Differentiation of yellow dwarf serotypes infecting cereals and in Hungary E Pocsai, G Kovács, I Murányi, Á Orosz, M Papp, L Szunics

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E Pocsai, G Kovács, I Murányi, Á Orosz, M Papp, et al.. Differentiation of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus serotypes infecting cereals and maize in Hungary. Agronomie, EDP Sciences, 1995, 15 (7-8), pp.401-408. ￿hal-00885695￿

HAL Id: hal-00885695 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00885695 Submitted on 1 Jan 1995

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E Pocsai G Kovács I Murányi Á Orosz M Papp L4 Szunics

1 Plant Health and Soil Conservation Station of County Fejér, H-2481 Velence; 2 Cereal Research Institute, H-9761 Táplánszentkereszt; 3 Rudolf Fleischmann Agricultural Research Institute of the Gödöllö University of Agricultural Sciences, H-3356 Kompolt; 4 Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462, Martonvasar, 5 Cereal Research Institute, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary

(Received 15 May 1995; accepted 3 July 1995)

Summary — In 1994, a survey was carried out at 4 different locations in Hungary (Kiszombor, Kompolt, Martonvásár and Táplánszentkereszt) for the presence of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV) serotypes in barley, , and maize. Leaf samples exhibiting symptoms of barley yellow dwarf virus were collected from cereal and maize plants. The number of samples collected was 119 from barley, 297 from wheat, 92 from triticale and 274 from maize. Diagnosis was done by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), using RPV, RMV, MAV, PAV and SGV diagnostics (Agdia). We determined that, among the barley yellow dwarf luteovirus serotypes, the PAV serotype was dominant in cereals at all locations. In maize both the RPV and RMV serotypes were present at high rates. luteovirus / barley yellow dwarf / serotype / cereal / maize

Résumé — Différenciation des sérotypes du virus de la jaunisse nanisante de l’orge (BYDV) qui infectent les céréales et le maïs en Hongrie. En 1994, une enquête a été réalisée dans 4 localités de Hongrie (Kiszombor, Kompolt, Martonvásár et Táplánszentkereszt) pour étudier la présence des sérotype du BYDV chez les orges, blé, triti- cale et maïs. Des échantillons de feuilles montrant des symptômes du BYDV ont été prélevés sur des plantes de céréales à paille et de maïs : 119 d’orge, 297 de blé, 92 de triticale et 274 de maïs. Le diagnostic viral par la méthode DAS-ELISA (double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) a été utilisé pour les virus : RPV, RMV, MAV, PAV et SGV. Les résultats montrent que, parmi les sérotypes du BYDV, c’est le PA V qui est dominant dans les céréales des différentes localités. Chez le maïs, les sérotypes RPV et RMV sont présents à des taux élevés. lutéovirus/barley yellow dwarf /sérotype/céréale/maïs

INTRODUCTION wheat production. This virus was first identified and described in winter barley by Szirmai (1967). Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV) is an eco- Five years later it was observed in winter wheat nomically important aphid-borne and phloem- during the spring of 1972 by Szunics and Szunics restricted virus that occurs world-wide in cereals. (1980). This virus was later recorded in maize by It is also distributed widely in perennial grasses. Milinkó et al (1984) and in by Pocsai et al In Hungary barley yellow dwarf luteovirus is (1985). In spite of the fact that BYDV was first one of the greatest limiting factors in barley and found in only 1967, it has become the most

* Correspondence and reprints important virus pathogen of cereal crops in However, the RPV- and RMV-specific isolates Hungary. Major infections in cereals were record- seemed to have a few antigens in common with ed in 1976, 1980, 1982, 1986 and 1989. the MAV-specific isolate. In 1982 a very severe epidemic occurred in Rochow (1979, 1982) compared the results of barley. Yield losses caused by BYDV ranged the aphid transmission test with those of obtained from 27 to 100% in the different barley varieties using ELISA. In comparison with the aphid trans- (Pocsai and Kobza, 1983). mission test, the ELISA was simpler, more sensi- and took less time. The ELISA test was Five strains or serotypes of the pathogen have tive, better for the of mixed infec- been differentiated on the basis of vector speci- especially diagnosis ficity and serological properties. Rochow (1969) tions. differentiated 4 types of isolate: RMV, RPV, MAV Lister and Rochow (1979) indicated that and PAV. Isolates of the RMV type were trans- ELISA was sensitive enough to detect BYDV in mitted regularly and specifically by leaf extracts. ELISA could easily distinguish and less frequently by R between RPV and MAV. PAV sometimes reacted padi, Macrosiphum avenae and Schizaphis weakly with MAV antiserum in heterologous graminum. The role of R padi is decisive in the tests. transmission of RPV. MAV was trans- specifically The ELISA procedure was successfully mitted by M avenae and rarely by R padi, R applied for the detection and differentiation of maidis and S graminum. PAV could be transmit- BYDV serotypes by Gugerli and Derron (1981), ted regularly but not specifically by R padi and M Rochow (1982), Hammond et al (1983) and avenae. Haase et al (1985). Among the serotypes of In Manitoba, Gill (1969) described a fifth vari- BYDV there are differences in the degree of ant of BYDV which was specifically transmitted damage caused by the virus. by S graminum. Al-Faiz et al (1993) observed that cereals For a long time the aphid transmission test infected by BYDV were highly sensitive to was the only way to differentiate between the drought in field trials. It was detected that the root barley yellow dwarf virus strains. At that time this length of plants infected by BYDV was much comparative transmission test allowed confirma- shorter than that of the healthy control. The PAV tion of the field diagnosis of the disease and pro- serotype proved to be the most aggressive while vided information about the relative distribution of MAV had a less severe effect on the root length. BYDV variants. However, the aphid transmission Their experiments showed that barley roots were test is tedious and time consuming, and relatively more severely injured by BYDV than wheat and few samples can be tested during the growing oat roots. season. Bertschinger (1993) studied the response of 7 Rochow and Muller (1971) reported the occur- bread and 3 barley genotypes to 4 rence of a fifth major variant of BYDV in New Mexican BYDV serotypes. Among the virus York state. Until 1969, all BYDV isolates encoun- serotypes, the highest yield reductions were tered in New York could be grouped within 1 of 4 recorded for the PAV and MAV serotypes in major variants. This fifth variant appeared to be Mexico. similar to isolates transmitted S specifically by Webby et al (1993) carried out ELISA-based described in Manitoba by Gill (1969). graminum surveys of maize crops in Mexico using polyclonal Recently, strain-specific antisera have been antisera to the MAV, PAV, SGV, RPV and RMV available for the differentiation of BYDV serotypes of BYDV. They found that RMV was serotypes. the most common serotype in maize. Aapola and Rochow (1971) used the immuno- The occurrence of BYDV serotypes in diffusion test in agar gel and the Latex agglutina- Hungary has not been studied previously. tion test for the differentiation of the BYDV Conclusions about the presence of BYDV strains. Paliwal (1977) developed a serologically serotypes were drawn from populations levels of specific electron microscope method. This proce- the different aphid species. Szirmai (1967, 1974) dure was used for the rapid detection of the virus emphasised the role of R padi, R maidis and M in small samples of several cereals and grasses. avenae in the transmission of BYDV. Bisztray et The results obtained indicated a serological al (1985) recorded the fact that R padi was the relationship between both non-specific and SGV- main vector of BYDV, representing 70% of the specific isolates and the MAV isolate antiserum. total vector from population. Other species, such as M avenae (10%) and R maidis (5%) were also press machine with the addition of a sample buffer present but their role in virus transmission was solution in a ratio of 1: 10. smaller. In Hungary BYDV is fairly frequent in Virus diagnosis was made using DAS-ELISA (Clark cereals and maize. Its importance is proved by a and Adams, 1977) using RPV, RMV, MAV, PAV and number of publications (Szirmai, 1967, 1974, SGV diagnostics. Serological reactions were evaluated a Multiskan Plus at 1977, 1987; Szunics and Szunics, 1980, 1984; using Labsystems photometer 405 nm. Szunics et al, 1983, 1988, 1991; Pocsai et al, 1983, 1985; Pocsai and Kobza, 1983; Milinkó et and Pocsai al, 1984; Nagy Milinkó, 1984, 1986; RESULTS and Szirmai, 1985; Pocsai, 1988; Gáborjányi, 1992). A knowledge of the different serotypes of BYDV occurring in Hungary would provide useful The results of serological tests on the 12 vari- information for plant breeders. Therefore, this eties of winter wheat collected at Kiszombor are topic was examined at different locations in shown in table I. The data in the table show that Hungary. 8 of the 12 varieties of winter wheat proved to be infected by BYDV. In these 8 varieties 32 plants were found to be infected. The measure of infec- MATERIALS AND METHODS tion varied from 5 to 45% in the infected vari- eties.

In 1994, a survey was carried out at 4 different loca- The differentiation of BYDV serotypes in the tions in Hungary (Kiszombor, Kompolt, Martonvásár infected wheat samples is shown in table II. In and Táplánszentkereszt) for the presence of BYDV the southern part of Hungary the RPV, RMV, serotypes in barley, wheat, triticale and maize. In PAV and SGV serotypes occurred in winter Kiszombor the southern of 12 vari- (in part Hungary) wheat. PAV was dominant in the BYDV eties of winter wheat were tested. Twenty leaf samples serotypes. Besides the PAV serotype, RMV was showing symptoms of BYDV were collected from each rates. This was the variety for the serological tests. In Kompolt (north present at fairly high only Hungary) 8 winter barleys and 2 spring barleys were location where SGV was found in cereals. tested. Ten leaf samples exhibiting symptoms of BYDV Table III shows the results of serological tests were collected from each In Martonvásár variety. (in on winter and spring barley samples collected at the middle of 19 winter 57 winter part Hungary), barley, The data in the table wheat, 92 triticale and 220 maize plants showing viral Kompolt (north Hungary). illustrate that there was no severe infection symptoms were tested. In Táplánzentkereszt (west by Hungary) 54 maize plants showing symptoms were BYDV in 1994. Only 7 of the 100 samples were tested for the presence of BYDV serotypes. positive for BYDV. The infection of BYDV was Leaf samples were collected in nylon sacks. The higher in the spring barleys than in the winter next day the samples were homogenized using a leaf ones. Table IV shows the differentiation of BYDV lent. This serotype was present in all infected serotypes in the infected barley samples. In the samples of barley. RMV occurred in one sample northern part of Hungary only 2 serotypes only. occurred in barley. These were PAV and RMV. The results of serological tests on samples From the data of the serological tests, it is obvi- collected in Martonvásár (central Hungary) are ous that the PAV serotype was the most preva- shown in table V. The number of samples collected was 19 from MAV. Among these serotypes, RPV and RMV barley, 57 from wheat and 92 from triticale. In occurred at the highest rate. barley only 2 of the 19 samples were found to be The results of the differentiation of BYDV infected BYDV. The infection occurred by highest serotypes in maize samples collected in in triticale, in which 10 of the 92 samples col- Táplánszentkereszt are presented in table IX. lected proved to be infected by BYDV. In the western part of Hungary, 18 of the 54 The measure of infection ranged from 0 to collected were found to be infected 10% in the different cereals. Table VI shows the samples by differentiation of BYDV serotypes in the infected BYDV according to the results of the serological samples. In the middle part of Hungary, the PAV test. In Táplánszentkereszt 4 serotypes were pre- sent in maize. The incidences of PAV and and RPV serotypes were present in cereals. In RMV, barley, PAV was the only serotype which RPV were the highest. Besides the RMV and occurred in all the infected samples. In triticale RPV serotypes, the occurrence of PAV was sur- the PAV serotype was found together with RPV prisingly high in maize. in mixed infection. In the middle of part Hungary, The results of serological tests on the different the PAV was the most in serotype widespread cereal species are summarized in table X. the different cereal crops. In barley 9 samples were positive for BYDV. In The results of serological tests on the 11 maize these only the PAV and RMV serotypes were lines collected in Martonvásár are shown in table present. The PAV serotype was the most preva- VII; 220 samples were collected from maize and, lent, occurring in every infected sample. PAV according to the results of the serological test, 35 serotypes were present in 100% of the samples, samples were positive for BYDV. Different symp- followed RMV in 11 % of the toms were observed in the various maize lines by samples. tested. BYDV was present in almost all tested In wheat 32 samples were found to be infected lines of maize, with the exception of one line. by BYDV. Four serotypes were present. The PAV The measure of infection varied from 10 to serotype was dominant in all locations with an 40% in the infected maize lines. Table VIII shows incidence of 53%, followed by RMV (37%). The the differentiation of BYDV serotypes in the incidences of RPV and SGV were relatively low, infected samples of maize. In Martonvásár, 3 with percentages of 9 and 3% in the infected serotypes were present in maize; RPV, RMV and samples. In triticale PAV serotypes were the most wide- dences of RPV and RMV were the highest, with spread. These were found at a ratio of 70%. percentages of 49 and 47%. MAV and PAV only RPV was present in 40% of the infected sam- occurred in mixed infections, in 20 and 15%, ples. respectively. The results show that in cereals the In maize 53 samples were positive for BYVD PAV serotype was dominant in all locations while and 4 serotypes could be detected. The inci- MAV did not occur at all in 1994. In maize the RPV and RMV serotypes were eties. There are close interactions between the present at the highest rates. It is very likely that BYDV serotypes and the cereals and aphid-vec- the dominance ratio of the different BYDV tors, which may cause variability in the BYDV serotypes changes from year to year. If the level serotypes. The ability to differentiate BYDV of BYDV resistance is to be improved, this ques- serotypes also leads to an understanding of tion must be examined further. some aspects of the epidemiology of the virus.

DISCUSSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The ELISA test compensates for the disadvan- The authors are grateful to É Czinka and I Kélig for tages of the aphid transmission test. The use of their excellent technical assistance. strain-specific antisera makes the virus identifica- tion more reliable. However, Rochow (1979) states that parallel biological and serological data REFERENCES provide a more thorough diagnosis than can be obtained by either procedure alone. Aapola AIE, Rochow WF (1971) Relationships among The results obtained here in the serological three isolates of barley yellow dwarf virus. Virology 46, 127-141 tests are similar to the data of Fargette et al (1982). In Indiana, the PAV strain was also found Al-Faiz C, Collin J, Comeau A, Dubuc JP, St-Pierre CA Effect of various dwarf virus to be the most prevalent in cereals. 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