Sapwood of Young Teak from Thinning As Potential

ReviewReview articleArticle th th ReceivedReceived: March March 15, 2014; 15 Accepted, 2014; Accepted: August 9, 2014 August 9 , 2014. 16. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief, Attitude, Intention and beholder? universality and cultural specificity in the Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. expression and perception of emotion. International Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975. Journal of Psychology 2011; 46(6): 401-35. SAPWOOD OF YOUNG TEAK FROM THINNING AS 17. Ajzen I, Martin F. Understanding Attitudes and 32. Song KT, Han MJ, Hong J. Online learning design of an Predicting Social Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: image-based facial expression recognition system. POTENTIAL MATERIAL FOR MAKING PRODUCTS Prentice Hall, 1980. Intelligent Service Robotics 2010; 3(3): 151-162. 18. Hawkins, DI, Mothersbaugh DL. Consumer Behavior: 33. Ray A, Amlan C. Design and Implementation of Case Study: Sapwood of Young Teak from Teak Plantation in Java, Indonesia Building Marketing Strategy. 11ed. New York: Affective E-Learning Strategy Based on Facial Emotion

McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2010; 392-398. Recognition. In proceeding of the International Imam Damar DJATI*, Takatoshi TAUCHI**, Mitsunori KUBO**, Fumio TERAUCHI** 19. Zaman B, Shrimpton-S T. The FaceReader: measuring Conference on Information Systems Design and instant fun of use. In Nordic Conference on Intelligent Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, *Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Design Science, Chiba University, Japan Human-Computer Interaction. Olso, Norway, 2006. 2012; 613-622. ** Chiba University Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan 20. Morris JD, Woo C, Geason JA, Kim J. The power of 34. Pos O, Green-A P. Facial Expression, Colours and Basic affect: predicting intention. Journal of Advertising Emotions. Colour: design & creativity 2007; 1(1): 2, Abstract: The demand of wood is increasing, but the supply is limited, on the contrary, there are amount Research 2002; 42(3): 7-17. 1-20. of potential young teaks (Tectona grandis L.f.) from thinning of teak plantations that could contribute to 21. Pickett-B J, Ozaki R. Pro-environmental products: 35. Lajevardi SM, Wu HR. Facial Expression Recognition meet this demand. During the time from planting until harvesting (rotation age), a number of young teak marketing influence on consumer purchase Decision. in Perceptual Color Space. IEEE transactions on image trees, which comprise mostly sapwood, are felled regularly due to the thinning to stimulate the better Journal of Consumer Marketing 2008; 25 (5): 281-93. processing 2012; 21(8): 3721-33. growth of the remaining teak trees in the plantations. There are at least 1.2 million hectares of teak 22. Hazlett R. Measuring emotional valence during 36. Gatti A. Feel and Sense the Product: Experimental plantations in Java, Indonesia, and 3.146 million hectares in other countries. In one of the teak plantations, interactive experience: boys at video game play. In Based Optimization Methodology. phD thesis, for 1 hectare with the average site quality and the rotation age of 40 years, from 1,769 5-year-old teak Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Department of Design, Politecnico di Milano, 2014; trees will be felled regularly during the rotation age until 277 39-year-old teak trees remain at harvesting. Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, 2006; 76-81. From this study, consider the significant amount of young teaks from the thinning is available, it is 1023-26. 37. Beiman N. Creating Story and Characters for Animated necessary to utilize these potential material become suitable products by taking the advantage of its 23. Hirschman EC, Holbrook MB. Hedonic consumption: Features and Shorts. New York: Elsevier, 2007. properties and prominent characteristics, e.g. border patterns and lighter color of the sapwood, to enhance emerging concepts, methods and propositions. Journal 38. Dunn SW, Arnold M. Barban. Advertising: Its Role in its utilization and value. of marketing 1982; 46: 92-101. Modern Marketing. 6 ed. Fort Worth: Dryden Press, 24. Hill D. Emotionomics: Leveraging Emotions for 1986. Keywords: sapwood, young teak, thinning, properties, characteristics, utilization Business Success. 2nd ed. London: KoganPage, 2010. 39. Norris JS. Advertising. 4 ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 25. Mahrabian A. Silent Messages. Belmont, CA: 1990. 1. Wood as Material Recently, much of wood use has taken different forms, Wadsworth, 1981. 40. Bijlstra G, Dotsch R. Facereader 4 emotion Wood has played a prominent role in human life reflecting the new product demands and new technologies. 26. Pollak SD, Messner M, Kistler DJ, Cohn JF. classification performance on images from the Radboud throughout history. From the early age, the use of wood Among the competitions and advancement of technologies Development of perceptual expertise in emotion faces database. Unpublished manuscript 2011. considered the quality, cost and availability, as well as the from artificial materials such as metals, plastics, cement, recognition. Cognition 2009; 110: 242-47. 41. Loijens L, Krips O. Facereader Methodology. intended use. The unique nature of wood has been gradually and other new materials, wood has maintained a place in 27. Ekman P, Friesen WV. Facial Action Coding System: A Wageningen, Nederland: Noldus Information understood by experiences and more recently by systematic most of its traditional roles, and its serviceability is Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement. Technology, 2012. research and scientific observations. Wood is still essential expanding through the new uses [4]. Wood has been the Palo Also: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1978. 42. Reynolds TJ, Gutman J. Advertising is image for human life, and has evolved from a simple natural most versatile and useful construction material and it is still 28. Rinn WE. The neuropsychology of facial expression: a management. Journal of advertising Research 1984; material to a modern industrial and engineering material, used more than any other construction materials [2]. review of the neurological and psychological Feb: 27-37. with unique ability to contribute to human life both as In construction sector, the professionals have become mechanisms for producing facial expressions. material for use and as an important element in the natural increasingly interested in the environmental impacts of Psychological Bulletin 1984; 95(1): 52-77. world [1, 2]. construction material. Preference for wood products has 29. Essa IA, Pentland AP. Coding, analysis, interpretation, The unique characteristics and abundance of wood has increased as wood has been recognized as an excellent and recognition of facial expressions. IEEE made wood to become natural material for various choice regarding to its environmental aspects. An Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine utilizations such as structure of buildings and homes, environmental study has conducted to compare the Intelligence 1997; 19(7): 757-63. furniture, tools, decorative objects, and many other products. environmental impact of constructing a house using wood 30. Reeve J, Nix G. Expressing intrinsic motivation through Consequently, wood is prized for the multitude of framing, steel, and concrete, and the result has shown that acts of exploration and facial displays of interest. application [3]. the design house built by wood construction has fewer Motivation and Emotion 1997; 21(3): 237-50. Wood has been used and continued to increase as part of negative impacts to the environment [5]. 31. Scherer KR, Clark-P E, Mortillaro M. In the eye of the the general world trend toward the increase use of wood. Wood is renewable material, which is the most

10 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx Copyright © 2015 日本デザイン学会 All Rights Reserved. THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN B U L L E T I N O F JSSD Vol. 61 No. 5 2015 77 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx 1 Table 1. Anatomical structure of hardwood and softwood Table 2. Sapwood and heartwood in wood trunk important point regarding to the wood uses. Unlike fossil properties such as durability, workability, cleavability, and fuels, metals, and plastics, wood can be harvested and difficulty of seasoning, preserving, and finishing are also Aspects Hardwood Softwood Aspects Sapwood Heartwood Botanical Classification angiosperm gymnosperm living cells (parenchyma): no living cells, consequently: regrown. As long as wood that is harvested is replaced with considered [10]. Leave Type generally broad generally conifers - conduction and transport - no conducting water or new plantings in well manage and sustainable manner, this Properties of wood have been developed and more leaves; deciduous (coniferous), needle-like of water and sap (vessel in food reserve and it is not or evergreen or scale-like leaves; hardwood and tracheid in essential for growth and cycle can continue indefinitely [6]. Additionally, wood is various from time to time regarding to the more specific of evergreen Function in softwood); survive; still an important fuel in many countries. The Food and its utilization. The physical and mechanical properties of Pore Type porous (obvious nonporous (lacking living tree - mechanical support, by - do not give the structural pores) pores) fibers in hardwood and support, it has provided by Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, wood increase, from the very common and simple, to the Conduction and Transport vessel cells (pores tracheid tracheid in softwood; sapwood; of Water or Sap in transversal - storage food reserve with - no storage for waste reports that combustible renewable and waste account for more sophisticated and complex. Newly recognized surface) form of starch, produced chemical compounds approximately 10 percent of the world’s energy production. properties for wood include thermal properties, electrical, Mechanical Support fibers (wood cells) tracheid by photosynthesis in the (extractives) and material Storage Food Reserve living cells (ray living cells (longitudinal leaves. surplus of photosynthesis. This includes the burning of wood for energy by households friction, and nuclear radiation properties [11]. Each and longitudinal parenchyma usually brighter than relatively darker, but some in developing countries and wood used in developed characteristic and property of a particular wood is important parenchyma) Color heartwood color, but not species has almost similar Reproduction Seed flowering seed; naked seed; always color with its sapwood countries, such as Europe, in efforts to comply with the aspects to be considered for obtaining the best advantage dicotyledon monocotyledon produced by cambium (a produced from the death of Formation layer between phloem and parenchyma cells of energy policy targets [7]. and most effective use of the wood in different applications. sapwood) sapwood Wood is available in various color and grain patterns. Hardwood is more tremendous in diversity, whereas Hardness mostly softer mostly harder The unique characteristics of wood as material are 3. Hardwood and Softwood softwood is very limited [14]. Hardwood trees, with a few important aspect in design of quality products. Many Wood is divided into two classifications, hardwood and exceptions in the temperate and semi-tropical regions, will The conversion of sapwood to heartwood is commonly products have been and are still made of wood. Wood is still softwood. Hardwood according to botanical group is called shed their leaves in autumn or winter, and this is also the associated with a color change that is due to the deposition favorite choice also for many designers when making as angiosperms, which have obvious vessels, flowering seed, case for a few types of softwood trees. This loss of leaves of chemical compounds, known as extractives, in the various products, e.g. furniture especially. In a book about and broad leaves. Hardwood is the diverse group that called as deciduous, and is contrary to evergreen. Softwood heartwood. These extractives give the wood durability "Japanese chairs", the author selected a number of contains both the heaviest and the lightest timber that is trees are predominant in many parts of the boreal forest, and aspect against decay by fungi and attack by insects, such as representative and high quality chairs from the points of found in nature. This is in contrast to the softwood as mixed with hardwood in many parts of the temperate forest. termites, beetles, and marine borers. The color change styles, appearances, and its functional aspects. There are 41 gymnosperms, which have naked seeds, conifer leaves, and Hardwood trees are predominant in tropical and varies among species according to the composition of the models of chairs created by famous designers, and at least lacking vessels. One of the major botanical distinctions semi-tropical forest. Most tropical wood imported to wood. In different species, the color change between 36 of those chairs use wood as the main material, for between softwood and hardwood lies in the structures of temperate countries is hardwood [2, 12]. Tropical hardwood heartwood and sapwood may be slight or otherwise structures and cushion. Wood as material for making their wood. In softwood, the cells that serve to transport has the prominent economic value, moderating effect on nonexistent [15, 16, 17]. product is very companion for many designers [8, 9]. water or sap also provide mechanical support for the stem; climate, preventing floods, and soil erosion [14]. According to some research, there is no significant however, in hardwood, some cells specialize in water difference in the strength between heartwood and its 2. Characteristics and Properties of Wood transport, and others specialize in mechanical support. The 4. Sapwood and Heartwood sapwood. This is likely because there are no differences in Wood is a natural product of the growth of the tree. It is cells that transport water are called vessels in heartwoods, A transverse surface (cross sectional view) of a tree their structures and there is no changing anatomically. The basically fibrous. These fibrous cells and their arrangement and are commonly very much larger in diameter than the trunk consists of three areas, i.e. pith, xylem, and bark. The difference in strength is closely correlated to wood density. in the tree have strongly effect to the characteristics and the cells called tracheids in softwood. The vessels can be seen pith, as a central of trunk, is usually barely visible. The The difference recognized only to the content of materials in properties of the wood. All wood comprises the major clearly as a number of pinholes on the transverse surface of xylem comprises sapwood and heartwood. The bark is their cells, which is related to wood durability [15, 16]. components of woody biomass, i.e. cellulose, lignin, wood. As a result, hardwood is commonly referred to as differed as the inner bark (phloem), which conducts of Under most conditions, i.e. suitable moisture and hemicellulose, and minor amounts of extractive materials porous wood, and softwood is referred to as nonporous sugars, and the outer bark that serves as a protective layer to temperature, with adequate oxygen and food, the sapwood contained in a cellular structure [5]. Variation in wood [10, 12, 13]. the wood. New wood and inner bark are added each year by will decay more easily than the heartwood after a certain characteristics and proportions of these components and For commercial use and practical purposes, usually the the cambium, a layer of dividing cells, which is located time, such as by lumberyard mold and wood-destroying differences in its cellular structures make wood become lighter wood is softwood and the heavier wood is hardwood. between phloem and sapwood part [15]. fungi [18]. The lower resistance of sapwood compared to heavy or light, stiff or flexible, and hard or soft. The overall This refers to their specific weight per unit volume of the Sapwood as an outer part in the xylem contains living heartwood must be considered properly if sapwood part will composition will influence the characteristics of the wood, wood, but there are sometimes exceptions to this cells (parenchyma) for reserve material such as starch, as be used for making products and, moreover, for use as such as color, texture, grain pattern, and odor. Just like its classification. Therefore these terms of hardwood and water transport, and forming the initial wood layer under the structural timber, especially on exteriors that are exposed to characteristics, each type of wood also has specific softwood are not indicative of the actual hardness of the bark. New wood is added to the outside of existing wood, the various weather condition. properties. The physical properties include specific gravity, wood [4, 10]. These terms can be confusing, because some and the oldest wood is close to the pith. Each year that new While most softwood and hardwood have sapwood and shrinkage, conductivity, and moisture content. The softwood is actually harder than some hardwood, and vice wood is formed, and some inner sapwood loses its water heartwood parts, there are some species that only have mechanical properties, which refer to the ability of forces versa. These terms arise more due to differences of the transport function, and then changes become heartwood. sapwood. Over time, the percentage of heartwood increases resistance, include bending strength, crushing, tensile, wood anatomy, i.e. its xylem. Softwood is made up only The outer boundary of the heartwood then moves outward while the percentage of sapwood decreases. The diameter, shearing, stiffness, toughness, hardness, flexibility and from tracheid, whereas hardwood is more various, from gradually. New wood formation and conversion of sapwood proportion, and thickness of the sapwood and heartwood in cleavability. Related to the suitability of wood for fibers and vessels [14]. to heartwood is maintained to ensure adequate growth and a wood stem vary according to the age and growth rate of manufacturing, chemical properties and manufacturing survival of the tree [16]. the tree. The growth period from young sapling to a fully

782 BTHE U L L SCIENCE E T I N O F JSSD Vol.OF DESIGN 61 No. BULLE5 2015 TIN OFTHE JSSD SCIENCE Vol. OF xx DESIGN No. x 20xx THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx 3 Table 1. Anatomical structure of hardwood and softwood Table 2. Sapwood and heartwood in wood trunk important point regarding to the wood uses. Unlike fossil properties such as durability, workability, cleavability, and fuels, metals, and plastics, wood can be harvested and difficulty of seasoning, preserving, and finishing are also Aspects Hardwood Softwood Aspects Sapwood Heartwood Botanical Classification angiosperm gymnosperm living cells (parenchyma): no living cells, consequently: regrown. As long as wood that is harvested is replaced with considered [10]. Leave Type generally broad generally conifers - conduction and transport - no conducting water or new plantings in well manage and sustainable manner, this Properties of wood have been developed and more leaves; deciduous (coniferous), needle-like of water and sap (vessel in food reserve and it is not or evergreen or scale-like leaves; hardwood and tracheid in essential for growth and cycle can continue indefinitely [6]. Additionally, wood is various from time to time regarding to the more specific of evergreen Function in softwood); survive; still an important fuel in many countries. The Food and its utilization. The physical and mechanical properties of Pore Type porous (obvious nonporous (lacking living tree - mechanical support, by - do not give the structural pores) pores) fibers in hardwood and support, it has provided by Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, wood increase, from the very common and simple, to the Conduction and Transport vessel cells (pores tracheid tracheid in softwood; sapwood; of Water or Sap in transversal - storage food reserve with - no storage for waste reports that combustible renewable and waste account for more sophisticated and complex. Newly recognized surface) form of starch, produced chemical compounds approximately 10 percent of the world’s energy production. properties for wood include thermal properties, electrical, Mechanical Support fibers (wood cells) tracheid by photosynthesis in the (extractives) and material Storage Food Reserve living cells (ray living cells (longitudinal leaves. surplus of photosynthesis. This includes the burning of wood for energy by households friction, and nuclear radiation properties [11]. Each and longitudinal parenchyma usually brighter than relatively darker, but some in developing countries and wood used in developed characteristic and property of a particular wood is important parenchyma) Color heartwood color, but not species has almost similar Reproduction Seed flowering seed; naked seed; always color with its sapwood countries, such as Europe, in efforts to comply with the aspects to be considered for obtaining the best advantage dicotyledon monocotyledon produced by cambium (a produced from the death of Formation layer between phloem and parenchyma cells of energy policy targets [7]. and most effective use of the wood in different applications. sapwood) sapwood Wood is available in various color and grain patterns. Hardwood is more tremendous in diversity, whereas Hardness mostly softer mostly harder The unique characteristics of wood as material are 3. Hardwood and Softwood softwood is very limited [14]. Hardwood trees, with a few important aspect in design of quality products. Many Wood is divided into two classifications, hardwood and exceptions in the temperate and semi-tropical regions, will The conversion of sapwood to heartwood is commonly products have been and are still made of wood. Wood is still softwood. Hardwood according to botanical group is called shed their leaves in autumn or winter, and this is also the associated with a color change that is due to the deposition favorite choice also for many designers when making as angiosperms, which have obvious vessels, flowering seed, case for a few types of softwood trees. This loss of leaves of chemical compounds, known as extractives, in the various products, e.g. furniture especially. In a book about and broad leaves. Hardwood is the diverse group that called as deciduous, and is contrary to evergreen. Softwood heartwood. These extractives give the wood durability "Japanese chairs", the author selected a number of contains both the heaviest and the lightest timber that is trees are predominant in many parts of the boreal forest, and aspect against decay by fungi and attack by insects, such as representative and high quality chairs from the points of found in nature. This is in contrast to the softwood as mixed with hardwood in many parts of the temperate forest. termites, beetles, and marine borers. The color change styles, appearances, and its functional aspects. There are 41 gymnosperms, which have naked seeds, conifer leaves, and Hardwood trees are predominant in tropical and varies among species according to the composition of the models of chairs created by famous designers, and at least lacking vessels. One of the major botanical distinctions semi-tropical forest. Most tropical wood imported to wood. In different species, the color change between 36 of those chairs use wood as the main material, for between softwood and hardwood lies in the structures of temperate countries is hardwood [2, 12]. Tropical hardwood heartwood and sapwood may be slight or otherwise structures and cushion. Wood as material for making their wood. In softwood, the cells that serve to transport has the prominent economic value, moderating effect on nonexistent [15, 16, 17]. product is very companion for many designers [8, 9]. water or sap also provide mechanical support for the stem; climate, preventing floods, and soil erosion [14]. According to some research, there is no significant however, in hardwood, some cells specialize in water difference in the strength between heartwood and its 2. Characteristics and Properties of Wood transport, and others specialize in mechanical support. The 4. Sapwood and Heartwood sapwood. This is likely because there are no differences in Wood is a natural product of the growth of the tree. It is cells that transport water are called vessels in heartwoods, A transverse surface (cross sectional view) of a tree their structures and there is no changing anatomically. The basically fibrous. These fibrous cells and their arrangement and are commonly very much larger in diameter than the trunk consists of three areas, i.e. pith, xylem, and bark. The difference in strength is closely correlated to wood density. in the tree have strongly effect to the characteristics and the cells called tracheids in softwood. The vessels can be seen pith, as a central of trunk, is usually barely visible. The The difference recognized only to the content of materials in properties of the wood. All wood comprises the major clearly as a number of pinholes on the transverse surface of xylem comprises sapwood and heartwood. The bark is their cells, which is related to wood durability [15, 16]. components of woody biomass, i.e. cellulose, lignin, wood. As a result, hardwood is commonly referred to as differed as the inner bark (phloem), which conducts of Under most conditions, i.e. suitable moisture and hemicellulose, and minor amounts of extractive materials porous wood, and softwood is referred to as nonporous sugars, and the outer bark that serves as a protective layer to temperature, with adequate oxygen and food, the sapwood contained in a cellular structure [5]. Variation in wood [10, 12, 13]. the wood. New wood and inner bark are added each year by will decay more easily than the heartwood after a certain characteristics and proportions of these components and For commercial use and practical purposes, usually the the cambium, a layer of dividing cells, which is located time, such as by lumberyard mold and wood-destroying differences in its cellular structures make wood become lighter wood is softwood and the heavier wood is hardwood. between phloem and sapwood part [15]. fungi [18]. The lower resistance of sapwood compared to heavy or light, stiff or flexible, and hard or soft. The overall This refers to their specific weight per unit volume of the Sapwood as an outer part in the xylem contains living heartwood must be considered properly if sapwood part will composition will influence the characteristics of the wood, wood, but there are sometimes exceptions to this cells (parenchyma) for reserve material such as starch, as be used for making products and, moreover, for use as such as color, texture, grain pattern, and odor. Just like its classification. Therefore these terms of hardwood and water transport, and forming the initial wood layer under the structural timber, especially on exteriors that are exposed to characteristics, each type of wood also has specific softwood are not indicative of the actual hardness of the bark. New wood is added to the outside of existing wood, the various weather condition. properties. The physical properties include specific gravity, wood [4, 10]. These terms can be confusing, because some and the oldest wood is close to the pith. Each year that new While most softwood and hardwood have sapwood and shrinkage, conductivity, and moisture content. The softwood is actually harder than some hardwood, and vice wood is formed, and some inner sapwood loses its water heartwood parts, there are some species that only have mechanical properties, which refer to the ability of forces versa. These terms arise more due to differences of the transport function, and then changes become heartwood. sapwood. Over time, the percentage of heartwood increases resistance, include bending strength, crushing, tensile, wood anatomy, i.e. its xylem. Softwood is made up only The outer boundary of the heartwood then moves outward while the percentage of sapwood decreases. The diameter, shearing, stiffness, toughness, hardness, flexibility and from tracheid, whereas hardwood is more various, from gradually. New wood formation and conversion of sapwood proportion, and thickness of the sapwood and heartwood in cleavability. Related to the suitability of wood for fibers and vessels [14]. to heartwood is maintained to ensure adequate growth and a wood stem vary according to the age and growth rate of manufacturing, chemical properties and manufacturing survival of the tree [16]. the tree. The growth period from young sapling to a fully

2 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN B U L L E T I N O F JSSD Vol. 61 No. 5 2015 79 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx 3 grow tree differs for every species. The properties of a wood Teak is rated as very durable with respect to decay and usually reflected in its heartwood, and this part is the most insect attack, and extremely resistant to preservative significant influence and useful in terms of wood utilization treatment. Teak is somewhat variable in production [15]. In the living tree, sapwood is the most important part processes, but can generally be worked with moderate ease for growth and survival; however, after being felled and by hand and machine tools. The silica content in teaks is converted to be a wood log or lumber, as a material, the variable, and has been reported as being up to 1.4 percent. characteristics and properties of the heartwood become the This silica causes the dulling effect of teak on cutting edges, most important aspects. and in general may be considered as appreciable. For In temperate zones especially, the transverse surface, extensive machining runs, the use of special wear-resistant will show obvious growth rings, in which one ring is steel is necessary to ensure the economical operation, e.g. commonly formed each year. However, in most tropical the use of carbide tungsten saw-tooth blades. The wood can areas, where the trees grow throughout the whole years, and be finished and glued satisfactorily, although some consequently many tropical woods show obscure annual pre-finishing treatments may have to be considered to rings, while others only have zones of growth [12]. ensure good bonding of finishes and glues [21, 22]. Therefore it is difficult to estimate the age of tropical Intrinsically, teak is one of the most valuable of all hardwoods from its growth rings, such as ebony, mahogany, woods due to its unique characteristics of not causing rust or rosewood, teak, and other wood from tropical areas. corrosion when in contact with metals; therefore, it is extremely useful in the shipbuilding industry. Currently, 5. Teak teak is used in the construction of expensive boats, furniture, Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is recognized as one of the decorative objects, veneer for decorative plywood, and famous and important hardwood species of tree from many other products [ 20, 22]. Although teak is relatively tropical areas. Wood from teaks is well known for its unimportant in terms of the volume of total world timber pleasant color, fine grain, and durability. Teak grows production, because of its strength, durability, and naturally in India, Myanmar, the Lao People’s Democratic distinctive aesthetic qualities, teak has become the most Republic, and Thailand. Teak is naturalized in Java, tropical hardwood in demand for a specific market of the Indonesia, where it was likely introduced 400 to 600 years special and luxury applications. This is one of major ago. Teak plantations have now been developed within its importance in the forestry economies of the countries in natural range as well as in many tropical areas of Latin which teak is mainly produced, e.g. Indonesia [19]. America and Africa. Trial plantations have been established throughout tropical Asia, as well as in tropical Africa and in 6. Teak Forest and Teak Plantation northern Australia [19]. There are two type of teak forest, natural teak forest and The heartwood of teak varies from yellow brown to rich planted teak forest or teak plantation forest. The term teak brown and frequently shows streaks of dark color. These plantation forest is usually shortened to "teak plantation". pigmented zones eventually fade with age. The wood has Plantations refer to areas purposely planted and kept both coarse texture, it is usually straight-grained, and has distinct for environmental and for commercial reasons [23]. Both oily feel. The wood has a mild but somewhat unpleasant area of natural teak forests and area of teak plantations have odor, and has the odor of leather when freshly cut [20]. been changing during the time. The number of teak Teak seasons are well but rather slowly. It requires more plantations has increased over the last 30 years, from 1.3 than ordinary care in determining both the initial and final million hectares in 1976/1979 to 4.346 million hectares in moisture contents, as variations in the drying rates of some 2010. This area is dominated (76.9 percent) by teak of 0 - boards are occasionally substantial. The wood is very liable 20-year-old. On the other hand, the total area of natural teak to color change, but the color becomes uniform within a forests slightly decreased from 29.420 million hectares in reasonable time after kiln drying (oven-dry seasoning). 1976/1979 to 29.035 million hectares in 2010 [24]. Total shrinkage is exceptionally small for teak. Shrinkage The data for area of teak plantations in Indonesia was from green (more than 12 percent moisture content) to reported to FAO in 2010 by Perum Perhutani, as one of the oven-dry (moisture content of 0 percent) is 2.5 percent for state-owned forestry companies in Indonesia, and this is the radial, 5.8 percent for tangential, and 7.0 percent for area of teak plantations in Java (Java Island, Indonesia) only. volumetric [11, 21]. Therefore, it is possible that the actual total area is greater,

THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx 804 B U L L E T I N O F JSSD Vol. 61 No. 5 2015 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN grow tree differs for every species. The properties of a wood Teak is rated as very durable with respect to decay and i.e. local farmers and small-scale holders of teak plantations usually reflected in its heartwood, and this part is the most insect attack, and extremely resistant to preservative are not included in the data [24]. significant influence and useful in terms of wood utilization treatment. Teak is somewhat variable in production

[15]. In the living tree, sapwood is the most important part processes, but can generally be worked with moderate ease Table 3. Total area of natural teak forests and teak plantations, based on FAO report in 2010. for growth and survival; however, after being felled and by hand and machine tools. The silica content in teaks is converted to be a wood log or lumber, as a material, the variable, and has been reported as being up to 1.4 percent. Type of Teak Area 1976/1979 2010 (1000 hectares) (1000 hectares) characteristics and properties of the heartwood become the This silica causes the dulling effect of teak on cutting edges, Natural Teak Forest 29,420 29,035 most important aspects. and in general may be considered as appreciable. For Teak Plantation 1,300 4,346 Total 30,720 33,381 In temperate zones especially, the transverse surface, extensive machining runs, the use of special wear-resistant will show obvious growth rings, in which one ring is steel is necessary to ensure the economical operation, e.g. The results of the data from FAO on global teak commonly formed each year. However, in most tropical the use of carbide tungsten saw-tooth blades. The wood can resources and the market assessment in 60 tropical countries areas, where the trees grow throughout the whole years, and be finished and glued satisfactorily, although some show that the natural teak forests are in decline worldwide consequently many tropical woods show obscure annual pre-finishing treatments may have to be considered to and that the quality of naturally grown teak is deteriorating. rings, while others only have zones of growth [12]. ensure good bonding of finishes and glues [21, 22]. On the other hand, the survey reveals that the number of Therefore it is difficult to estimate the age of tropical Intrinsically, teak is one of the most valuable of all teak plantations is increasing. Teak has attracted large hardwoods from its growth rings, such as ebony, mahogany, woods due to its unique characteristics of not causing rust or investments from the private sector in many countries for rosewood, teak, and other wood from tropical areas. corrosion when in contact with metals; therefore, it is planting teak; thus, the area of teak plantations are Fig. 1. Area of teak plantations surrounds the lowland area of paddy extremely useful in the shipbuilding industry. Currently, increasing, and if well-management practices are applied, field in West Java, Indonesia. 5. Teak teak is used in the construction of expensive boats, furniture, eventually these areas can be expected to produce high Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is recognized as one of the decorative objects, veneer for decorative plywood, and quality teaks [25]. There are several lacking and inaccurate information famous and important hardwood species of tree from many other products [20, 22]. Although teak is relatively The limitation of deforestation due to the environmental regarding to the condition and management of teak tropical areas. Wood from teaks is well known for its unimportant in terms of the volume of total world timber issues will particularly affect the supply of teak from the plantations in Java. However, these teak plantations have pleasant color, fine grain, and durability. Teak grows production, because of its strength, durability, and natural teak forests. This will result in further limits on the been well managed and are functioning properly. All of naturally in India, Myanmar, the Lao People’s Democratic distinctive aesthetic qualities, teak has become the most production of teak from natural forests and will also result wood logs and timbers produced by Perum Perhutani have Republic, and Thailand. Teak is naturalized in Java, tropical hardwood in demand for a specific market of the in a shift of the supply of teak to the market from natural been certified by the international certification organization, Indonesia, where it was likely introduced 400 to 600 years special and luxury applications. This is one of major forests to teak plantations. In this case, India, Indonesia, and i.e. Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), and this forestry ago. Teak plantations have now been developed within its importance in the forestry economies of the countries in Myanmar, as countries with the largest teak plantations in company was the first company in the world to be awarded natural range as well as in many tropical areas of Latin which teak is mainly produced, e.g. Indonesia [19]. the world, will likely maintain their market position [25]. the "Certificate of Rain Forest Alliance for Sustainable America and Africa. Trial plantations have been established Teak and its plantations are getting more priority than Forest Management" by The Rainforest Alliance, it is the throughout tropical Asia, as well as in tropical Africa and in 6. Teak Forest and Teak Plantation the other wood species in Indonesia. Besides being wood world's leading which has developed the world's first global northern Australia [19]. There are two type of teak forest, natural teak forest and production resources, teak plantations in Java, Indonesia, forestry certification program [29, 30, 31]. The heartwood of teak varies from yellow brown to rich planted teak forest or teak plantation forest. The term teak Although there are different data about the width of area have another important purpose for protection of soils on brown and frequently shows streaks of dark color. These plantation forest is usually shortened to "teak plantation". of teak plantations in several countries, and the plantation hills to minimize soil erosion into paddy fields in the pigmented zones eventually fade with age. The wood has Plantations refer to areas purposely planted and kept both management, i.e. the thinning, the commercial potential of lowlands. This soil protection system has clearly coarse texture, it is usually straight-grained, and has distinct for environmental and for commercial reasons [23]. Both young teaks, which comprise mostly sapwood, still exists in demonstrated the values of teak plantations for soil oily feel. The wood has a mild but somewhat unpleasant area of natural teak forests and area of teak plantations have some teak-producing countries. conservation in those areas [26]. odor, and has the odor of leather when freshly cut [20]. been changing during the time. The number of teak At the present, only in Java Island, there are at least 1.21 Teak seasons are well but rather slowly. It requires more plantations has increased over the last 30 years, from 1.3 7. Thinning in Teak Plantations million hectares of teak plantations; the second largest area than ordinary care in determining both the initial and final million hectares in 1976/1979 to 4.346 million hectares in The period from planting until harvesting is called the of teak plantation in a country in the world. The average moisture contents, as variations in the drying rates of some 2010. This area is dominated (76.9 percent) by teak of 0 - rotation age. Teak plantations in Java, which is managed by production of logs and timbers from these teak plantations boards are occasionally substantial. The wood is very liable 20-year-old. On the other hand, the total area of natural teak 3 Perum Perhutani, use the rotation age of 40 years and the are 0.4 million m annually [24, 27]. to color change, but the color becomes uniform within a forests slightly decreased from 29.420 million hectares in rotation age of 80 years. During the rotation age, a number Teak plantations in Java have been operating by Perum reasonable time after kiln drying (oven-dry seasoning). 1976/1979 to 29.035 million hectares in 2010 [24]. of young teak trees, which mostly comprise sapwoods, will Perhutani since it was officially founded in 1961. However, Total shrinkage is exceptionally small for teak. Shrinkage The data for area of teak plantations in Indonesia was be felled due to the thinning to stimulate the best growth of these teak plantations have been managed institutionally use from green (more than 12 percent moisture content) to reported to FAO in 2010 by Perum Perhutani, as one of the remaining teak trees in the teak plantations. As a particular the modern operation by the colonial company since 1897, oven-dry (moisture content of 0 percent) is 2.5 percent for state-owned forestry companies in Indonesia, and this is the case, in one of the teak plantations, for 1 hectare of teak before Indonesia was founded as a country in 1945 [28]. radial, 5.8 percent for tangential, and 7.0 percent for area of teak plantations in Java (Java Island, Indonesia) only. plantation with the site quality index of bonita III/IV volumetric [11, 21]. Therefore, it is possible that the actual total area is greater, (average quality class) and rotation age of 40 years, from

THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx 4 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN B U L L E T I N O F JSSD Vol. 61 No. 5 2015 81 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx 5 1,769 5-year-old teak trees will be felled regularly during Table 4. Comparison between heartwood and sapwood percentage of teaks from a teak plantation area in Java Island, Indonesia [36] the rotation age until 277 39-year-old teak trees remain at harvesting. There are six site classes (bonita I - bonita VI) Age Class Range of Age Heartwood (%) Sapwood (%) I 1-10-year-old 9.09 90.91 for recognizing areas of teak plantation in Java, and each II 11-20-year-old 33.53 66.47 III 21-30-year-old 48.73 51.27 site class has different thinning for felling a number of its IV 31-40-year-old 63.33 36.67 teak trees [32]. V 41-50-year-old 73.14 26.86 VI 51-60-year-old 79.36 20.64 Thinning is one method to stimulate the well growth VII 61-70-year-old 79.69 20.31 condition according to the intended wood in the area of tree VIII 71-80-year-old 89.93 10.07 plantations. This method is based on the principle that the growth condition of a tree will be influenced by the Young teaks from thinning are available and have been surrounding physical conditions. The fertility and the height used for firewood and also for making products, such as position of the soil and height of soil position will influence furniture, although with some limitation and relatively to the moisture level, water supply, and the amount of weaknesses due to their lower durability, smaller trunk size, sunlight a tree receives. The nature has shown that the tree's bigger shrinkage, bigger distortion, and pale color. position in the mountain or hillside will result in different characteristics of its wood. In the midpoint with usually the distance among the trees are quite far, the trees will receive the best sunlight and air circulation, without excessive competition from neighboring trees. These trees are able to branch quickly and develop necessary girth to support a large amount of leaves. The trees in the lower position (below midpoint) have to compete for sunlight, and consequently will focus to be higher and straighter, with Fig. 2. Teak planks, which comprise sapwood and heartwood has been less branching [34]. used for furniture without any extraneous treatment to its sapwood parts. This sapwood parts usually will be more easily decay than the Perum Perhutani has been implementing the thinning on heartwood parts. its own teak plantations since early, and currently some of By using of appropriate treatments, such as oven-dry non profit organizations have been introducing also the seasoning and preservation with pressure, can improve the thinning to the local farmers and private small-scale holders durability of sapwood to match that of heartwood. Other of teak plantations, to help increase the economic and social treatments, such as heating and removing starch and sap use aspects from the appearance of their teak plantations [35]. the certain solvents, can also make the sapwood more The increase of the world population has also increased durable and usable [40, 41]. the global wood consumption, especially for high-grade Based on visual observation to the transverse surface, tropical hardwoods. Demand for wood is increasing from radial surface, and its tangential surface, as shown at figure time to time, and a substitute material must be found to 3 and figure 4, the border pattern and color between meet this demand [23]. In this case, the young teaks from sapwood and its heartwood in mature teaks are usually thinning are having possibility to contribute. obvious. This is contrary to the young teaks in which the

borders vary due to the incomplete process. Thus, these 8. Sapwood of Teak from Thinning various border patterns are recognized in the transverse Thirty-year-old teak trees (Class Age III) still have surface can be categorized as: 51.27% sapwood and 40-year-old teak trees (Class Age IV) - serrated edge (saw-like) in contrast with the curved still have 36.67% of sapwood. Therefore, the young teak edge; trees from thinning must have at least 50% sapwood [36]. A - obvious edge in contrast with the obscure edge. relatively long time is needed for percentage of heartwood At both the radial surface and the tangential surface, the to become greater than its sapwood, and then appropriate to various borders are recognized as: be felled and utilized, at least at age 40-year-old, and the - linear edge in contrast with the meandering edge; ideal is at age 80-year-old. In this case especially, the - obvious edge in contrast with the obscure edge. growth period of teaks become a limited supply to meet the The color intensity near the borders edges on the increasing demand of wood globally.

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1,769 5-year-old teak trees will be felled regularly during Table 4. Comparison between heartwood and sapwood percentage heartwood parts also vary; darker and brighter color resource categories, these are: of teaks from a teak plantation area in Java Island, Indonesia [36] the rotation age until 277 39-year-old teak trees remain at alternate between early-woods and late-woods at the growth 1. The young teak logs, which comprise mostly sapwood; harvesting. There are six site classes (bonita I - bonita VI) Age Class Range of Age Heartwood (%) Sapwood (%) rings, as an uneven process of formation and conversion of and I 1-10-year-old 9.09 90.91 for recognizing areas of teak plantation in Java, and each II 11-20-year-old 33.53 66.47 sapwood become heartwood. 2. Sawing and re-sawing of teak logs, timbers, or lumbers, III 21-30-year-old 48.73 51.27 site class has different thinning for felling a number of its IV 31-40-year-old 63.33 36.67 which contain proportions of both sapwood and its teak trees [32]. V 41-50-year-old 73.14 26.86 heartwood. This sapwood is recognized as removed VI 51-60-year-old 79.36 20.64 Thinning is one method to stimulate the well growth VII 61-70-year-old 79.69 20.31 waste material, have not standard size, narrow relatively, condition according to the intended wood in the area of tree VIII 71-80-year-old 89.93 10.07 and there is an obvious or contrast different figure on the plantations. This method is based on the principle that the border between sapwood part and its heartwood. growth condition of a tree will be influenced by the Young teaks from thinning are available and have been Sapwood utilization for making products can be divided surrounding physical conditions. The fertility and the height used for firewood and also for making products, such as into two approaches: position of the soil and height of soil position will influence furniture, although with some limitation and relatively 1. Modification of sapwood characteristics and properties, to the moisture level, water supply, and the amount of weaknesses due to their lower durability, smaller trunk size, especially its durability, to be similar to heartwood by sunlight a tree receives. The nature has shown that the tree's bigger shrinkage, bigger distortion, and pale color. using certain treatments or processes, both chemical and position in the mountain or hillside will result in different physical aspects, e.g. seasoning, preservation, heating, characteristics of its wood. In the midpoint with usually the coating/finishing system, and then consequently, this distance among the trees are quite far, the trees will receive sapwood can be used in ordinary utilization; and the best sunlight and air circulation, without excessive 2. Utilization of sapwood without any necessary competition from neighboring trees. These trees are able to modifications to its characteristics and properties. branch quickly and develop necessary girth to support a However, the utilization must take into consideration the large amount of leaves. The trees in the lower position suitability of the unmodified sapwood for particular

(below midpoint) have to compete for sunlight, and Fig. 3. Appearance of two various border patterns, as serrated edge products. and curved edge, with the various of obvious edge and obscure edge in consequently will focus to be higher and straighter, with Fig. 2. Teak planks, which comprise sapwood and heartwood has been the transverse surface of 18-year-old teak. Some considerations regarding the use of sapwood of less branching [34]. used for furniture without any extraneous treatment to its sapwood young teak will follow these aspects, such as: parts. This sapwood parts usually will be more easily decay than the Perum Perhutani has been implementing the thinning on heartwood parts. - properties of young teak is usually less favorable than its own teak plantations since early, and currently some of this of mature teak, but some research have concluded By using of appropriate treatments, such as oven-dry non profit organizations have been introducing also the that the wood properties of teak can be improved, i.e., seasoning and preservation with pressure, can improve the thinning to the local farmers and private small-scale holders by implementing of tree-breeding program [37]; durability of sapwood to match that of heartwood. Other of teak plantations, to help increase the economic and social - sapwood of teak is relatively free of extractives, thus treatments, such as heating and removing starch and sap use aspects from the appearance of their teak plantations [35]. impregnating preservatives in sapwood by the pressure the certain solvents, can also make the sapwood more The increase of the world population has also increased method is likely easier than in heartwood [16], however, durable and usable [40, 41]. the global wood consumption, especially for high-grade sapwood of teak is recognized also has low permeability Based on visual observation to the transverse surface, tropical hardwoods. Demand for wood is increasing from for preservatives [21]; and radial surface, and its tangential surface, as shown at figure time to time, and a substitute material must be found to - bonding of teak is recognized as being most difficult 3 and figure 4, the border pattern and color between meet this demand [23]. In this case, the young teaks from [38], although this actually refers to the properties of its sapwood and its heartwood in mature teaks are usually thinning are having possibility to contribute. heartwood, but if the property of permeability for obvious. This is contrary to the young teaks in which the Fig. 4. Appearance of border patterns, as linear edge and meandering preservative is adapted, it is possible that the sapwood of borders vary due to the incomplete process. Thus, these edge at the radial surface and the tangential surface of the young teak. 8. Sapwood of Teak from Thinning teaks, like the heartwood, is also difficult for bonding. various border patterns are recognized in the transverse Thirty-year-old teak trees (Class Age III) still have Many experienced woodworkers and furniture surface can be categorized as: Young teaks from the thinning are still not well accepted 51.27% sapwood and 40-year-old teak trees (Class Age IV) companies use only the heartwood for furniture projects - serrated edge (saw-like) in contrast with the curved as useful material because they are considered to have a low still have 36.67% of sapwood. Therefore, the young teak because heartwood is undeniably durable, richer, and more edge; value as wood material. This is one of the problems for trees from thinning must have at least 50% sapwood [36]. A beautiful than sapwood. However, sapwood is also useable - obvious edge in contrast with the obscure edge. young teaks especially due to the comprising mostly relatively long time is needed for percentage of heartwood if [39, 42]: At both the radial surface and the tangential surface, the sapwood. Therefore, further effort is needed to develop and to become greater than its sapwood, and then appropriate to - the wood is dried to a proper level of moisture content; various borders are recognized as: find more suitable for its utilization [26]. be felled and utilized, at least at age 40-year-old, and the - the wood is used in a project in which shrinking and - linear edge in contrast with the meandering edge; ideal is at age 80-year-old. In this case especially, the drying of the wood will not create problems; and - obvious edge in contrast with the obscure edge. 9. Sapwood Utilization for Making Product growth period of teaks become a limited supply to meet the - the wood is sealed thoroughly using appropriate The color intensity near the borders edges on the Sapwood from teak can be provided from the two increasing demand of wood globally. finishing system to increase its durability aspect.

6 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN B U L L E T I N O F JSSD Vol. 61 No. 5 2015 83 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx 7 The pale color of sapwood is recognized usually as a suitable for a wide range of applications. As material, wood sapwood is more appropriate to enhance their utilization and Timber Structures - TEMTIS. 2008. weakness, but this brighter surface can be an advantage, i.e. is efficient, durable, and useful. Wood is also a renewable value in the future, and also without any resistance from the 14. Owens, John N. and Lund, H. Gyde. Forests and Forest if this surface will be recolored by an attractive or brighter resource, which is one of its greatest attributes. Wood environmental issues especially. Plants. in: Owens, John N. and Lund, H. Gyde. Forests color finishing system. resources will be available indefinitely if the sustainable and Forest Plants. Vol. I. Encyclopedia of Life Support forest management and harvesting practices are followed References System. Eolss Publishers. 2009. [http://www.eolss.net]. properly [6, 7]. 1. Kuklik, Peter. History of Timber Structure. in: Handbook 15. Taylor, Adam M., Gartner, B. L. and Morrel, J. J. Many research have been recognizing the characteristics 1 - Timber Structures. Leonardo da Vinci Pilot Projects. Heartwood Formation and Natural Durability - a and properties of hardwood and softwood species, also their Educational Material for Designing and Testing of Review. Wood and Fiber Science, 34(4), 2002, pp. sapwood and heartwood, and general conclusions regarding Timber Structures - TEMTIS. 2008. 587-611. to their differences will be included: 2. Youngs, Robert L. History, Nature, and Products of 16. Bamber, R.K. Sapwood and Heartwood. Technical - color, odor, and taste; Wood. in: Owens, John N. and Lund, H. Gyde. Forests Publication. Number 2. Wood Technology and Forest - grain pattern and distance between annual rings; and Forest Plants. Vol. II. Encyclopedia of Life Support Research Division. Forestry Commission of New South - content of substance (material substances); System. Eolss Publishers. 2009. [http://www.eolss.net]. Wales. 1987. - weight and density; 3. Falk, Robert H. Wood as a Sustainable Building Material. 17. Farrel, Ross, Atyeo, W., Siemon, G., Daian, G. and

- mechanical properties and durability; in: Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material. Ozarska, B. Impact of Sapwood and the Properties and Fig. 5. Example of border pattern configuration between sapwood and its heartwood at transverse surface. - seasoning (in relation to its moisture content) and United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Market Utilisation of plantation and Young Hardwood: preservative treatment; Forest Products Laboratory. 2010. Executive Summary and Literature Review (Part A). Extra treatment and giving of preservation to enhance - trees common defects (such as knots, shakes/split); and 4. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Available at Forest & Wood Products Australia. February 2010. the durability of the sapwood are possible and available, but - resin content ( in resinous species only). http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/647253/wo 18. Sierck, Peter. Lumberyard Mold in New Construction possibly the production costs will increase and consequently The characteristics and properties of wood differ od [Accessed 10th June 2012] and Its Complexities. Available at will affect to the selling price. between species of tree. These aspects mean that a certain 5. Zylkowski, Steven. Introduction to Wood as an http://hbelc.org/pdf/memdocs/lumberyardmold.pdf wood is often more suitable for specific application and for Engineering Material. in: APA Engineered Wood [Accessed 25th December 2013]. making certain products, and designing for products Handbook. Williamson, Thomas G. (ed.). McGraw-Hill. 19. Pandey, D and Brown, C. Teak: a global overview. An development in this case are required to produce the suitable New York. 2002. overview of global teak resources and issues affecting and quality products [9, 43]. 6. Lefteri, Chris. Materials for Inspirational Design. their future outlook. Unasylva 201, Vol. 51. 2000. Information regarding to the characteristics and RotoVision SA. 2006. 20. Kukachka, B. Francis. Properties of Imported Tropical properties of teak usually refers to its heartwood. This is 7. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Woods. Presented at the Conference on Tropical because the heartwood of teak is the most valuable and State of the World's Forest 2012. Rome. 2012. Available Hardwoods held at the State University College of important part for its utilization and commercial purpose. In at http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3010e/i3010e.pdf Forestry, Syracuse University, August 18-21, 1969. the past, the sapwood was never really considered useful, [Accessed 20th October 2013] 21. Chudnof, Martin. Tropical Timbers of the World. United because teaks were typically felled at mature age 8. Makoto, Shimazaki. Japanese Chairs: The Chairs and States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest (old-growth age) and the amount of remaining sapwood in Designers of the Modern Classic. 2006. Products Laboratory. 1980. these older trees was not significant. Now, however, due to 9. Lefteri, Chris. Wood: Materials for Inspirational Design. 22. Wiemann, Michael C. Characteristics and Availability the thinning, there are a large number of young teaks with RotoVision SA. 2005. of Commercially Important Woods. in: Wood Handbook the greater parts are sapwood. This potential material can be 10. Mertz, Mechtild. Wood and Traditional Woodworking - Wood as an Engineering Material. United States an alternative material for making products. Utilization of in Japan. Kaiseisha Press. 2011. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest young teaks which mostly comprise sapwood is necessary 11. Glass, Samuel V. and Zelinka, Samuel L. Moisture Products Laboratory. 2010.

when consider its high availability from the thinning of teak Relations and Physical Properties of Wood. in: Wood 23. Keogh, Raymond M. The Future of Teak and Fig. 6. Example of border pattern configuration between sapwood and plantations especially and the increasing of the global Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material. United High-Grade Tropical Hardwood Sector: Solving the its heartwood with the combination at radial surface and tangential surface. demand to the wood. States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Tropical Hardwood Crisis with Emphasis on Teak. FAO Some companies and individuals have been producing Products Laboratory. 2010. Planted Forest and Trees Working Paper PF/44E. Rome. Figure 5 and figure 6 have shown the simple use of the various products use young teaks [44]. However, there is 12. Wiedenhoeft, Alex. Structure and Function of Wood. in: 2009. Available at unique border pattern between sapwood and heartwood's untapped potential for further utilization and new products Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material. http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/k6549e/k6549e00.pdf configuration to obtain the attractive appearances that may development use young teaks, which comprise mostly United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, [Accessed 20th October 2012] suitable for the certain products, e.g. parquet flooring. sapwood. It is necessary to consider the use these potential Forest Products Laboratory. 2010. 24. Kollert, Walter and Cherubini, L. Teak Resources and materials without any extraneous and high-cost processes. 13. Kuklik, Peter. Wood Properties. in: Handbook 1 - Market Assessment 2010. FAO Planted Forest and Trees 10. Conclusion Therefore, developing the most suitable products that match Timber Structures. Leonardo da Vinci Pilot Projects. Working Paper FP/47/E. Rome. 2012. Available at Based on its characteristics and properties, wood is to the properties and prominent characteristics of this Educational Material for Designing and Testing of http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/an537e/an537e00.pdf.

848 BTHE U L L SCIENCE E T I N O F JSSD Vol.OF DESIGN 61 No. BULLE5 2015 TIN OFTHE JSSD SCIENCE Vol. OF xx DESIGN No. x 20xx THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx 9 The pale color of sapwood is recognized usually as a suitable for a wide range of applications. As material, wood sapwood is more appropriate to enhance their utilization and Timber Structures - TEMTIS. 2008. weakness, but this brighter surface can be an advantage, i.e. is efficient, durable, and useful. Wood is also a renewable value in the future, and also without any resistance from the 14. Owens, John N. and Lund, H. Gyde. Forests and Forest if this surface will be recolored by an attractive or brighter resource, which is one of its greatest attributes. Wood environmental issues especially. Plants. in: Owens, John N. and Lund, H. Gyde. Forests color finishing system. resources will be available indefinitely if the sustainable and Forest Plants. Vol. I. Encyclopedia of Life Support forest management and harvesting practices are followed References System. Eolss Publishers. 2009. [http://www.eolss.net]. properly [6, 7]. 1. Kuklik, Peter. History of Timber Structure. in: Handbook 15. Taylor, Adam M., Gartner, B. L. and Morrel, J. J. Many research have been recognizing the characteristics 1 - Timber Structures. Leonardo da Vinci Pilot Projects. Heartwood Formation and Natural Durability - a and properties of hardwood and softwood species, also their Educational Material for Designing and Testing of Review. Wood and Fiber Science, 34(4), 2002, pp. sapwood and heartwood, and general conclusions regarding Timber Structures - TEMTIS. 2008. 587-611. to their differences will be included: 2. Youngs, Robert L. History, Nature, and Products of 16. Bamber, R.K. Sapwood and Heartwood. Technical - color, odor, and taste; Wood. in: Owens, John N. and Lund, H. Gyde. Forests Publication. Number 2. Wood Technology and Forest - grain pattern and distance between annual rings; and Forest Plants. Vol. II. Encyclopedia of Life Support Research Division. Forestry Commission of New South - content of substance (material substances); System. Eolss Publishers. 2009. [http://www.eolss.net]. Wales. 1987. - weight and density; 3. Falk, Robert H. Wood as a Sustainable Building Material. 17. Farrel, Ross, Atyeo, W., Siemon, G., Daian, G. and

8 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN B U L L E T I N O F JSSD Vol. 61 No. 5 2015 85 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx 9 [Accessed 20th October 2012] 37. Hidayati F., Ishiguri F., Iizuka K., Makino K., Tanabe J., 25. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Marsoem S.N., Na’iem M., Yokota S. and Yoshizawa N. Nations. Natural Teak Forests Decline, While Planted Growth Characteristics, Stress-Wave Velocity, and Teak Forests Increase. www.fao.org. 2012. Available at Pilodyn Penetration of 15 Clones of 12-year-old Tectona WARNING PICTOGRAMS: CAN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/129569/icode/ grandis Trees Planted at Two Different Sites in RECOGNIZE THEM? [Accessed 15th October 2013] Indonesia. Journal of Wood Science 59, pp. 249-254. 26. Ladrach, William. Management of Teak Plantations for 2013. [Online version via Springer Verlag] [Accessed Fang-Suey LIN*, Mei-Chun CHANG**, Xue-Fen LIU ** Solid Wood Products. ISTF News. Special Report, 29th April 2013]

December, 2009. Available at 38. Frihart, Charles R. and Hunt, Christopher H. Adhesives * Visual Communication Design Department, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan http://www.itsf-bethesda.org/specialreports/terca_teak/te with Wood Materials Bond Formation and Performance. **Graduate School of Design, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan ak.pdf [Accessed 25th December 2013]. in: Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material.

27. Perum Perhutani. Press Release. Available at United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Abstract: http://perumperhutani.com/2013/10/perhutani-masuk-bi Forest Products Laboratory. 2010. Accidents are a constant threat to the lives of children; therefore, discerning warning signs has snis-produk-lantai-kayu/ [Accessed 5th January 2014]. 39. Smith, Ron. Sapwood and Heartwood. Available at become an important indicator of safety education. Children can understand the meaning of 28. Perum Perhutani. Company History. Available at http://www.wagnermeters.com/wood-moisture-meter/sa warning pictograms only through clear illustration. Because preschool children are accident http://perumperhutani.com//profil/sejarah/ [Accessed 5th pwood-and-heartwood/ [Accessed 20th January 2014] prone, this study targets on preschool children ages form 4 to 6 and their recognition of warning January 2014]. 40. Archer, Kevin and Lebow, Stan. Wood Preservation. in: pictograms and color. This study used a questionnaire to determine children’s understanding of 29. Perum Perhutani. Consolidation Business Process Primary Wood Processing; Principle and Practice. 2nd warning pictograms and color; and interview method was conducted with the subjects to verify towards Excellent Perhutani: Annual Report 2012. Edition. Walker, John C.F. (ed.) Springer. 2006. the extent of their comprehension. The results reveal that preschool children’s understanding of Jakarta. 2012. Available at 41. Ibach, Rebecca E. Specialty Treatments. in: Wood warning pictograms is tightly linked with their life experience and age. Most of the preschool http://perumperhutani.com/laporan-perusahaan/laporan-t Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material. United children were able to recognize palm and triangle frame images, and “red” color as indicating ahunan/ [Accessed 22nd June 2013]. States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest warning. The differences among “palm”, “cross”, and “skull” images achieved statistical 30. Rainforest Alliance. Available at Products Laboratory. 2010. significance among three age groups; 4 and 5-year-olds children recognized “palm” the most as http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/forestry/certification 42. WoodShop 102. Available at a prohibit sign, whereas 6-year-olds children recognized “cross” the most. [Accessed 20th January 2014]. http://www.woodshop102.com/ [Accessed 2nd January

31. Forest Stewardship Council. Available at 2013]. Keywords: Preschool Children, Warning, Pictograms, Color, Recognition https://ic.fsc.org/ 43. Ashby, Mike and Johnson, Kara. Material and Design:

32. Anwar, Chairil. Prediction of Teak Bonita (Site Index) The Art and Science of Material Selection in Product in Central Java, Indonesia, Based on Soil Properties. Design. Butterworth-Heinemann. Amsterdam. 2010. children evaluate only the preferences of adults and tend to 1. Introduction Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 4 No. 1, 2007, pp 44. Proteak. Proteak Renewable Forestry 2013 Catalogue. ignore children’s recognition [13]. In addition, warning 9-18. Available at According to statistics from the World Health pictograms should consider the diversity of the target 33. PT. Perhutani (Persero) Unit III Jawa Barat. Petunjuk http://www.proteak.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/B Organization (WHO), 850,000 children had died as a result audience, such as language impairments, illiteracy, age, and Teknis Pelaksanaan Penjarangan Hutan Tanaman. -2013_Catalog_Proteak_Low_Res.pdf [Accessed 12th of accidents in the year 2008 [1]. Children under 4 years old culture, especially for children who are in the process of Bandung. 2001. Translated: Guidance of Thinning for October 2013]. learning the language [14, 15, 16]. Planted Forests. [Note: PT. Perhutani (Persero) is one of 45. American Society for Testing and Materials. Standards comprise the majority of those who die from accidents [2], unit companies in Perum Perhutani]. Terminology Relating to Wood. 1994 Annual Book of with children’s curiosity, parents’ negligence, and a lack of Despite Wogalter’s [17] suggestions that warning 34. Brown, S. Azby. The Genius of Japanese Carpentry: An ASTM Standards, Vol. 4.10: Wood. Philadelphia. 1994. textual descriptions often cited as likely causes [3]. In information is not the optimal method of preventing danger, Account of Temple's Construction. Kodansha 46. McConnel, Eric and Irby, Nathan. 2013. Forest Product Taiwan, accidents are a constant threat to the lives of such information is still valuable to users. With respect to International. Tokyo. 1989. Terminology. The Ohio State University. 2013. children [4]. Therefore, discerning warning signs has avoiding danger and making instructions more visually 35. Pramono, Agus A., Fauzi, M.A.,Widyani, N., become an important indicator of safety education [5, 6]. clear, Wogalter [18] suggested that there are two purposes Heriansyah, I. and Roshetko, James M. Managing Research shows that the public’s understanding of warning for using warning signs: (1) to effectively inform users Smallholder Teak Plantations: Field Guide for Farmers. labels is low [7, 8, 9], especially among accident-prone about potential danger and (2) to decrease dangerous CIFOR. 2011. preschool children [10]. behaviors. Warning messages can serve as communication 36. Suhaya, Y., Darwis, A. and Sumardi, I. Physical and tools informing users on how to prevent unwanted harm Mechanical Properties of Teak Wood (Tectona grandis The existing literature demonstrates that studies of [19]. In addition, pictograms can increase user awareness of L.f.) on Various Age Class (I - VIII). Department of warning signs primarily recruit adults as their research Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Winaya subjects [11] and are less focused on children [12]. At danger and accidents [20]. Furthermore, graphics and colors Mukti University, Indonesia. 2005 [Unpublished]. present, instructions and warning signs on products for can be used in warning signs to convey the most critical

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