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Investigaciones Geográficas (Mx) ISSN: 0188-4611 [email protected] Instituto de Geografía México

García Castro, Neftalí; Sánchez Crispín, Álvaro Changes in the sectoral orientations of the State of between 1970 and 2000 Investigaciones Geográficas (Mx), núm. 77, 2012, pp. 107-123 Instituto de Geografía Distrito Federal, México

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How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín del Instituto de Geografía,UNAM ISSN 0188-4611, Núm. 77, 2012, pp. 107-123

Changes in the sectoral orientations of the State of Guerrero between 1970 and 2000

Received: 22 February 2011. Final version accepted: 18 August 2011.

Neftalí García Castro* Álvaro Sánchez Crispín**

Abstract. This paper presents an economic classification has changed from one that was specialized in the primary for the municipalities of Guerrero, , in terms of sector to structures in which the tertiary and secondary successive quotients. An outline of the concepts underlying sectors have more weight. this branch of Economic Geography is followed by a des- cription of the method used to determine the economic Key words: Sectoral orientation, Guerrero, Mexico. orientations for 1970 and 2000. The economy of Guerrero

Cambios territoriales en las orientaciones sectoriales de Guerrero, 1970-2000

Resumen. Este trabajo expone una tipología económico- pondientes a 1970 y 2000. Finalmente, se analiza y constata productiva de los municipios guerrerenses, desde el enfoque el tránsito de una economía guerrerense especializada en el de los cocientes sucesivos. Primero, se hace alusión a los sector primario hacia estructuras productivas en las que antecedentes cognoscitivos de esa vertiente de la Geografía el sector terciario y el secundario tienen mayor peso. Económica. En el segundo apartado se describe la secuencia utilizada para obtener las orientaciones económicas corres- Palabras clave: Orientación sectorial, Guerrero, México.

* Posgrado en Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, México, D.F. E-mail: [email protected] ** Departamento de Geografía Económica, Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, México, D.F. E-mail: [email protected] Neftalí García Castro y Álvaro Sánchez Crispín

INTRODUCTION systemic perspective, and the production of a map that summarizes it, is a substantial contribution to The aim of this study is to demonstrate the changes understanding its current socio-economic inequa- in the sectoral orientations of the municipalities lities. In 2000, the State consisted of seventy-six of Guerrero between 1970 and 2000. During this municipalities (Figure 1). , José Azueta, period, this State underwent significant socio- , and had the highest economic change: tourism became established concentration of inhabitants, economic inves- as the key component of the State economic tment and profitable productive activities, chiefly dynamic, and various processing plants for USA belonging to the third and second sectors. Poverty companies (principally in the northern region) is a constant in most of the municipalities (Figure and agroindustries arrived in the . 2).2 In them, the primary industries are the main The present analysis uses the municipality as the option for subsistence. Unfortunately, agriculture spatial unit of observation, since the statistical has significant yields in only a few parts of Gue- method used in the research relies on information rrero, such as the coastal strip or part of the Tierra regarding the volume of the economically active Caliente; these parts have physical characteristics population (EAP) for productive sectors. Before that have favoured the introduction of commercial the 1990s, such data were reported mainly by the crops with possibilities for export, and they benefit National Institute of Statistics and Geography from the presence of areas of irrigation. In general, (INEGI) at national, State and municipality level. there has been virtually no modernization of the Nowadays, research can supply greater territorial State’s primary sector. In the face of this situation, detail by adopting basic geostatistical areas as units it is common for country dwellers to leave their of study. However, this is viable when the period rural communities and seek better incomes in the under consideration has as its initial date 1990 main cities of Guerrero, in other States of Mexico, or, failing this, it is intended to show the sectoral or in the USA (Table 1 and Figure 3). orientations that have occurred in any territory, in a given year, or in the years that coincide with those corresponding to the later editions of the 10th BASIC CONCEPTS Census of Population and Vivienda. It was from the eleventh census onwards that INEGI began to Diverse geo-economic studies have shown the register the detailed information, and solely those specialization of regions or, in some cases, their publications have the variables mentioned.1 productive diversification, by use of the method of The present study uses the method of successive successive quotients (Szczesny, 1964; Kostrowicki, quotients developed in the Polish school of Geo- graphy. This statistical-mathematical tool serves as a guideline for reaching a synthetic spatial interpre- 2 The concept of poverty, understood as a situation of tation linked with cartography, which allows the material-economic deficiency that occurs in the context complex socio-economic structure of a territory of the life of a human being, is simplistic. However, it is to be expressed in simple form. Hence, the study useful for the study of contemporary social dynamics, whose of the productive dynamic of Guerrero from this outstanding characteristics are a utilitarian philosophy and consumerism. In this sense, with the aim of showing the regional contrasts that distinguish Guerrero, the levels of 1 Similarly, the end of the period was taken as the year 2000 poverty and of migration of the various municipalities are because in the 2010 Census of Population and Housing the presented. In addition, each phenomenon helps to explain variables required for the method of successive quotients are the economic-sectoral panorama of the different municipali- the product of the application of a questionnaire distributed ties because the territories with high levels of poverty and, in only to those homes selected by a probabilistic process. For consequence, with a wide range of social problems are places that reason, the results of the 12th census (2000) are a better that people leave. This fact has not favoured or encouraged statistical support for revealing patterns of sectoral speciali- the implicit aims of projects related to local development zation or diversification at the municipal level. (Propín and Sánchez, 1998, cited in García Castro, 2007).

108 ][ Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 77, 2012 Changes in the sectoral orientations of the State of Guerrero between 1970 and 2000

102° 00’ 101° 00’ 100° 00’ 99°00’ 98° 00’

19° 00’ 19° 00’ Mexico Michoacán 049 027 060 Taxco 047 037 055 064 031 015 050 Iguala 073 Cd. Altamirano 058 Coyuca de 067 036 Catalán 067 Tepecoacuilco 007 Tlapehuala 026 059 034 008 016 I 006 Coacoyula 022 017 18° 00’ Petacalco II 18° 00’ 019 068 003 045 070 042 038 054 075 033 032 074 002 024 III 005 048 040 061 065 San Jeronimito 010 066 Chilpancingo 028 Petatlán V 069 020 004 057 029 072 057 011 044 051 009 063 IV Paci c Ocean Atoyac 076 San Jerónimo 043 021 041 014 17° 00’ 001 17° 00’ VI 25 23.12 Acapulco 056 Acapulco 012 062 San Luis Acatlán VII 053 052 20 18.03 16.20 035 071 San Marcos 14.13 025 15 12.84 12.71 030 046 013 10 018 023

Area of (% state total) 5 2.96

0 0 20 40 60 80 Costa Grande Tierra Caliente Centro Montaña Norte Costa Chica Acapulco Km Proportion of the state total corresponding to the dierent regions State area 63 794 km2 16° 00’ 16 °00’

102° 00’ 101° 00’ 100° 00’ 99°00’ 98° 00’

Municipality

Key Name Key Name Key Name Main centres 001 Acapulco 033 Huamuxtitlán 065 de Maldonado 002 034 066 003 Ajuchitlán del Progreso 036 Iguala de la Independencia 067 Tlapehuala Politico-administrative boundary 004 035 068 La Unión de Isidoro Montes de Oca 005 037 Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc 069 Xalpatláhuac 006 038 José Azueta (Zihuatanejo) 070 Xochihuehuetlán 007 Arcelia 039 Juan R. Escudero (Tierra Colorada) 071 008 Atenango del Río 040 Leonardo Bravo () 072 Zapotitlán Tablas 009 041 073 Zirándaro 010 042 Mártir de Cuilapan () 074 Location with in Mexico 011 Atoyac de Álvarez 043 Metlatónoc 075 (Zumpango del Río) 012 044 Mochitlán 076 100º 00’ 013 Azoyú 045 Olinalá 014 Benito Juárez (San Jerónimo) 046 Ometepec USA 015 Buenavista de Cuéllar 047 Pedro Ascencio Alquisiras 016 Coahuayutla de J.M. 048 Petatlán 30º 00’ 30º 00’ 017 Cocula 049 018 Copala 050 Pungarabato ( Cd. Altamirano) Region 019 051 020 052 San Luis Acatlán I Norte 021 Coyuca de Benítez 053 San Marcos 022 Coyuca de Catalán 054 II Tierra Caliente Gulf of Mexico 023 Cuajinicuilapa 055 Taxco de Alarcón 024 Cualác III Centro 056 Paci c Ocean 025 057 Técpan de Galeana 026 058 Teloloapan IV Montaña 027 Cutzamala de Pinzón 059 028 Chilapa de Álvarez 060 V Costa Grande 029 Chilpancingo de los Bravo 061 Tixtla de Guerrero Belize 030 062 VI Costa Chica 031 General Canuto A. Neri 063 15º 00’ 115º 00’ 100º 00’ 032 General Heliodoro Castillo 064 VII Acapulco

Source: based on Gobierno del Estado de Guerrero, 2010a.

Figure 1. Guerrero: politico-administrative divisions, 2000

Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 77, 2012 ][ 109 Neftalí García Castro y Álvaro Sánchez Crispín

102° 00’ 101° 00’ 100° 00’ 99°00’ 98° 00’

19° 00’ 19° 00’ Mexico Morelos Michoacán

Puebla

18° 00’ 18° 00’

Oaxaca

Paci c Ocean 17° 00’ 17° 00’

68.5 70 68.1 67.6 66.1 64.8 62.6 60.4 60 59.0 58.9 53.2 50.5 49.5 50 45.4 43.0 40.2 40.3 41.6 40 36.1 35.8 35.3 Patrimony poverty 30 Capacities poverty 20

10 0 20 40 60 80 0 % of the population of the municipality the population of the of % 16° 00’ Tlalchapa Taxco Tlapehuala Pungarabato Acapulco Chilpancingo Iguala José Azueta Benito Juárez Buenavista km 16° 00’ Municipalities with a lower proportion of the population in poverty

102° 00’ 101° 00’ 100° 00’ 99°00’ 98° 00’

% of inhabitants in nutritional poverty Population receiving less than Politico-administrative aspects the minimum wage Between 81.2 and 89.8 314 - 1 496 Politico-administrative boundary Between 71.2 and 81.1 1 550 - 2 922 Location within Mexico Between 58.2 and 71.1 100º 00’ Between 43.3 and 58.1 3 024 - 4 385 USA Less than 43.3 30º 00’ 30º 00’ 4 706 - 5 944

% of working population according to wage 6 008 - 7 396 Gulf of Mexico Less than the minimum wage Paci c Ocean More than the minimum wage 7 672 Belize

15º 00’ Guatemala 115º 00’ 100º 00’ 52 717

Source: based on CONEVAL, 2007 and INEGI, 2001.

Figure 2. Guerrero: population in conditions of poverty, 2005.

110 ][ Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 77, 2012 Changes in the sectoral orientations of the State of Guerrero between 1970 and 2000

Table 1. Guerrero: evolution of the main urban centres, 1950-2010

Number of inhabitants Locality 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2005 2010 Acapulco 31 368 51 766 174 378 301 902 515 374 616 394 673 479 Iguala 19 422 29 700 45 355 66 005 83 412 110 390 118 468 Chilpancingo 18 022 36 193 67 498 97 165 166 796 187 251 Taxco 27 089 36 315 41 836 50 415 52 217 Zihuatanejo 37 328 62 376 67 408 Tlapa 20 863 37 975 46 975 Atoyac 18 561 20 788 21 407 Petatlán 18 044 20 720 21 659 Tecpan 17 884 14 136 15 119 Teloloapan 17 763 21 592 23 549 Tixtla 17 079 21720 22 826 Cd. 16 697 25 317 25 168 Altamirano Chilapa 16 332 27510 31 157 Zumpango 15 690 22 322 24 719 Ometepec 20 764 24 120 Arcelia 17 608 18 685 Huitzuco 16 025 17 475 Ayutla 15 370

Source: based on Gobierno del estado de Guerrero, 2010a and INEGI, 2011.

1970; Kulikowski and Szyrmer, 1974; Propín et by given spatial entities has led to recognition of al., 1985). This technique was developed in the the following socio-economic scenarios. Institute of Geography of the Polish Academy of The territories that specialize in the secondary Sciences and was used initially in the 1970s by the and/or tertiary sectors show a substantial accu- members of the then Commission on Land Use of mulation of capital. They coincide with densely the International Geographical Union as an alter- populated areas and with a significant degree of native to the procedures used in analogous studies urbanization, and they present regional patterns conducted in the USA and in Japan (Propín, 2003); that are monocentric (one city of primary impor- the procedure arose in response to the need to tance) or polycentric (several medium-sized cities). reveal the essential performance of a structural phe- They are usually linked with adjacent territories in nomenon. A basic concept is that of orientation, a which agriculture of high technical and productive term that alludes to the conjunction of principal investment is aimed at the external market. In elements of a structure and indicators of its ten- poor countries, these areas are related directly with dency or preferential inclination in a determined foreign firms. In contrast, the places with primary territorial unit (Sánchez and Propín, 2001). The sectoral orientation, in some cases with minor application of this method to tracing patterns of participation of the secondary and/or the tertiary diversification or productive specialization shown sectors, inform traditional economies; some show

Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 77, 2012 ][ 111 Neftalí García Castro y Álvaro Sánchez Crispín

102° 00’ 101° 00’ 100° 00’ 99° 00’ 98° 00’

19° 00’ 19° 00’ Mexico Morelos Michoacán

Puebla

18° 00’ 18° 00’

Oaxaca

4.9 Paci c Ocean

4.2

3.5 17° 00’ 17° 00’ 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.3

1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

l í l t r s s s s a s a a a a a a a z n o e o o o n o o n o s a l i l l r a a r o c a a r i t e r o i o u o c á c r a c á ó h g o g a o l n l b t i m o l r u c t a p a S u a s a s p c t u

e c h i r n e c R i i n a

x t e n o l a c x a e n y l l a u a a r e a i a r e L e h x d o

t i j a i é n e c o a a d a f u r a i c b e o a P o u a r é o e p i r a i a a

o l h J n l P u l C S o a a a N O S i u u M h F e s o r n h c

v a n H a T C i a i M Y u m T c N t a u c G D V e C o e a o m i u h C a f

s t n Z i a u u Q L i l C C

a a M r i T j G N a u t n u s C Q

i B a S a a 0 20 40 60 80 A g D j B a

Migration to USA, 2005, as a proportion of each state population km 16° 00’ 16° 00’

102° 00’ 101° 00’ 100° 00’ 99° 00’ 98° 00’

Degree and index of migratory intensity Number of homes Politico-administrative aspects

Very high (1.8854 - 6.3953) Low to 1 800 Politico-administrative boundary High (1.7215 - 1.8854) 1 800 - 3 600 Location within Mexico Medium (-0.0058 - 1.7215) 3 600 - 5 400 Low (-0.5877 - -0.0058) 100º 00’ Very low (-0.8787 - -0.5877) USA 5 400 - 7 200 30º 00’ 30º 00’

7 200 - 9 000 Emigrant population by sex, 2005 Gulf of Mexico

Paci c Ocean 9 000 - 10 800 38.91 Men Women Belize 71.99 State total 73 215 15º 00’ Guatemala High to 10 800 115º 00’ 100º 00’

% of homes receiving money from emigrées

Fuente: Elaborado con base en CONAPO, 2002; INEGI, 2001 y 2006.

Figure 3. Guerrero: population migrant to the USA, and home areas benefitting from the moneys sent back, 2000.

112 ][ Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 77, 2012 Changes in the sectoral orientations of the State of Guerrero between 1970 and 2000

transitional states, characterized by the coexistence ‘The types of economic assimilation in Mexico bet- of traditional with new production systems. They ween 1930 and 1990’ (Propín and Sánchez, 1997), depend on regions with industrial or industrial- ‘Changes in the types of economic assimilation agricultural specialization such as suppliers of of Puebla State between 1950 and 1990’ (Reyes, raw materials (Propín and Sánchez, 1997 cited in 2000), ‘Changes in the functional orientation of Reyes, 2000 and García Castro, 2007). the medium-sized cities of the Mexican tropics’ Similarly, in those places that respond to (Sánchez and Propín, 2001) and ‘Changes in the processes of globalization, any type of economic types of economic assimilation of State orientation may be identified, since the foreign between 1950 and 2000’ (García Castro, 2007). and national interests and their consequent inves- All these studies constitute the conceptual basis of tment of capital influence the predominance that a the following section. given productive activity acquires. In those places, orientation is affected by the natural resources, the size and demographic of the resident population, METHOD and the culture and productive infrastructure, such as factors linked with flows of capital and To determine the sectoral orientation of each mu- the potential to show some form of productive nicipality in the State of Guerrero, the economic specialization (Ibid.). participation of each its productive sectors was The research on ‘Considerations on the deter- considered. The sequence illustrated in Figure 4 mination of orientations of land use in municipa- was used. lities of Pinar del Rio’ (Propín, 1985) constitutes Comparison of the results with the possible codes. one of the first Latin-American investigative expe- Once the six major quotients have been obtained riments that make use of this tool. In the Mexican for the 76 municipalities, each economic sector is Republic it has been used in the following studies. represented by its uppercase initial letter and its

Construction of the data matrix (n, k) The codes for EAP, for sectors corresponding to each of the 76 municipalities are recorded in a Selection of the number of quotients database. In this, the values are (k) divided among the quotients from The initial methodological proposal one to six. The six highest quotients and the experience reported are then determined. internationally agree in the selection of six quotients (k = 6) to measure the relative predominance among Selection of number of elements to the chosen elements. Hence, each Municipality EAP characterize the unit of interest (n) element (n) is divided into six (n/1, P S T To detect the orientation of a unit it n/2, …, n/6). is necessary to consider two or three 11420 10760 32891 elements related with it. Hence, data 5710.0 5380.0 16445.5 for the population occupied in the Acapulco 3806.7 3586.7 10963.7 primary (P), secondary (S) and tertiary Number of Sector (n) 2855.0 2690.0 8222.8 (T) sectors are used for each of the 76 quotients Primary Secondary Tertiary 2284.0 2152.0 6578.2 municipalities of Guerrero. (k) (P) (S) (T) 1903.3 1793.3 5481.8 1 P/1 S/1 T/1 2 P/2 S/2 T/2 3 P/3 S/3 T/3 4 P/4 S/4 T/4 5 P/5 S/5 T/5 6 P/6 S/6 T/6

Source: based on Reyes, 2000, Sánchez and Propín, 2001, Propín, 2003 and INEGI, 2001. Figure 4. Technical procedure for determination of the six main quotients for a territory.

Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 77, 2012 ][ 113 Neftalí García Castro y Álvaro Sánchez Crispín

respective number of quotients as a subscript. The and la Costa Chica had EAPs of fewer than 5 000 combination of three elements (n = 3) and six quo- persons (Ibid.). The classification of the successive tients (k = 6) leads to 28 possible codes that denote quotients revealed ten sectoral orientations: four of a sectoral orientation of any combination ranging these denote a certain grade of specialization in the from primary dominant (P6), primary predominant primary sector, four showed a moderate productive with secondary (P5S1), primary predominant with tertiary (P5T1), ………., to tertiary predominant Table 2. Possible combinations of elements with primary (P1T5), or tertiary dominant (T6) (Reyes, 2000; Table 2). Code Sectoral classification Interpretation of the results. The codes obtained 1 P6 Primary dominant reflect distinct states of specialization (P6 … S6 … 2 P5S1 Primary predominant with secondary T6) or of diversification (P2S2T2) that can be ex- plored in relation to the urbanization-tertiarization, 3 P5T1 Primary predominant with tertiary industrialization or other processes characteristic 4 P4S2 Primary with secondary of the area studied (Table 3). Also, this tends to 5 P4T2 Primary with tertiary contrast the corresponding results from different 6 P4S1T1 Primary with secondary and tertiary years and to signal the modifications caused in the municipalities involved (Table 4). The presence 7 P3S2T1 Primary-secondary with tertiary of the same code on the initial and final dates re- 8 P3S1T2 Primary-tertiary with secondary presents a stable productive orientation; variation 9 P3S3 Primary and secondary by one quotient is a slow change; when two are 10 P3T3 Primary and tertiary modified,moderate ; in the case of three, accelerated; 11 P S Secondary with primary the variation of four, abrupt; and the change of 2 4 five or six quotients, very abrupt (Propín, 2003). 12 P2T4 Tertiary with primary The increase or decrease in quotients constitutes 13 P2S3T1 Secondary-primary with tertiary an alternative method that provides a criterion 14 P2S1T3 Tertiary-primary with secondary for revealing the gaining or losing sector(s). On 15 P2S2T2 Primary-secondary-tertiary this occasion, the expression slightly favoured was 16 P S Secondary predominant with primary used to refer to the sectors that, in 2000, had one 1 5 quotient greater than in 1970, favoured if they had 17 P1T5 Tertiary predominant with primary 2-3 more, and very favoured if they had gained 18 P1S4T1 Secondary with primary and tertiary more than three. 19 P1S1T4 Tertiary with primary and secondary

20 P1S3T2 Secondary-tertiary with primary SECTORAL ORIENTATIONS AND THEIR 21 P1S2T3 Tertiary-secondary with primary TRANSFORMATION 22 S6 Secondary dominant 23 S5T1 Secondary predominant with tertiary

In 1970, Guerrero had an economically active 24 S4T2 Secondary with tertiary population of 383 027 persons. The primary sector 25 S T Secondary and tertiary accounted for 238 314 workers, i.e. 67% of the 3 3 26 S T Tertiary with secondary State’s EAP. The tertiary accounted for 22% and 2 4 the secondary for 12% (DGE, 1971). The following 27 S1T5 Tertiary predominant with secondary were notable for their substantial EAP: Acapulco, 28 T6 Tertiary dominant 55 071; Iguala, 13 533; Chilpancingo, 13 134; Taxco, 12 933; Teloloapan, 10 366; Tecpan de Shading indicates combinations present in Guerrero. Galeana, 9 939; Coyuca de Benítez, 8 434 and Source: based on Reyes, 2000, Sánchez and Propín, 2001, and Atoyac de Álvarez, 8 078. In contrast, la Montaña Propín, 2003.

114 ][ Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 77, 2012 Changes in the sectoral orientations of the State of Guerrero between 1970 and 2000

Table 3. Types of sectoral orientation in the economy

Code Sectoral classification Practical interpretation

P6 Primary dominant

S6 Secondary dominant Specialization in one sector

T6 Tertiary dominant

P5S1 Primary predominant with secondary

P5T1 Primary predominant with tertiary

P1S5 Secondary predominant with primary Specialization in one sector with another sector complementary S5T1 Secondary predominant with tertiary

P1T5 Tertiary predominant with primary

S1T5 Tertiary predominant with secondary

P4S2 Primary with secondary

S4T2 Secondary with tertiary

P2S4 Secondary with primary Moderate specialization in one sector with another participant S4T2 Secondary with tertiary

P2T4 Tertiary with primary

S2T4 Tertiary with secondary

P4S1T1 Primary with secondary and tertiary Moderate specialization in one sector with the other two P S T Secondary with primary and tertiary 1 4 1 complementary P1S1T4 Tertiary with primary and secondary

P3S3 Primary and secondary

P3T3 Primary and tertiary Relative diversification between two sectors

S3T3 Secondary and tertiary

P3S2T1 Primary-secondary with tertiary

P3S1T2 Primary-tertiary with secondary

P2S3T1 Secondary-primary with tertiary Moderate diversification, with one sector slightly predominant,

P1S3T2 Secondary-tertiary with primary one participatory and one complementary

P2S1T3 Tertiary-primary with secondary

P1S2T3 Tertiary-secondary with primary

P2S2T2 Primary-secondary-tertiary Diversification between two sectors

Source: Sánchez and Propín, 2001. diversification, and one had specialization in the and Acapulco. Acapulco again accounted for the secondary sector and one in the tertiary sector. greater part of the labour force, 257 599 workers In contrast, in 2000, the primary sector emplo- (29% of the State total), followed by Chilpan- yed only 27% of the EAP of Guerrero, estimated cingo (7.5%), Iguala (5%), José Azueta (4.9%), at 899 191 persons. The secondary accounted Taxco (4.8%) and Chilapa (3.1%). The other for 21% and the tertiary for 52%; this sectoral 54.76% was distributed among the remaining 70 composition recurred in the municipalities of municipalities (INEGI, 2001). Seventeen sectoral the regions Norte, Costa Grande, Tierra Caliente demoninations were found; in nine of these, the

Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 77, 2012 ][ 115 Neftalí García Castro y Álvaro Sánchez Crispín

Table 4. Sectoral orientations from a temporal perspective poverty. There, the economic-productive dynamic has shown minimal transformation (Figure 5). Example Sectoral orientations from a temporal perspective 1970 2000 According to the method used here, the municipa- Qualitative Qualitative

in subindices lities behaved in the following manner. Stable. This occurred in Zapotitlán Tablas. The- Quantitative variation variation Quantitative classification of change re, a dominant primary orientation (P6) persisted. P6 P6 0 Stable This is in the central part of La Montaña and had

P6 P5S1 1 Slow 10 516 inhabitants in 2010. Of these, 71% were Tlapaneca or Nahua (Ibid.). In 2005, the munici- P P S T 2 Moderate 6 4 1 1 pality had a very high degree of marginalization, P6 P3S1T2 3 Accelerated being the 14th most marginalized in Guerrero, P6 P2S1T3 4 Abrupt and the 35th in the country as a whole (CONAPO,

P6 P1S2T3 5 2006). Most of the communities have survived Very abrupt thanks to the cultivation of and beans in P6 S6 6 poor soils and steeply sloping terrain (70% of the Source: Propin, 2003. land in the municipality is rugged), (Gobierno del Estado de Guerrero, 2010a). primary sector still had considerable weight, in Slow change. This type of change occurred in three the secondary had a slight predominance, 17 municipalities, most of them concentrated and in the rest the tertiary occupied the major in the north of La Costa Chica and south of La portion of the EAP. The data suggest that tourism Montaña. In them, rain-fed seasonal agriculture and/or industry have been concentrated in only a is still the main economic alternative, achieved few municipalities, and that the rest of the State by manual labour within the family and with the does not have the economic benefits of either. The application of minimal input owing to the lack of socio-economic backwardness has persisted in most capital that has characterized the peasant farmers of the municipalities; however, this condition was of these regions. Only small areas of some of the more acute in La Montaña and La Costa Chica, municipalities involved have physical conditions regions characterized by the presence, from ancient that have favoured this productive orientation, times, of indigenous people. In 2010, there were among them Ayutla, Tecoanapa and San Luis 475 099 indigenous inhabitants of Guerrereo (7% Acatlán (Ibid.). Acapulco also changed slowly; it of the national total): of these, 36% were Nahua, is the municipality with the highest number of 29% Mixteca, 25% Tlapaneca and 10% Amuzga inhabitants of all the municipalities in Guerrero, (INEGI, 2011). In general, they live in dispersed with 789 971 inhabitants (23.3% of the total) and localities that are poorly coordinated and lack basic with the highest tertiary EAP (INEGI, 2011). infrastructure, and their principal means of subsis- Moderate change. This condition was detected tence is agriculture and exploitation of the forest. in 26 municipalities and occurred in those with According to the National Council for Evaluation significant primaryEAP , as well as those that are of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL, 2007), the most highly populated and that have a strong in 2005, 42% of those living in Guerrero were economic-commercial dynamic, for example Iguala suffering poor nutrition, 50.2% had low purcha- (140 363 inhabitants), Taxco (104 053), Coyuca sing power and 70.2% had meagre assets. In these de Benítez (73 460), Tecpan de Galeana (62 071), two regions, La Montaña and La Costa Chica, Ometepec (61 306) and Arcelia (32 181), (Ibid.). are concentrated the municipalities that have the In those with the significant primary EAP, there highest percentages of the population in a state of is mainly seasonal rain-fed cultivation of maize,

116 ][ Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 77, 2012 Changes in the sectoral orientations of the State of Guerrero between 1970 and 2000

102° 00’ 101° 00’ 100° 00’ 99° 00’ 98° 00’

19° 00’ 19° 00’ Mexico Morelos Michoacán c a b Puebla Taxco b c d b a h a Cd. Altamirano Teloloapan Huitzuco Iguala Coyuca de e Arcelia b d Catalán c i Tepecoacuilco b g b Tlapehuala a a e b b Coacoyula 18° 00’ Petacalco 18° 00’ d b a a b a b b a d d a c b Zihuatanejo b b a Tixtla d f San Jeronimito a c Petatlán e Chilpancingo Oaxaca d c a e i b a b b

Atoyac Paci c Ocean San Jerónimo f d b b Tierra Colorada b d b 17° 00’ 30 28.6 e 17° 00’ 26.5 b Acapulco a 25 b San Marcos d San Luis Acatlán a b 20 Ometepec 17.6 b b 16.7 16.7 Copala b e 14.9 b 15 13.7 Cuajinicuilapa 12.5 11.1 Economically active inhabitants of Guerrero b 9.5 % of the state EAP 10 8.3 8.7 8.5 383 027 1970 6.5 899 191 2000 5

0 0 20 40 60 80 Acapulco Centro Norte Costa Grande Montaña Costa Chica Tierra 16° 00’ Caliente 16° 00’ Regions km

102° 00’ 101° 00’ 100° 00’ 99° 00’ 98° 00’

Temporal variation in sectoral orientations Type of change Main settlements 1970 2000

Stable P 6 P 6 Politico-administrative boundary a P 5S 1 P 6 b P 5T 1

Slow c P 5S 1 P 4S 1T 1 d P 2S 4 Location within Mexico e P 1S 1T 4 S 1T 5

a P 4S 1T 1 100º 00’ P 6 b P 4T 2

c P 3S 2T 1 USA P 5S 1 d P 3S 3 Moderate 30º 00’ 30º 00’ e P 3S 1T 2 P 5T 1 f P 3T 3 g P 4S 1T 1 P 2S 1T 3 h P 2S 3T 1 S 3T 3 i P 2S 1T 3 S 1T 5

a P 3S 2T 1 Gulf of Mexico P 6 b P 3S 1T 2 Accelerated c P S 5 1 Paci c Ocean d P 5T 1 P 2S 1T 3 e P 3S 1T 2 S 1T 5

a P 2S 3T 1

b P 6 P 2S 1T 3 Belize Abrupt c P 2S 2T 2

d P 1S 3T 2 15º 00’ Guatemala e P 5T 1 P 1S 2T 3 115º 00’ 100º 00’ f P 1S 1T 4

a P 6 P 1S 3T 2 Very abrupt b P 5T 1 S1T 5

Source: based on DGE, 1971 and INEGI, 2001.

Figure 5. Guerrero: changes in sectoral orientations between 1970 and 2000.

Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 77, 2012 ][ 117 Neftalí García Castro y Álvaro Sánchez Crispín

beans and, to a lesser extent, fruits, vegetables and the principal sources of income for the inhabitants oilseeds. Livestock production is free-range and the (Ibid.). José Azueta includes Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo, few manufacturing establishments are associated one of the principal tourist centres of the State. It with light industry. has 145 hotels that offer altogether 6206 rooms Accelerated change. There are 15 municipalities (35.7 and 24.5% of the State total, respectively) in this category, situated essentially in the north- and it attracts 17% of the tourists who visit the west of the Tierra Caliente and north-east of La State (of whom 75% are Mexican and 25% foreig- Montaña. The productive-economic dynamic has ners), (Gobierno del Estado de Guerrero, 2010c). the following structure: there are areas oriented to seasonal crops or to free-range livestock pro- Types of change in the sectoral orientations duction. The secondary sector is represented by In most of the municipalities there has been an establishments related to the processing industry. increase in the EAP occupied in tertiary activities Except for Tierra Colorada (Juan R. Escudero), (commerce and services), and to a lesser extent Tixtla and Ciudad Altamirano (Pungarabato), in the manufacturing industry (particularly of which have diversified commercial activities orien- foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco products). In the ted towards satisfying a regional market, the main metamorphosis of the productive-economic profile city of each municipality is focused only on modest of Guerrero, the following have had an influence. commercial establishments and basic services. First, the main focus of the political economy Abrupt change. This condition was recorded of Guerrero has been to boost and consolidate in 14 municipalities, including Apaxtla, Cocula, its principal tourist venues, but this has been Teloloapan and Petatlán. In the first three of these, detrimental to the secondary sector and, in parti- production of crops and livestock is high-yielding cular, the primary. In recent decades, visitors have owing to their use of technology and to their va- been encouraged to come to coastal areas and to rious irrigated districts. In both the cities of Telo- places with other tourist attractions apart from loapan (23 549 inhabitants) and Petatlán (21 659), the sun and the beach, scattered throughout the there are many commercial establishments and ser- seven regions of Guerrero. However, the bulk of vices that focus the regional agricultural production the municipalities have benefitted little from the or that provide input for such primary activities. In currency that is raised from the influx of tourists, this category also are included Tlapa (the economic and this has led to a growth in unemployment and heart of La Montaña), Leonardo Bravo, Copalillo, the number of people who resort to casual labour Mártir de Cuilapan, , Pilcaya, Ixcateopan, related to trade. Also, emigration of Guerrero’s Buenavista de Cuellar and Huitzuco. In the second inhabitants to other cities of Mexico or to the USA of these, Leonardo Bravo, there is a concentration has increased (Díaz and Juárez, 2008). The money of light industries related to production of foods- these emigrants send back home often vitalizes the tuffs, footballs, metal products and synthetic fibres. economy of the recipient places, and these show In the last four, Pilcaya, Ixcateopan, Buenavista de greater commercial activity owing to the relative Cuellar and Huitzuco, there is a concentration of increase in purchasing power of the families that clothing manufacturers (Gobierno del Estado de receive the money derived from outside. García Es- Guerrero, 2010a). pinoza (2007) reported that, according to national Very abrupt change. Only Tepecoacuilco, Olinalá estimates, 80% of the money sent home from el- and José Azueta belong to this category. In the main sewhere is destined for day-to-day family expenses, city of Tepecoacuilco, commercial premises prolife- 16% for home improvement, and the rest for other rate, particularly those that sell clothing. The bulk items, including savings. Hence, the construction of the secondary EAP is labour in small artisanal industry, and the labour force associated with it, is workshops connected with the production of cera- intensified in response to the heightened demand. mics or of paintings on bark paper. In Olina- Secondly, in those municipalities with a predo- lá, the production and sale of lacquer ware is one of minantly indigenous population, the low producti-

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vity of the terrain and the scarcity of plots of land part of the , and to the increase in for working mean that yields are insufficient to the economic awareness of the inhabitants who cover basic requirements. This, and the possibility receive money from family members who have of capitalizing upon the available manpower in the left Guerrero. These also have a bearing on the family, encourages diversification of work activi- rise in small trading establishments in Tlapehuala, ties. In recent decades, more people have turned another municipality that showed a significant to traditional craftwork, have become traders, or increase in the successive quotients corresponding have moved to the cities with the aim of seeking to the tertiary economic activities, since there was employment as builders’ labourers or domestic a change from P5S1 to P2S1T3. This jurisdiction servants, or have moved to the agricultural lands showed a high degree of migratory intensity, and of the north-west of the Mexican Republic. ~1077 homes benefitted from money sent home Other characteristics revealed by the analysis of from the USA (22% of the total for the municipa- these sectoral changes are presented below. lity), (CONAPO, 2002). I. Municipalities in which the number of quo- In a second group of municipalities a primary tients of the tertiary sector has grown. In all these, dominant orientation (P6) changed to one mode- the EAP working in activities related to trade and rately specialized in the primary sector with the services has grown at the expense of the primary participation of the tertiary sector (P4T2). This sector. The variation in the number of quotients was recorded in San Marcos, Florencio Villareal, gained by the tertiary sector in the various orien- Copala, Azoyú and Cuajinicuilapa, municipalities tations analysed leads to differentiation of the that have beaches such as Pico del Monte, Ventura, following situations. La Bocana, Las Peñitas, Barra de Tecoanapa and I.1. Tertiary favoured. The municipalities of Punta Maldonado. An infrastructure has develo- Chilpancingo, Taxco, Iguala, Arcelia, and Pungara- ped in those places, related to the accommodation bato have consolidated as economies specialized in and servicing of the visitors who have increased in this sector. Chilpancingo accommodates the state numbers in the past two decades (Gobierno del capital, also called Chilpancingo. Here, a consi- Estado de Guerrero, 2010b). derable part of the population has been occupied I.2. Tertiary slightly favoured. In this category in work related to government offices. Similarly, are found, above all, municipalities in the south owing to its situation intermediate between Mexico of La Montaña and north of La Costa Chica (Te- City and the port of Acapulco, here have arisen coanapa, Ayutla, San Luis Acatlán, Cuautepec, diverse commercial operations that copy products Tlacoapa, Malinaltepec, Metlatonoc, Acatepec). originating from the central part of the country and They changed from a primary dominant orien- offer them to buyers from the central region, from tation (P6) to primary predominant with tertiary the west of La Montaña, and from La Costa Chica. (P5T1), since some rural workers had trade or the In Taxco, a dynamic economy has become firmly provision of services as their principal source of established, supported by the production and sale income. In recent decades, in the municipal ca- of traditional handicrafts in silver and by the influx pitals the establishments of this type increased in of tourists. The situation is similar in Iguala, since number because of both the demographic growth its municipal capital has been promoted as ‘The and the receipt of moneys from family members Golden City’ because of the recent proliferation who had emigrated. In contrast, Acapulco changed of workshops and shops related to jewellery made from P1S1T4 to S1T5 through the consolidation of of gold. In the municipal capitals of Pungarabato tourism as the focus of the municipal economic and Arcelia the commercial activity has increased dynamic. The port of Acapulco is the principal owing to their demographic expansion, to the tourist destination of the entire State, accounting improvement of the communication routes that for 73% of all visitors (80% of these being from connect with diverse settlements in the eastern part within Mexico, and the rest mainly from the USA of the State’s Tierra Caliente and with the southern and Canada). Similarly, it is the second most po-

Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 77, 2012 ][ 119 Neftalí García Castro y Álvaro Sánchez Crispín

pular destination for Mexican tourists, with 10.5% part of Guerrero started to use chemical fertilizers of them choosing it (Ibid.). and improved seeds supplied by the National Bank II. Municipalities in which the number of for Rural Credit (Banrural). In most places this quotients for the secondary sector increased. This is led to higher yields of crops and increased income shown by the change in the sectoral orientations of from their sale. Some settlements even stopped Xochistlahuaca, Tlacoachistlahuaca and Eduardo making craft items (mainly mats and hats) from Neri. Two categories were found, as follows. palm fronds for generating extra income (Ibid.). II.1. Secondary sector favoured. Xochistlahuaca IV. Municipalities in which the number of quo- changed from a primary predominant with secon- tients belonging to the secondary and tertiary sectors dary orientation, to a relative diversification bet- increased. This category included the following ween the primary and secondary sectors (P3S3). In types. this municipality 25 180 (79%) of the inhabitants Tertiary sector much favoured and secondary are Amuzga or Mixteca (INEGI, 2011). To a large slightly favoured. In José Azueta there was a specia- extent, the expansion of the secondary EAP is rela- lization in the tertiary sector with the secondary as ted to the organization of indigenous women into a complement. This was due to a boost given by the microbusinesses directed towards the production Federal and State government since the 1970s to and commercialization of their traditional textiles, the tourism industry of Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo. This as in the case of the La Flor de Xochistlahuaca tourist destination, together with Acapulco, Can- cooperative formed three decades ago. Thanks to cún and Puerto Vallarta, has many of the country’s this, this productive activity has received funding hotels that rank five-stars or even higher. In 2005, through various official programmes whose objec- the influx of visitors yielded Guerrero 4247.4 mi- tive is the promotion, diffusion and commerciali- llion US dollars, of which Acapulco accounted for zation of traditional crafts. 42.8% and Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo for 35.6%. II.2. Secondary sector slightly favoured. This IV.1. Secondary and tertiary favoured. There occurred in Tlacoachistlahuaca and Eduardo was a flow of specialized economies in the primary Neri. Each changed from a primary dominant sector towards productive orientations that show orientation (P6) to a primary predominant with a certain sectoral diversification. This transition secondary (P6S1). Tlacoachistlahuaca has socio- occurred in those municipalities that were favoured economic characteristics similar to those described by the spread of foreign-owned assembly plants in the preceding paragraph. Indigenous inhabitants towards the south-east of the country, a process predominate; 11 808 (65% of the population) are that started in the 1990s. Thus, Ixcateopan, Pilcaya Mixteca or Amuzga (Ibid.). In San Cristóbal and and Tepecoacuilco have acquired assembly plants Tlacoachistlahuaca the production of huipiles (em- for clothing manufacture. On the other hand, in broidered smocks) has increased. In Eduardo Neri, Olinalá the change was due to the proliferation of the sectoral composition was modified through the workshops producing lacquer ware. The interest arrival in the early 1980s of the company Minera that these crafts have aroused among national and Nukay S. A. de C. V. which installed a treatment international tourists, added to the improvement plant for the minerals extracted in Mezcala (Go- in the highway that connects the municipal capital bierno del Estado de Guerrero, 2010a). to the capital of Guerrero, caused the proliferation Municipalities in which the number of quo- of places selling food and, to a lesser extent, of tients of the primary sector increased. This occurred those offering accommodation, and commercial only in Zitlala, which changed from a secondary and service establishments that cater to the inha- with primary orientation (P2S4) to a relative diver- bitants of the municipality and the population of sification between primary and secondary (P3S3). the northern part of La Montaña (Gobierno del This municipality is in the Centro region, and 9 Estado de Guerrero, 2010b). 852 (50%) of its inhabitants have as their IV.2. Secondary favoured and tertiary slightly first language. In the late 1970s, the peasants of this favoured. This occurred in eight of the municipali-

120 ][ Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 77, 2012 Changes in the sectoral orientations of the State of Guerrero between 1970 and 2000

ties. Most changed from a primary sector with five venue, promoted by the State; this also stimulated or six successive quotients to diversified productive the production of traditional crafts (Gobierno del structures. Ahuacuotzingo, Xochihuehuetlán and Estado de Guerrero, 2010a). In contrast, in Juan R. Tetipac reached an orientation of primary-secon- Escudero and Tlapa the change is associated with dary with tertiary (P3S2T1). In Mártir de Cuilapan, the expansion of commercial activity shown by Copalillo, Buenavista de Cuellar and Xalpatláhuac their respective capital cities. In Tlapa, the money the secondary predominated slightly, the tertiary sent home by migrants is arousing the interest of participated and the primary complemented; here, traders who see in this city a good place to gain the production of traditional crafts increased consi- a foothold. Even Wal-Mart intends to secure a derably, and these were sold both within their com- hectare of land on which to establish the first of its munities and at regional markets, and even in the shops in La Montaña. Coppel, Elektra and Milano main cities of Guerrero and in other States such as have similar plans. México, Morelos and the Federal District. Within this group, Buenavista de Cuellar also acquired assembly plants for the manufacture of denim CONCLUSION garments. In Leonardo Bravo, the consolidation of light industries (production of foods, footballs, Analysis of the codes obtained during the investi- metal goods and synthetic fibres) led to an orien- gation indicates that in most of the State of Gue- tation of secondary-primary with tertiary (P2S3T1). rrero the economy has veered towards the tertiary IV. 3. Secondary and tertiary slightly favoured. sector. This was not only intense in territories that Zirándaro, Ajuchitlán, General Canuto A. Neri, include established tourist resorts (Acapulco and Cuetzala, Quechultenango, Atixtlac, Alcozauca Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo) or those with certain politico- and Igualapa retain a substantial primary EAP. administrative function such as Chilpancingo, The primary sector has rather less importance but also in those with low-yielding agricultural in Copanatoyac, where it predominates slightly, activities; faced with this situation, the population the secondary participates and the tertiary com- has opted for self-employment in casual trade or plements (P3S2T1), and in Coyuca de Catalán, even for migrating to other states of Mexico or to Tecpan, Ometepec and Chilapa where the code the USA. This last alternative has had considerable is P3S1T2. The city of Ometepec was consolidated effects on the local sectoral orientation through as the economic-commercial focus of the eastern the moneys sent back to the various municipa- part of La Costa Chica and part of the south of lities of the state. In 2007, Guerrero amassed La Montaña (Sánchez, 2000). Analogously, in the 1 239.1 million US dollars through the receipt of capital city of Chilapa commercial activity inten- these moneys, this being 23 times the total sum sified, selling the agricultural and craft goods from of funding that the state government devoted to the municipality or from surrounding parts. In social programmes in that year, or the equivalent Tecpan several establishments arose related to the of 8.1% of the Gross Domestic Product of the state processing of regional agricultural produce (mainly (Gobierno del Estado de Guerrero, 2010a). installations where coffee is processed) (Gobierno In addition to this, the promotion of various del Estado de Guerrero, 2010c). tourist venues scattered throughout the seven re- IV.4. Secondary slightly favoured and tertiary gions of the state began to be important, including favoured. This change was common in those mu- the beaches of La Costa Chica (Pico del Monte, nicipalities of La Costa Grande and La Tierra Ca- Ventura, La Bocana, Punta Maldonado) and of La liente where historically the agricultural activities Grande (Barra de Potosí, Tlacoyunque, Michigan, have produced significant yields as a result of the Troncones, Paraíso). Also included are those places physical conditions; this prompted a surge in some that have a biodiverse environment or an important agroindustries. In Tixtla, the change can be attribu- historic-ethnographic-cultural heritage: Olinalá, ted to the inclusion of the municipality as a tourist Tlapa and Huamuxtitlán in La Montaña; Tixtla,

Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 77, 2012 ][ 121 Neftalí García Castro y Álvaro Sánchez Crispín

Chilapa, Zitlala and Mochitlán in the Centro re- García Espinoza, S. (2007), La trasformación de la vivien- gion; and Arcelia, Tlapehuala and Pungarabato in da tradicional como resultado de la dinámica migratoria La Tierra Caliente. Both situations have meant that en localidades con potencial turístico en el estado de Michoacán, tesis de Doctorado en Geografía, Facultad the economic dynamic of those municipalities now de Filosofía y Letras, UNAM, Mexico. depends largely on resources generated in other Gobierno del Estado de Guerrero (2010a), Municipios parts. The number of employees fluctuates accor- del Estado de Guerrero, Gobierno del Estado de Gue- ding to the high or low seasonal influx of tourists, rrero [http://www.guerrero.gob.mx/?P=municipios: and in any case most payments associated with the 8 March 2010]. provision of services to the tourists are low because Gobierno del Estado de Guerrero (2010b), Programa of the low level of qualifications in the population. sectorial de turismo 2005-2011, Secretaría de Fomento Turístico del estado de Guerrero [http://www.guerre- Meanwhile, the sums received by the families of ro.gob.mx/?P=readart&ArtOrder=ReadArt&Article: migrants are influenced by the economic and 24 April 2010]. socio-political conditions that prevail in the USA. Gobierno del Estado de Guerrero (2010c), Programa de In summary, the movement towards the tertiary desarrollo integral sustentable, Costa Grande, Gobierno sector recorded in several parts of Guerrero, just as del Estado de Guerrero [http://www.guerrero.gob. in the rest of the country and in poor countries, mx/pics/articles/6121/fle.PDF_costa_grande: 24 April 2010]. is a phenomenon directly proportional to its de- DGE (1971), IX Censo de Población, Guerrero, Dirección mographic expansion. In 1970, only Acapulco, General de Estadística, Mexico. Iguala, Chilpancingo and Taxco had more than INEGI (2001), XII Censo de Población y Vivienda, Gue- 15 000 inhabitants, whereas in 2010 there were rrero, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e 18 towns with a population fluctuating between Informática, , Mexico. 15 000 and 700 000 (INEGI, 2011). In addition INEGI (2011), XIII Censo de Población y Vivienda, Gue- to the places already mentioned, the following are rrero, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e now notable urban centres: Zihuatanejo, Tlapa, Informática [http://www..censo2010.org.mx/: 20 May 2011]. Chilapa, Atoyac, Ciudad Altamirano, Zumpango Kostrowicki, J. (1970), “Some methods of determining and Ometepec. Most of these, historically, have land-use and agricultural “orientations” as used in played an important role in the supply of goods the Polish land utilization and typological studies”, and services to the surrounding areas; they have Geographia Polonica, no. 18, Institute of Geogra- to a greater or lesser degree received repeated eco- phy, Polish Academy of Siences, Warsaw, Poland, nomic investments and they are seen as attractive pp. 93-120. Kulikowski, R. et J. Szymer (1974, “Changements récents places for other inhabitants of Guerrero, who de l´utilization du sol en Pologne”, Geographia Polo- migrate to these places and, because of their few nica, no. 29, Institute of Geography, Polish Academy work-skills, tend to perform work related to trade of Siences, Warsaw, Poland, pp. 203-217. and/or services. Propín, E., T. Ayón and P. de la Cruz (1985), “Consi- deraciones sobre la determinación de orientaciones de uso de la tierra en el municipio de Pinar del Río”, REFERENCES Reporte de Investigación 3, Instituto de Geografía de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, La Habana, Cuba. Propín, E. and Á. Sánchez (1997), “Los tipos de asimila- CONAPO (2002), Índice de Intensidad Migratoria ción económica del territorio mexicano entre 1930 y México-Estados Unidos, Consejo Nacional de Po- 1990”, Revista Geográfica, núm. 123, Instituto Pana- blación, Mexico. mericano de Geografía e Historia, Mexico, pp. 29-47. CONEVAL (2007), Mapas de pobreza y rezago social, Propín, E, (2003), Teorías y Métodos en Geografía Econó- 2005, Guerrero, Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de mica, Temas Selectos de Geografía de México (III.3), la Política de Desarrollo Social, Mexico. Instituto de Geografía, UNAM, Mexico. García Castro, N. (2007), Cambios en los tipos de asimi- Reyes, O. (2000), Los cambios en los tipos de asimilación lación económica del estado de Guanajuato, entre 1950 económica del estado de Puebla, tesis de Maestría en y 2000, tesis de Maestría en Geografía, Facultad de Geografía, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, UNAM, Filosofía y Letras, UNAM, Mexico. Mexico.

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Sánchez, Á. (2000), “Relaciones espaciales de un centro de Szczesny, R. (1964), “The orientations in agricultural mercado en la zona amusga de Guerrero: el caso de Ome- production in Poland”, Geographia Polonica, no. 2, tepec”, Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín, núm. 44, Institute of Geography, Polish Academy of Siences, Instituto de Geografía, UNAM, Mexico, pp. 126-146. Warsaw, Poland, pp. 169-174. Sánchez, Á. and E. Propín (2001), “Cambios en la orientación funcional de las ciudades medias del trópico mexicano”, Cuadernos Geográficos, núm. 31, Universidad de Granada, España, pp. 69-85.

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