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Pre Cambrian – Devonian (3 billion years – 360 million years old) 3,000,000,000 – 360 MYO 3 billion = 3,000,000,000 = 300,00,00,000 = ৩০০ ক ো綿 বছর পুরোন ো -৩৬0 ক ো綿 বছনরর পুরোন ো ফসিল Shelf # 1 1. Rocks From outskirts of Waterton National Park, Alberta, CANADA, Red variety(top), Green Variety and Black lava/magma intrusion- Purcell Sill. http://www.watertonpark.com/gallery/redrock.html http://www.watertonpark.com/reference/geology.htm Red rocks are usually argillite - with less than 3% oxidized iron; green are also argillite - with unoxidized iron; beige/grey/brown are limestone or dolomite; black is an intrusive magma sandwiched between bands of white marble (super-heated ~1.5 billion years old limestone) called the Purcell Sill. Waterton's rocks formed in a sea that existed over 1500 million years ago. Evidence of this ancient seabed is provided by fossilized ripple marks, mud cracks and algal colonies. – 5 piece Black rock is an intrusive magma sandwiched between bands of white marble (super-heated limestone) called the Purcell Sill From streams outskirts of Waterton National Park, Alberta, CANADA Mary Ellen Jasper, consisting of a banded iron formation 1.85 billion years old made of microcrystalline silica containing red haematite inclusions sandwiched between the grey haematite of the precipitated iron. What makes this rock so interesting is that the red jasper is the fossilised remnant of stromatolites, some of the earliest complex organisms in geological history. They were formed by cyanobacterial microbial mats, growing sinuously over and through layers of precipitated sediments in an ever higher stack as the sediments fell rhythmically, creating the lovely shapes of the red jasper. They come from the Mary Ellen mine in Minessota,USA in a layer of rocks called the Biwabik iron formation. Originally precipitated in a One polished and one unpolished shallow sea, the chemical reason for the richness in iron started with piece the very photosynthetic bacteria that formed the stromatolites. As their lifestyle released oxygen into the sea, the reduced iron oxidised, and being insoluble, precipitated on the sea bottom, accompanied by plenty of silica that fossilised the mats into jasper as they grew. The wiggling of the columns is thought to represent the tracking of the sun’s position through the seasons, showing that the strategy adopted by sunflowers has along evolutionary history. Similar formations elsewhere have been used to prove the inference that the number of days in the year has shrunk through time as the Earth’s rotation has slowed. These rocks also testify to one of the major events in global history, when free oxygen gradually appeared and poisoned off the existing ecosystem (who remain as some extremophile bacteria), thus paving the way for the evolution of the complex oxygen breathing life that is the most familiar feature of today’s biosphere. Mary Ellen Jasper- Green Variety, containing less oxidized iron, consisting of a banded iron formation 1.85 billion years old made of microcrystalline silica containing red haematite inclusions sandwiched between the grey haematite of the precipitated iron. (on the front side) From Mary Ellen mine in Minessota, USA unpolished Tiger iron – Stromatolite Archean Eon (geologic eon, 4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) ~2.7 billion years old = ২৭০ ক ো綿 বছনরর পুরোন ো South Africa Zebra Stromatolite Late Pre-cambrian ~670 million years Old= ৬৭ ক ো綿 বছনরর পুরোন ো kununurra , Western Australia Kambaba Jasper – Stromatolite 3.5 – 1.5 billion years old From Madagascar A polished red jasper/ stromatolite. Origin – I was unable to find the information Stromatolite, 600 MYO- 1 BYO ~৬৭ ক ো綿 বছরেে পুেোর ো Stromatolites are layered structures typically created by microbal mats, which trap passing sediments. Over time, subsequent microbial growth traps successive layers which cause the stromatolite to grow larger. The stromatolites here are believed to be about 600 million years old, were buried in volcanic deposits, which then eroded away as the Anti-Atlas mountains uplited, exposing the fossil mounds. This area is located 50m from the N9 highway between Ourzarzate and Zagora, Morocco . Algae Oncolite(Girvanella Sp.) Lower Cambrian, ~660 million years old ৬৭ ক ো綿 বছনরর পুরোন ো Chambless Formation Southern Marble mountains, near Cadiz, San Bernardino, California, USA Vendian Era Nemiana simplex (Palij 1976) –jelly fish type of creature age: Upper Ediacaran (Vendian) 650 to 543 Million Years Old ~৬৪ ক ো綿 বছরেে পুেোর ো Mogilev Podolski, Vinnitsa region, Ukraine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemiana http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/ven dian/vendian.html Albumarid. Late Vendian, ~600 million years old ~৬৬ ক ো綿 বছরেে পুেোর ো Kubis Quartzite, Nama Group, South West Namibia, Africa The specimens are from the South West of Namibia where the Nama group is extensive, from bore holes it is known to spread over 100's of square miles north of the orange river. Specimens are known from the Lower Schwarzrand and Kubis formations at the base of the Nama formation. This is an excellent example of this very rare Vendian fossil. Cambrian Era: The Cambrian was the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from 541 to 485.4 million years ago ( যোমসিয়ো যুগ : ৫৮ ক ো綿 - ৪৮ ক ো綿 বছর আনগ) http://www.earthsciences.hku.hk/shmuseum/earth_evo_05_01_3.php Algae with Kunmingella douvillei Arthropod Lower Cambrian Chengjiang, Yunnan, China ~৫৫ ক ো綿 বছরেে পুেোর ো The Vetulicolians are an enigmatic group that some scientists place in their own phylum (Phylum Vetulicolia). They are thought to have been swimmers that either were filter feeders or detritivores. Originally described as crustacean arthropods, Shu (2001) later erected the Vetulicola as a new phylum of primitive deuterostomes. Another researcher places them with the Urochordates based on putative affinity with the Phylum Chordata. At present, there is no agreement as to their systematic placement. ট্রোইনলোবোইট /Trilobite from Chengjiang Biota China Haikouella fossil Temporal range: 535–520 Ma Haikouella is a probable chordate from the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shales of Chengjiang County in Yunnan Province, China. Brachiopoda Primary consumer and filter feeder from suspended organic matter in the water. Heliomedusa orienta Lower Cambrian Chengjiang, Yunnan, China Trilobite from Hunan Province, China Hyolithes Sp. Lower Cambrian Lincoln County, Nevada, USA Trilobite : elrathia kingii Locality: Wheeler Shale, House Range & Drum Mountains, Western Utah, USA Elrathia is a genus of ptychopariid trilobite species that lived during the Middle Cambrian of Utah, and possibly British Columbia. Multiple trilobites on shale & one half piece & another small trilobite Brownish Trilobite - Ductina vietnamica from the mountainous area of western Guangxi province of China(western region). It is dated to Devonian period (~385 Million years ago) ? rare ট্রোইর োবোইট trilobite, Nepea sp, from the Upper Middle Cambrian period. It is a member of the lower fauna of the Lejopyge laevigata II zone, and was collected in the Christmas Hills near Smithton in Tasmania, Australia. Cambrian Gastropod from Morocco. (Africa) Trilobite Fossils on shallow seabed with other plant/algae remains Manuels River Formation, Conception Bay, Newfoundland, Canada. (Collected from a roadside quarry) Manuels river is one of the earth’s oldest river system. http://manuelsriver.com/centre/exhibits/geology/ Picture of this item & desc on paper needed দ্বিতীয় তো : অর্ডোদ্বিদ্বিয়ো (অর্ডোদ্বিিো) যুগ : ৪৯ - ৪৪ ক ো綿 বছে আরগে Ordovician : The Ordovician Period lasted almost 45 million years, beginning 488.3 million years ago and ending 443.7 million years ago.* During this period, the area north of the tropics was almost entirely ocean, and most of the world's land was collected into the southern supercontinent Gondwana. Ordovician Gastropods Ontario, Canada (will reconfirm) Ordovician trilobite & ammoniod Ceraurus sp. trilobite from the Ordovician Age, Upper Bobcaygeon Formation , Simcoe County, Ontario, Canada Coral fossil ? Age - Lower Ordovician From Foxtrap, Newfoundland (Atlantic sea shore Facing Bell Island) Fossilized shallow sea bed (larger one) upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician era Bell Island, Canada http://www.trilobites.info/trace.htm ichnofossils: They are trace fossils: preserved tracks or other signs of the behaviors of animals in the substrate Rusophycus – Trilobite resting burrow from Bell Island, Newfoundland, Canada Tracks and burrows (Trace fossil)made by work like sea creatures ~480 million years ago. V shaped large burrow/trail and a piece of small burrow by soft bodied animals Inarticulate brachiopod on a rolled stone from the beach of Bell Island (east facing) Inarticulate brachiopod on shale, Bell Island (east facing) Another present day Inarticulate brachiopod shell of similar species from the same beach Canada Brittlestars (Starfish fossil) Erfoud region, Morocco Starfish resting burrow – Trace Fossil Erfoud region, Morocco Carpoid From the Basal Upper Fezouata Formation of Zagora, Morocco Armored Worm machaeridians (plumulites bengtsoni) Lower Fezouata Formation in Fezouata Lagerstatten, Morocco. Graptolite Name: Dictyonema sp. Age: Ordovician Location: Mecissi are, Morocco Ordovician/ Devonian Polished and non polished Orthoceras From Morocco Goniatites Ordovician , Morocco Diplopore Cystoid Age- Middle Ordovician Hope Shale Formation, Shropshire, England British Trilobite – Paraboli triarthra Lower Ordovician (Closer to Cambrian Era), Shropshire, England British Trilobite
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  • Olenid Trilobites: the Oldest Known Chemoautotrophic Symbionts?

    Olenid Trilobites: the Oldest Known Chemoautotrophic Symbionts?

    Olenid trilobites: The oldest known chemoautotrophic symbionts? Richard Fortey* Department of Paleontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom Communicated by Lynn Margulis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, April 3, 2000 (received for review March 1, 2000) Late Cambrian to early Ordovician trilobites, the family Olenidae, Given the widespread occurrence and taxonomic spread of were tolerant of oxygen-poor, sulfur-rich sea floor conditions, and chemoautotrophic symbiosis, it is likely to have been an ancient a case is made that they were chemoautotrophic symbionts. adaptation. Because direct evidence of the fossil bacteria seldom Olenids were uniquely adapted to this habitat in the Lower preserves, evidence of such habits tends to be inferred from Paleozoic, which was widespread in the Late Cambrian over Scan- taxonomic and͞or morphological data, which is not always dinavia. This life habit explains distinctive aspects of olenid mor- reliable (11). The long-ranging solemyid and lucinid bivalves (10) phology: wide thoraces and large numbers of thoracic segments, indicate that by the Silurian (ca. 420 million years), this life mode thin cuticle and, in some species, degenerate hypostome, and the already had been adopted by some groups with living descen- occasional development of brood pouches. Geochemical and field dants. Ancient vent associations have been recognized from at evidence is consistent with this interpretation. Olenids occupied least the Devonian (12). their specialized habitat for 60 million years until their extinction I show in this paper that even by the late Cambrian period (505 at the end of the Ordovician. million years ago) certain extinct arthropods, trilobites belonging to the family Olenidae, evolved features best understood as evidence olorless sulfur bacteria, a heterogeneous category of bacte- of sulfur chemoautotrophic mode of metabolism.
  • For Peer Review

    For Peer Review

    Page 1 of 29 Geological Magazine 1 2 3 1 A new nektaspid euarthropod from the Lower Ordovician of Morocco 4 5 6 7 2 8 9 1* 1,2,3 1 1 1 10 3 Francesc Pérez-Peris , Lukáš Laibl , Lorenzo Lustri , Pierre Gueriau , Jonathan B. Antcliffe , 11 1 1 12 4 Orla G. Bath Enright and Allison C. Daley 13 14 15 5 16 17 6 1Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Géopolis, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 18 19 For Peer Review 20 7 2The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geology, Rozvojová 269, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech 21 22 23 8 Republic 24 25 3 26 9 Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 27 28 10 Prague, 12843, Czech Republic 29 30 31 11 *[email protected] 32 33 34 12 35 36 37 13 Abstract 38 39 40 14 Nektaspids are Paleozoic non-biomineralised euarthropods that were at the peak of their diversity 41 42 15 in the Cambrian period. Post-Cambrian nektaspids are a low diversity group with only a few 43 44 16 species described so far. Here we describe Tariccoia tazagurtensis, a new species of small 45 46 47 17 bodied nektaspid from the Lower Ordovician Fezouata Shale of Morocco. The new species 48 49 18 differs from the type (and only other known) species from the Ordovician of Sardinia (Italy), 50 51 19 Tariccoia arrusensis, in possessing more pointed genal angles, a cephalon with marginal rim, a 52 53 20 pygidium with anterior margin curved forwards, a rounded posterior margin and longer and more 54 55 56 21 curved thoracic tergites.