DOCSLIB.ORG

Bow Porcelain Glaze Compositions Associated with the Phosphate

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bow Porcelain Glaze Compositions Associated with the Phosphate 31063_rsov_proceedings_128.2 21:02:11 12-01-30 Yellow Magenta Cyan Black Sect 1 Front Sect 1 Front Yellow Magenta Cyan Black 21:02:11 12-01-30 31063_rsov_proceedings_128.2 BOW PORCELAIN: GLAZE COMPOSITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PHOSPHATIC WARES ~1742–1774 WILLI A M R.H. RA MS A Y 1, KEN SUTTON 2 & ELIZ AB ET H G. RA MS A Y 3 1,2Faculty of Health, Humanities and Computing, Southern Institute of Technology, Tay Street, Inver- cargill, 9810, New Zealand. 1Email: [email protected]. 2Email: [email protected]. 3The Southland Museum and Art Gallery, Queens Park, Invercargill, 9810, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. RA MS A Y W.R.H., SUTTON K & RA MS A Y E.G., 2011. Bow porcelain: Glaze compositions associated with the phosphatic wares ~1742–1774. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 123(2): 161-171. ISSN 0035-9211. Glaze compositions associated with 23 Bow phosphatic porcelain wares are presented. These composi- tions represent a transect through the manufactory’s bone ash production, stretching from the mid 1740s through to the closure of the concern in the mid 1770s. The glaze employed was essentially a three compo- nent SiO2-PbO-K2O glaze with PbO > 40 wt%. CaO is a small but persistent additive. These glazes show a cryptic compositional drift over time with a minor increase in K2O relative to SiO2 and PbO. Likewise SiO2 increases through time relative to PbO. Key words: Bow porcelain, glaze, composition, bone ash. BY 1750 east of London on the Essex boundary with tion in America, and a glass, assumed to represent Middlesex, a porcelain manufactory known widely a lime-alkali glass, used in various proportions for as ‘New Canton’ or more simply as ‘Bow’was op- both the porcelain body and the glaze. This detailed erating and this concern had by 1755 a turn-over in specification has for various reasons over the last 100 china sold to the value of £18,115 8s 9d (Adams and years been both marginalised and underestimated by Redstone, 1981). The proprietors listed on the first numerous workers and Ramsay et al. (2006) review extant insurance policy for the Bow China Manufac- the various reasons as to why these misconceptions tory with the Sun Assurance Company and dated July and confusion have arisen. Moreover the Si-Al-Ca 7th, 1749 were Thomas Frye, a portrait painter and porcelains, products of this patent, have now been mezzotint artist, Edward Heylyn, a member of the identified (Ramsay and Ramsay 2007b; Ramsay et Saddlers’ Company and an active merchant with the al. 2003). The site of manufacture of these Bow first New World, and John Weatherby and John Crowther patent wares is uncertain but was likely to have been —both glass sellers with a wholesale pottery business in the vicinity of Bow village, located on or close to at St Catherine’s-by-the-Tower. A fifth member of the the Middlesex-Essex boundary. group has generally been assumed to be Alderman Subsequently Thomas Frye filed a second patent George Arnold, a wealthy linen-draper, alderman of in 1749 known variously as the Bow second patent, the City of London, and an apparent land speculator the 1749 patent, or the 1749 patent of Thomas Frye. in the Carolinas. The first documentary evidence that This patent stipulates the use of crushed silica, pipe at least two of these proprietors were interested in clay, and a substance referred to as ‘virgin earth’. It the manufacture of porcelain relates to the so-called has now been demonstrated that virgin earth com- 1744 patent of Heylyn and Frye, which was filed in prised variable mixtures of bone ash, glass cullet, and December 1744 and entered or ‘inrolled’ in April of gypsum (Ramsay and Ramsay 2007b). It is widely the following year, though see Daniels and Ramsay regarded that it was this recipe or paste specifica- (2009) who demonstrate, using the letter by John tion, dominated by bone ash, which sustained the Campbell, that Bow was in existence most likely factory through to closure in 1774 and became the by the 1730’s. This patent specifies the use of white subsequent basis for the English bone china industry. clay known as uneka1the produce of the Chirokee na- Numerous detailed accounts and/or exhibitions of the Bow factory and its output have appeared commenc- 1 Here the Cherokee Indian spelling of the word is used rather than the Anglicised version unaker ing with Hurlbutt (1926), followed by Tait (1959), 161 31063_rsov_proceedings_128.2 21:02:11 12-01-30 Yellow Magenta Cyan Black Sect 1 Back 162 W.R.H. RAMSAY, K. SUTTON & E.G. RAMSAY and then more recently by Adams and Redstone METHODS AND RESULTS (1981), Gabszewicz and Freeman (1982), Brad- shaw (1992), Gabszewicz (2000a), and Begg and Micro samples of glaze from a range of Bow phos- Taylor (2000). Current and recent research (Daniels phatic porcelains covering the bulk of the bone ash 2007; Daniels and Ramsay 2009; Ramsay and Ram- output from ~1742–1774 were collected, mounted say 2005, 2007a, 2007b, 2008; Ramsay et al. 2003, in epoxy blocks, polished, and subjected to analysis 2004a, 2004b, 2011) demonstrates that this ceramic using a JEOL 840A scanning electron microscope concern has been considerably underestimated by equipped with an Oxford Instruments ATW X-ray previous workers at several levels - compositionally, Energy Dispersive Spectrometer. Operating and de- technically, artistically, and chronologically. Ram- tection levels are as specified in Ramsay and Ramsay say and Ramsay (2007b) argue that the confluence (2007b: Appendix 1). Major components of the glaz- demonstrated by the Bow porcelain manufactory in es comprise SiO2, PbO, and K2O, which collectively intellect, technological development, entrepreneurial comprise some 93wt % or more of each glaze. Other drive, financial acumen, and the linkages with the minor constituents often include Na2O, Al2O3, MgO, best in the English artistic world including painting, and persistent CaO. Average analyses for each of the engraving, and sculpture all contained within a few four groups are given in Table 2. In the case of the years, is possibly unparalleled in the entire history of Tidswell period one analysis only is available. British decorative arts. Three analyses are presented for the Develop- In a previous contribution (Ramsay and Ramsay, mental period and these are characterised by low 2007b) the compositional range of the first patent Si- K2O relative to the other three groups. Average K2O Al-Ca porcelains and the second patent phosphatic is 1.4 wt% whilst PbO is high at 52% and CaO is wares produced by Bow, ranging from the Develop- prominent at an average of 2.9%. Twelve analyses mental period2 (~1742–1743) through to the Tidswell are available for the Defoe-New Canton period. PbO period (1770–1774) was presented. This composi- averages 48.7%, SiO2 44.5%, and K2O 2.4%. CaO is tional stratigraphy was erected based on results ob- still a minor component averaging 1.9%. During the tained from the sampling of dated porcelain items Bowcock period PbO declines and for the seven sam- and the dated specifications of the first and second ples averages 41.9% whilst SiO2 surpasses PbO at patents. In addition a record by Josiah Wedgwood of 50.2%. K2O likewise increases relative to both PbO the composition used by Bow by the mid-late 1750’s and SiO2 and averages 3.7%. CaO remains essential- was also integrated with this compositional stratigra- ly static at an average of 1.65%. One glaze sample phy (Table 1). for the Tidswell period is available and this compares This new contribution documents the composi- with the average for the Bowcock period with SiO2 tion of the lead-dominated glazes associated with 51.4%, PbO 40.1%, K2O 4.1%, and CaO 1.7 wt%. the Bow phosphatic wares. The key objective of this For all groups, sulphur as SO2, looks to be a little high work is the need to elucidate the variability of the in some instances, possibly reflecting interference glaze compositions used on phosphatic wares at Bow with Pb peaks. through time and to determine whether there are, if These results demonstrate that the Bow glaze any, distinct changes in glaze composition coinciding composition used on the phosphatic wares was with the documented changes in porcelain composi- broadly constant over a thirty year period from c. tion. The glaze compositions arrived at have been 1742–1774. The glaze type is high-lead glaze with grouped according to the compositional classifica- PbO >40% and K2O varying from 0.8–4.9%. CaO tion of their host porcelain bodies as given by Ram- is a small but ubiquitous component, which ranges say and Ramsay (2007b). from 0.3–4.4%. Whilst there is a general homogene- ity in the high-lead glaze used at Bow, when broken down into groups based on the porcelain body reci- pes a subtle cryptic drift in glaze composition can be 2 Ramsay and Ramsay (2007b) dated the onset of the Devel- opmental period to ~1746. Current research strongly sug- discerned with both an absolute and relative increase gests that a range of experimental Bow phosphatic bodies in K2O when compared to both SiO2 and PbO and most likely dates back to the 1730s. For this contribution a concomitant decline in PbO (Table 2, Fig. 1). The the base of the Developmental period is placed at ~1742 and highest absolute levels of PbO (~58 wt%) are to be the base of the Defoe-New Canton period (formerly New found in glazes used during the Developmental and Canton period) at ~1744.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Some Problems and Potentials of the Study of Cupellation
    Some problems and potentials of the study of cupellation remains: the case of post-medieval Montbéliard, France Marcos Martinon-Torres, Nicolas Thomas, Thilo Rehren, Aude Mongiatti To cite this version: Marcos Martinon-Torres, Nicolas Thomas, Thilo Rehren, Aude Mongiatti. Some problems and po- tentials of the study of cupellation remains: the case of post-medieval Montbéliard, France. Archeo- sciences, revue d’Archéométrie, G.M.P.C.A./Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2008, pp.59-70. halshs- 00599974 HAL Id: halshs-00599974 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00599974 Submitted on 19 Jun 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Some problems and potentials of the study of cupellation remains: the case of early modern Montbéliard, France Problèmes et perspectives à partir de l’étude des vestiges archéologiques issus de la coupellation : l’exemple du site de Montbéliard (France) Marcos Martinón-Torres*, Nicolas Thomas**, Thilo Rehren*, and Aude Mongiatti* Abstract: Bone-ash cupels are increasingly identified in medieval and later archaeological contexts related to the refining of noble metals in alchemy, assaying, jewellery or coin minting. These small finds may provide information on metal refining activities, the technical knowledge of different craftspeople, and the versatility of laboratory practices, which often differed from the standard protocols recorded in metallurgical treatises.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Materials, Recipes and Choices: Some Suggestions for the Study of Archaeological Cupels
    IDENTIFYING MATERIALS, RECIPES AND CHOICES: SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR THE STUDY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CUPELS Marcos Martinón-Torres – UCL Institute of Archaeology, London, United Kingdom Thilo Rehren – UCL Institute of Archaeology, London, United Kingdom Nicolas Thomas – INRAP and Université Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne, France Aude Mongiatti– UCL Institute of Archaeology, London, United Kingdom ABSTRACT Used cupels are increasingly identified in archaeological assemblages related to coin minting, alchemy, assaying and goldsmithing across the world. However, notwithstanding some valuable studies, the informative potential of cupellation remains is not always being exploited in full. Here we present a review of past and ongoing research on cupels, involving analytical studies, experiments and historical enquiry, and suggest some strategies for more productive future work. The archaeological case studies discussed are medieval and later assemblages from France (Pymont and Montbéliard) and Austria (Oberstockstall and Kapfenberg), which have been analysed using optical microscopy, SEM-EDS, ED-XRF, WD-EPMA and ICP-AES. Using suitable analytical and data processing methodologies, it is possible to obtain an insight into the metallurgical processes carried out in cupels, and the knowledge and skill of the craftspeople involved. Furthermore, we can also discern the specific raw materials used for manufacturing the cupels themselves, including varying mixtures of bone and wood ash. The variety of cupel-making recipes raises questions as to the versatility of craftspeople and the material properties and performance of different cupels. Can we assess the efficiency of different cupels? Are these variations the results of different technological traditions, saving needs or peculiar perceptions of matter? KEYWORDS Lead, silver, cupellation, fire assay, technological choice, bone ash, wood ash INTRODUCTION Cupellation is a high-temperature oxidising reaction aimed at refining noble metals.
    [Show full text]
  • Calcium and Phosphorus Studies with Baby Pigs Dean Roland Zimmerman Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1960 Calcium and phosphorus studies with baby pigs Dean Roland Zimmerman Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Zimmerman, Dean Roland, "Calcium and phosphorus studies with baby pigs " (1960). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 2777. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/2777 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received Mic 60-4912 ZIMMERMAN, Dean Roland. CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS STUDIES WITH BABY PIGS. Iowa State University of Science and Technology Ph. D., 1960 Agriculture, animal culture University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS STUDIES WITH BABY PIC-S by Dean Roland Zimmerman A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Swine Nutrition Approved: ^ Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. L Charge of Ma joiy VWork Signature was redacted for privacy. Head of Maj Signature was redacted for privacy. Dean off Graduate College Iowa State University Of Science and Technology Ames, Iowa I960 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3 Calcium, and Phosphorus Requirement Studies with Swine 3 Calcium:Phosphorus Ratios and Vitamin D 5 Effect of Excess Calcium on Animal Performance 7 Factors Affecting Phosphorus Absorption 11 Dietary Factors Affecting Calcium Absorption llj.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of 999.9 Fine Gold by the Fire Assay Method and Common Sources of Error
    Analysis of 999.9 fine gold by the fire assay method and common sources of error Dippal Manchanda MSc CSci CChem FRSC Technical Director & Chief Assayer The LBMA Assaying & Refining Conference London 2017 Chief Sources of Error The majority of errors in the fire assay operation comes from three sources: 1. Imperfection in even the finest balance. 2. Non-matching matrices i.e. differences in composition between the controlling proof assay sample and the alloy under examination. 3. Variations in temperature in different parts of the cupellation muffle. Other sources of error depend upon the skill of the worker who prepares the cupelled buttons for parting. We will identify these sources of errors and discuss ways to minimise them. The LBMA Assaying & Refining Conference London 2017 Two Pan Mechanical Balance vs Electronic Balance The LBMA Assaying & Refining Conference London 2017 Accuracy vs Weight Test Method Recommendation Why??? Weighing step. 999.9 fine gold - always weigh 500mg in Why 500mg? quadruplicate. Initial Fineness Final wt. (mg) Final Wt. (mg) Fineness Diff. in wt. (ppt.) [of 999.9 fine] [Say 0.01 mg error (ppt.) fineness (mg) occurred due to (+ side} any reason] 100 999.9 99.99 100.000 1000.00 0.1 ppt 250 999.9 249.975 249.985 999.94 0.04 ppt 500 999.9 499.95 499.960 999.92 0.02 ppt Higher the weight, better will be the accuracy The LBMA Assaying & Refining Conference London 2017 Silver to Gold Ratio Literature search reveals Optimum ratio??? Higher the silver content, lower will be the What is the optimum Ag: Au absorption loss during cupellation ratio? 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi
    KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI METE 256 ASSAYING Course Notes Prepared by: Ing. ANTHONY ANDREWS (PhD) DEPARTMENT OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING Course Content • Sampling – Methods of sampling – Sampling dividing techniques – Weight of samples relative to size of particles • Statistical evaluation of data • Assay Reagents and Fusion Products • Cupellation • Metallurgical testing – Bottle roll test, Column leach test, Acid digestion, Fire assaying, Diagnostic leaching • Characterization and instrumental methods of analyses • Metallurgical accounting Course Reference Book Textbook of fire assay by E. E. Bugbee 2 Dr. Anthony Andrews CHAPTER 3 CUPELLATION In every assay of an ore for gold and silver, we endeavor to use such fluxes and to have such conditions as will give us as a resultant two products: 1. An alloy of lead, with practically all of the gold and silver of the ore and as small amounts of other elements as possible. 2. A readily fusible slag containing the balance of the ore and fluxes. The lead button is separated from the slag and then treated by a process called cupellation to separate the gold and silver from the lead. This consists of an oxidizing fusion in a porous vessel called a cupel. If the proper temperature is maintained, the lead oxidizes rapidly to PbO which is partly (98.5%) absorbed by the cupel and partly (1.5%) volatilized. When this process has been carried to completion the gold and silver is left in the cupel in the form of a bead. The cupel is a shallow, porous dish made of bone-ash, Portland cement, magnesia or other refractory and non-corrosive material.
    [Show full text]
  • Kaolin Stabilization of Olokoro Lateritic Soil Using Bone Ash As Admixture
    International Journal of Constructive Research in Civil Engineering (IJCRCE) Volume 2, Issue 1, 2016, PP 1-9 ISSN 2454-8693 (Online) www.arcjournals.org Kaolin Stabilization of Olokoro Lateritic Soil Using Bone Ash as Admixture Onyelowe, K. C Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. P.M.B.7267, Umuahia 440109, Abia State. [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: This study focused on the stabilizing potential of kaolin using bone ash as an admixture on the stabilization of Olokoro lateritic soil. Kaoline which is a deposite by the river bank was sourced from Agbaghara in Imo State, Nigeria and the bones from an abattoir in afo-ogbe, Mbaise also in Imo State. The Kaoline was grinded into powder and the bones burnt in open air using animal fat as fuel. The residue was fed into furnace at about 1000˚C, allowed to cool, milled and sieved with sieve of aperture 75µm to obtain bone ash before use. The following engineering confirmatory tests were carried out on the samples: Chemical Composition of Bone Ash, Sieve Analysis, Attergberg Limit, Compaction Test, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Specific Gravity and Undrained Triaxial Test. The kaolin was at a fixed proportion of 10% while the bone ash was added in the proportions of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% for Attergberg Limit Test, Compaction Test, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test and Undrained Triaxial Test. The chemical composition test provided the chemical elements existing in the samples and shows that for bone ash it contains more calcium than can be accounted for on the basis of carbonate and phosphate.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) (11) 3,893,841 Nijhawan Et Al
    United States Patent (19) (11) 3,893,841 Nijhawan et al. (45) July 8, 1975 54 BONE CHINA 3,241,935 3/1966 Stookey................................ 106/45 75 Inventors: Krishan Kumar Nijhawan, Stoke-on-Trent, Derek Taylor, Primary Examiner-Winston A. Douglas Congleton, both of England Assistant Examiner-J. V. Howard 73) Assignee: Doulton & Co. Limited, London, Attorney, Agent, or Firmi-Finnegan, Henderson, England Farabow and Garrett (22) Filed: Oct. 2, 1973 21 ) Appl. No.: 402,757 57 ABSTRACT A substitute for bone ash suitable for the complete or 30 Foreign Application Priority Data partial replacement of bone ash in the manufacture of Oct. 10, 1972 United Kingdom............... 46717/72 bone china (English porcelain) is obtained by the cal cination of a mixture of a calcium phosphate and cal 52 U.S. Cl.................................... 106/306; 106/45 cium oxide or a precursor thereof at an elevated tem 51 Int. Cl. .............................................. C09c 1/02 perature to give a sintered product of relatively low 58 Field of Search............................... 106/306, 45 surface area and the grinding of said sintered product to form a particulate substance having the required 56 References Cited characteristics for use as a bone ash substitute. UNITED STATES PATENTS 8 Claims, No Drawings 2,263,656 l l (194l Stutz................................... 106/306 3,893,841 2 BONE CHINA phosphate and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate. As a calcium compound which gives calcium oxide on This invention relates to bone china and is concerned heating there may be used, for example, calcium car with a synthetically produced substitute for bone ash. bonate (e.g., limestone) or calcium oxalate.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Gold and Silver in Cyanide Solutions
    AN AESTIACT OF TITE TITESIS 0F i - LeEoy...Edward..Smith -------- for the.._M,S.-_in Ui-a-- (aine) (Degree) (14ajor) Date Thesis presented__2,_9_ -i.n- I4i.o8- - - T i tie nit.oA - -&nd- £sr- r-edo- Abstract tpproved: C Ma j or '-?o»or ) The solutions obtained by leaching crushed gold arid silver bearing ores with alkali cyanides are assayed for their precious metal content by one of several standard pro- cedures. The largest volume of sample specified by any of these methods is 20 A.T. or about 600 c.c. A method published by Mataichi Yasuda and extended by W.E. Caidwell and K.N. McLeod gave excellent recovery of gold and silver from solutions of salts other than their cyanides even when employing volumes up to forty liters. Essentially the procedure consists of adding mercuric chloride, magnesium, and hydrochloric acid to the solution. Nascent hydrogen produced by the reaction of the acid on magnesium reduces gold and silver to the metallic state and mercuric chloride to the mixed precipitate mercury- mercurous chloride. This precipitate in falling through the solution collects gold and silver either by adsorption gran- or amalgamation. The residue obtained is mixed with bone ash ular test lead, put in an electric furnace on a 2 cupel and treated as in ordinary assay practice. A variation of the procedure just outlined depends upon the formation of the mixed precipitate mercury- mercuric amino nitrate by adding to the sample first am- monium hydroxide and then mercurous nitrate. The residue is collected and treated as just mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Problems and Potentials of the Study of Cupellation Remains
    ArcheoSciences Revue d'archéométrie 32 | 2008 Varia Some problems and potentials of the study of cupellation remains: the case of post-medieval Montbéliard, France Problèmes et perspectives à partir de l’étude des vestiges archéologiques issus de la coupellation : l’exemple du site de Montbéliard (France) Marcos Martinón-Torres, Nicolas Thomas, Thilo Rehren and Aude Mongiatti Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/archeosciences/948 DOI: 10.4000/archeosciences.948 ISBN: 978-2-7535-1597-0 ISSN: 2104-3728 Publisher Presses universitaires de Rennes Printed version Date of publication: 31 December 2008 Number of pages: 59-70 ISBN: 978-2-7535-0868-2 ISSN: 1960-1360 Electronic reference Marcos Martinón-Torres, Nicolas Thomas, Thilo Rehren and Aude Mongiatti, “Some problems and potentials of the study of cupellation remains: the case of post-medieval Montbéliard, France”, ArcheoSciences [Online], 32 | 2008, Online since 31 December 2011, connection on 21 September 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/archeosciences/948 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/ archeosciences.948 Article L.111-1 du Code de la propriété intellectuelle. Some problems and potentials of the study of cupellation remains: the case of post-medieval Montbéliard, France Problèmes et perspectives à partir de l’étude des vestiges archéologiques issus de la coupellation : l’exemple du site de Montbéliard (France) Marcos Martinón-Torres*, Nicolas Thomas**, h ilo Rehren*, and Aude Mongiatti* Abstract: Bone-ash cupels are increasingly identifi ed in medieval and later archaeological contexts related to the refi ning of noble metals in alchemy, assaying, jewellery or coin minting. h ese small fi nds may provide information on metal refi ning activities, the technical knowledge of diff erent craftspeople, and the versatility of laboratory practices, which often diff ered from the standard protocols recorded in metallurgical treatises.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kinetics Reaction of Phosphoric Acid Formation from Cow Bone
    Journal of Research and Technology Vol. VI (2020): 217–226 The Kinetics Reaction of Phosphoric Acid Formation from Cow Bone Caecilia Pujiastuti 1*, Yustina Ngatilah 2, Muhammad Septianto 3, and Angelia Tantyono 4 Chemical Engineering, University of Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” East Java, Surabaya, Indonesia *[email protected] Abstract Phosphoric acid can be formed from bone waste, including cow bone which contains calcium phosphate. When reacted with sulfuric acid it becomes phosphoric acid. The purpose of this OPEN ACCESS research was to determine the reaction constant of phosphoric acid from cow bones. The reaction constant can determine the Citation: Caecilia Pujiastuti, good operating conditions in a reactor design. Starting with the Yustina Ngatilah, cow bones that have been powdered with a size of 200 mesh, Muhammad Septianto, and dissolved in the water until saturated. Then saturated solution Angelia Tantyono. 2020. The 500 ml was taken and reacted with 4 N sulfuric acid 100 ml, Kinetics Reaction of stirring process was carried out at 200 rpm, with variable Phosphoric Acid Formation temperature were (70 oC, 80 oC, 90 oC, 100 oC, and 110 oC) and time from Cow Bone. Journal of were (40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 minutes). Next, the sample was Research and Technology Vol filtered, and the sediment was taken, and analysed of phosphoric VI (2020): Page 217–226. acid filter and separated the sediment. Based on this research, an equation k = 1.1627 e -3742.4 / T was generated. The graph in picture 5 shows that the equation followed a pseudo first order reaction. Keywords: Cow Bone, Acid, Phosphoric .
    [Show full text]
  • The Losses of Gold During Cupellation Using Various Makes of Cupels
    Scholars' Mine Bachelors Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1910 The losses of gold during cupellation using various makes of cupels Benjamin Harrison Dosenbach Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses Part of the Mining Engineering Commons Department: Mining Engineering Recommended Citation Dosenbach, Benjamin Harrison, "The losses of gold during cupellation using various makes of cupels" (1910). Bachelors Theses. 154. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses/154 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bachelors Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THillSIS ror the Degree of Bach~lor o~ Science. 72/7 1910. 1"':lJ0 I \r.jN v....-':-::' G~"t", """.,,TP 1,1,.J," I'Mn G·),:au '"')'i'I_~ J I.Jl1.TI 1 BY 10920 ';"here are on the market various cupels. }~n;T H of th e assay-sunol• J. J. v• firms sell n "rnnnufr-tctured cU''')el1 t presuma.bly made of bone-ash. The great ma,iority of all cUI)els used t are made of bone-ash in the assay office itself. The object of this work i~) to compare the losses of gold -'.7hen the va.riou~) ~)r-\tentedt tho vn.rious m~:!,nufaetured nnu tho ordinar;T hand made cugels are used. Four different makes of cunelsJ. were used. :"0.2.
    [Show full text]
  • The China Collector a Guide to the Porcelain of the English Factories
    FOR EWO RD 7 C HIS book has been written to en I able the enthusiastic collector of China , even after he has passed hi s hi through apprentices p , and acquired a c certain amount of experien e , to form a correct judgment of that branch of ceramics embraced under the designation of Ol d r English Porcelain . Though not prima ily d I d r intende for the expert , have en eavou ed to set d own in concise form the data which are essential to all who submit our English Porcelains to a close an d critical study . Not only has a careful investigation been made of the actual wares , but also of the d d an d stan ar authors on the subj ect , past present : Wherever their experience might add di th e r to the luci ty of text , their wo ks d an d r h as have been consulte , every sou ce d been acknowle ged . To facilitate ready reference the factories FOREWORD d al an d have been arrange in phabetical , rd not in chronological o er . One feature I d will not , believe be foun in any other r d book on English Ce amics , that of iscussing under separate an d regul ar headings the d I chief istinctions of each factory . have treated these points succin ctly under the titles of History , Paste , Glaze , Decoration , r r N d Production , Cha acte istics , ote Artists , d an d r . r Chronology , Ma ks This o er has d r d been a he e to throughout the volume , an d the reader will thus quickly learn to turn to the requisite paragraph or heading when seeking special in formation regarding r any factory .
    [Show full text]