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Evolution and Extinction of the Giant Rhinoceros Elasmotherium Sibiricum Sheds Light on Late Quaternary Megafaunal Extinctions
ARTICLES https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0722-0 Evolution and extinction of the giant rhinoceros Elasmotherium sibiricum sheds light on late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions Pavel Kosintsev1, Kieren J. Mitchell2, Thibaut Devièse3, Johannes van der Plicht4,5, Margot Kuitems4,5, Ekaterina Petrova6, Alexei Tikhonov6, Thomas Higham3, Daniel Comeskey3, Chris Turney7,8, Alan Cooper 2, Thijs van Kolfschoten5, Anthony J. Stuart9 and Adrian M. Lister 10* Understanding extinction events requires an unbiased record of the chronology and ecology of victims and survivors. The rhi- noceros Elasmotherium sibiricum, known as the ‘Siberian unicorn’, was believed to have gone extinct around 200,000 years ago—well before the late Quaternary megafaunal extinction event. However, no absolute dating, genetic analysis or quantita- tive ecological assessment of this species has been undertaken. Here, we show, by accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating of 23 individuals, including cross-validation by compound-specific analysis, that E. sibiricum survived in Eastern Europe and Central Asia until at least 39,000 years ago, corroborating a wave of megafaunal turnover before the Last Glacial Maximum in Eurasia, in addition to the better-known late-glacial event. Stable isotope data indicate a dry steppe niche for E. sibiricum and, together with morphology, a highly specialized diet that probably contributed to its extinction. We further demonstrate, with DNA sequencing data, a very deep phylogenetic split between the subfamilies Elasmotheriinae and Rhinocerotinae that includes all the living rhinoceroses, settling a debate based on fossil evidence and confirming that the two lineages had diverged by the Eocene. As the last surviving member of the Elasmotheriinae, the demise of the ‘Siberian unicorn’ marked the extinction of this subfamily. -
Jockey Records
JOCKEYS, KENTUCKY DERBY (1875-2020) Most Wins Jockey Derby Span Mts. 1st 2nd 3rd Kentucky Derby Wins Eddie Arcaro 1935-1961 21 5 3 2 Lawrin (1938), Whirlaway (’41), Hoop Jr. (’45), Citation (’48) & Hill Gail (’52) Bill Hartack 1956-1974 12 5 1 0 Iron Liege (1957), Venetian Way (’60), Decidedly (’62), Northern Dancer-CAN (’64) & Majestic Prince (’69) Bill Shoemaker 1952-1988 26 4 3 4 Swaps (1955), Tomy Lee-GB (’59), Lucky Debonair (’65) & Ferdinand (’86) Isaac Murphy 1877-1893 11 3 1 2 Buchanan (1884), Riley (’90) & Kingman (’91) Earle Sande 1918-1932 8 3 2 0 Zev (1923), Flying Ebony (’25) & Gallant Fox (’30) Angel Cordero Jr. 1968-1991 17 3 1 0 Cannonade (1974), Bold Forbes (’76) & Spend a Buck (’85) Gary Stevens 1985-2016 22 3 3 1 Winning Colors (1988), Thunder Gulch (’95) & Silver Charm (’98) Kent Desormeaux 1988-2018 22 3 1 4 Real Quiet (1998), Fusaichi Pegasus (2000) & Big Brown (’08) Calvin Borel 1993-2014 12 3 0 1 Street Sense (2007), Mine That Bird (’09) & Super Saver (’10) Victor Espinoza 2001-2018 10 3 0 1 War Emblem (2002), California Chrome (’14) & American Pharoah (’15) John Velazquez 1996-2020 22 3 2 0 Animal Kingdom (2011), Always Dreaming (’17) & Authentic (’20) Willie Simms 1896-1898 2 2 0 0 Ben Brush (1896) & Plaudit (’98) Jimmy Winkfield 1900-1903 4 2 1 1 His Eminence (1901) & Alan-a-Dale (’02) Johnny Loftus 1912-1919 6 2 0 1 George Smith (1916) & Sir Barton (’19) Albert Johnson 1922-1928 7 2 1 0 Morvich (1922) & Bubbling Over (’26) Linus “Pony” McAtee 1920-1929 7 2 0 0 Whiskery (1927) & Clyde Van Dusen (’29) Charlie -
Unit-V Evolution of Horse
UNIT-V EVOLUTION OF HORSE Horses (Equus) are odd-toed hooped mammals belong- ing to the order Perissodactyla. Horse evolution is a straight line evolution and is a suitable example for orthogenesis. It started from Eocene period. The entire evolutionary sequence of horse history is recorded in North America. " Place of Origin The place of origin of horse is North America. From here, horses migrated to Europe and Asia. By the end of Pleis- tocene period, horses became extinct in the motherland (N. America). The horses now living in N. America are the de- scendants of migrants from other continents. Time of Origin The horse evolution started some 58 million years ago, m the beginning of Eocene period of Coenozoic era. The modem horse Equus originated in Pleistocene period about 2 million years ago. Evolutionary Trends The fossils of horses that lived in different periods, show that the body parts exhibited progressive changes towards a particular direction. These directional changes are called evo- lutionary trends. The evolutionary trends of horse evolution are summarized below: 1. Increase in size. 2. Increase in the length of limbs. 3. Increase in the length of the neck. 4. Increase in the length of preorbital region (face). 5. Increase in the length and size of III digit. 6. Increase in the size and complexity of brain. 7. Molarization of premolars. Olfactory bulb Hyracotherium Mesohippus Equus Fig.: Evolution of brain in horse. 8. Development of high crowns in premolars and molars. 9. Change of plantigrade gait to unguligrade gait. 10. Formation of diastema. 11. Disappearance of lateral digits. -
Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids Pablo Librado, Ludovic Orlando
Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids Pablo Librado, Ludovic Orlando To cite this version: Pablo Librado, Ludovic Orlando. Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Annual Reviews, 2021, 9 (1), 10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023118. hal- 03030307 HAL Id: hal-03030307 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03030307 Submitted on 30 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2021. 9:X–X https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023118 Copyright © 2021 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved Librado Orlando www.annualreviews.org Equid Genomics and Evolution Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids Pablo Librado and Ludovic Orlando Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31000, France; email: [email protected] Keywords equid, horse, evolution, donkey, ancient DNA, population genomics Abstract The equid family contains only one single extant genus, Equus, including seven living species grouped into horses on the one hand and zebras and asses on the other. In contrast, the equine fossil record shows that an extraordinarily richer diversity existed in the past and provides multiple examples of a highly dynamic evolution punctuated by several waves of explosive radiations and extinctions, cross-continental migrations, and local adaptations. -
Skeleton of the Oligocene (30 Million-Year-Old) Horse, Mesohippus, Is a Featured Exhibit at the New North Dakota Cowboy Hall of Fame in Medora
Skeleton of the Oligocene (30 million-year-old) horse, Mesohippus, is a featured exhibit at the new North Dakota Cowboy Hall of Fame in Medora By John W. Hoganson Developers of the recently opened North Dakota Cowboy Hall of Fame contacted me about having a fossil exhibit in the new Hall in Medora. Of course, what would be more appropriate than an exhibit interpreting the evolution of the horse? Most people are under the false impression that horses did not inhabit North America until they were introduced by the Spaniards during the early days of conquest. But horses are indigenous to North America. Fossil remains of the earliest horse, referred to as Hyracotherium (or sometimes Eohippus), have been recovered from early Eocene (about 50 million years old) rocks in North America. In fact, they were some of the most abundant mammals that lived during that time. The fossil record of horses in North Dakota extends back to the Oligocene, about 30 million years ago, when the diminutive horse, Mesohippus roamed western North Dakota. Mesohippus was tiny, about the size of a sheep. The adults were only about 20 inches tall at the shoulder. They also had three toes on each foot compared to the modern horse Equus that has one. Mesohippus was also probably more of a browsing herbivore compared to the modern grazing horse. We have found many Mesohippus fossils in North Dakota but no complete skeletons. Consequently, the Mesohippus skeleton on exhibit at the Cowboy Hall of Fame is an exact cast replica. We have also found the remains of 50,000-year-old horses in North Dakota indicating that horses lived here during the last Ice Age. -
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— Extensions of Remarks E901 HON
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E901 been honored with the Nevada Educator of In the article we learn about a man, Patrick from Louisiana who rode in the race in 2000. the Year Award, the Excellence in Education Husband who grew up in a poor Barbadian But his presence brings pleasure to tens of Award and a National Gallery of Art State neighborhood who with strong-will and deter- millions, not only racing fans in North America and the Caribbean but elsewhere. It Scholarship. Candy is also a member of the mination was able to ride in the Kentucky can also inspire Black youth to seek careers Arts Council of Henderson and an honorary Derby. He was not the first to do so, but his as jockeys and trainers once again in a sport, member of the Henderson Art Association. mere presence at the Derby that day brought a multi-billion dollar business that they Mr. Speaker, I am proud to honor Candy admiration to all that watched. Truly this has once dominated. Schneider for her years of dedicated service become an inspiration for people up in those Unfortunately, too few television viewers to the students in the Clark County School same neighborhoods as Husband. Witnessing and horse racing fans who will watch the 2006 District. Her passion is truly arts education and these historic moments encourage Black Kentucky Derby from the comfort of their living rooms, sports bars and other places she has surely enriched countless lives with youths to seek experience and careers as and who will follow the course of the race in her tutelage. -
Run for the Roses May 1 Marks the 136Th Running of the Kentucky Derby — One of the World’S Largest and Richest Sporting Events
Vol. 30 • No. 4 ComplimeNtary Copy april 2010 Florida’s Leading Newspaper For Active, Mature Adults Run for the Roses May 1 marks the 136th running of the Kentucky Derby — one of the world’s largest and richest sporting events. Whether you visit Churchill Downs in person, host your own Derby Day party or catch the action at our own Tampa Bay Downs, this issue of Senior Voice will guide you. For more than 135 years, the Kentucky From the time Kentucky was settled, Derby has been everyone’s race. From the fields of the Bluegrass region were dapper men and beautiful women in noted for producing superior race hats sipping on frosty mint juleps to the horses. laid-back infield crowd who picnic on In 1872, Col. Meriwether Lewis Clark, fried chicken and toss Frisbees, Churchill Jr., grandson of William Clark of the Downs, near Louisville, welcomes more Lewis and Clark expedition, traveled than 150,000 spectators to witness the to England, visiting the Epsom Derby, most thrilling two minutes in sports. a famous race that had been running “Riders up” booms the paddock annually since 1780. judge… From there, Clark went on to Paris, Trainers give a leg up to the riders; where in 1863, a group of racing enthusi- and send them out through the tunnel asts had formed the French Jockey Club and onto the world’s most famous track and had organized the Grand Prix de as the University of Louisville band Paris, which at the time was the greatest strikes up Stephen Foster’s “My Old race in France. -
Progress and Competition in Macroevolution
Biol . Rev . (1987). 62. pp. 305-338 Printed in Great Britain PROGRESS AND COMPETITION IN MACROEVOLUTION BY MICHAEL J . BENTON Department of Geology. The Queen’s University of Belfast. Belfast. BT7 INN. Northern Ireland (Received I 3 August 1985. accepted 23 February 1987) CONTENTS I . Introduction ........ I1. Improvements in competitive ability through time ........ (I) Evolutionary progress ............ (2) Increase in morphological complexity ......... (3) The expansion of life ............. (4) Evolutionary trends ............. (5) Increased effectiveness of adaptation .......... I11 . Competition in microevolution ........... (I) Competition and natural selection .......... (2) The evolutionary effects of interspecific competition ....... (3) The effects of interspecific competition on community structure .... IV . Competition in macroevolution ........... (I) Extinction and competition ........... (2) The Red Queen .............. (3) The community paradigm ............ (4) Evolutionary rates and competitive ability ......... V . Competition and major ecological replacements ........ (I) Key adaptations and replacements ........... (2) Patterns of ecological replacement ........... (3) The evidence for double-wedge patterns (differential survival) in the fossil record . (4) The evidence that differential survival was caused by competition .... (5) Alternatives to competition ........... VI . The problems of invoking large-scale competition ........ VII . Summary ................ VIII . Acknowledgements .............. IX. References -
Derby Mcilroy
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Kentucky Derby Comments by Brock Sheridan Photos by Coady and Chelsea Durand
Kentucky Derby Comments By Brock Sheridan Photos by Coady and Chelsea Durand #1 Known Agenda, 6-1 Drawing the inside post is his biggest problem. He won the Curlin Florida Derby (G1) at Gulfstream Park in his last start, and an allowance race, also at Gulfstream, before that on Feb. 26 and is trained by two-time Derby-winning trainer Todd Pletcher (Always Dreaming, 2017 and Super Saver, 2010). The Florida Derby has produced more Ken- tucky Derby winners than any other prep race (24) and six Kentucky Derby winners since 2000. Third in the Rem- sen (G2) won by Brooklyn Strong at Aqueduct on Dec. 5 and fifth in the Sam Davis (G3) at Tampa Bay Downs on Feb. 6, Known Agenda looks to be a “getting good at the right time” horse with the addition of blinkers for his last two races. Jockey Irad Ortiz Jr. is a plus, even among the world’s best and post one. Known Agenda #2 Like the King, 50-1 Won the Grade 3 Jeff Ruby Steaks at Turfway Park in his last race and his first career victory was on turf, so rac- ing on dirt for him is a question mark. In two starts on dirt, he was second in his career debut in July and third against allowance horses at Keeneland in October. Although this is the first Derby starter for trainer Wesley Ward, he has a reputation for his horses performing well on a world stage. Like the King #3 Brooklyn Strong, 50-1 Was the last to qualify for the Kentucky Derby as he made the field over the weekend when others were with- drawn. -
Domesticated Megafauna of Americas: Needs, Possibilities and Results
Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 18(2-A), 72-84, 2020 DOMESTICATED MEGAFAUNA OF AMERICAS: NEEDS, POSSIBILITIES AND RESULTS Dragica Šalamon*, Luana Velagić, Bernard Kuhar and Alen Džidić University of Zagreb – Faculty of Agriculture Zagreb, Croatia DOI: 10.7906/indecs.18.2.1 Received: 15 May 2019. Review article Accepted: 25 February 2020. ABSTRACT The article aims to determine why so few domestic animals originated in American domestication centres. The knowledge has been gathered from interdisciplinary sources taking into account recent archaeogenomic and spatial analysis research. The process of domestication is described, and different domestication centres are compared to the domestication needs and opportunities on the American continents. Human colonization of the American continent is considered. Important domestication centres on the North and South American continent are described. Dogs that colonized the American continents together with people and horses that arrived during the European colonization are also considered. The analysis of the American megafauna that lived on the continent during the first colonization of Homo sapiens showed that the big extinction occurred due to climate change and overhunting. Comparing the evolutionary process of domestication between Afro-Eurasia and America we found that there was no intentional domestication in areas peripheral to the original domestication centres in the Americas. Also, diversification of the domesticated animal purpose in the Americas is limited to dogs. KEY WORDS North America, South America, domestication, animals, megafauna CLASSIFICATION JEL: N50 *Corresponding author, : [email protected]; -; *Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, HR – 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia Domesticated megafauna of Americas: needs, possibilities and results INTRODUCTION Anatomically modern human (Homo sapiens) evolved in Africa around 300 000 years ago [1]. -
JCKS 80-2, June 2018
June 2018 Volume 80, Number 2 JOURNAL OF ISSN 1090-6924 A Publication of the National CAVE AND KARST Speleological Society STUDIES DEDICATED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, EDUCATION, EXPLORATION, AND CONSERVATION Published By BOARD OF EDITORS The National Speleological Society Anthropology George Crothers http://caves.org/pub/journal University of Kentucky Lexington, KY Office [email protected] 6001 Pulaski Pike NW Huntsville, AL 35810 USA Conservation-Life Sciences Tel:256-852-1300 Julian J. Lewis & Salisa L. Lewis Lewis & Associates, LLC. [email protected] Borden, IN [email protected] Editor-in-Chief Earth Sciences Benjamin Schwartz Malcolm S. Field Texas State University National Center of Environmental San Marcos, TX Assessment (8623P) [email protected] Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Leslie A. North 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Western Kentucky University Washington, DC 20460-0001 Bowling Green, KY [email protected] 703-347-8601 Voice 703-347-8692 Fax [email protected] Mario Parise University Aldo Moro Production Editor Bari, Italy Scott A. Engel [email protected] Knoxville, TN 225-281-3914 Exploration Paul Burger [email protected] National Park Service Eagle River, Alaska Journal Copy Editor [email protected] Linda Starr Microbiology Albuquerque, NM Kathleen H. Lavoie State University of New York Plattsburgh, NY [email protected] Paleontology Greg McDonald National Park Service Fort Collins, CO [email protected] Social Sciences Joseph C. Douglas The Journal of Cave and Karst Studies , ISSN 1090-6924, CPM Volunteer State Community College Number #40065056, is a multi-disciplinary, refereed journal pub- Gallatin, TN lished four times a year by the National Speleological Society.