, "BAL" = Bait away light trap in "construction" zone, "BAS" = Bait away station, and "HOLT" = Baited bucket pitfall trap ‡ = battery disconnected or did not have enough power for the whole night, which resulted in little to few insects in trap † = light trap stolen or bucket trap disturbed †† = bait stations not set up ◊ = alternate trap light method, pitfall ◊◊ = alternate trap light method, hanging § = shrew(s) found in trap §§ = moved because of ants ɣ = trap flooded or partially flooded

188

APPENDIX A.6 TOTAL NUMBER* OF NON-NICROPHORUS SILPHID BEETLES OBSERVED AT BAIT STATIONS, BLACK LIGHT TRAPS, AND PITFALL BUCKETS IN 2010 Heterosilpha Necrodes Necrophila Oiceoptoma Thanatophilis Site ID** Date ramosa surinamensis americana inaequale novaboracense lapponicus truncatus BAC10_01 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_01 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_01 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_01 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_01‡ 8/7/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_01 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_01 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_01‡ 8/10/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_01 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_01‡ 8/17/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_01 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_01 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_01‡ 8/20/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_02† 8/3/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_02 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_02 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_02 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_02 8/8/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_02 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_02 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_02◊ 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_02◊◊,‡ 8/15/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_02‡ 8/16/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_02 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_02 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_02 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_02 8/20/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03 8/7/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 189 BAC10_03◊ 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAC10_03◊ 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03◊◊ 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_03 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04 8/7/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04◊ 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04◊ 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04◊ 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04◊◊,‡ 8/15/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_04 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04‡ 8/18/2010 x x x x x x x BAC10_04 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_04 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/8/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/10/2010 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05◊ 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05◊ 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05◊ 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05◊◊ 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/18/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_05 8/20/2010 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 190 BAC10_06◊ 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06◊ 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAC10_06◊◊ 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_06 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/10/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07◊ 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07◊ 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07◊ 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07◊◊ 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/16/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/19/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAC10_07 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_01 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_01 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_01 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_01 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_01 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_01‡ 8/16/2010 x x x x x x x BAL10_01‡ 8/17/2010 x x x x x x x BAL10_01 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_01 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_01 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_02 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_02 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_02 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_02 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_02 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_02‡ 8/16/2010 x x x x x x x BAL10_02 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 191 BAL10_02 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_02 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAL10_02 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_03 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_03 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_03 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_03 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_03 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_03 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_03 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_03‡ 8/18/2010 x x x x x x x BAL10_03 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_03‡ 8/20/2010 x x x x x x x BAL10_04 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/8/2010 0 34 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/9/2010 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_04 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_05 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_05 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_05 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_05 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_05 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_05 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_05 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_05 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_05 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_05 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_06 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_06 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_06 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_06 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_06 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_06 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_06 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 192 BAL10_06‡ 8/18/2010 x x x x x x x BAL10_06 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAL10_06 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/17/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/18/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/19/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAL10_07 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/1/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/2/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/3/2010 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/4/2010 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/5/2010 0 0 5 0 1 1 1 BAS10_01A 8/6/2010 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/8/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/9/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/10/2010 0 2 4 0 0 1 1 BAS10_01A 8/11/2010 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/12/2010 0 1 3 0 0 1 1 BAS10_01A 8/13/2010 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/14/2010 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 BAS10_01A 8/15/2010 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/16/2010 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/17/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01A 8/20/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B§§ 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/3/2010 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 BAS10_01B 8/4/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/5/2010 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/6/2010 0 0 4 0 0 0 0

BAS10_01B 8/7/2010 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 193 BAS10_01B 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAS10_01B 8/10/2010 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/11/2010 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 BAS10_01B 8/12/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_01B 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01B 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_01B 8/20/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/1/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_01C 8/3/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/4/2010 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_01C 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 BAS10_01C 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_01C 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/12/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/13/2010 0 6 0 0 0 0 3 BAS10_01C 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01C 8/20/2010 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 BAS10_01D§§ 8/1/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/2/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/3/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/4/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/5/2010 0 0 3 0 4 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/6/2010 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 194 BAS10_01D 8/8/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAS10_01D 8/10/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/11/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/12/2010 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 BAS10_01D 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 BAS10_01D 8/14/2010 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 BAS10_01D 8/15/2010 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/16/2010 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 BAS10_01D 8/17/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_01D 8/20/2010 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 BAS10_02A 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/6/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/8/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/12/2010 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_02A 8/13/2010 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/14/2010 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02A 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BAS10_02B 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 195 BAS10_02B 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAS10_02B 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_02B 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 BAS10_02B 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/13/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/14/2010 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 BAS10_02B 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02B 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_02B 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_02B 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_02B 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 BAS10_02C 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/6/2010 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_02C 8/9/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/10/2010 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 BAS10_02C 8/11/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/12/2010 0 2 3 0 0 2 0 BAS10_02C 8/13/2010 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 BAS10_02C 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02C 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/2/2010 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 BAS10_02D 8/3/2010 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_02D 8/5/2010 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 BAS10_02D 8/6/2010 0 1 d 10 0 0 4 0 BAS10_02D 8/7/2010 0 0 11 0 0 6 0 196 BAS10_02D 8/8/2010 0 0 5 0 0 7 0 BAS10_02D 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAS10_02D 8/10/2010 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 BAS10_02D 8/11/2010 0 3 3 0 0 4 1 BAS10_02D 8/12/2010 0 6 1 0 0 1 0 BAS10_02D 8/13/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_02D 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_02D 8/16/2010 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_02D 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_02D 8/18/2010 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_02D 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 BAS10_02D 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_03A 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_03A 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/10/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/18/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03A 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/5/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 BAS10_03B 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 197 BAS10_03B 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAS10_03B 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/12/2010 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03B 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_03B 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_03C 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/4/2010 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/5/2010 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 BAS10_03C 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 BAS10_03C 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/8/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_03C 8/11/2010 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/12/2010 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_03C 8/14/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03C 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 BAS10_03D 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 198 BAS10_03D 8/8/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAS10_03D 8/10/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_03D 8/11/2010 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_03D 8/12/2010 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/13/2010 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_03D 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 BAS10_03D 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_03D 8/18/2010 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 BAS10_03D 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 BAS10_03D 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 BAS10_04A†† 8/1/2010 x x x x x x x BAS10_04A 8/2/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/5/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/6/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 BAS10_04A 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_04A 8/12/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_04A 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04A 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B†† 8/1/2010 x x x x x x x BAS10_04B 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/4/2010 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/5/2010 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/6/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 199 BAS10_04B 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_04B 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAS10_04B 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_04B 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04B 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_04B 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C†† 8/1/2010 x x x x x x x BAS10_04C 8/2/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_04C 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_04C 8/5/2010 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/6/2010 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 BAS10_04C 8/7/2010 0 0 2 0 1 3 0 BAS10_04C 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/10/2010 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 BAS10_04C 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_04C 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04C 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D†† 8/1/2010 x x x x x x x BAS10_04D 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/7/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 200 BAS10_04D 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_04D 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAS10_04D 8/10/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/11/2010 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_04D 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 BAS10_04D 8/14/2010 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/18/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/19/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_04D 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/3/2010 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/5/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/6/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/8/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/9/2010 0 1 4 0 1 3 0 BAS10_05A 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 BAS10_05A 8/11/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05A 8/12/2010 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_05A 8/13/2010 0 12 1 0 0 0 1 BAS10_05A 8/14/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 BAS10_05A 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_05A 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 BAS10_05A 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_05A 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 BAS10_05A 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 BAS10_05A 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_05B 8/1/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/2/2010 0 0 9 0 0 1 0 BAS10_05B 8/3/2010 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/4/2010 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/5/2010 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 BAS10_05B 8/6/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/7/2010 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 201 BAS10_05B 8/8/2010 0 6 7 0 0 0 8 BAS10_05B 8/9/2010 0 18 13 0 0 0 2

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAS10_05B 8/10/2010 0 0 5 0 0 2 3 BAS10_05B 8/11/2010 0 2 6 0 0 4 0 BAS10_05B 8/12/2010 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_05B 8/13/2010 0 8 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/14/2010 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 BAS10_05B 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_05B 8/16/2010 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_05B 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_05B 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05B 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_05C 8/1/2010 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 BAS10_05C 8/2/2010 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/3/2010 0 0 25 0 1 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/4/2010 0 0 12 0 0 1 0 BAS10_05C 8/5/2010 0 0 50 0 1 2 1 BAS10_05C 8/6/2010 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/7/2010 0 0 29 0 1 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/8/2010 0 1 12 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/9/2010 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 BAS10_05C 8/10/2010 0 0 10, 1D 0 0 1 0 BAS10_05C 8/11/2010 0 1 31 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/12/2010 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/13/2010 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 BAS10_05C 8/14/2010 0 16 8 0 0 0 2 BAS10_05C 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/16/2010 0 2 2 0 0 1 2 BAS10_05C 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/18/2010 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05C 8/20/2010 0 0 6 0 0 3 0 BAS10_05D 8/1/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/2/2010 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/3/2010 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/4/2010 0 0 7 0 0 1 0 BAS10_05D 8/5/2010 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/6/2010 0 0 5 0 1 0 0

BAS10_05D 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 202 BAS10_05D 8/8/2010 0 0 7 0 0 1 0 BAS10_05D 8/9/2010 0 0 14 0 1 4 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAS10_05D 8/10/2010 0 2 9 0 0 2 0 BAS10_05D 8/11/2010 0 2 8 0 0 0 1 BAS10_05D 8/12/2010 0 1 12 0 0 5 1 BAS10_05D 8/13/2010 0 11 3 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/14/2010 0 7 1 0 0 2 0 BAS10_05D 8/15/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/16/2010 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/17/2010 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/18/2010 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 BAS10_05D 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_05D 8/20/2010 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/2/2010 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06A 8/3/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06A 8/5/2010 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06A 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_06A 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/9/2010 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06A 8/10/2010 0 0 1 0 0 11 1 BAS10_06A 8/11/2010 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 BAS10_06A 8/12/2010 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06A 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 BAS10_06A 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06A 8/20/2010 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06B 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 203 BAS10_06B 8/8/2010 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06B 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAS10_06B 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06B 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 BAS10_06B 8/13/2010 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 BAS10_06B 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06B 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06B 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06B 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_06C 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/2/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/3/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/4/2010 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_06C 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 BAS10_06C 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06C 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06C 8/8/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 BAS10_06C 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 BAS10_06C 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 BAS10_06C 8/12/2010 0 0 1 0 0 10 2 BAS10_06C 8/13/2010 0 1 1 0 0 6 0 BAS10_06C 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06C 8/15/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/16/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06C 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06C 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_06C 8/20/2010 0 1 0 0 0 7 0 BAS10_06D 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/2/2010 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 BAS10_06D 8/3/2010 0 1 7 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06D 8/4/2010 0 7 7 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/5/2010 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/6/2010 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 204 BAS10_06D 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2, 1D 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAS10_06D 8/10/2010 0 0 2, 1D 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/11/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/12/2010 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 BAS10_06D 8/13/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 BAS10_06D 8/14/2010 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 BAS10_06D 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 BAS10_06D 8/16/2010 0 0 2 0 0 3 1 BAS10_06D 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_06D 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAS10_06D 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A§§ 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/2/2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07A 8/3/2010 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 BAS10_07A 8/4/2010 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 BAS10_07A 8/5/2010 0 0 8 0 2 7 1 BAS10_07A 8/6/2010 0 0 2 0 1 4 1 BAS10_07A 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 18 3 BAS10_07A 8/8/2010 0 3 6 0 0 4 0 BAS10_07A 8/9/2010 0 0 8 0 0 11 0 BAS10_07A 8/10/2010 0 2 2 0 0 34 1 BAS10_07A 8/11/2010 0 0 4 0 0 35 0 BAS10_07A 8/12/2010 0 8 1 0 0 5 1 BAS10_07A 8/13/2010 0 5 3 0 0 3 6 BAS10_07A 8/14/2010 0 0 5 0 0 9 0 BAS10_07A 8/15/2010 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 BAS10_07A 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 BAS10_07A 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 BAS10_07A 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 17 1 BAS10_07A 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 20 1 BAS10_07A 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 BAS10_07B§§ 8/1/2010 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/3/2010 0 0 58 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07B 8/4/2010 0 0 42 0 0 3 0 BAS10_07B 8/5/2010 0 0 43 0 0 19 1 BAS10_07B 8/6/2010 0 0 44 0 0 13 0 BAS10_07B 8/7/2010 0 0 31 0 0 12 0 205 BAS10_07B 8/8/2010 0 0 28 0 0 2 0 BAS10_07B 8/9/2010 0 1 68 0 0 7 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAS10_07B 8/10/2010 0 3 31, 2d 0 0 16 0 BAS10_07B 8/11/2010 0 0 29 0 0 17 0 BAS10_07B 8/12/2010 0 4 19 0 0 9 0 BAS10_07B 8/13/2010 0 1 8 0 0 3 0 BAS10_07B 8/14/2010 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 BAS10_07B 8/15/2010 0 0 10 0 0 2 1 BAS10_07B 8/16/2010 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 BAS10_07B 8/17/2010 0 1 4 0 0 4 1 BAS10_07B 8/18/2010 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 BAS10_07B 8/19/2010 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 BAS10_07B 8/20/2010 0 0 3 0 0 2 3 BAS10_07C§§ 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/2/2010 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/3/2010 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/4/2010 0 0 9 0 0 1 0 BAS10_07C 8/5/2010 0 0 14 0 0 2 0 BAS10_07C 8/6/2010 0 0 12 0 3 2 0 BAS10_07C 8/7/2010 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/8/2010 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 BAS10_07C 8/9/2010 0 0 9 0 0 7 0 BAS10_07C 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 BAS10_07C 8/11/2010 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 BAS10_07C 8/12/2010 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 BAS10_07C 8/13/2010 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 BAS10_07C 8/14/2010 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 BAS10_07C 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 BAS10_07C 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 BAS10_07C 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/18/2010 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 BAS10_07C 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07C 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAS10_07D 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/2/2010 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/3/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/4/2010 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 BAS10_07D 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/6/2010 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 BAS10_07D 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 206 BAS10_07D 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) BAS10_07D 8/10/2010 0 0 0 0 0 7 2 BAS10_07D 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 BAS10_07D 8/12/2010 0 1 1 0 0 5 2 BAS10_07D 8/13/2010 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 BAS10_07D 8/14/2010 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 BAS10_07D 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 BAS10_07D 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAS10_07D 8/17/2010 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 BAS10_07D 8/18/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAS10_07D 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 HOLT10_02 8/5/2010 1 0 9 0 1 12 0 HOLT10_02 8/6/2010 0 0 6 0 1 11 0 HOLT10_02 8/7/2010 0 0 12 0 1 11,1D 0 HOLT10_02 8/8/2010 0 4 11 0 0 2,1D 1 HOLT10_02 8/9/2010 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_02 8/10/2010 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_02 8/11/2010 0 4 8 0 0 12 1 HOLT10_02 8/12/2010 0 1 1 0 0 7 0 HOLT10_02 8/13/2010 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 HOLT10_02 8/14/2010 0 2 3 0 0 3 0 HOLT10_02 8/15/2010 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 HOLT10_02 8/16/2010 0 1 3 0 0 4 0 HOLT10_02 8/17/2010 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 HOLT10_02 8/18/2010 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 HOLT10_02 8/19/2010 0 8 2 0 0 4 2 HOLT10_02 8/20/2010 0 7 4 0 0 10 3 HOLT10_03 8/1/2010 0 3,1d 0 0 0 1 0 HOLT10_03 8/2/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_03 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 HOLT10_03 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 3,1D 1 HOLT10_03 8/5/2010 0 1 1 0 0 37 1 HOLT10_65 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/2/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/4/2010 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 207 HOLT10_65 8/7/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65† 8/8/2010 x x x x x x x

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) HOLT10_65 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/10/2010 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/11/2010 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 HOLT10_65 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/13/2010 0 73 1 0 0 1 0 HOLT10_65 8/14/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/16/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_65 8/18/2010 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 HOLT10_65 8/19/2010 0 53 1 0 0 0 1 HOLT10_65 8/20/2010 0 14 0 0 0 2 0 HOLT10_66 8/1/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/2/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/3/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/4/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/5/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/6/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/7/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/8/2010 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/9/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/10/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/11/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/12/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/13/2010 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/14/2010 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/15/2010 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/16/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/18/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/19/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_66 8/20/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_67 8/1/2010 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 HOLT10_67 8/2/2010 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_67 8/3/2010 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_67 8/4/2010 0 2 4 0 2 2 0 HOLT10_67 8/5/2010 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 HOLT10_67 8/6/2010 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 208 HOLT10_67 8/7/2010 0 0 5 0 0 3 0 HOLT10_67 8/8/2010 0 0 3 0 0 0 1

APPENDIX A.6 (cont.) HOLT10_67 8/9/2010 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 HOLT10_67 8/10/2010 0 0 7 0 1 3 1 HOLT10_67 8/11/2010 0 0 12 0 0 5 1 HOLT10_67 8/12/2010 0 0 5 0 1 2 0 HOLT10_67 8/13/2010 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_67§ 8/14/2010 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_67 8/15/2010 0 0 0 0 1D 1 0 HOLT10_67 8/16/2010 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 HOLT10_67 8/17/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_67 8/18/2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_67 8/19/2010 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 HOLT10_67 8/20/2010 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 * = Beetles that were found dead in the trap are denoted by “D”. ** = "BAC" = Bait away control light trap, "BAL" = Bait away light trap in "construction" zone, "BAS" = Bait away station, "HOLT" = Baited bucket pitfall trap ‡ = battery disconnected or did not have enough power for the whole night, which resulted in little to few insects in trap † = light trap stolen or bucket trap disturbed †† = bait stations not set up ◊ = alternate trap light method, pitfall ◊◊ = alternate trap light method, hanging § = shrew(s) found in trap §§ = moved because of ants ɣ = trap flooded or partially flooded

APPENDIX A.7 INCIDENTAL NICROPHORUS AMERICANUS MORTALITY AT BAIT STATIONS IN 2010 AND 2011 Pronotal diameter Bee tag Site ID** Date Sex (mm) marking Comments BAS10_04A 8/14/2010 unknown 9.49 unknown pronotum and body parts found in frog feces BAS10_06A 8/10/2010 unknown 8.72 unknown pronotum found under bait station kitty litter pan BAS10_02C 8/2/2010 unknown 9.18 unknown scavenged body parts (not in frog feces), most likely small opossum BAS10_02C 8/4/2010 unknown u unknown unidentified parts could have been an ABB (parts not collected) BAS10_06A 8/9/2010 unknown 9.66 unknown pronotum found under bait station kitty litter pan

BAS10_06A 8/9/2010 F 10.43 Blue LRE 07 body and elytra found in frog feces, labeled as 'gimpy' on 8/3/2010 209 BAMS11_07A 6/23/2011 M 9.54 none killed by ants ** = "BAS" = Bait away station, "BAMS" = Bait away modified station

APPENDIX A.8 TOTAL NUMBER OF NICROPHORUS AMERICANUS (ABB) CAPTURED ON VIDEO AND FOUND THE FOLLOWING MORNING IN THE BAIT STATION BOX

Year Station location Number of ABB Video Box 2009 A (North single-side) 11 1 2009 B (North double-side) 11 0 2009 C (South double-side)ŧ 48 4 2009 D (South single-side) 8 1 2010 Site 1 12 7 2010 Site 2 18 13 2010 Site 3 15 8 2010 Site 4 5 8 2010 Site 5 28 4 2010 Site 6 4 0 2010 Site 7 61 6 ŧ = twice as many observations as other locations

APPENDIX A.9 TOTAL NUMBER* OF NICROPHORUS SPP. OBSERVED AT BAITED PITFALL BUCKETS AND MODIFIED BAIT STATIONS IN 2011 Nicrophorus Site ID** Date americanus carolinus marginatus obscurus orbicollis pustulatus tomentosus BAB11_01 6/17/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_01 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_01 6/19/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_01 6/20/2011 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAB11_01 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_01 8/7/2011 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAB11_01 8/8/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

BAB11_01 8/9/2011 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 210 BAB11_01 8/10/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.9 (cont.) BAB11_01 8/11/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_02 6/17/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_02 6/18/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_02 6/19/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_02 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_02 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_02 8/7/2011 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 BAB11_02 8/8/2011 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 BAB11_02 8/9/2011 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_02 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_02 8/11/2011 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 6/18/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_03 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 8/7/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_03 8/8/2011 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_03 8/9/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 8/10/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04 6/17/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04 6/19/2011 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04§ 8/7/2011 4 0 0 0 10 4 0 BAB11_04 8/8/2011 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 BAB11_04 8/9/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04§ 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_05 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_05 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_05 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_05 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_05 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_05 8/7/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_05 8/8/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 211 BAB11_05 8/9/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_05 8/10/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.9 (cont.) BAB11_05 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_06 6/17/2011 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_06 6/18/2011 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_06 6/19/2011 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_06 6/20/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_06 6/21/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_06 8/7/2011 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_06 8/8/2011 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_06 8/9/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_06 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_06 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAB11_07 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_07 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_07 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_07 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_07 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_07 8/7/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_07 8/8/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAB11_07 8/9/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_07 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_07 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 6/19/2011 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 6/20/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 6/21/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 8/7/2011 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_08 8/8/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 8/9/2011 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_09 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_09 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_09 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAB11_09 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAB11_09 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_09 8/7/2011 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 BAB11_09 8/8/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 212 BAB11_09 8/9/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_09 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.9 (cont.) BAB11_09 8/11/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_10 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_10 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_10 6/19/2011 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BAB11_10 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_10§ 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_10 8/7/2011 1 8 36 0 2 0 0 BAB11_10 8/8/2011 1 10 46 0 3 0 0 BAB11_10 8/9/2011 1 0 7 0 1 0 0 BAB11_10 8/10/2011 1 2 13 0 0 0 0 BAB11_10 8/11/2011 7 1 21 0 0 0 1 BAB11_11 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_11 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_11 6/19/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_11 6/20/2011 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAB11_11 6/21/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 BAB11_11 8/7/2011 0 1 11 0 0 0 1 BAB11_11 8/8/2011 1 1 4 0 2 0 0 BAB11_11 8/9/2011 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_11 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 BAB11_11§§§ 8/11/2011 2 0 3,2D 0 0 0 1 BAB11_12 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_12 6/18/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_12 6/19/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_12 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_12 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAB11_12 8/7/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAB11_12 8/8/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_12 8/9/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAB11_12 8/10/2011 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 BAB11_12 8/11/2011 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 BAB11_13 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_13 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_13 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_13 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_13 6/21/2011 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_13 8/7/2011 1 1 1 0 4 0 0 BAB11_13 8/8/2011 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 213 BAB11_13 8/9/2011 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 BAB11_13 8/10/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.9 (cont.) BAB11_13 8/11/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_14 6/17/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAB11_14 6/18/2011 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_14 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAB11_14 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_14 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_14§§ 8/7/2011 0 2,1D 2 0 1D 0 0 BAB11_14 8/8/2011 1 0 3 0 1 1 1 BAB11_14 8/9/2011 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_14 8/10/2011 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_14 8/11/2011 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_15 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_15 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_15 6/19/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_15 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_15 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_15§§ 8/7/2011 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAB11_15 8/8/2011 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_15 8/9/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_15 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_15§ 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 6/17/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 6/19/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 8/7/2011 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_16ɣ 8/8/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 8/9/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_17 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_17 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_17 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_17 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_17 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_17 8/7/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAB11_17 8/8/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 214 BAB11_17 8/9/2011 5 0 4 0 3 0 1 BAB11_17 8/10/2011 1 0 1 0 0 0 1

APPENDIX A.9 (cont.) BAB11_17 8/11/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_18 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_18 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_18 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_18 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_18 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_18 8/7/2011 0 0 0 0 3,1D 0 0 BAB11_18 8/8/2011 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 BAB11_18 8/9/2011 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 BAB11_18 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_18 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_19ɣ 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_19 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_19 6/19/2011 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_19 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_19 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_19 8/7/2011 0 3 4 0 4 0 0 BAB11_19 8/8/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 BAB11_19 8/9/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAB11_19 8/10/2011 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_19§ 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20 6/19/2011 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20 8/7/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20§ 8/8/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20 8/9/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAB11_20 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20 8/11/2011 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_21 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_21 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_21 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_21 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_21 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_21 8/7/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_21 8/8/2011 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 215 BAB11_21 8/9/2011 2 2 3 0 1 1 0 BAB11_21 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.9 (cont.) BAB11_21 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01A§§ 6/23/2011 3 0 0 0 5 0 0 BAMS11_01A 6/24/2011 7 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAMS11_01A 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01A 6/26/2011 8 0 1 0 0 0 5 BAMS11_01Aɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 BAMS11_01A 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01A 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01A 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_01Aɣ 8/15/2011 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 BAMS11_01A 8/16/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_01B 6/23/2011 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 BAMS11_01B 6/24/2011 10 1 0 0 6 0 0 BAMS11_01B 6/25/2011 5 0 0 0 2 0 2 BAMS11_01B 6/26/2011 20 4 0 0 8 0 5 BAMS11_01B 6/27/2011 3 0 0 0 1 0 2 BAMS11_01B 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01B 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_01B 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 BAMS11_01B 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_01B 8/16/2011 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_01C 6/23/2011 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_01C 6/24/2011 10 3 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01C 6/25/2011 12 0 2 0 1 0 2 BAMS11_01C 6/26/2011 30 2 2 0 1 0 1 BAMS11_01Cɣ 6/27/2011 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01C 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01C 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01C† 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_01C 8/15/2011 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_01C 8/16/2011 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_01D 6/23/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01D 6/24/2011 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01D 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_01D 6/26/2011 1 0 0 0 8 0 2 BAMS11_01D 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01D 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_01D 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 216 BAMS11_01D 8/14/2011 1 0 0 0 6 0 0 BAMS11_01D 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 9 0 0

APPENDIX A.9 (cont.) BAMS11_01D 8/16/2011 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 BAMS11_02A 6/23/2011 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02A 6/24/2011 10 0 0 0 8 0 0 BAMS11_02A 6/25/2011 12 0 0 0 5 0 1 BAMS11_02A 6/26/2011 8 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_02A 6/27/2011 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02A 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02A 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02A 8/14/2011 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02A 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02A 8/16/2011 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 BAMS11_02B 6/23/2011 12 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_02B 6/24/2011 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02B 6/25/2011 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_02B 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02Bɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02B 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02B 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02B 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02B 8/15/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02B 8/16/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 BAMS11_02C 6/23/2011 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 BAMS11_02C 6/24/2011 22 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_02C 6/25/2011 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_02C 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02Cɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02C 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02C 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 BAMS11_02C† 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAMS11_02C 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_02C 8/16/2011 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAMS11_02D§§ 6/23/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02D 6/24/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 BAMS11_02D 6/25/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 BAMS11_02D 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 BAMS11_02D 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02D 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02D 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 217 BAMS11_02D† 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_02D 8/15/2011 2 0 10 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.9 (cont.) BAMS11_02D 8/16/2011 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03A 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAMS11_03A 6/24/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03A 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03A 6/26/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03Aɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03A 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03A 8/13/2011 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_03A 8/14/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_03A 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_03A 8/16/2011 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 BAMS11_03B 6/23/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03B 6/24/2011 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAMS11_03B 6/25/2011 4 0 0 0 7 0 0 BAMS11_03B 6/26/2011 20 0 0 0 3 0 1 BAMS11_03B† 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_03B 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 9 0 2 BAMS11_03B 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 BAMS11_03B 8/14/2011 2 0 0 0 8 0 1 BAMS11_03B 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 BAMS11_03B 8/16/2011 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 BAMS11_03C 6/23/2011 13 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_03C 6/24/2011 7 0 2 0 5 0 0 BAMS11_03C 6/25/2011 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_03C 6/26/2011 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 BAMS11_03C 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03C 8/12/2011 2 0 1 0 8 0 0 BAMS11_03C 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 BAMS11_03C 8/14/2011 2 0 3 0 4 0 1 BAMS11_03C 8/15/2011 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_03C 8/16/2011 3 0 0 0 3 0 4 BAMS11_03D 6/23/2011 3 0 0 0 0 0 9 BAMS11_03D 6/24/2011 3 0 0 0 0 0 10 BAMS11_03D 6/25/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 BAMS11_03D 6/26/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 BAMS11_03Dɣ 6/27/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03D 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_03D 8/13/2011 5 1 8 0 1 0 0 218 BAMS11_03D 8/14/2011 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_03D§ 8/15/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.9 (cont.) BAMS11_03D 8/16/2011 4 0 2 0 1 1 4 BAMS11_04A 6/23/2011 10 3 5 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04A 6/24/2011 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_04A 6/25/2011 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_04A 6/26/2011 0 1 2 0 0 0 4 BAMS11_04Aɣ,† 6/27/2011 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 BAMS11_04A 8/12/2011 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04A 8/13/2011 4 1 1 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_04A 8/14/2011 0 5 11 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04A§§ 8/15/2011 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04A 8/16/2011 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04B 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04B 6/24/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04B 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04B† 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04Bɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04B 8/12/2011 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAMS11_04B 8/13/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04B 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04B 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_04B 8/16/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04C 6/23/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04C 6/24/2011 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04C 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 BAMS11_04C 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04Cɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04C 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 BAMS11_04C 8/13/2011 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_04C 8/14/2011 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04C 8/15/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04C 8/16/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_04D 6/23/2011 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_04D 6/24/2011 5 0 0 0 3 0 1 BAMS11_04D 6/25/2011 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 BAMS11_04D 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 BAMS11_04Dɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04Dɣ 8/12/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04D 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 219 BAMS11_04D 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_04D 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 5 0 0

APPENDIX A.9 (cont.) BAMS11_04D 8/16/2011 1 0 0 0 9 2 2 BAMS11_05A 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_05A 6/24/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_05A 6/25/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05A 6/26/2011 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 BAMS11_05Aɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05A 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_05A 8/13/2011 6 0 0 0 0 0 2 BAMS11_05A 8/14/2011 2 0 2 0 3 0 1 BAMS11_05Aɣ 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05A 8/16/2011 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 BAMS11_05B 6/23/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05B 6/24/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05B 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05B 6/26/2011 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05Bɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05B 8/12/2011 2 0 7 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05B 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05B 8/14/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05B 8/15/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05B 8/16/2011 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 BAMS11_05C 6/23/2011 5 0 0 0 2 1 0 BAMS11_05C 6/24/2011 11 0 0 0 2 1 0 BAMS11_05C 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 BAMS11_05C 6/26/2011 4 0 0 0 2 0 1 BAMS11_05Cɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_05C§ 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 2, 3D 1D 0 BAMS11_05C 8/13/2011 4 0 0 0 3 2 0 BAMS11_05C 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 BAMS11_05C 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 BAMS11_05C 8/16/2011 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 BAMS11_05D 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_05D 6/24/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_05D 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05D 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05D 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05D 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 BAMS11_05D 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 7 1 0 220 BAMS11_05D 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_05D 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.9 (cont.) BAMS11_05D 8/16/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_06A 6/23/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06A 6/24/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06A 6/25/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 BAMS11_06A 6/26/2011 4 1 0 0 4 0 6 BAMS11_06A 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 BAMS11_06A 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06A 8/13/2011 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAMS11_06A 8/14/2011 8 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_06A 8/15/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06A 8/16/2011 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_06B† 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_06B 6/24/2011 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAMS11_06B 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_06B 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06B 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_06B 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06B 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06B 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 BAMS11_06B 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06B 8/16/2011 0 0 0 0 23 1 0 BAMS11_06C 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06C 6/24/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_06C 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 BAMS11_06C† 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06C 6/27/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 BAMS11_06C 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06C 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06C 8/14/2011 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_06C 8/15/2011 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06C 8/16/2011 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_06D§§ 6/23/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06D 6/24/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_06D 6/25/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 BAMS11_06D 6/26/2011 4 0 2 0 0 0 16 BAMS11_06D 6/27/2011 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_06D§ 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06D 8/13/2011 7 5 16 0 2 0 0 221 BAMS11_06D 8/14/2011 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_06D 8/15/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.9 (cont.) BAMS11_06D 8/16/2011 5 0 20 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_07A§§ 6/23/2011 3, 1D 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07A† 6/24/2011 3 3 5 0 0 0 4 BAMS11_07A 6/25/2011 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 BAMS11_07A† 6/26/2011 4 0 2 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_07Aɣ 6/27/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07A 8/12/2011 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07A 8/13/2011 0 36 18 0 2 0 1 BAMS11_07A 8/14/2011 2 2 12 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07A 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07A 8/16/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07A† 6/23/2011 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07B 6/24/2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07B 6/25/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_07B 6/26/2011 0 1 4 0 0 0 4 BAMS11_07Bɣ,† 6/27/2011 0 0 1D 0 1D 0 0 BAMS11_07B 8/12/2011 2 8 37 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_07B 8/13/2011 2 34 32 0 6 0 1 BAMS11_07B 8/14/2011 2 23 19 0 0 0 3 BAMS11_07B 8/15/2011 4 13 4 0 0 0 3 BAMS11_07B 8/16/2011 4 13 3 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_07C† 6/23/2011 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07C 6/24/2011 4 0 0 0 4 0 3 BAMS11_07C 6/25/2011 7 0 0 0 1, 1D 0 3 BAMS11_07C 6/26/2011 3 0 0 0 0 1 5 BAMS11_07C 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07C 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07C 8/13/2011 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 BAMS11_07C† 8/14/2011 2 2 3 0 5 0 1 BAMS11_07C 8/15/2011 2 0 5 0 1 0 1 BAMS11_07C 8/16/2011 3 2 1 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_07D§§ 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07D 6/24/2011 0 6 3 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07D 6/25/2011 0 8 4 0 0 0 2 BAMS11_07D 6/26/2011 2 21 3 0 0 0 2 BAMS11_07Dɣ 6/27/2011 0 1 0 0 1D 0 2D BAMS11_07D§§ 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07D 8/13/2011 0 54 10 0 0 0 1 222 BAMS11_07D§ 8/14/2011 0 72 9 0 0 0 1 BAMS11_07D 8/15/2011 0 48 22 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.9 (cont.) BAMS11_07D 8/16/2011 0 40, 1D 18 0 0 0 3 * = Beetles that were found dead in the trap are denoted by “D”. ** = "BAB" = Bait away bucket trap in "construction" zone, "BAMS" = Bait away modified station † = bucket trap disturbed †† = bait stations not set up § = shrew(s) found in trap §§ = moved because of ants §§§ = N. americanus actively eating N. marginatus ɣ = trap flooded or partially flooded

APPENDIX A.10 TOTAL NUMBER* OF NON-NICROPHORUS SILPHID BEETLES OBSERVED AT PITFALL BUCKETS AND MODIFIED BAIT STATIONS IN 2011 Heterosilpha Necrodes Necrophila Oiceoptoma Thanatophilis Site ID** Date ramosa surinamensis americana inaequalenovaboracense lapponicus truncatus BAB11_01 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_01 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_01 6/19/2011 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_01 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_01 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_01 8/7/2011 0 1 12 0 2 2 0 BAB11_01 8/8/2011 0 1 17 0 3 3 0 BAB11_01 8/9/2011 0 0 23 0 0 2 0 BAB11_01 8/10/2011 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 BAB11_01 8/11/2011 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 BAB11_02 6/17/2011 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BAB11_02 6/18/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_02 6/19/2011 0 0 15 0 0 1 0 BAB11_02 6/20/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_02 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_02 8/7/2011 0 0 25 0 0 1 0 BAB11_02 8/8/2011 0 0 37 0 0 2 0 BAB11_02 8/9/2011 0 0 24 0 0 1 0 223 BAB11_02 8/10/2011 0 0 5 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.10 (cont.) BAB11_02 8/11/2011 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 8/7/2011 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 8/8/2011 0 0 15 0 0 1 0 BAB11_03 8/9/2011 0 0 3,2D 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 8/10/2011 0 0 2,2D 0 0 0 0 BAB11_03 8/11/2011 0 0 1,2D 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04 6/19/2011 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 BAB11_04 6/20/2011 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04 6/21/2011 0 0 13 0 1 0 0 BAB11_04§ 8/7/2011 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04 8/8/2011 0 2 18 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04 8/9/2011 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04§ 8/10/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAB11_04 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_05 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_05 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_05 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_05 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_05 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_05 8/7/2011 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 BAB11_05 8/8/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAB11_05 8/9/2011 0 1 4 0 0 4 0 BAB11_05 8/10/2011 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 BAB11_05 8/11/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_06 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_06 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_06 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAB11_06 6/20/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_06 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_06 8/7/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_06 8/8/2011 0 1 0 0 0 1D 0 224 BAB11_06 8/9/2011 0 1 2 0 0 1D 0 BAB11_06 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

APPENDIX A.10 (cont.) BAB11_06 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAB11_07 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_07 6/18/2011 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BAB11_07 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_07 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_07 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_07 8/7/2011 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 BAB11_07 8/8/2011 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 BAB11_07 8/9/2011 0 0 10 0 0 3 0 BAB11_07 8/10/2011 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 BAB11_07 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 8/7/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 8/8/2011 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 8/9/2011 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_08 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_09 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_09 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_09 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAB11_09 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_09 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_09 8/7/2011 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_09 8/8/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAB11_09 8/9/2011 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 BAB11_09 8/10/2011 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_09 8/11/2011 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 BAB11_10 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_10 6/18/2011 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BAB11_10 6/19/2011 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 BAB11_10 6/20/2011 0 0 15 0 0 1 0 BAB11_10§ 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_10 8/7/2011 0 0 6 0 0 2 0 BAB11_10 8/8/2011 0 0 40 0 0 6 0 225 BAB11_10 8/9/2011 0 0 36 0 0 7 0 BAB11_10 8/10/2011 0 0 8,2D 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.10 (cont.) BAB11_10 8/11/2011 0 0 8,3D 0 0 2 0 BAB11_11 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_11 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_11 6/19/2011 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 BAB11_11 6/20/2011 0 0 6 0 0 2 0 BAB11_11 6/21/2011 0 0 6 0 1 1 0 BAB11_11 8/7/2011 0 0 10 0 0 5 0 BAB11_11 8/8/2011 0 0 16 0 0 10 0 BAB11_11 8/9/2011 0 0 19 0 0 3 0 BAB11_11 8/10/2011 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 BAB11_11§§§ 8/11/2011 0 0 8,1D 0 0 0 0 BAB11_12 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_12 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_12 6/19/2011 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 BAB11_12 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_12 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_12 8/7/2011 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 BAB11_12 8/8/2011 0 0 8 0 0 2 0 BAB11_12 8/9/2011 0 0 12 0 0 3 0 BAB11_12 8/10/2011 0 1 7 0 0 1 0 BAB11_12 8/11/2011 0 1 4 0 0 1 0 BAB11_13 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_13 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_13 6/19/2011 0 3 0 0 0 8 0 BAB11_13 6/20/2011 0 3 4 0 0 27 0 BAB11_13 6/21/2011 0 0 1 0 0 19 0 BAB11_13 8/7/2011 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAB11_13 8/8/2011 0 0 2 0 0 6 0 BAB11_13 8/9/2011 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 BAB11_13 8/10/2011 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_13 8/11/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_14 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_14 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_14 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_14 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_14 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_14§§ 8/7/2011 0 0 2 0 0 1,1D 1D BAB11_14 8/8/2011 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 226 BAB11_14 8/9/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 BAB11_14 8/10/2011 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

APPENDIX A.10 (cont.) BAB11_14 8/11/2011 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_15 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_15 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_15 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAB11_15 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_15 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_15§§ 8/7/2011 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAB11_15 8/8/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAB11_15 8/9/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAB11_15 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_15§ 8/11/2011 0 0 1D 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 6/19/2011 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 8/7/2011 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16ɣ 8/8/2011 0 0 10 0 1 0 0 BAB11_16 8/9/2011 0 0 8,1D 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 8/10/2011 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 BAB11_16 8/11/2011 0 0 1D 0 0 0 0 BAB11_17 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_17 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_17 6/19/2011 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 BAB11_17 6/20/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAB11_17 6/21/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAB11_17 8/7/2011 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BAB11_17 8/8/2011 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 BAB11_17 8/9/2011 0 2 21 0 0 1D 0 BAB11_17 8/10/2011 0 2 9 0 0 0 0 BAB11_17 8/11/2011 0 0 26 0 0 1D 0 BAB11_18 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_18 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAB11_18 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_18 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_18 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_18 8/7/2011 0 0 9 0 0 0 0

BAB11_18 8/8/2011 0 0 47 0 1 0 0 227 BAB11_18 8/9/2011 0 0 14 0 1 0 0 BAB11_18 8/10/2011 0 0 3 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.10 (cont.) BAB11_18 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_19ɣ 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_19 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAB11_19 6/19/2011 0 1 1 0 0 5 0 BAB11_19 6/20/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAB11_19 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_19 8/7/2011 0 1 13 0 0 1 0 BAB11_19 8/8/2011 0 0 23 0 0 2 0 BAB11_19 8/9/2011 0 0 22 0 0 1 0 BAB11_19 8/10/2011 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 BAB11_19§ 8/11/2011 0 0 1D 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20 8/7/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20§ 8/8/2011 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BAB11_20 8/9/2011 0 0 8 0 0 . 0 BAB11_20 8/10/2011 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 BAB11_20 8/11/2011 0 1 5,1D 0 0 1 0 BAB11_21 6/17/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_21 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_21 6/19/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_21 6/20/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_21 6/21/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_21 8/7/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_21 8/8/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_21 8/9/2011 0 0 3 0 0 1D 0 BAB11_21 8/10/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAB11_21 8/11/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01A§§ 6/23/2011 0 2 3 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_01A 6/24/2011 0 5 3 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_01A 6/25/2011 0 5 5 0 0 4 0 BAMS11_01A 6/26/2011 0 0 6 0 1 9 0 BAMS11_01Aɣ 6/27/2011 0 2 4 0 3 4 0 BAMS11_01A 8/12/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01A 8/13/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 228 BAMS11_01A 8/14/2011 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01Aɣ 8/15/2011 0 0 4 0 0 4 0

APPENDIX A.10 (cont.) BAMS11_01A 8/16/2011 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01B 6/23/2011 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 BAMS11_01B 6/24/2011 0 1 3 0 2 6 0 BAMS11_01B 6/25/2011 0 0 1 0 2 9 0 BAMS11_01B 6/26/2011 0 0 2 0 2 28 0 BAMS11_01B 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 2 9 0 BAMS11_01B 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01B 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01B 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01B 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01B 8/16/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01C 6/23/2011 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01C 6/24/2011 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 BAMS11_01C 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 BAMS11_01C 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 3 39 0 BAMS11_01Cɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 33 3, 13D 1 BAMS11_01C 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01C 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01C† 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_01C 8/15/2011 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_01C 8/16/2011 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 BAMS11_01D 6/23/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01D 6/24/2011 0 0 8 0 1 1 0 BAMS11_01D 6/25/2011 0 0 5 0 1 9 0 BAMS11_01D 6/26/2011 0 3 7 1 7 3 0 BAMS11_01D 6/27/2011 0 0 11 0 20 3 0 BAMS11_01D 8/12/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01D 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01D 8/14/2011 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01D 8/15/2011 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_01D 8/16/2011 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02A 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02A 6/24/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_02A 6/25/2011 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 BAMS11_02A 6/26/2011 0 1 10 0 1 5 0 BAMS11_02A 6/27/2011 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_02A 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02A 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 229 BAMS11_02A 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02A 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.10 (cont.) BAMS11_02A 8/16/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_02B 6/23/2011 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02B 6/24/2011 0 2 2 0 0 5 0 BAMS11_02B 6/25/2011 0 1 1 0 0 18 0 BAMS11_02B 6/26/2011 0 1 0 0 1 10 0 BAMS11_02Bɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 BAMS11_02B 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02B 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02B 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02B 8/15/2011 0 0 1 0 0 9 0 BAMS11_02B 8/16/2011 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 BAMS11_02C 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02C 6/24/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02C 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 BAMS11_02C 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 4 14 0 BAMS11_02Cɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02C 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02C 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02C† 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02C 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02C 8/16/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02D§§ 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1D 0 BAMS11_02D 6/24/2011 0 0 4 0 0 15 0 BAMS11_02D 6/25/2011 0 0 21 0 0 49 0 BAMS11_02D 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 BAMS11_02D 6/27/2011 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 BAMS11_02D 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_02D 8/13/2011 0 0 13 0 0 4, 1D 0 BAMS11_02D† 8/14/2011 0 0 10 0 0 9 0 BAMS11_02D 8/15/2011 0 0 20 0 0 17 0 BAMS11_02D 8/16/2011 0 0 18 0 0 13 0 BAMS11_03A 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03A 6/24/2011 0 0 6 2 0 7 0 BAMS11_03A 6/25/2011 0 0 12 3 0 19 0 BAMS11_03A 6/26/2011 0 0 5, 2D 0 0 12 0 BAMS11_03Aɣ 6/27/2011 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03A 8/12/2011 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03A 8/13/2011 0 3 10 0 0 8 0 230 BAMS11_03A 8/14/2011 0 4 19 0 0 11 0 BAMS11_03A 8/15/2011 0 3 23 0 0 14 0

APPENDIX A.10 (cont.) BAMS11_03A 8/16/2011 0 0 30 0 0 14 0 BAMS11_03B 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03B 6/24/2011 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 BAMS11_03B 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03B 6/26/2011 0 1 2 17 0 3 0 BAMS11_03B† 6/27/2011 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 BAMS11_03B 8/12/2011 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03B 8/13/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03B 8/14/2011 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03B 8/15/2011 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03B 8/16/2011 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03C 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03C 6/24/2011 0 5 7 0 0 6 0 BAMS11_03C 6/25/2011 0 5 9 1 0 7, 3D 0 BAMS11_03C 6/26/2011 0 3 12 0 1 3 0 BAMS11_03C 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_03C 8/12/2011 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03C 8/13/2011 0 6 3 0 0 7 0 BAMS11_03C 8/14/2011 0 13 7 0 0 6 0 BAMS11_03C 8/15/2011 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_03C 8/16/2011 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 BAMS11_03D 6/23/2011 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 BAMS11_03D 6/24/2011 0 1 2 2 2 13 0 BAMS11_03D 6/25/2011 0 10 1 0 2 21 0 BAMS11_03D 6/26/2011 0 0 1 0 0 10 0 BAMS11_03Dɣ 6/27/2011 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 BAMS11_03D 8/12/2011 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_03D 8/13/2011 0 2 7 0 0 9 0 BAMS11_03D 8/14/2011 0 9 9 0 0 12 0 BAMS11_03D§ 8/15/2011 0 5, 1D 4 0 0 9 0 BAMS11_03D 8/16/2011 0 0 2 0 0 8 0 BAMS11_04A 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 BAMS11_04A 6/24/2011 0 4 2 0 0 28, 1D 0 BAMS11_04A 6/25/2011 0 3 3 0 0 63 0 BAMS11_04A 6/26/2011 0 3 0 0 1 69 0 BAMS11_04Aɣ,† 6/27/2011 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04A 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04A 8/13/2011 0 2 24 0 0 23 0 BAMS11_04A 8/14/2011 0 0 15 0 0 19 0 231 BAMS11_04A§§ 8/15/2011 0 0 6 0 0 14 0

APPENDIX A.10 (cont.) BAMS11_04A 8/16/2011 0 0 8 0 0 8 0 BAMS11_04B 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04B 6/24/2011 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 BAMS11_04B 6/25/2011 0 1 0 1 0 5 0 BAMS11_04B† 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 BAMS11_04Bɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_04B 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04B 8/13/2011 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 BAMS11_04B 8/14/2011 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 BAMS11_04B 8/15/2011 0 0 3 0 0 6 0 BAMS11_04B 8/16/2011 0 0 2 0 0 7 0 BAMS11_04C 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04C 6/24/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04C 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 BAMS11_04C 6/26/2011 0 12 0 0 1 22 0 BAMS11_04Cɣ 6/27/2011 0 1 0 0 1D 2, 7D 0 BAMS11_04C 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04C 8/13/2011 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 BAMS11_04C 8/14/2011 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04C 8/15/2011 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04C 8/16/2011 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04D 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAMS11_04D 6/24/2011 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 BAMS11_04D 6/25/2011 0 0 0 2 0 13 0 BAMS11_04D 6/26/2011 0 0 0 2 0 26 0 BAMS11_04Dɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 5, 7D 0 BAMS11_04Dɣ 8/12/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_04D 8/13/2011 0 0 7 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_04D 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_04D 8/15/2011 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 BAMS11_04D 8/16/2011 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 BAMS11_05A 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05A 6/24/2011 0 0 6 1 2 14 0 BAMS11_05A 6/25/2011 0 0 5 5 5 50 0 BAMS11_05A 6/26/2011 0 0 5 7, 1D 11 44 0 BAMS11_05Aɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 1 2 4 12 0 BAMS11_05A 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05A 8/13/2011 0 0 8 0 0 3 0 232 BAMS11_05A 8/14/2011 0 0 8 0 0 7 0 BAMS11_05Aɣ 8/15/2011 0 0 1D 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX A.10 (cont.) BAMS11_05A 8/16/2011 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 BAMS11_05B 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05B 6/24/2011 0 0 1 0 0 20 0 BAMS11_05B 6/25/2011 0 3 4 0 0 30 0 BAMS11_05B 6/26/2011 0 24 13 0 1 3 0 BAMS11_05Bɣ 6/27/2011 0 20 4, 2D 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05B 8/12/2011 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 BAMS11_05B 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 BAMS11_05B 8/14/2011 0 0 11 0 0 17 0 BAMS11_05B 8/15/2011 0 0 12 0 0 12 0 BAMS11_05B 8/16/2011 0 0 8 0 0 17 0 BAMS11_05C 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05C 6/24/2011 0 0 8 1 1 3 0 BAMS11_05C 6/25/2011 0 4 15 2 13 15 0 BAMS11_05C 6/26/2011 0 5 12 5 15 21 0 BAMS11_05Cɣ 6/27/2011 0 4 0 0 2, 2D 1D 0 BAMS11_05C§ 8/12/2011 0 0 3D 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05C 8/13/2011 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05C 8/14/2011 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05C 8/15/2011 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05C 8/16/2011 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05D 6/23/2011 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05D 6/24/2011 0 1 13 0 1 1 0 BAMS11_05D 6/25/2011 0 2 2 1 2 3 0 BAMS11_05D 6/26/2011 0 2 2 0 3 6 0 BAMS11_05D 6/27/2011 0 0 1 1 1 5 0 BAMS11_05D 8/12/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05D 8/13/2011 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05D 8/14/2011 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_05D 8/15/2011 0 0 9 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_05D 8/16/2011 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06A 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06A 6/24/2011 0 1 1 0 2 9 0 BAMS11_06A 6/25/2011 0 1 0 0 7 29 0 BAMS11_06A 6/26/2011 0 0 1 0 0 27 0 BAMS11_06A 6/27/2011 0 1 0 0 4 13 0 BAMS11_06A 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BAMS11_06A 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 233 BAMS11_06A 8/14/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06A 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

APPENDIX A.10 (cont.) BAMS11_06A 8/16/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06B† 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06B 6/24/2011 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAMS11_06B 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BAMS11_06B 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 BAMS11_06B 6/27/2011 0 0 2D 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06B 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06B 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06B 8/14/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06B 8/15/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06B 8/16/2011 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_06C 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06C 6/24/2011 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 BAMS11_06C 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 BAMS11_06C† 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06C 6/27/2011 0 3 1 0 4 17 0 BAMS11_06C 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06C 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06C 8/14/2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06C 8/15/2011 0 0 3 0 0 9 0 BAMS11_06C 8/16/2011 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 BAMS11_06D§§ 6/23/2011 0 2D 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06D 6/24/2011 0 1 8 1 1 18 0 BAMS11_06D 6/25/2011 0 5 9 0 3 23,1D 0 BAMS11_06D 6/26/2011 0 16 28 2 17 28 0 BAMS11_06D 6/27/2011 0 18 12 0 1 5 0 BAMS11_06D§ 8/12/2011 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_06D 8/13/2011 0 2 26 0 0 3 0 BAMS11_06D 8/14/2011 0 2 29 0 0 11 0 BAMS11_06D 8/15/2011 0 0 21 0 0 6, 1D 0 BAMS11_06D 8/16/2011 0 0 24 0 0 13 0 BAMS11_07A§§ 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07A† 6/24/2011 0 0 1 0 0 16 0 BAMS11_07A 6/25/2011 0 0 0 0 0 11, 1D 0 BAMS11_07A† 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 0 41, 1D 0 BAMS11_07Aɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 BAMS11_07A 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BAMS11_07A 8/13/2011 0 0 4 0 0 7 0 234 BAMS11_07A 8/14/2011 0 1 1 0 0 7 0 BAMS11_07A 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 0 3 0

APPENDIX A.10 (cont.) BAMS11_07A 8/16/2011 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 BAMS11_07A† 6/23/2011 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07B 6/24/2011 0 7 13 0 0 2, 8D 0 BAMS11_07B 6/25/2011 0 5 13 0 0 5, 9D 0 BAMS11_07B 6/26/2011 0 1 36 0 4 25, 3D 0 BAMS11_07Bɣ,† 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07B 8/12/2011 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_07B 8/13/2011 0 0 40 0 0 6 0 BAMS11_07B 8/14/2011 0 0 95 0 0 17 0 BAMS11_07B 8/15/2011 0 0 37 0 0 5 0 BAMS11_07B 8/16/2011 0 0 21 0 0 5 0 BAMS11_07C† 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07C 6/24/2011 0 0 6 0 0 13 0 BAMS11_07C 6/25/2011 0 0 9, 1D 0 1 24 0 BAMS11_07C 6/26/2011 0 2 18, 2D 0 9 17 0 BAMS11_07C 6/27/2011 0 3 5 0 4 1 0 BAMS11_07C 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07C 8/13/2011 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_07C† 8/14/2011 0 1 6 0 0 1 0 BAMS11_07C 8/15/2011 0 1 5 0 0 4 0 BAMS11_07C 8/16/2011 0 0 8 0 0 3 0 BAMS11_07D§§ 6/23/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07D 6/24/2011 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 BAMS11_07D 6/25/2011 0 0 1 0 0 8 0 BAMS11_07D 6/26/2011 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 BAMS11_07Dɣ 6/27/2011 0 0 0 0 0 1, 1D 0 BAMS11_07D§§ 8/12/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07D 8/13/2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BAMS11_07D§ 8/14/2011 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAMS11_07D 8/15/2011 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 BAMS11_07D 8/16/2011 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 * = Beetles that were found dead in the trap are denoted by “D”. ** = "BAB" = Bait away bucket trap in "construction" zone, "BAMS" = Bait away modified station † = bucket trap disturbed †† = bait stations not set up § = shrew(s) found in trap §§ = moved because of ants ɣ

= trap flooded or partially flooded 235

A B

Figure A.1. Bait away stations in 2009 (A) and 2010 (B).

236 237

Figure A.2. The black light traps used in 2010.

Figure A.3. The container used for closed bait bucket pitfall traps in 2011. The decayed rat is placed within this container and then placed within the bucket.

238

Figure A.4. The Northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens) that was commonly found at the 2010 bait stations and consumed silphid beetles, including the American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus).

A B

239

APPENDIX B.

Pesticide experiments (Chapter 6) raw data

APPENDIX B.1 SURVIVAL RESULTS OF DIRECT SPRAY TREATMENTS ON NICROPHORUS MARGINATUS (RAW DATA CORRESPONDS TO THE DIRECT EXPOSURE MORTALITY SECTION OF CHAPTER 6) Date Treatment 48 hours Sex 9/28/2009 Control Alive F 9/28/2009 Control Alive F 9/28/2009 Control Alive F 9/28/2009 Control Alive F 9/28/2009 Control Alive F 9/28/2009 Control Alive M 9/28/2009 Control Alive M 9/28/2009 Control Alive M 9/28/2009 Control Alive M 9/28/2009 Control Alive M 9/28/2009 Control Alive F 9/28/2009 Control Alive F 9/28/2009 Control Alive F 9/28/2009 Control Alive F 9/28/2009 Control Alive F 9/28/2009 Control Alive M 9/28/2009 Control Alive M 9/28/2009 Control Alive M 9/28/2009 Control Alive M 9/28/2009 Control Alive M 9/28/2009 Malathion Alive F 9/28/2009 Malathion Alive F 9/28/2009 Malathion Alive F 9/28/2009 Malathion Alive M 9/28/2009 Malathion Alive M 9/28/2009 Malathion Alive M 9/28/2009 Malathion Alive F 9/28/2009 Malathion Alive F 9/28/2009 Malathion Alive M 9/28/2009 Malathion Alive M 9/28/2009 Malathion Alive M 9/28/2009 Malathion Alive M 9/28/2009 Malathion Dead F 9/28/2009 Malathion Dead F 9/28/2009 Malathion Dead M 9/28/2009 Malathion Dead M 9/28/2009 Malathion Dead F 9/28/2009 Malathion Dead F 9/28/2009 Malathion Dead F 9/28/2009 Malathion Dead M 10/7/2009 Control Alive F 10/7/2009 Control Alive F 10/7/2009 Control Alive F 10/7/2009 Control Alive F 10/7/2009 Control Alive F 10/7/2009 Control Alive M 240

APPENDIX B.1 (cont.) 10/7/2009 Control Alive M 10/7/2009 Control Alive M 10/7/2009 Control Alive M 10/7/2009 Control Alive M 10/7/2009 Control Alive F 10/7/2009 Control Alive F 10/7/2009 Control Alive F 10/7/2009 Control Alive F 10/7/2009 Control Alive F 10/7/2009 Control Alive M 10/7/2009 Control Alive M 10/7/2009 Control Alive M 10/7/2009 Control Alive M 10/7/2009 Control Alive M 10/7/2009 Control Alive F 10/7/2009 Control Alive F 10/7/2009 Control Alive F 10/7/2009 Control Alive F 10/7/2009 Control Alive F 10/7/2009 Control Alive M 10/7/2009 Control Alive M 10/7/2009 Control Alive M 10/7/2009 Control Alive M 10/7/2009 Control Alive M 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive F 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive F 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive F 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive F 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive F 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive M 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive M 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive F 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive F 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive F 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive F 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive F 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive F 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive F 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive F 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive M 10/7/2009 Malathion Alive M 10/7/2009 Malathion Dead M 10/7/2009 Malathion Dead M 10/7/2009 Malathion Dead M 10/7/2009 Malathion Dead F 10/7/2009 Malathion Dead M 10/7/2009 Malathion Dead M 10/7/2009 Malathion Dead M 10/7/2009 Malathion Dead M 10/7/2009 Malathion Dead M 10/7/2009 Malathion Dead F 10/7/2009 Malathion Dead M 10/7/2009 Malathion Dead M 10/7/2009 Malathion Dead M

241

APPENDIX B.2 RESULTS OF NICROPHORUS MARGINATUS SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTIVE ATTEMPTS AFTER DIRECT EXPOSURE TO TREATMENTS (RAW DATA CORRESPONDS TO TABLE 9 IN CHAPTER 6, DIRECT EXPOSURE EFFECTS ON BROOD SUCCESS SECTION) Date Treatment Sex No. of larvae Comments 9/9/2010 Control M 4 9/9/2010 Control M 4 9/9/2010 Control M 15 9/9/2010 Control M 15 9/9/2010 Control M 13 9/9/2010 Control M 12 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 9 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 17 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 13 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 17 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 14 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 18 9/9/2010 Malathion# M x 9/9/2010 Malathion M 16 9/9/2010 Malathion# M x 9/9/2010 Malathion M 10 9/9/2010 Malathion M 13 9/9/2010 Malathion M 9 9/8/2010 Control F 3 9/8/2010 Control F 17 9/8/2010 Control F 13 9/8/2010 Control F 13 9/8/2010 Control F 14 9/8/2010 Control F 17 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 12 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 15 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 13 All larvae dead, not physically harmed, 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 15 and no sign of disease 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 12 9/8/2010 Malathion# F x 9/8/2010 Malathion F 14 9/8/2010 Malathion# F x 9/8/2010 Malathion F 15 9/8/2010 Malathion F 11 9/8/2010 Malathion F 11 2 larvae dead 9/28/2010 Control M 15 9/28/2010 Control M 18 9/28/2010 Control M 7 9/28/2010 Control M 14 9/28/2010 Control M 11 2 fly maggots present 9/28/2010 Control M 12 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 7 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 11 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 16 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 25 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 20 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 10 9/28/2010 Malathion# M x 9/28/2010 Malathion# M x 9/28/2010 Malathion# M x 9/28/2010 Malathion M 11 242

APPENDIX B.2 (cont.) 9/28/2010 Malathion M 10 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0 9/28/2010 Control F 12 9/28/2010 Control F 16 9/28/2010 Control F 10 9/28/2010 Control F 14 9/28/2010 Control F 0 9/28/2010 Control F 12 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 13 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 13 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 15 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 12 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 17 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0 9/28/2010 Malathion# F x 9/28/2010 Malathion# F x 9/28/2010 Malathion# F x 9/28/2010 Malathion# F x 9/28/2010 Malathion F 0 9/28/2010 Malathion F 9 # = dead after treatment spray and not available for reproduction attempt

APPENDIX B.3 LARVAL WEIGHTS OF NICROPHORUS MARGINATUS OFFSPRING AFTER DIRECT SPRAY TREATMENTS AND A MATING OPPORTUNITY WITH AN UNSPRAYED BEETLE (RAW DATA CORRESPONDS TO THE DIRECT EXPOSURE EFFECTS ON BROOD SUCCESS SECTION IN CHAPTER 6) Date Treatment Sex sprayed Weight (g) 9/9/2010 Control M 0.75 9/9/2010 Control M 0.75 9/9/2010 Control M 0.80 9/9/2010 Control M 0.82 9/9/2010 Control M 0.34 9/9/2010 Control M 0.35 9/9/2010 Control M 0.36 9/9/2010 Control M 0.38 9/9/2010 Control M 0.40 9/9/2010 Control M 0.47 9/9/2010 Control M 0.48 9/9/2010 Control M 0.48 9/9/2010 Control M 0.54 9/9/2010 Control M 0.57 9/9/2010 Control M 0.59 9/9/2010 Control M 0.61 9/9/2010 Control M 0.64 9/9/2010 Control M 0.65 9/9/2010 Control M 0.66 9/9/2010 Control M 0.69 9/9/2010 Control M 0.71 9/9/2010 Control M 0.76 9/9/2010 Control M 0.29 9/9/2010 Control M 0.34 243

APPENDIX B.3 (cont.) 9/9/2010 Control M 0.38 9/9/2010 Control M 0.42 9/9/2010 Control M 0.43 9/9/2010 Control M 0.48 9/9/2010 Control M 0.48 9/9/2010 Control M 0.51 9/9/2010 Control M 0.51 9/9/2010 Control M 0.51 9/9/2010 Control M 0.51 9/9/2010 Control M 0.53 9/9/2010 Control M 0.53 9/9/2010 Control M 0.56 9/9/2010 Control M 0.57 9/9/2010 Control M 0.26 9/9/2010 Control M 0.27 9/9/2010 Control M 0.29 9/9/2010 Control M 0.29 9/9/2010 Control M 0.30 9/9/2010 Control M 0.30 9/9/2010 Control M 0.31 9/9/2010 Control M 0.31 9/9/2010 Control M 0.31 9/9/2010 Control M 0.33 9/9/2010 Control M 0.33 9/9/2010 Control M 0.34 9/9/2010 Control M 0.38 9/9/2010 Control M 0.21 9/9/2010 Control M 0.25 9/9/2010 Control M 0.26 9/9/2010 Control M 0.27 9/9/2010 Control M 0.28 9/9/2010 Control M 0.29 9/9/2010 Control M 0.63 9/9/2010 Control M 0.65 9/9/2010 Control M 0.66 9/9/2010 Control M 0.70 9/9/2010 Control M 0.72 9/9/2010 Control M 0.74 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.19 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.31 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.43 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.46 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.46 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.50 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.50 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.53 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.58 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.35 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.35 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.46 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.48 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.49 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.51 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.52 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.53 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.53 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.53 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.56 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.57 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.60 244

APPENDIX B.3 (cont.) 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.67 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.69 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.71 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.72 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.34 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.37 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.37 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.38 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.59 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.61 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.62 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.65 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.68 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.69 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.72 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.78 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.79 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.22 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.25 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.26 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.36 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.37 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.55 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.56 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.61 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.62 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.62 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.62 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.63 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.63 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.64 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.66 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.68 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.69 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.47 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.47 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.48 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.49 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.50 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.50 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.50 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.50 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.50 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.51 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.53 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.59 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.59 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.63 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.29 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.31 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.34 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.39 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.39 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.42 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.45 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.45 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.46 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.48 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.48 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.49 245

APPENDIX B.3 (cont.) 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.50 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.55 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.58 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.61 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.71 9/9/2010 Dimilin M 0.73 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.16 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.18 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.19 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.19 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.24 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.26 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.29 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.30 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.31 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.32 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.35 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.35 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.37 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.43 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.43 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.44 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.44 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.48 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.59 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.60 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.62 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.63 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.63 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.67 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.70 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.70 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.33 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.35 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.38 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.39 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.41 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.49 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.50 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.50 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.59 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.63 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.63 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.67 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.72 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.47 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.52 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.55 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.70 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.78 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.79 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.81 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.85 9/9/2010 Malathion M 0.86 9/8/2010 Control F 0.53 9/8/2010 Control F 0.75 9/8/2010 Control F 0.77 9/8/2010 Control F 0.34 9/8/2010 Control F 0.40 9/8/2010 Control F 0.40 246

APPENDIX B.3 (cont.) 9/8/2010 Control F 0.40 9/8/2010 Control F 0.42 9/8/2010 Control F 0.43 9/8/2010 Control F 0.43 9/8/2010 Control F 0.45 9/8/2010 Control F 0.45 9/8/2010 Control F 0.47 9/8/2010 Control F 0.49 9/8/2010 Control F 0.49 9/8/2010 Control F 0.50 9/8/2010 Control F 0.50 9/8/2010 Control F 0.51 9/8/2010 Control F 0.51 9/8/2010 Control F 0.53 9/8/2010 Control F 0.29 9/8/2010 Control F 0.36 9/8/2010 Control F 0.37 9/8/2010 Control F 0.38 9/8/2010 Control F 0.39 9/8/2010 Control F 0.39 9/8/2010 Control F 0.52 9/8/2010 Control F 0.53 9/8/2010 Control F 0.54 9/8/2010 Control F 0.55 9/8/2010 Control F 0.56 9/8/2010 Control F 0.61 9/8/2010 Control F 0.65 9/8/2010 Control F 0.66 9/8/2010 Control F 0.29 9/8/2010 Control F 0.37 9/8/2010 Control F 0.41 9/8/2010 Control F 0.44 9/8/2010 Control F 0.47 9/8/2010 Control F 0.48 9/8/2010 Control F 0.50 9/8/2010 Control F 0.50 9/8/2010 Control F 0.51 9/8/2010 Control F 0.53 9/8/2010 Control F 0.53 9/8/2010 Control F 0.56 9/8/2010 Control F 0.56 9/8/2010 Control F 0.28 9/8/2010 Control F 0.32 9/8/2010 Control F 0.33 9/8/2010 Control F 0.37 9/8/2010 Control F 0.46 9/8/2010 Control F 0.47 9/8/2010 Control F 0.49 9/8/2010 Control F 0.52 9/8/2010 Control F 0.62 9/8/2010 Control F 0.65 9/8/2010 Control F 0.66 9/8/2010 Control F 0.66 9/8/2010 Control F 0.67 9/8/2010 Control F 0.20 9/8/2010 Control F 0.22 9/8/2010 Control F 0.26 9/8/2010 Control F 0.30 9/8/2010 Control F 0.33 9/8/2010 Control F 0.35 247

APPENDIX B.3 (cont.) 9/8/2010 Control F 0.35 9/8/2010 Control F 0.37 9/8/2010 Control F 0.41 9/8/2010 Control F 0.41 9/8/2010 Control F 0.41 9/8/2010 Control F 0.42 9/8/2010 Control F 0.43 9/8/2010 Control F 0.43 9/8/2010 Control F 0.48 9/8/2010 Control F 0.49 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.18 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.47 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.47 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.48 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.53 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.54 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.54 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.55 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.58 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.59 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.60 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.63 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.21 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.34 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.36 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.40 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.41 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.42 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.43 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.50 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.51 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.52 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.52 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.58 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.58 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.59 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.15 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.23 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.24 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.25 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.28 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.28 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.29 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.30 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.30 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.31 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.36 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.37 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.37 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.38 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.22 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.24 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.25 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.28 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.37 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.37 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.38 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.39 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.39 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.39 248

APPENDIX B.3 (cont.) 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.49 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.51 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.52 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.35 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.36 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.37 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.41 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.42 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.48 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.51 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.51 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.51 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.53 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.55 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.57 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.59 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.67 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.68 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.42 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.45 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.49 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.49 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.50 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.50 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.52 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.54 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.54 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.56 9/8/2010 Dimilin F 0.60 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.26 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.31 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.33 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.34 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.34 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.35 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.45 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.54 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.56 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.60 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.60 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.62 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.64 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.65 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.15 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.18 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.19 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.19 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.32 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.37 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.37 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.38 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.44 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.50 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.50 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.51 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.54 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.58 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.60 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.33 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.43 249

APPENDIX B.3 (cont.) 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.43 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.45 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.50 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.50 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.52 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.54 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.54 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.54 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.54 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.62 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.34 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.39 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.40 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.42 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.50 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.57 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.63 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.66 9/8/2010 Malathion F 0.82 9/28/2010 Control M 0.25 9/28/2010 Control M 0.33 9/28/2010 Control M 0.36 9/28/2010 Control M 0.39 9/28/2010 Control M 0.42 9/28/2010 Control M 0.45 9/28/2010 Control M 0.46 9/28/2010 Control M 0.47 9/28/2010 Control M 0.49 9/28/2010 Control M 0.49 9/28/2010 Control M 0.49 9/28/2010 Control M 0.52 9/28/2010 Control M 0.55 9/28/2010 Control M 0.59 9/28/2010 Control M 0.60 9/28/2010 Control M 0.30 9/28/2010 Control M 0.31 9/28/2010 Control M 0.32 9/28/2010 Control M 0.33 9/28/2010 Control M 0.39 9/28/2010 Control M 0.41 9/28/2010 Control M 0.41 9/28/2010 Control M 0.42 9/28/2010 Control M 0.42 9/28/2010 Control M 0.42 9/28/2010 Control M 0.44 9/28/2010 Control M 0.44 9/28/2010 Control M 0.44 9/28/2010 Control M 0.44 9/28/2010 Control M 0.45 9/28/2010 Control M 0.47 9/28/2010 Control M 0.48 9/28/2010 Control M 0.49 9/28/2010 Control M 0.33 9/28/2010 Control M 0.46 9/28/2010 Control M 0.49 9/28/2010 Control M 0.53 9/28/2010 Control M 0.56 9/28/2010 Control M 0.58 9/28/2010 Control M 0.60 9/28/2010 Control M 0.20 250

APPENDIX B.3 (cont.) 9/28/2010 Control M 0.26 9/28/2010 Control M 0.29 9/28/2010 Control M 0.31 9/28/2010 Control M 0.31 9/28/2010 Control M 0.32 9/28/2010 Control M 0.32 9/28/2010 Control M 0.34 9/28/2010 Control M 0.34 9/28/2010 Control M 0.35 9/28/2010 Control M 0.36 9/28/2010 Control M 0.37 9/28/2010 Control M 0.43 9/28/2010 Control M 0.49 9/28/2010 Control M 0.39 9/28/2010 Control M 0.43 9/28/2010 Control M 0.50 9/28/2010 Control M 0.50 9/28/2010 Control M 0.52 9/28/2010 Control M 0.55 9/28/2010 Control M 0.62 9/28/2010 Control M 0.63 9/28/2010 Control M 0.63 9/28/2010 Control M 0.64 9/28/2010 Control M 0.66 9/28/2010 Control M 0.22 9/28/2010 Control M 0.22 9/28/2010 Control M 0.24 9/28/2010 Control M 0.24 9/28/2010 Control M 0.25 9/28/2010 Control M 0.27 9/28/2010 Control M 0.32 9/28/2010 Control M 0.38 9/28/2010 Control M 0.42 9/28/2010 Control M 0.52 9/28/2010 Control M 0.53 9/28/2010 Control M 0.59 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.61 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.62 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.65 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.68 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.68 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.69 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.73 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.38 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.38 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.38 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.39 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.40 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.44 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.47 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.49 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.51 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.51 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.51 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.24 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.37 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.38 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.39 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.40 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.41 251

APPENDIX B.3 (cont.) 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.44 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.48 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.49 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.52 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.52 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.54 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.56 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.57 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.57 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.62 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.17 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.18 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.18 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.19 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.20 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.21 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.23 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.30 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.38 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.39 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.42 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.43 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.44 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.44 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.51 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.51 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.52 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.52 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.54 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.55 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.56 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.56 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.57 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.59 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.60 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.26 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.32 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.33 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.35 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.39 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.41 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.41 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.42 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.43 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.44 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.45 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.51 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.51 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.54 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.54 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.65 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.66 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.17 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.21 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.29 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.39 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.40 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.45 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.51 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.53 252

APPENDIX B.3 (cont.) 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.58 9/28/2010 Dimilin M 0.63 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.24 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.29 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.31 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.35 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.36 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.39 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.39 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.41 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.43 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.44 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.44 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.24 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.27 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.31 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.40 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.42 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.42 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.46 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.48 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.48 9/28/2010 Malathion M 0.50 9/28/2010 Control F 0.41 9/28/2010 Control F 0.43 9/28/2010 Control F 0.56 9/28/2010 Control F 0.57 9/28/2010 Control F 0.57 9/28/2010 Control F 0.58 9/28/2010 Control F 0.61 9/28/2010 Control F 0.62 9/28/2010 Control F 0.62 9/28/2010 Control F 0.64 9/28/2010 Control F 0.66 9/28/2010 Control F 0.67 9/28/2010 Control F 0.24 9/28/2010 Control F 0.29 9/28/2010 Control F 0.31 9/28/2010 Control F 0.33 9/28/2010 Control F 0.37 9/28/2010 Control F 0.37 9/28/2010 Control F 0.38 9/28/2010 Control F 0.40 9/28/2010 Control F 0.44 9/28/2010 Control F 0.44 9/28/2010 Control F 0.48 9/28/2010 Control F 0.49 9/28/2010 Control F 0.51 9/28/2010 Control F 0.51 9/28/2010 Control F 0.52 9/28/2010 Control F 0.56 9/28/2010 Control F 0.30 9/28/2010 Control F 0.35 9/28/2010 Control F 0.42 9/28/2010 Control F 0.43 9/28/2010 Control F 0.46 9/28/2010 Control F 0.53 9/28/2010 Control F 0.55 9/28/2010 Control F 0.64 9/28/2010 Control F 0.67 253

APPENDIX B.3 (cont.) 9/28/2010 Control F 0.68 9/28/2010 Control F 0.51 9/28/2010 Control F 0.55 9/28/2010 Control F 0.56 9/28/2010 Control F 0.58 9/28/2010 Control F 0.59 9/28/2010 Control F 0.63 9/28/2010 Control F 0.63 9/28/2010 Control F 0.68 9/28/2010 Control F 0.70 9/28/2010 Control F 0.71 9/28/2010 Control F 0.72 9/28/2010 Control F 0.72 9/28/2010 Control F 0.77 9/28/2010 Control F 0.77 9/28/2010 Control F 0.41 9/28/2010 Control F 0.46 9/28/2010 Control F 0.52 9/28/2010 Control F 0.57 9/28/2010 Control F 0.57 9/28/2010 Control F 0.61 9/28/2010 Control F 0.63 9/28/2010 Control F 0.69 9/28/2010 Control F 0.71 9/28/2010 Control F 0.72 9/28/2010 Control F 0.72 9/28/2010 Control F 0.74 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.26 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.31 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.34 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.36 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.36 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.39 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.41 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.42 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.43 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.52 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.52 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.55 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.57 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.42 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.44 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.48 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.52 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.52 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.55 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.57 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.57 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.57 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.58 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.62 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.63 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.64 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.15 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.20 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.21 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.21 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.30 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.32 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.35 254

APPENDIX B.3 (cont.) 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.35 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.36 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.36 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.38 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.40 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.40 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.43 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.47 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.47 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.39 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.40 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.42 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.52 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.53 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.53 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.53 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.58 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.59 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.60 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.61 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.71 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.37 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.37 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.38 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.38 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.39 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.40 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.42 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.42 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.44 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.48 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.48 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.49 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.52 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.56 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.56 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.59 9/28/2010 Dimilin F 0.61 9/28/2010 Malathion F 0.20 9/28/2010 Malathion F 0.47 9/28/2010 Malathion F 0.54 9/28/2010 Malathion F 0.55 9/28/2010 Malathion F 0.55 9/28/2010 Malathion F 0.63 9/28/2010 Malathion F 0.64 9/28/2010 Malathion F 0.68 9/28/2010 Malathion F 0.69

255

APPENDIX B.4 NICROPHORUS MARGINATUS SURVIVAL AFTER FEEDING ON TREATED GRASSHOPPER CARCASSES* (RAW DATA CORRESPONDS TO THE SECONDARY POISONING OF ADULTS VIA GRASSHOPPER CARCASSES SECTION IN CHAPTER 6) Spray lag Starved No. No. Date Treatment (days) (days) alive dead 9/19/2009 Nonfed 0.5 0 10 0 9/19/2009 Nonfed 0.5 0 10 0 9/19/2009 Nonfed 0.5 0 10 0 9/29/2009 Nonfed 0.5 0 10 0 9/29/2009 Nonfed 0.5 0 10 0 9/19/2009 Control 0.5 2 9 1 9/19/2009 Control 0.5 2 9 1 9/19/2009 Control 0.5 2 10 0 9/29/2009 Control 0.5 2 10 0 9/29/2009 Control 0.5 2 8 2 9/19/2009 Malathion 0.5 2 10 0 9/19/2009 Malathion 0.5 2 9 1 9/19/2009 Malathion 0.5 2 10 0 9/29/2009 Malathion 0.5 2 9 1 9/29/2009 Malathion 0.5 2 6 4 * = Control grasshoppers were freeze-killed and nonfed control consisted of beetles with no food source.

APPENDIX B.5 PRELIMINARY MORTALITY RESULTS OF NICROPHORUS MARGINATUS FEEDING ON TREATED* GRASSHOPPER CARCASSES IN RELATION TO BEETLE PRONOTAL WIDTH (RAW DATA CORRESPONDS TO THE SECONDARY POISONING OF ADULTS VIA GRASSHOPPER CARCASSES SECTION IN CHAPTER 6) Spray lag Starved Treatment Pronotal width (mm) (days) (days) Condition Nonfed 7.26 0.5 0 Dead Nonfed 5.43 0.5 0 Dead Nonfed 7.35 0.5 0 Dead Nonfed 5.84 0.5 0 Alive Nonfed 6.51 0.5 0 Alive Nonfed 5.04 0.5 0 Alive Nonfed 5.50 0.5 0 Alive Nonfed 7.53 0.5 0 Alive Nonfed 5.88 0.5 0 Alive Nonfed 6.61 0.5 0 Alive Nonfed 5.88 0.5 0 Alive Nonfed 8.25 0.5 0 Alive Control 6.74 0.5 4 Dead Control 6.04 0.5 4 Dead Control 6.14 0.5 4 Alive Control 6.19 0.5 4 Alive Control 6.11 0.5 4 Alive Control 6.72 0.5 4 Alive Control 6.29 0.5 4 Alive Control 4.06 0.5 4 Alive Control 6.67 0.5 4 Alive 256

APPENDIX B.5 (cont.) Control 6.01 0.5 4 Alive Control 7.06 0.5 4 Alive Control 7.23 0.5 4 Alive Control 7.50 0.5 4 Alive Control 6.93 0.5 4 Alive Control 6.43 0.5 4 Alive Control 7.60 0.5 4 Alive Control 8.46 0.5 4 Alive Control 7.77 0.5 4 Alive Malathion 5.71 0.5 4 Dead Malathion 6.33 0.5 4 Dead Malathion 6.16 0.5 4 Dead Malathion 6.55 0.5 4 Dead Malathion 6.68 0.5 4 Dead Malathion 5.51 0.5 4 Dead Malathion 4.70 0.5 4 Alive Malathion 5.93 0.5 4 Alive Malathion 6.41 0.5 4 Alive Malathion 5.11 0.5 4 Alive Malathion 6.03 0.5 4 Alive Malathion 5.47 0.5 4 Alive Malathion 7.47 0.5 4 Alive Malathion 6.65 0.5 4 Alive Malathion 7.65 0.5 4 Alive Malathion 4.82 0.5 4 Alive Malathion 6.37 0.5 4 Alive Malathion 6.83 0.5 4 Alive Malathion 6.61 0.5 4 Alive Malathion 6.71 0.5 4 Alive * = Control grasshoppers were freeze-killed and nonfed control consisted of beetles with no food source.

APPENDIX B.6 NICROPHORUS ORBICOLLIS REPRODUCTION ATTEMPTS USING A TREATED MOUSE (RAW DATA CORRESPONDS TO FIGURES 26 AND 27 IN CHAPTER 6, INDIRECT EXPOSURE EFFECTS ON BROOD SUCCESS SECTION) 2008 2009 2010 No. of No. of No. of Treatment Treatment Treatment larvae larvae larvae Control 0 Control 0 Control 0 Control 0 Control 0 Control 0 Control 0 Control 0 Control 0 Control 0 Control 0 Control 0 Control 0 Control 5 Control 0 Control 0 Control 6 Control 0 Control 0 Control 7 Control 3 Control 0 Control 11 Control 6 Control 0 Control 13 Control 7 Control 0 Control 14 Control 7 Control 0 Control 15 Control 7 Control 0 Control 15 Control 7 Control 9 Control 17 Control 9 Control 15 Control 17 Control 9 257

APPENDIX B.6 (cont.) Control 15 Control 17 Control 10 Control 15 Control 19 Control 11 Control 16 Control 22 Control 12 Control 19 Control 23 Control 15 Control 20 Control 23 Control 17 Control 21 Control 25 Control 21 Control 24 Dimilin 0 Control 26 Control 29 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 1 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 1 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 1 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 2 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 3 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 4 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 5 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 7 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 11 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 14 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 15 Dimilin 1 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 16 Dimilin 3 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 17 Dimilin 4 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 19 Dimilin 4 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 24 Dimilin 8 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 27 Dimilin 19 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 22 Dimilin 0 Dimilin 29 Dimilin 3 Malathion 0 Dimilin 24 Malathion 0 Malathion 0 Malathion 0 Malathion 0 Malathion 0 Malathion 0 Malathion 2 Malathion 0 Malathion 3 Malathion 0 Malathion 3 Malathion 0 Malathion 6 Malathion 0 Malathion 6 Malathion 0 Malathion 7 Malathion 0 Malathion 9 Malathion 1 Malathion 12 Malathion 1 Malathion 12 Malathion 2 Malathion 12 Malathion 8 Malathion 13 Malathion 9 Malathion 13 Malathion 10 Malathion 14 Malathion 13 Malathion 14 Malathion 16 Malathion 14 Malathion 17 Malathion 15 Malathion 19 Malathion 19 Malathion 20 Malathion 21 Malathion 25

258

APPENDIX B.7 NICROPHORUS ORBICOLLIS 3RD INSTAR LARVAL WEIGHTS AFTER REPRODUCTION ATTEMPTS USING A TREATED MOUSE (RAW DATA CORRESPONDS TO FIGURE 28 IN CHAPTER 6, INDIRECT EXPOSURE EFFECTS ON BROOD SUCCESS SECTION) 2008 2009 2010 Treatment Weight (g) Treatment Weight (g) Treatment Weight (g) Control 0.06 Control 0.49 Control 0.09 Control 0.08 Control 0.44 Control 0.11 Control 0.08 Control 0.45 Control 0.11 Control 0.08 Control 0.47 Control 0.12 Control 0.09 Control 0.44 Control 0.12 Control 0.10 Control 0.42 Control 0.13 Control 0.10 Control 0.47 Control 0.13 Control 0.11 Control 0.43 Control 0.13 Control 0.11 Control 0.47 Control 0.14 Control 0.11 Control 0.43 Control 0.14 Control 0.12 Control 0.40 Control 0.14 Control 0.12 Control 0.37 Control 0.14 Control 0.13 Control 0.42 Control 0.15 Control 0.13 Control 0.42 Control 0.15 Control 0.13 Control 0.44 Control 0.15 Control 0.13 Control 0.37 Control 0.15 Control 0.13 Control 0.42 Control 0.15 Control 0.13 Control 0.36 Control 0.17 Control 0.14 Control 0.45 Control 0.17 Control 0.14 Control 0.44 Control 0.17 Control 0.14 Control 0.58 Control 0.18 Control 0.14 Control 0.46 Control 0.18 Control 0.15 Control 0.61 Control 0.18 Control 0.15 Control 0.54 Control 0.19 Control 0.15 Control 0.60 Control 0.20 Control 0.15 Control 0.47 Control 0.23 Control 0.15 Control 0.56 Control 0.20 Control 0.15 Control 0.42 Control 0.24 Control 0.15 Control 0.52 Control 0.25 Control 0.15 Control 0.59 Control 0.26 Control 0.16 Control 0.46 Control 0.27 Control 0.16 Control 0.33 Control 0.28 Control 0.16 Control 0.59 Control 0.28 Control 0.16 Control 0.54 Control 0.30 Control 0.16 Control 0.59 Control 0.31 Control 0.16 Control 0.53 Control 0.31 Control 0.17 Control 0.42 Control 0.25 Control 0.17 Control 0.46 Control 0.42 Control 0.17 Control 0.50 Control 0.51 Control 0.17 Control 0.43 Control 0.12 Control 0.17 Control 0.41 Control 0.29 Control 0.18 Control 0.47 Control 0.29 Control 0.18 Control 0.48 Control 0.29 Control 0.18 Control 0.56 Control 0.30 Control 0.18 Control 0.44 Control 0.32 Control 0.19 Control 0.50 Control 0.32 Control 0.19 Control 0.27 Control 0.32 Control 0.20 Control 0.38 Control 0.33 Control 0.20 Control 0.24 Control 0.34 Control 0.20 Control 0.42 Control 0.34 Control 0.20 Control 0.48 Control 0.34 259

APPENDIX B.7 (cont.) Control 0.21 Control 0.38 Control 0.35 Control 0.21 Control 0.46 Control 0.36 Control 0.22 Control 0.41 Control 0.36 Control 0.24 Control 0.53 Control 0.07 Control 0.24 Control 0.42 Control 0.13 Control 0.25 Control 0.40 Control 0.18 Control 0.26 Control 0.48 Control 0.21 Control 0.27 Control 0.35 Control 0.22 Control 0.30 Control 0.42 Control 0.24 Control 0.31 Control 0.43 Control 0.32 Control 0.31 Control 0.48 Control 0.42 Control 0.32 Control 0.40 Control 0.44 Control 0.32 Control 0.35 Control 0.44 Control 0.32 Control 0.05 Control 0.45 Control 0.32 Control 0.53 Control 0.48 Control 0.33 Control 0.54 Control 0.15 Control 0.33 Control 0.55 Control 0.26 Control 0.34 Control 0.54 Control 0.29 Control 0.35 Control 0.50 Control 0.29 Control 0.36 Control 0.45 Control 0.29 Control 0.36 Control 0.51 Control 0.29 Control 0.36 Control 0.55 Control 0.30 Control 0.36 Control 0.54 Control 0.30 Control 0.36 Control 0.51 Control 0.30 Control 0.36 Control 0.52 Control 0.31 Control 0.37 Control 0.56 Control 0.31 Control 0.37 Control 0.53 Control 0.31 Control 0.37 Control 0.52 Control 0.32 Control 0.37 Control 0.52 Control 0.32 Control 0.37 Control 0.53 Control 0.33 Control 0.38 Control 0.48 Control 0.33 Control 0.38 Control 0.38 Control 0.34 Control 0.38 Control 0.35 Control 0.34 Control 0.38 Control 0.44 Control 0.35 Control 0.38 Control 0.32 Control 0.35 Control 0.39 Control 0.32 Control 0.38 Control 0.39 Control 0.18 Control 0.15 Control 0.39 Control 0.36 Control 0.32 Control 0.40 Control 0.49 Control 0.40 Control 0.40 Control 0.36 Control 0.41 Control 0.40 Control 0.29 Control 0.41 Control 0.41 Control 0.47 Control 0.45 Control 0.42 Control 0.37 Control 0.46 Control 0.43 Control 0.26 Control 0.14 Control 0.43 Control 0.37 Control 0.18 Control 0.43 Control 0.27 Control 0.32 Control 0.43 Control 0.24 Control 0.34 Control 0.44 Control 0.33 Control 0.37 Control 0.45 Control 0.48 Control 0.38 Control 0.45 Control 0.44 Control 0.45 Control 0.45 Control 0.35 Control 0.11 Control 0.45 Control 0.50 Control 0.14 Control 0.46 Control 0.36 Control 0.14 Control 0.46 Control 0.39 Control 0.23 Control 0.46 Control 0.29 Control 0.32 Control 0.46 Control 0.39 Control 0.44 Control 0.46 Control 0.36 Control 0.28 Control 0.46 Control 0.35 Control 0.38 Control 0.47 Control 0.32 Control 0.39 Control 0.47 Control 0.37 Control 0.40 260

APPENDIX B.7 (cont.) Control 0.47 Control 0.33 Control 0.41 Control 0.47 Control 0.33 Control 0.45 Control 0.47 Control 0.39 Control 0.46 Control 0.47 Control 0.12 Control 0.47 Control 0.47 Control 0.33 Control 0.48 Control 0.47 Control 0.35 Control 0.49 Control 0.47 Control 0.35 Control 0.49 Control 0.48 Control 0.33 Control 0.27 Control 0.48 Control 0.36 Control 0.30 Control 0.48 Control 0.36 Control 0.33 Control 0.48 Control 0.44 Control 0.35 Control 0.48 Control 0.27 Control 0.39 Control 0.48 Control 0.34 Control 0.40 Control 0.49 Control 0.31 Control 0.47 Control 0.49 Control 0.38 Control 0.48 Control 0.49 Control 0.36 Control 0.52 Control 0.49 Control 0.35 Control 0.22 Control 0.49 Control 0.32 Control 0.26 Control 0.49 Control 0.38 Control 0.31 Control 0.49 Control 0.34 Control 0.40 Control 0.49 Control 0.34 Control 0.47 Control 0.49 Control 0.33 Control 0.48 Control 0.50 Control 0.33 Control 0.49 Control 0.50 Control 0.25 Control 0.32 Control 0.51 Control 0.38 Control 0.33 Control 0.51 Control 0.32 Control 0.35 Control 0.51 Control 0.32 Control 0.38 Control 0.51 Control 0.28 Control 0.41 Control 0.51 Control 0.34 Control 0.42 Control 0.51 Control 0.35 Control 0.42 Control 0.51 Control 0.31 Control 0.44 Control 0.51 Control 0.21 Control 0.45 Control 0.52 Control 0.34 Control 0.45 Control 0.52 Control 0.27 Control 0.46 Control 0.52 Control 0.36 Control 0.47 Control 0.52 Control 0.35 Control 0.49 Control 0.52 Control 0.33 Control 0.51 Control 0.52 Control 0.31 Control 0.54 Control 0.52 Control 0.36 Control 0.54 Control 0.52 Control 0.27 Control 0.62 Control 0.52 Control 0.29 Control 0.15 Control 0.52 Control 0.36 Control 0.24 Control 0.52 Control 0.33 Control 0.25 Control 0.53 Control 0.32 Control 0.39 Control 0.53 Control 0.33 Control 0.40 Control 0.53 Control 0.33 Control 0.41 Control 0.53 Control 0.28 Control 0.42 Control 0.53 Control 0.13 Control 0.45 Control 0.53 Control 0.33 Control 0.46 Control 0.54 Control 0.30 Control 0.30 Control 0.54 Control 0.25 Control 0.34 Control 0.54 Control 0.31 Control 0.35 Control 0.54 Control 0.28 Control 0.41 Control 0.54 Control 0.60 Control 0.43 Control 0.55 Control 0.56 Control 0.43 Control 0.55 Control 0.51 Control 0.43 Control 0.55 Control 0.41 Dimilin 0.13 Control 0.55 Control 0.53 Dimilin 0.15 Control 0.55 Control 0.54 Dimilin 0.15 Control 0.55 Control 0.41 Dimilin 0.16 261

APPENDIX B.7 (cont.) Control 0.55 Control 0.52 Dimilin 0.16 Control 0.56 Control 0.53 Dimilin 0.16 Control 0.56 Control 0.46 Dimilin 0.17 Control 0.56 Control 0.52 Dimilin 0.18 Control 0.56 Control 0.47 Dimilin 0.18 Control 0.57 Control 0.37 Dimilin 0.19 Control 0.57 Control 0.56 Dimilin 0.19 Control 0.58 Control 0.48 Dimilin 0.19 Control 0.58 Control 0.33 Dimilin 0.21 Control 0.59 Control 0.50 Dimilin 0.21 Control 0.60 Control 0.41 Dimilin 0.23 Control 0.64 Control 0.50 Dimilin 0.23 Dimilin 0.32 Control 0.45 Dimilin 0.23 Dimilin 0.33 Control 0.45 Dimilin 0.24 Dimilin 0.37 Control 0.23 Dimilin 0.24 Dimilin 0.38 Control 0.49 Dimilin 0.24 Dimilin 0.39 Control 0.50 Dimilin 0.24 Dimilin 0.39 Control 0.52 Dimilin 0.26 Dimilin 0.40 Control 0.51 Dimilin 0.26 Dimilin 0.41 Control 0.48 Dimilin 0.27 Dimilin 0.41 Control 0.43 Dimilin 0.27 Dimilin 0.42 Control 0.45 Dimilin 0.27 Dimilin 0.42 Control 0.52 Dimilin 0.30 Dimilin 0.42 Control 0.41 Dimilin 0.31 Dimilin 0.43 Control 0.46 Dimilin 0.31 Dimilin 0.43 Control 0.52 Dimilin 0.16 Dimilin 0.44 Control 0.53 Dimilin 0.20 Dimilin 0.45 Control 0.33 Dimilin 0.24 Dimilin 0.45 Control 0.32 Dimilin 0.24 Dimilin 0.45 Control 0.30 Dimilin 0.28 Dimilin 0.47 Control 0.30 Dimilin 0.29 Dimilin 0.47 Control 0.32 Dimilin 0.30 Dimilin 0.47 Control 0.31 Dimilin 0.31 Dimilin 0.48 Control 0.27 Dimilin 0.33 Dimilin 0.50 Control 0.26 Dimilin 0.33 Dimilin 0.50 Control 0.27 Dimilin 0.34 Dimilin 0.51 Control 0.25 Dimilin 0.34 Dimilin 0.53 Control 0.26 Dimilin 0.36 Dimilin 0.59 Control 0.19 Dimilin 0.37 Malathion 0.08 Control 0.31 Dimilin 0.37 Malathion 0.10 Control 0.30 Dimilin 0.38 Malathion 0.13 Control 0.35 Dimilin 0.39 Malathion 0.14 Control 0.39 Dimilin 0.40 Malathion 0.15 Control 0.41 Dimilin 0.40 Malathion 0.15 Control 0.39 Dimilin 0.43 Malathion 0.15 Control 0.43 Dimilin 0.44 Malathion 0.15 Control 0.45 Dimilin 0.50 Malathion 0.16 Control 0.45 Dimilin 0.30 Malathion 0.16 Control 0.44 Dimilin 0.34 Malathion 0.16 Control 0.44 Dimilin 0.35 Malathion 0.19 Control 0.45 Dimilin 0.38 Malathion 0.23 Control 0.46 Dimilin 0.39 Malathion 0.24 Control 0.51 Dimilin 0.42 Malathion 0.24 Control 0.47 Dimilin 0.44 Malathion 0.24 Control 0.44 Dimilin 0.48 Malathion 0.27 Control 0.43 Dimilin 0.33 Malathion 0.28 Control 0.48 Dimilin 0.36 Malathion 0.29 Control 0.46 Dimilin 0.36 Malathion 0.29 Control 0.48 Dimilin 0.44 Malathion 0.29 Control 0.46 Dimilin 0.28 262

APPENDIX B.7 (cont.) Malathion 0.31 Control 0.43 Dimilin 0.38 Malathion 0.32 Control 0.44 Dimilin 0.39 Malathion 0.32 Control 0.43 Dimilin 0.50 Malathion 0.33 Control 0.37 Dimilin 0.26 Malathion 0.33 Control 0.31 Dimilin 0.28 Malathion 0.35 Control 0.40 Dimilin 0.28 Malathion 0.35 Control 0.37 Dimilin 0.29 Malathion 0.35 Control 0.27 Dimilin 0.29 Malathion 0.36 Control 0.38 Dimilin 0.32 Malathion 0.36 Control 0.23 Dimilin 0.32 Malathion 0.36 Control 0.36 Dimilin 0.33 Malathion 0.36 Control 0.40 Dimilin 0.34 Malathion 0.36 Control 0.37 Dimilin 0.37 Malathion 0.37 Control 0.40 Dimilin 0.37 Malathion 0.37 Control 0.38 Dimilin 0.38 Malathion 0.38 Control 0.39 Dimilin 0.39 Malathion 0.38 Control 0.19 Dimilin 0.40 Malathion 0.38 Control 0.33 Dimilin 0.41 Malathion 0.38 Dimilin 0.30 Dimilin 0.41 Malathion 0.38 Dimilin 0.25 Dimilin 0.41 Malathion 0.38 Dimilin 0.47 Dimilin 0.41 Malathion 0.38 Dimilin 0.55 Dimilin 0.42 Malathion 0.39 Dimilin 0.54 Dimilin 0.19 Malathion 0.39 Dimilin 0.58 Dimilin 0.10 Malathion 0.39 Dimilin 0.55 Dimilin 0.14 Malathion 0.40 Dimilin 0.34 Dimilin 0.28 Malathion 0.40 Dimilin 0.61 Malathion 0.21 Malathion 0.40 Dimilin 0.57 Malathion 0.22 Malathion 0.40 Dimilin 0.43 Malathion 0.25 Malathion 0.40 Dimilin 0.52 Malathion 0.26 Malathion 0.40 Dimilin 0.32 Malathion 0.30 Malathion 0.41 Dimilin 0.24 Malathion 0.35 Malathion 0.41 Dimilin 0.27 Malathion 0.35 Malathion 0.41 Dimilin 0.23 Malathion 0.36 Malathion 0.41 Dimilin 0.48 Malathion 0.37 Malathion 0.41 Dimilin 0.28 Malathion 0.39 Malathion 0.41 Dimilin 0.25 Malathion 0.45 Malathion 0.41 Dimilin 0.35 Malathion 0.45 Malathion 0.41 Dimilin 0.46 Malathion 0.47 Malathion 0.41 Dimilin 0.37 Malathion 0.07 Malathion 0.41 Dimilin 0.38 Malathion 0.11 Malathion 0.42 Dimilin 0.28 Malathion 0.11 Malathion 0.42 Dimilin 0.21 Malathion 0.16 Malathion 0.43 Dimilin 0.32 Malathion 0.19 Malathion 0.43 Dimilin 0.29 Malathion 0.20 Malathion 0.43 Dimilin 0.38 Malathion 0.21 Malathion 0.43 Dimilin 0.39 Malathion 0.24 Malathion 0.43 Dimilin 0.37 Malathion 0.27 Malathion 0.43 Dimilin 0.31 Malathion 0.29 Malathion 0.43 Dimilin 0.32 Malathion 0.32 Malathion 0.44 Dimilin 0.47 Malathion 0.34 Malathion 0.44 Dimilin 0.32 Malathion 0.36 Malathion 0.45 Dimilin 0.35 Malathion 0.39 Malathion 0.45 Dimilin 0.43 Malathion 0.22 Malathion 0.45 Dimilin 0.43 Malathion 0.23 Malathion 0.45 Dimilin 0.51 Malathion 0.23 Malathion 0.45 Dimilin 0.42 Malathion 0.23 Malathion 0.46 Dimilin 0.46 Malathion 0.24 Malathion 0.46 Dimilin 0.23 Malathion 0.25 Malathion 0.46 Dimilin 0.51 Malathion 0.26 263

APPENDIX B.7 (cont.) Malathion 0.46 Dimilin 0.42 Malathion 0.27 Malathion 0.46 Dimilin 0.30 Malathion 0.28 Malathion 0.46 Dimilin 0.43 Malathion 0.28 Malathion 0.47 Dimilin 0.44 Malathion 0.31 Malathion 0.47 Dimilin 0.22 Malathion 0.32 Malathion 0.48 Dimilin 0.41 Malathion 0.32 Malathion 0.49 Dimilin 0.37 Malathion 0.33 Malathion 0.49 Dimilin 0.36 Malathion 0.35 Malathion 0.49 Dimilin 0.17 Malathion 0.37 Malathion 0.49 Dimilin 0.15 Malathion 0.37 Malathion 0.49 Dimilin 0.25 Malathion 0.38 Malathion 0.50 Dimilin 0.47 Malathion 0.40 Malathion 0.51 Dimilin 0.38 Malathion 0.11 Malathion 0.51 Dimilin 0.39 Malathion 0.22 Malathion 0.51 Dimilin 0.25 Malathion 0.27 Malathion 0.51 Dimilin 0.22 Malathion 0.28 Malathion 0.51 Dimilin 0.31 Malathion 0.30 Malathion 0.51 Dimilin 0.42 Malathion 0.30 Malathion 0.52 Dimilin 0.43 Malathion 0.36 Malathion 0.52 Dimilin 0.44 Malathion 0.37 Malathion 0.52 Dimilin 0.44 Malathion 0.37 Malathion 0.52 Dimilin 0.44 Malathion 0.39 Malathion 0.52 Dimilin 0.45 Malathion 0.39 Malathion 0.52 Dimilin 0.45 Malathion 0.44 Malathion 0.52 Dimilin 0.44 Malathion 0.35 Malathion 0.53 Dimilin 0.21 Malathion 0.42 Malathion 0.53 Dimilin 0.47 Malathion 0.44 Malathion 0.53 Dimilin 0.22 Malathion 0.46 Malathion 0.53 Dimilin 0.36 Malathion 0.47 Malathion 0.53 Dimilin 0.19 Malathion 0.50 Malathion 0.53 Dimilin 0.24 Malathion 0.06 Malathion 0.53 Dimilin 0.25 Malathion 0.09 Malathion 0.53 Dimilin 0.27 Malathion 0.24 Malathion 0.53 Dimilin 0.19 Malathion 0.24 Malathion 0.54 Dimilin 0.40 Malathion 0.25 Malathion 0.54 Dimilin 0.25 Malathion 0.27 Malathion 0.54 Dimilin 0.18 Malathion 0.27 Malathion 0.54 Dimilin 0.40 Malathion 0.28 Malathion 0.54 Dimilin 0.29 Malathion 0.30 Malathion 0.55 Dimilin 0.48 Malathion 0.31 Malathion 0.55 Dimilin 0.40 Malathion 0.32 Malathion 0.55 Dimilin 0.39 Malathion 0.35 Malathion 0.55 Dimilin 0.22 Malathion 0.36 Malathion 0.55 Dimilin 0.49 Malathion 0.38 Malathion 0.55 Dimilin 0.33 Malathion 0.36 Malathion 0.55 Dimilin 0.28 Malathion 0.38 Malathion 0.55 Dimilin 0.23 Malathion 0.38 Malathion 0.56 Dimilin 0.24 Malathion 0.39 Malathion 0.56 Dimilin 0.30 Malathion 0.41 Malathion 0.56 Dimilin 0.35 Malathion 0.42 Malathion 0.56 Dimilin 0.35 Malathion 0.45 Malathion 0.56 Dimilin 0.44 Malathion 0.45 Malathion 0.56 Dimilin 0.34 Malathion 0.46 Malathion 0.56 Dimilin 0.37 Malathion 0.47 Malathion 0.57 Dimilin 0.38 Malathion 0.48 Malathion 0.57 Dimilin 0.39 Malathion 0.49 Malathion 0.57 Dimilin 0.00 Malathion 0.51 Malathion 0.57 Dimilin 0.02 Malathion 0.54 Malathion 0.57 Dimilin 0.01 Malathion 0.42 Malathion 0.57 Dimilin 0.01 Malathion 0.43 264

APPENDIX B.7 (cont.) Malathion 0.57 Dimilin 0.02 Malathion 0.44 Malathion 0.58 Dimilin 0.01 Malathion 0.44 Malathion 0.58 Dimilin 0.01 Malathion 0.45 Malathion 0.58 Dimilin 0.00 Malathion 0.47 Malathion 0.58 Dimilin 0.02 Malathion 0.50 Malathion 0.58 Dimilin 0.00 Malathion 0.14 Malathion 0.58 Dimilin 0.00 Malathion 0.22 Malathion 0.59 Dimilin 0.30 Malathion 0.25 Malathion 0.59 Dimilin 0.37 Malathion 0.31 Malathion 0.59 Dimilin 0.34 Malathion 0.33 Malathion 0.59 Dimilin 0.46 Malathion 0.35 Malathion 0.60 Dimilin 0.37 Malathion 0.36 Malathion 0.61 Dimilin 0.41 Malathion 0.36 Malathion 0.61 Dimilin 0.32 Malathion 0.37 Malathion 0.62 Dimilin 0.35 Malathion 0.39 Malathion 0.64 Dimilin 0.43 Malathion 0.46 Malathion 0.64 Dimilin 0.49 Malathion 0.49 Malathion 0.66 Dimilin 0.43 Malathion 0.21 Malathion 0.66 Dimilin 0.24 Malathion 0.30 Malathion 0.69 Dimilin 0.41 Malathion 0.31 Malathion 0.71 Dimilin 0.37 Malathion 0.26 Dimilin 0.29 Malathion 0.26 Dimilin 0.40 Malathion 0.29 Dimilin 0.40 Malathion 0.34 Dimilin 0.44 Malathion 0.34 Dimilin 0.37 Malathion 0.35 Dimilin 0.46 Malathion 0.36 Dimilin 0.35 Malathion 0.37 Dimilin 0.16 Malathion 0.38 Dimilin 0.32 Malathion 0.39 Dimilin 0.39 Malathion 0.40 Dimilin 0.26 Malathion 0.41 Dimilin 0.25 Malathion 0.41 Dimilin 0.41 Malathion 0.45 Dimilin 0.17 Malathion 0.51 Dimilin 0.35 Malathion 0.28 Dimilin 0.19 Malathion 0.31 Dimilin 0.25 Malathion 0.33 Dimilin 0.19 Malathion 0.33 Dimilin 0.20 Malathion 0.35 Dimilin 0.34 Malathion 0.37 Dimilin 0.12 Malathion 0.37 Dimilin 0.33 Malathion 0.38 Dimilin 0.40 Malathion 0.38 Dimilin 0.21 Malathion 0.38 Dimilin 0.22 Malathion 0.41 Dimilin 0.26 Malathion 0.42 Dimilin 0.23 Malathion 0.44 Dimilin 0.36 Malathion 0.44 Dimilin 0.10 Malathion 0.39 Dimilin 0.15 Malathion 0.40 Dimilin 0.19 Malathion 0.57 Dimilin 0.30 Malathion 0.59 Dimilin 0.15 Malathion 0.61 Dimilin 0.25 Malathion 0.62 Dimilin 0.30 Malathion 0.37 Dimilin 0.47 Malathion 0.51 Dimilin 0.21 Malathion 0.54 Dimilin 0.10 Malathion 0.11 Dimilin 0.19 Malathion 0.18 265

APPENDIX B.7 (cont.) Dimilin 0.15 Malathion 0.19 Dimilin 0.12 Malathion 0.20 Dimilin 0.09 Malathion 0.24 Dimilin 0.23 Malathion 0.25 Dimilin 0.27 Malathion 0.26 Malathion 0.27 Malathion 0.30 Malathion 0.31 Malathion 0.33 Malathion 0.36 Malathion 0.38 Malathion 0.27 Malathion 0.31 Malathion 0.37 Malathion 0.46 Malathion 0.46 Malathion 0.46 Malathion 0.50 Malathion 0.50 Malathion 0.51

266

A B

Figure B.2. The containers (A) used for experiments testing the horizontal transmission of toxic residues between grasshopper carcasses and Nicrophorus marginatus (Chapter 6, Secondary Poisoning of Adults via Grasshopper Carcasses section). A view from above is also shown in B.

A B

Figure B.3. Nicrophorus marginatus consuming a grasshopper (A) during an experiment testing the horizontal transmission of toxic residues from the grasshopper carcasses to N. marginatus (Chapter 6, Secondary Poisoning of Adults via Grasshopper Carcasses section). The remains of two grasshoppers after 72 hours are shown in B.