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AN ANIMATED OVERVIEW of PLANETARY ROBOTICS: Past, Present and Future

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AN ANIMATED OVERVIEW of PLANETARY ROBOTICS: Past, Present and Future 7th ESA Workshop on Advanced Space Technologies for Robotics and Automation 'ASTRA 2002' ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, November 19 - 21, 2002 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) AN ANIMATED OVERVIEW OF PLANETARY ROBOTICS: Past, Present and Future Michel Van Winnendael*, Francesco Grassini*, James Garry**, Gianfranco Visentin* *European Space Agency, Automation and Robotics Section **Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK ASTRA 2002 19-21 November 2002 Issue 2 ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Introduction The subject of this slide show is planetary robotics, defined as “systems which provide manipulation and/or mobility functions, which moreover have a certain flexibility to perform a variety of tasks, and which are designed to operate on or near the surface of celestial bodies”. Typically these functions consist of moving around on celestial bodies (on, above or under the surface), transporting, loading/ unloading and positioning items on the surface of a planet, moon, asteroid or comet nucleus. We have made a (necessarily subjective) selection of missions and developments which we consider most relevant in the frame of planetary robotics. ASTRA 2002 19-21 November 2002 ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands 1 1 7th ESA Workshop on Advanced Space Technologies for Robotics and Automation 'ASTRA 2002' ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, November 19 - 21, 2002 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Rover Categories For classification of planetary rovers we use the following definitions: • “large rovers” from few 100s kg to ~1000 kg • “mini rovers” from few 10s kg to ~100 kg • “micro rovers” from a few kg to ~10 kg e.g Marsokhod, Russia 1990’s e.g. MUSES-CN, NASA/JPL R&D • “nano rovers” from 10s of g e.g. Nanokhod (ESA R&D 1999) to ~1 kg e.g. Lunokhods, Russia 1970 e.g. Sojourner NASA/JPL 1997 ASTRA 2002 19-21 November 2002 ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Past Activities and Missions under Development ASTRA 2002 19-21 November 2002 ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands 2 2 7th ESA Workshop on Advanced Space Technologies for Robotics and Automation 'ASTRA 2002' ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, November 19 - 21, 2002 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Luna 16, 20, 24 Russia (1970-1976) Luna 16, Luna 20, Luna 24: Lunar Sample Return, returned Lunar soil sample to Earth (100g on Luna 16 in 1970, 30 g on Luna 20 in 1972, 170 g on Luna 24 in 1976)) Luna 16 lander with arm and drilling rig (Credit: NPO Lavochkin / NASA NSSDC) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Luna 16, 20, 24 Russia (1970-1976) Luna 16, Luna 20, Luna 24: Lunar Sample Return, returned Lunar soil sample to Earth (100g on Luna 16 in 1970, 30 g on Luna 20 in 1972, 170 g on Luna 24 in 1976) Luna 16 sample return (Credit:CD 'Soviets in Space‘ by “Compact Book Publishing Co, Moscow”) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 3 3 7th ESA Workshop on Advanced Space Technologies for Robotics and Automation 'ASTRA 2002' ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, November 19 - 21, 2002 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Luna 16, 20 & 24 Russia (1970-1976) Luna 16, Luna 20, Luna 24: Lunar Sample Return, returned Lunar soil sample to Earth (100g on Luna 16 in 1970, 30 g on Luna 20 in 1972, 170 g on Luna 24 in 1976) Luna24 sample return 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Luna 17 & 21 Russia (1970-1973) Luna 17: carried the Lunokhod 1 rover, the first rover on another world, which traveled 10 km on the Lunar Surface (Nov. 1970- Oct. 1971) Luna 21: carried the Lunokhod 2 rover, which covered 37 km of terrain (Jan 1973-Jun 1973) Lunokhod 1 on lander before deployment (Credit: NPO Lavochkin) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 4 4 7th ESA Workshop on Advanced Space Technologies for Robotics and Automation 'ASTRA 2002' ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, November 19 - 21, 2002 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Luna 17 & 21 Russia (1970-1973) Luna 17: carried the Lunokhod 1 rover, the first rover on another world, which traveled 10 km on the Lunar Surface (Nov. 1970- Oct. 1971) Luna 21: carried the Lunokhod 2 rover, which covered 37 km of terrain (Jan 1973-Jun 1973) Lunokhod mobility system testing (Credit: VNII Transmash) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Luna 17 & 21 Russia (1970-1973) Luna 17: carried the Lunokhod 1 rover, the first rover on another world, which traveled 10 km on the Lunar Surface (Nov. 1970- Oct. 1971) Luna 21: carried the Lunokhod 2 rover, which covered 37 km of terrain (Jan 1973-Jun 1973) Lunokhod Operation (Credit:CD 'Soviets in Space‘ by “Compact Book Publishing Co, Moscow”) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 5 5 7th ESA Workshop on Advanced Space Technologies for Robotics and Automation 'ASTRA 2002' ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, November 19 - 21, 2002 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Luna 17 & 21 Russia (1970-1973) Luna 17: carried the Lunokhod 1 rover, the first rover on another world, which traveled 10 km on the Lunar Surface (Nov. 1970- Oct. 1971) Luna 21: carried the Lunokhod 2 rover, which covered 37 km of terrain (Jan 1973-Jun 1973) Lunokhod Control Station (Credit: NPO Lavochkin / The Planetary Society) Lunokhod 2 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) LRV APOLLO USA (1971-1972) Lunar Roving Vehicle, a foldable 208 kg rover, designed to transport 2 astronauts, scientific equipment and lunar samples LRV-1 on Apollo 15 (1971) LRV-2 on Apollo 16 (1972) LRV-3 on Apollo 17 (1972) The various LRV parts LRV-1 onLRV Apollo-1 on 15,Apollo with 15 astronaut (Credit: (Credit:NASA) NASA) LRV with astronaut (Credit: NASA) LRV wheel (Credit: NASA) LRV Control Console (Credit: NASA) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 6 6 7th ESA Workshop on Advanced Space Technologies for Robotics and Automation 'ASTRA 2002' ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, November 19 - 21, 2002 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Mars2, Mars 3 ProP-M Russia (1971) The Mars2 and Mars3 landers both carried a ski-walking microrover called ProP-M, which was attached to the lander by means of a tether cable. They both arrived during a big martian dust storm. Mars2 crashed. The Mars3 landing succeeded but after 20 s the communication was lost. ProP-M microrover (Credit: VNII Transmash) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Mars2, Mars 3 ProP-M Russia (1971) The Mars2 and Mars3 landers both carried a ski-walking microrover called ProP-M, which was attached to the lander by means of a tether cable. They both arrived during a big martian dust storm. Mars2 crashed. The Mars3 landing succeeded but after 20 s the communication was lost. ProP-M deployment simulation (Credit:CD 'Soviets in Space‘ by “Compact Book Publishing Co, Moscow”) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 7 7 7th ESA Workshop on Advanced Space Technologies for Robotics and Automation 'ASTRA 2002' ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, November 19 - 21, 2002 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Viking USA (1975-1982) First successful soft landings at two locations on the Martian surface. Both landershad a furlable boom with a soil scoop to collect surface samples. Viking Orbiters (Credit: NASA/JPL) Vikingimage Lander of trench with made stowed by the furlable soil scoopboom (Credit: (Credit: NASA/JPL) NASA/JPL) Viking Lander withsoil deployed scoop (Credit: furlable NASA/JPL)boom (Credit: NASA/JPL) Viking 1 in cleanroom(Credit: NASA/JPL) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Phobos2 Phobos Hopper Russia (1988-1989) The Phobos2 spacecraft carried a small “hopper” lander, called ProP-F, designed to land on Phobos (one of the moons of Mars). Contact with the spacecraft was lost shortly before release of the hopper and another lander. ProP-F (Credit: VNII Transmash) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 8 8 7th ESA Workshop on Advanced Space Technologies for Robotics and Automation 'ASTRA 2002' ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, November 19 - 21, 2002 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Phobos2 Phobos Hopper Russia (1988-1989) The Phobos2 spacecraft carried a small “hopper” lander, called ProP-F, designed to land on Phobos (one of the moons of Mars). Contact with the spacecraft was lost shortly before release of the hopper and another lander. ProP-F in operation (simulation) (Credit: James Garry) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) M94-M96 Marsokhod Russia (1990-1995) In view of a planned ambitious mission the Russians developed a minirover for Mars surface operations, called Marsokhod. The mission was repeatedly postponed and finally cancelled. Marsokhod testing in USA, 1996 (Credit: NASA) Marsokhod testing in USA, 1996 (Credit: NASA) The M94 Marsokhod (Credit: VNII Transmash) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 9 9 7th ESA Workshop on Advanced Space Technologies for Robotics and Automation 'ASTRA 2002' ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, November 19 - 21, 2002 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) M94-M96 Marsokhod Russia (1990-1995) In view of a planned ambitious mission the Russians developed a minirover for Mars surface operations, called Marsokhod. The mission was repeatedly postponed and finally cancelled. Marsokhod testing in Kamchatka, Russia (Credit: VNII Transmash) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Automation and Robotics Section (TOS-MMA) Mars Pathfinder Sojourner Rover USA (1996-1997) Mars lander using airbag technology. The first successful Mars landing since Viking. Deployed a micro-rover called “Sojourner”.
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