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I the Impact of Dog Population Management on Free-Roaming Dog i The impact of dog population management on free-roaming dog population dynamics, health and welfare Lauren Margaret Smith Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Biology July 2020 ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own, except where work which has formed part of jointly authored publications has been included. The contribution of the candidate and the other authors to this work has been explicitly indicated below. The candidate confirms that appropriate credit has been given within the thesis where reference has been made to the work of others. The work in Chapters One and Two of the thesis have appeared in publication as follows: The Effectiveness of Dog Population Management: A Systematic Review. Animals 2019, 9(12). Published: 22 November 2019, Smith, LM., Hartmann, S., Munteanu, AM., Dalla Villa, P., Quinnell, RJ., Collins, LM. I was responsible for conceptualisation, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing of the original draft, reviewing and editing, and visualisation. The contributions of the other authors were: LM Collins and RJ Quinnell: conceptualisation, methodology, reviewing and editing, supervision and funding acquisition. S Hartmann, A Munteanu and P Dalla Villa: reviewing and editing. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement iii Acknowledgements Firstly, I am extremely grateful to my supervisors, Lisa and Rupert. Thank you for your endless support throughout this PhD. I really appreciate all your help and encouragement, and for allowing me this opportunity. I would also like to thank everyone in my research group, especially Helen, Conor, Mary, Emily, and Annika, who supported me day in and day out throughout this PhD, who travelled with me to help me conduct my fieldwork, who read through drafts of posters, abstracts, and thesis chapters, and provided endless help and advice – statistically, technically and mentally! A special thank you to Fergus, who has supported me and cheered me on throughout this journey, providing reassurance during the hardest parts, I couldn’t be more grateful for your support. Thank you to my family – Mum, Dad, Carlene, and Gregor, who have encouraged and supported my passion for animals and science from a young age. And also, thank you to my nephew Logan, who has given me a lot of joy as I have watched him grow up during my PhD. To my friends, Louise, Alexis, Hannah, you have been there throughout this journey – thank you for being the most amazing, supportive friends. I am extremely grateful to VIER PFOTEN International for funding this PhD, thank you so very much for the opportunity. I would particularly like to thank Sabine, Alex, Sarah, Alesya, Julie, Sara, and Benji at VIER PFOTEN International, and Paolo, Greta and all others at IZSAM, who have supported this project by offering important knowledge on dog population management, assisting with fieldwork, logistics, Facebook advertising, and translation. A special thank you also to Matteo from the University of Teramo, who provided such great iv support and connections during my fieldwork in Pescara, as well as introducing me to some beautiful parts of the country! Thank you so very much to Marta, Viktor, Vasil and all at Animal-id.info, who supported this research by providing technology to aid in data collection, important local knowledge on dog population management, and friendly support throughout this PhD. Thank you also to Andrew Rowan and Tamara Kartal at the Humane Society International, the local Communal Enterprise in Lviv, and the Veterinary Services – Pescara Province Local Health Unit who also provided important knowledge and data on dog population management. I would also like to thank all others who assisted in translation of documents, questionnaires, and information sheets, including the teams at VIER PFOTEN International and IZSAM, and also Petya, Sofia, and Daniel – your help and advice on translations has been invaluable. A special thank you also to the many survey participants, your contribution to this project has been so important. And finally, thank you to all the dogs who participated, unknowingly, in my research, especially Mickey! v Abstract Free-roaming dogs present disease, economic and conservation risks, whilst often experiencing health and welfare problems themselves. Dog population management is widely conducted to mitigate these issues. Recent studies have highlighted the need to assess the impact of different dog population management methods in terms of their effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability. This thesis reports the impact of dog population management methods on free-roaming dog population dynamics, health and welfare. An initial systematic review was conducted, finding that most management methods are associated with a reduction in population size and risks to public health and dog welfare. Methods involving fertility control had the greatest reported effect on dog population size. A follow-up field study collected dog population and public attitude data in focal European countries (Bulgaria, Italy and Ukraine). A mark-recapture study using Pollock’s robust design was conducted to determine population size, growth, and rates of recruitment and removal for free-roaming dog populations, finding evidence for effects of sex on removal rates and survey conditions on dog detection probability. The questionnaire found associations between public attitudes and dog ownership practices with gender, religious beliefs, age, education level, reason for dog ownership, previous experience with free-roaming dogs, and country of residence. Using the field data, a systems dynamics model was developed incorporating an interactive system of dog subpopulations to investigate the impact of population management on dog population size, welfare, and financial costs. Results show that methods incorporating both fertility control and responsible ownership have the greatest potential to reduce free-roaming dog population sizes, whilst being cost-effective and improving overall welfare. This thesis vi highlights the importance of identifying the causes of population increase (e.g. abandonment of owned dogs), to ensure that population management efforts create lasting change. vii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xiv Table of Figures ................................................................................................................ xvi Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... xix Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................1 1.1. The ecology of the domestic dog population .....................................................1 1.2. Dog population management................................................................................3 1.2.1. The impact of free-roaming dogs on public health ...................................................... 3 1.2.2. The impact of free-roaming dogs on wild and domestic animals ................................ 4 1.2.3. Health and welfare of free-roaming dogs .................................................................... 6 1.3. Methods of dog population management ...........................................................7 1.4. Thesis questions, objectives, hypotheses and structure .............................. 10 1.4.1. Thesis aim .................................................................................................................. 10 1.4.2. Thesis questions ........................................................................................................ 10 1.4.3. Thesis objectives ....................................................................................................... 11 1.4.4. Hypotheses ................................................................................................................ 12 1.4.5. Thesis structure ......................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 2. The Effectiveness of Dog Population Management: A Systematic Review .............................................................................................................................................. 15 viii 2.1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................15 2.1.1. Responsible groups and motivations for dog population management ........................... 15 2.1.2. Methods of managing dog populations ............................................................................ 16 2.1.3. Study aims ........................................................................................................................ 18 2.2. Materials and methods ............................................................................................18
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