Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 313 International Conference on Rural Studies in Asia (ICoRSIA 2018) The Local Heroes from Rural Banjarnegara Suwito Eko Pramono1, Tsabit Azinar Ahmad1 1Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia Corresponding email: [email protected] Abstract— Banjarnegara is a mountainous area with a Various figures became preachers of Islam in large part of its rural and remote territory. However, it does Banjarnegara included Sunan Giri Wasiyat, Sunan Giri not let Banjarnegara left behind from the history of the Pit, and Nyai Sekati. Another figure involved with the Indonesian national independence movement. It also establishment of Banjar Village as the forerunner of appeared that local leaders had a vital role in the national Banjar Petambakan is Kiai Ageng Maliu. This figure is independence movement at both local and national levels. estimated to live in the period of Demak Kingdom [3]. Unfortunately, the studies about the local leaders of Entering the VOC (The Ducth East India Company) movement from Banjarnegara are still limited. In fact, the period, Banjarnegara was involved in a war between the dynamics of the pre-independence national movement VOC, Pakubuwono II, and Mas Garendi. This war was involved the Banjarnegara people and its central figures. In referred to Geger Pecinan in Kartasura. Mataram addition, the existence of the national movement is still happened today, it is Syarikat Islam, which still has a strong Kartosuro was led by Paku Buwono II. Meanwhile, the existence in Banjarnegara today. Therefore, this paper aims territory of Banjar Petambakan was under the leadership to examine the local leaders from Banjarnegara who have of R. Ngabehi Mangunyudo, who had the title Hadipati vital roles in the struggle for national independence. Two of Mangunyudo I. At that time, R. Ngabehi Mangunyudo the central leaders were Soemitro Kolopaking and K.H. received an order from Paku Buwono II to destroy the Ichsan. Both represent the spirit of the times and lead VOC lodge in Kartosuro. During the war, the Regent of Banjarnegara to be an area of national movement basis. Banjar Petambakan was killed during an attack on a Dutch lodge. It made him known as Mangunyudo Seda Loji [3]. Keywords— Banjarnegara, National Movement, Local People of Banjarnegara also had a role in the Java war Leaders, Syarikat Islam 1825-1830. In this war, Regent of Banjar Watu Lembu, Raden Ng. Mangunyudo III, was on Diponegoro's side I. INTRODUCTION [3]. The involvement of the Banjarnegara people closely related to the Diponegoro War was also found in the story Banjarnegara is one of the regencies in Central Java of the establishment of Adipasir Village in Banjarnegara. Province in the mountainous area. With an area of The name Adipasir was adapted from one of Diponegoro's 1,069.73 km2, half of the area is at an altitude of 501- soldiers named Adipati Anom who was left behind by the 1000 meters from the sea level, and most 30% of the area group of troops. The meeting between Adipati Anom and is above 1000 meters from the sea level. It is why a group of Diponegoro troops took place in an area called Banjarnegara become an area that is comfortable as a Adipasir. This name means "the arrival of the Adipati at residence. Banjarnegara is flanked by other regions. In the the expected time." north, Banjarnegara is bordered by Pekalongan Regency The involvement of Banjarnegara people in Java war and Batang Regency. In the south, it borders Kebumen at that time because those regions were controlled by Regency. Banyumas Regency and Purbalingga Regency Diponegoro troops. Some of these areas include Bobot, border on the western part. To the east, Wonosobo Pegunungan Perahu, Ajibarang, Banjarnegara, Puncak, Regency is the boundary of Banjarnegara Regency [1]. and Marden Semagede [4]. Geographically, the Its mountainous region and flanked by various regions Banjarnegara region and its surroundings of mountainous do not necessarily cause Banjarnegara to be ahistorical. were very suitable for guerrilla strategies. Indeed, various historical dynamics at the national level The involvement in the Diponegoro war was also also influence Banjarnegara and its people. Interaction attended by “ulama” (Islamic scholars) in Banjarnegara. between people and Hindu Buddhist influences can be One of ulama of Diponegoro was Kiai Muhammad Musa. found in the Dieng region. Here is the oldest temple He had become one of the leaders in Banjarnegara and his complex dated back to the beginning of the 8th century descendants and close relatives from generation to AD. Arjuna, Semar, Srikandi, and Gatotkaca Temple are generation become the Penghulu (Islamic legislative estimated to be built in the early 8th century. Meanwhile, authorities) in this city [5]. The participation of Ulama in there are also Puntadewa, Sembadra, and Bima temples Diponegoro's struggle was not surprising because at that which were built around 750 AD [2]. time, a number of Diponegoro troops were led by Ulama. Meanwhile, interaction with Islam has been noted They included Kiai Gozali, Kiai Imam Ropii, Kiai Imam along with Islamization in Demak period of occupation. Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. 23 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 313 Nawawi, Haji Nginggo, Haji Ibrahim, Kiai Kasan Besari, Besides the Priyayi organization, in Banjarnegara, Kasan Munadi, H. Usman Ali Basah, and Kiai Mojo [6]. there was also a women's organization called Wanita Kencana. This organization participated in the first II. BANJARNEGARA IN THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT PERIOD women's congress in Yogyakarta together with 29 other women's organizations [9]. The dynamics of national movement infiltrated into This cannot be denied that the development of various regions including Banjarnegara. Along with the transportation, education and organizations in development of colonialism in Banyumas Residency, Banjarnegara had greatly contributed to the advancement there was a positive impact that indirectly influences the of Syarikat Islam. With this, Banjarnegara during the development of people's lives in Banjarnegara. national movement period became a place allowed the Previously, access to the Banjarnegara region had been new ideas because of the availability of various supporting very difficult. However, after the construction of facilities. Geographically, Banjarnegara is no longer infrastructure of a postal road to Banjarnegara Region in remote, so it is not surprising that the figures and leaders the 19th century and a railroad managed by the Serajoedal of national movement were born here, especially from Stoomtram Maatschappij (SDS) on 30 April 1894, access Syarikat Islam. From this beginning, the network of to this region was no longer a problem. The train passed to national movements began to be built and formed its own Banjarnegara was a type of steam-powered tram devoted pattern for Banjarnegara Regency. to short distance [7]. This railway line provides not only benefits to people but also the sugar factory which was established in Klampok since 1889. III. LOCAL HEROES FROM BANJARNEGARA Transportation access penetrated the heart of Although Banjarnegara located in mountainous areas, Banjarnegara influences to the entry of new ideas and it does not make Banjarnegara left behind in the aspect of acceleration of the national movement. When the Ethical thought, ideas, and new acceleration for people. Here are Policy was implemented by the Dutch Government, also the homes for local leaders who had important roles Banjarnegara became one of the affected regions. Western in Indonesia National Movement. These leaders showed education began to be sought by the public, especially that Banjarnegara was open to new ideas and actively after 1907, there were many educational institutions called played a role in local movements. Sekolah Angka II or the second class Bumiputera An important figure played an important role was (Inlandsche School) (Tweede Klasse) which many Soemitro Kolopaking. Soemitro had a unique position in ordinary people followed. the national movement. He was born in Papringan, The establishment of schools in Banjarnegara played Banyumas on June 14, 1887 and was an aristocratic an important role in the birth of the modern elite which origin. His father was one of the regents of Banjarnegara. became the backbone of the national movement. This In his youth, Soemitro was a movement activist from educated group had played a role in bringing a new the Perhimpunan Hindia which became the forerunner of atmosphere to the development of Banjarnegara history the Perhimpunan Indonesia. As the son of a regent, and participating in the movement organizations. They Soemitro was not confined to adat (family tradition) but also played important roles in the structure of bureaucracy tended to be free and open minded. That was also made and society. Because of the education development, Soemitro to become an important figure who influenced figures of national movement were born here, such as the sustainability of the national movement in Soemitro Kolopaking which was active in Indische Banjarnegara. According to Poeze, he disagreed with his Vereeniging. father's wishes, and he chose to enter the HBS in Batavia. Besides the establishment of Dutch Schools, a After that, at the age of 19, he traveled to Europe by religious school was also established during the national becoming a fourth-class passenger. To fund his life, he movement in Banjarnegara which adapted the concept of became a nurse of sheep and became a miner in Germany. modern schools. The school was founded by Syarikat After seven years in the Netherlands, he returned in 1927 Islam leaders. and he was appointed regent of Banjarnegara [10]. When The beginning of indigenous elites at the local level in the Netherlands, Soemitro had studied Indologie was marked by the development of organizations in the studies.