P> the History of Douglas, Arizona

The History of Douglas, Arizona

Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)

Authors Jeffrey, Robert Stone, 1924-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/270516 THE HISTORY OF DOUGLAS, ARIZONA

Robert S. Jeffrey

A Thesis

submitted to the faculty of thethe

Department of History

in partial fulfillment ofof

the requirementsrequirements for thethe degree of

Master ofof ArtsArts

in the Graduate Collegecollege

University ofof Arizona

1951

Approved: 7 ! p 4-7 Date

222677 TABLE OFOF CONTENTSCONTENTS

Chapter Page

I. THE FOUNDllfGFOUNDING . . • • . . • • • • • • • • 1

II. BOOM TOWN•• • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • 18

III. RELATIONS WITHWITH MEXICOMEXICO •• . . · ... . . • • • 51

IV. THE MERGER AND OTHER PHELPSPiiLPS DODGE ACTIVITYACTIVITY • 110

v.V. PLANS FOR THE FUTURE.FUTURE • • • • • • • • • • • 124

BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 135

222b77.222 6 77 CHAPTER II

THE FOUNDINGFOUNDING

The citycity of Douglas now standingstanding onon thethe internationalinternational border at thethe southern end of thethe Sulphur Springs Valleyvalley owes its existence toto thethe older history of nearby Bisbee, whose physical limitationslimitations made thethe foundingfounding ofof thethe newernewer city necessary. By 1900 Bisbee was a prosperous mining campca�p with a turbulent history extending back over twentytwenty years.years.

With many rich ore bodies inin sightsight and a longlong productiveproductive lifelite assured, sheshe waswas readyready toto bearbear herher naturalnatural offspringoffspring--a --a smelter town;town; for thethe same redre d hills thattha t containcontain Bisbee'sBisbee t s valuable ore bodies were proving tootoo greatgreat anan obstacleobstacle forfor any furtherfurther'expansion expansion ofof' thethe existingexisting reduction works.works.

Plenty ofot open, levellevel landland withwith enough room forfor anyany futurefuture expansion was needed forfor aa smeltersmelter site.site.

Just east of Bisbee, thethe Sulphursulphur SpringsSprings ValleyValley stretchesstretches out toto thethe north andand south.south. Looking down from JuniperJuniper Flats,Flats, a high promontory inin thethe Mule Mountains aboveabove Bisbee,Bisbee, oneone can see a great deal ofor thisthis valley'svalley'S sweepsweep asas itit widenswidens andand flattens out intointo Mexico. Bordering thisthis greatgreat grass-grass-covered covered trough on the west are thethe heights ofof thethe Galiuros,Qaliuros, thethe

GreaGreatt and LiLittlettle' Dragoons and thethe Mules.On its eastern flank rise the Grahams, Dos Cabezas, C.hiricahuasChiricahuas and 2

Pedragosas. to wes t pedragosas. Just to thethe west ofof thethe Pedragosas,pedragosas t thethe swisshelmSwisshelm Mountains thrust themselves northwardnorthward onto the valley floor. Where'thereunited Unitedstates States soilsoil joinsjoins thatthat ofof Mexico,Mexico, the valley widenswidens into a great sweep of landland which alternatesal ternates between patches of good grassgrass and poorer scrubscrub mesquite.

Trailing offoft to thethe south throughthrough thisthis area, towardstowards thethe eastern edge of thethe valley, isis a smallsmall stream bed,bed, usuallyusually dry, and variously called Whitewater Draw and thethe Agua PrietaPrieta

River.

This particular section was used for many years by cow-cow- men as a round-up ground inin thethe days when WillcoxWillcox (farther(farther north in thethe valley) was the greatestgreatest cattlecattle shippingshipping pointpoint in the state.state. One oldold-time -time cowboy,cowboy, LeonardLeonard Alverson,Alverson, recalls oampingcamping aatt thethe sitesi te whiwhichch now holds thethe DouglasDouglas Y. M. C.C. A.A. building.lbuilding.1 One of Arizona's greatestgreatest cattlemen,cattlemen, John Slaughter,Slaughter, lived aa tewfew milesmiles to the east on his San Bernardino Ranch.

Twice each year, in thethe spring and fall, thethe area waswas overrunoverrun by thethe cowmencowmen andand theirtheir herds.herds. Then, as they drove on north-north ward to otherother parts of thethe valley,valley, thethe areaarea againagain becamebecame deserted.

The man whose decisions werewere toto callcall forthforth newnew life,life, where before nature couldcould supportsupport onlyonly grassgrass andand mesquite,mesquite, was Phelps Dodge'sDodge's toptop westernwestern boss,boss, JamesJames Douglas.Douglas. Since his arrival inin ArizonaArizona inin 1881,1881, ProfessorProfe,ssor DouglasDouglas (as(as hehe

-Leonard�eonard Alverson,Alverson, "True"'True Experiences,'Experiences 1t (:Ms,CMS, Arizona Pioneers HistoricalHistorical Society,SOCiety, Tucson,Tucson, 1938)1938) p.p. 2.2. 3:3 was most oftenotten called)2called)2 devoted his whole energy toto thethe acquisition and development of mineralmineral propertiesproperties forfor 'hishis company.company_ His first andand greatest venture had been thethe loca-loca ting of profitable ore bodies on thethe Atlanta claimclaim atat Bisbee.Bisbee.

No easy venture, Douglas had spent close to $100,000 of his own and his company's moneymoney beforebefore finally hittinghitting the unpredictable areore pockets thatthat spelled wealth and power for himselfhimself' and his New yorkYorkemployers.3 The years following the richrich are strike convinced Douglas that only by ever expanding thethe methods ofof productionproduction couldcould hishis companycompany hopehope to continue a longlong andand profitableprofitable tenure.tenure. Railroad building was essential, as onlyonly by thisthis means ofof transportationtransportation couldcould the huge quantitiesquantitie.s of ore, fuel and flux of a great mining and smelting operation be brought economicallyeconomically together.4together.4

The .ArizonaArizona and Southwestern Railroad, connectingconnecting Bisbee toto

Fairbanks andand laterlater to Benson, was built and operated byby

Phelps DodgeDodge for aa number ofof yearsyears priorprior toto 1900.1900. This line connected the mines and smeltersmelter at Bisbee with thethe trans-trans- continental line of the Southern Pacific running throughthrough

BensqnoBenson,

2James Douglaswas calledcalled "Professor''"Professor" becausebecause of hishis scholarly bearing and personality; hehe did,did, however,however, holdhold aa chair of chemistry at Morrin collegeCollege in Quebec for fourfour yearsyears (H. H.H. Langton, James Douglas A Memoir (Toronto:(Toronto: Universityuniversity ofof Toronto Press, 1940)1940) p. 38.)58.) 3 3Ibid.,Ibid. J p. 68.68.

4James Douglas, Untechnical Addresseson Technical Sub-Sub jects (New(New York: John Wiley & Sons,sons, 1908)1908) p.p. 105.105. 4

An extension toto thisthis company-company-operated operated railroad became necessarynecessary after the Phelps Dodge interests acquiredacquired the

Moctezuma Copper Company'sCompany's holdingsholdings atat PilaresPilares dede Nacozari,Nacozari, some seventyseventy-five -five milesmiles southsouth ofof thethe internationalinternational border.

A railroad was needed to pierce the roughrough wilds of northernnorthern

Sonora before thisthis property could be turnedturned intointo aa profitableprofitable investment. Douglas had decided toto extend thethe company's

Arizona and Southwestern lineline from Naco, aa smallsmall border towntown just south of Bisbee, toto Nacozari,Nacozari, whenwhen aa nevinew andand better plan suddenly occurred toto him.him. Douglas described thisthis plan as follows:

'We werewere collectingcollecting buildingbuilding materialmaterial forfor ourour MexicanMexican railro8.dsrailroads when one dayday asas II was drivingdri ving alongalong SnakeSnake Ridge on my way toto Nacozari thethe thoughtthought ,suddenlysuddenly struckstruck me that we were building eastward some twenty milesmiles in Mexico and were traversingtraversing aa very difficultdifficult country,country, when probably therethere was a better route by followingfollowing aa line duedue east, north of the border, and then following a north and south water grade southsouth ofof thethe border.border • . - Building was suspendedsuspended while new surveyssurveys were made,made, which induced us toto change allall our plans andand hadhad aa most momentous influenceinfluence onon thethe futurefuture operationsoperations ofof thethe companycompany.'5•• 5

By placing a smeltersmelter at thisthis newnew railroad juncturejuncture pOint,point, the ores from Nacozari and Bisbee couldcould be handledhandled most efficiently.efficiently. This was the mainmain reasonreason why thethe new smelter towntown was toto bebe builtbuilt twentytwenty-five -five milesmiles southeast otof Bisbee rather thanthan on thethe firstfirst openopen stretchstretch ofor landland justjust east ofot thethe mining town.town.

Luckily, otherother major considerationsconsiderations neededneeded forfor aa

5Langton, op.OPe cit.,cit., p.p. 93.93. 5

smelter site were satisfied by the area around the railroad

junction°junctiouo Water, for instance, in vast unlimited quantities

would be needed for thethe projected towntown andand smeltersmel ter and,and,

although littlelittle surface water ever ran throughthrough thisthis region,region,

investigation proved that immenseimmense bodiesbodi ea ofof easilyeasily tappedtapped

underground waterwater laylay underunder thethe banksbanks ofof WhiWhitewater tewa ter draw.6

Adjacency toto thethe border waswas another advantageadvantage ofof thisthis

location, as ores and ore precipitates from Mexico couldcould bebe

conveniently bonded into thethe United Statesstates right at thethe

smelter because a customs port would be opened as soonsoon asas

the town began growing.growing. Too, an .advantageousadvantageous downdown gradegrade

existed fromfrom Bisbee,Bisbee, makingmaking it easy to roll the heavily

loaded areore trains toto thethe smelter.smelter.

During the fall of'of 1900, a railroadrailroad surveysurvey crewcrew appearedappeared

at the southern end of the Sulphursulphur Springs Valley, followedfollowed

in a few months by grading and track layinglaying crews,crews, who

extended a line of rails eastwardeastward acrossacross thethe valleyvalley floor.7floor.7

Douglas, in characteristic fashion, waswas pushingpushing rapidlyrapidly

ahead with his new plans and inin so doingdoing hehe assuredassured thethe

future of a new towntown inin Southern Arizona.

. As yet thethe generalgeneral public hadhad no definitedefinite knowledgeknowledge

·otof thethe' company'scompany's plans.plans. Therefore the land on which thethe

town waswas to be built could be easily and cheaply acquired.

6Langton, op.OPe cit.,cit., p. 97;97; Bisbee DailyDaily Review,Review, December 18,18, 1901.1901. ?Daily7na11y InternationalInternational-American, -American, AnnualAnnual Number, 1907.1907. 6

A greatgreat financialfinancial melon waswas inin the making, and itit was Pro-Pro

fessor Douglas'sDouglasts sonson James8 andand aa fewfew ofof hishis friendsfriends whowho

shared inin its slicing.slicing.

The melonmelon was, of course, the-the astakingtaking outout andand selling

ofot an entire town'stown's real estate, plusplus the profits fromfrom

operating various public utilities and transportation

facilities. The usualusual risksrisks of such an enterprise were

lacking, for the Phelps Dodge smelter and railroad junctionjunction

would alone provide enough incomeincome for aa thrivingthriving town.town.

A regularly organized companycompany toto handlehandle thethe detailsdetails ofof

planning andand financingfinancing waswas thethe firstfirst necessitynecessity ofof thethe towntown -

builders. The International Land and Improvement CompanyCompany

was thereforetherefore formed:formed inin October, 1900,1900, by James;rames S.S. DouglasDouglas

and a group of his friends meeting inin Bisbee. The original

directors of thethe new corporationcorporation includedincluded William H. Brophy,Brophy,

John Slaughter,Slaughter, Michael J.J. Cunningham,cunningham, Stuartstuart W.W. French,French,

S. W. Clawson and C. L. Beckwith.James S. Douglas assumedassumed

the presidency ofof thethe newnew company.9company.9

Other business takentaken upup atat thisthis firstfirst meeting includedincluded

the christening of the enterprise's future town.town. In a flush

8James S. DouglasDouglas was known around Arizona's miningmining camps as "Rawhide Jimmie" because of his reputation for backing.smallbacking small unprovedunproved minesmines calledcalled "rawhide"rawhide outfits."outfits." (Joe Chisholm,Chisholm, "Dr. James Douglas," Arizona Historical Review, January, 1932,1932, p.p. 17.)17.)

9sam9SamApplewhite,APplewhite, Extracts ofof OfficialOfficial Minutes, Inter-Inter national Land andand ImprovementImprovement Company.Company. (Hereafter(Hereafter referredreferred to,to, these are copied extracts of the originaloriginal minutesminutes furnished byby Sam Applewhite, who served for a number of years as secretary of the International LandLand andand ImprovementImprovement Company.)Company.) 7

o�of gratitude it was a natural impulseimpulse for thethe originaloriginal

directors to turn toto theirtheir benefactor forfor aa name, andand inin

so honoringhonoring ProfessorProfessor Douglas, he becamebecame not only thethe

"Father ofot Bisbee" but the "Founder"Founder of Douglas" asas well.well.

The chosen name was highly appropriate, as few townstowns cancan tietie

their beginnings soso closelyclosely toto thethe plansplans ofof oneone man.man.

The scope of the enterprise waswas decided upon and thethe

following articles werewere adopted and a few weeks laterlater

recorde:drecorded at Tombstone,Tombstone, thethe countycounty seat:seat:

The objectobject of said corporation, and the general nature of the business to be transacted by it,it, isis to own,own, purchase andand sell real estate in the countyCounty of cochise,Cochise, Territory of Arizona, in thethe vicinityvicinity of the place in the International Boundry Line between the UniUnitedted Statesstates and l�:exico,Mexico, inin whatwha t isis known as the sulphurSulphur Springs Valley, at or near thethe junction ofof the NacozariNacozari RailroadRailroad withwith the southSouth- western RailroadRailroad ofof- Arizona,Arizona, andand toto laylayout out a atowntown - sisitete upon said land, and toto subdivides ubdivide the samesame intointo blocks and lots,lots, and toto sellsell andand disposedispose ofof thethe same,same, reserving such blocks andand lotslots asas thethe corporationcorporation shall deem necessary forfor parksparks andand otherother purposes,purposes, and dedicating thethe samesame toto suchsuch uses.uses. To erect dwellings and store buildings and otherother structures upon thethe landland aforesaid,aforesaid, andand toto sell,sell, lease and rent thethe same.same. To acquire, own, and operate telephonesteleph�nes and tele-tele phone systemssystems atat saidsaid ttownsite ownsite .•••. To acquire, own, maintain and operate an electric light and power plantplant .•••. . for the use and sale of electricity for lightinglighting andand powerpower purposes. To manufacturemanufacture and sellsell iceice .• •. • ToTO acquire and own waterwater and water rights and reservoirs, and toto use or sellsell waterwater forfor powerpower pur-pur poses, and for mining, smelting,smelting, manufacturing, agrioulturalagricultural andand domesticdomestio purposes.purposes. ToTO manufacture and sellsell gasgas for illuminating andand - illuminating heating purposes.10

10Cochise lOCoch1se Countycounty Recorder, BookBook ofof Incorporations,Incorporations, Book I,I, pp.pp. 541541-45. -45. 8

CapiCapitalta 1 stock waswas set at $50,000,X50,000, whiwhichch waswas divided into five hundred shares ofof $100 each.11each.l1 The original members of thethe companycompany did not divide these shares entirely among themselves,themselves, however,however, asas theirtheir numbernumber waswas soonsoon moremore than doubled.

The first addition toto the original group camecame asas aa

. result of a friendlyfriendly invitationinvitation extended by thethe originaloriginal directors to some friends and relatives soso thatthat they,they, too,too, might shareshare inin thethe profitsprofits ofof thethe venture.venture. Eight names were thus added toto thethe originaloriginal group:group: Walter Douglas,Douglas,

Ben Williams, Lewis Williams, M. J. Brophy, M.M. W.Wo Wambaugh,Wambaugh,

N. D. Nicholson, L.L. D.D. RickettsRioketts andand JohnJohn Langton.12Langton.l2

Although not invited,invited, another groupgroup became determineddetermined to share in the profits of the towntown building scheme.scheme. Charles

Overlock headed this new faction and was responsible fortor itsits organization because it was he who accidentally heardheard of thethe town building plan.plan. While travelingtraveling across thethe SulphurSulphur

Springs'Springs Valley toto buy cattlecattle atat thethe Sansan BernardinoBernardi�o Ranch,Ranch,

Overlock stoppedstopped toto visit atat oneone ofof thethe ranches inin thethe valleyvalley and therethere learned from hishis host thatthat aa groupgroup ofot men had,had, a few daysdays earlier, lookedlooked overover somesome governmentgovernment landland alongalong the MexicanMexican borderborder and had staked off a sectionsection before leaving.13leaving.l3

llIbid.11Ibid. -

12sam12Sam Applewhite, Extracts of Official Minutes, Inter-Inter national Land andand ImprovementImprovement Company,Company. 13Daily 13Daily International-American,International -American, AnnualAnnual Number,Number, 1906.1906. 9

William Brophy, cunninghamCunningham and a few others representing

the International Land and Improvement Company were thethe

gentlemen referred toto by Overloek'sOverlock's informant.informant. Moving slowly,slowly,

this group had failed toto send one of itsits own number toto thethe

land office at Tucson immediately after theythey stakedstaked offoff thethe

land. This was a mistake, forf'or by the time Cunninghamcunningham diddid

make thethe triptrip toto TucsonTucson hehe foundfound toto hishis dismaydismay thatthat fastfast -

moving Overlock hadhad alreadyalready filedfi led onon theirtheir landsland 1 Before

reporting thisthis new twisttwist toto thethe others,others, CunninghamCunningham filedfiled onon

land adjoining their original choiee.14choice.l4

Overlock and his backers began toto fence theirtheir landland

while the International Land and Improvement Companycompany went

ahead withwith thethe subsub-dividing -dividing of its land.land. Before the dead-

lock developed further, however, good business heads pre-pre

vailed and a satisfactorysa tisfac tory compromisecompromise' waswas agreedagreed upon.upon. The following notation appears in thethe minutes ofof thethe meeting of'of the International Land and Improvement Company heldheld onon

January 22,22, 1901:1901:

The Committee which had been appointedaPPointed toto effect a compromise looking toto thethe prevention ofof' a rival town, reportedreported that they had had a conference with the Overlock people, and had succeededsucceeded inin making an agreement which would keep thethe rival towntown propertyproperty out of'of the market,market, and thatthat it had been agreed, sub-sub ject to thethe actionaction of thethe Board,Board, betweenbetween your comCom- mittee and thethe Overlock Party, consistingconsisting ofof' C.C. A.A. Overlock, S.S, K. Williams, J. E. Brock,Brook, L. C.C. Shattuck,Shattuck, P. H. Whitney and Alfred Paul thatthat they werewere toto bebe

14Ibid. 14Ibid•. 10

allowed to enter the Company.15

With the rival towntown threatthreat successfully averted,averted,

the land company could now go ahead with itsits original plans.plans.

Since Overlock had representedr epreserrted a wealthyweal thy andand powerfulpowerful group,group,

the rival town could easily havehave becomebecome aa reality.reality. The new

town otof Douglas had weathered an important milestone before

most people knew thatthat suchsuch a towntown was ever toto exist.exist. InsteadInstead

of a decentralized sprawlingsprawling typetype of settlement, DouglasDouglas

was to have thethe benefits ofot' compactcompact growth.growth.

During January, 1901, an engineer named E. G.G. Howe waswas

hired by the land company toto plan and map thethe original town-town

ship otof Douglas. Howe accomplished this tasktask withwith precisionprecision

and some foresight, as many desirable features were includedincluded

in thethe plans.

The avenues ofof thethe towntown werewere runrun inin aa truetrue northnorth-south -south

line and designated by letters, "F""Ftt and "G""Gtt Avenues being

the main arteriesarteries ofof thethe proposedproposed businessbusiness section.section. Running

east and west thethe streetsstreets were numbered fromfrom southsouth toto north,

Tenth streetStreet being the one intersecting the main business

section. The streets and avenues of thethe business sectionsection were 100 feet in width while thosethose ofof thethe residential sec-section were 75 feet inin width.Width.

Blocks were uniform inin size,Size, being 300300 xx 400400 feet.feet.

15Sam 15Sam Applewhite,APplewhite, Extracts ofof OfficialOrficial Minutes,Minutes, Inter-Inter national LandLand andand ImprovementImprovement Company,Company, JanuaryJanuary 22,22, 1901.1901. 11

These blocks werewere sub-sub-divided divided intointo lotslots measuringmeasuring 2525 xx 142142 feet,feet,

allowing enoughenough spacespace for:for 16lS-foot -foot alleywaysalleyways throughthrough allall blocks.blocks.

The alleyways through the blocks of the businessbusiness sectionsection werewere

made wider soso thatthat the lots in thethe business section measuredmeasured

25 x 134 feet.16feet.l6

The International Land and Improvement Company beganbegan

selling lots during February, 1901.1901. Prices ranged from $25$25

to $250 according toto their location, and a large number of

the mostmost desirable lots were held in reserve by the companycompany

and not offered for sale.17sale.17 There was some sellingselling immediately,immediately, but thethe big buyers'buyers' rush diddid not startstart untiluntil somesome monthsmonths later.later.

When news that the smelters were toto be built inin DouglasDOuglas reached

the public,public, the rush to buy was on and the land company'sco�pany's office was swamped.swampedo Long lineslines ofof men feverishly waiting toto buy thethe lot or lotslots ofof theirtheir choicechoice waited outsideoutside thethe landland office. Every buyer listened carefully as eacheach salesale was

called 01'1'off by its block and lot number, and worried thatthat his choice might be'be bought by someone ahead ofof' himself inin thethe line. seeingSeeing thatthat the rush was on, the company increasedincreased

the price of'of each lot by one hundred per cent, and stillstill 18 the rushrush to buy continued.continued.18 Fourteen monthsmonths after the real estate first went on thethe market, thethe InternationalInternational Land and ImprovementImproveme·nt Company had takentaken inin $750,000$750,000 fromfrom thethe salesale

16Cochise 16cochise Countycounty Recorder, Book ofor Maps,Yaps, Book III,III, p. 100.100. 17Daily 17naily InternationalInternational-American, -American, AnnualAnnual Number, 1906.1906. 18Ibid. 12 of land.19

Douglas dates its growthgrowth from thethe early partpart ofof 1901,1901, since it was then that the landland company first offered forfor sale lots inin the new township.township. They began toto grade thethe streets, stake offoft lots, and the railroad ran into towntown along what was later called Railroad Avenue. The depot waswas first located at the foot of Tenth Streetstreet where thethe Y. M. C.C. A.A. building now stands.stands.

Tents were thethe first habitations, being thrownthrown up andand lived in by mostmost newcomers until more permanent accomoda- tions were built.built. The first frame building was put up by 20 C. A. Overlock.20Overlock. Other buildings appeared on both sides of the railroad tracks,tracks, and itit was not clearclear wherewhere thethe young town'stown's mainmain business sectionsection was toto be located.located. A Avenue was definitely thethe main thoroughfare,thoroughfare, butbut howhow farfar northnorth andand south on this avenue the business section would extend waswas not certain.certain. By thethe year's end no business houses had been erected north otof Eleventh street,Street, endand since most residences were north ofot thatthat point, thethe twotwo partsparts ofof towntown werewere firstfirst divided by this street,21street.21

sStreetstr-eets and lots were still being graded by the endend otof the first year andand quitequite aa number ofof houseshouses hadhad beenbeen erected. There were seventyseventy-three -three houseshouses standing onon thethe

19Douglas 19Doug1as Dispatch, January 10,10, 1903,19030 20Daily 20naily International-American,International- American, AnnualAnnual Number,Number, 1906.1906. 21Bisbee 21Bisbee· Daily Review, January 29, 1902.19020 13 east side of the railroad tracks, togethertogether with thirtythirty tents.tents.

On thethe tracktstrack's west side,side, onlyonly twelvetwelve houseshouses werewere completed,completed, but fortyforty-five -five tentstents werewere in use on thisthis sideo22side.22

There were no utilities yet inin serviceservice forfor thisthis com-com fortless little cluster of houses and tentstents setset downdown betweenbetween the rawraw strips of newly graded streets.streets. But, unworried about their towntstown's early drabness, thethe founders ofof thethe Inter-Inter national Land andand ImprovementImprovement CompanyCompany werewere forging aheadahead with their plans to supply Douglas with the necessities ofof a city. Water was thethe first consideration,consideration, and a shallow well was sunk at thethe footfoot ofot Eleventh Street.street. Pipe was or-or dered and laid, and Douglas'sDouglasts first crude water system, giving service to twotwo hundred customerscustomers between Seventeenthseventeenth and Sixth Streets,streets, was in use by the end of 1902.231902.23 A phone system was also installed during 1902, with a totaltotal ofor eightyeighty-tour -four phonesphones inin useuse withinwithin aa fewfew months.24months.24Buildings were erected toto house the iceice plantplant andand thethe powerpower plant,plant, but neither was operating during 1902,1902, asas somesome ofof thethe necessary machinery was slow inin arriving.arriving. Both plants were in service early inin 1903.251903.25 A narrow gaugegauge streetstreet railway,railway, powered by a balky littlelittle steamsteam engine,engine, waswas constructedconstructed during 1902, and by February ofof' 1903 itit was making regular

22Ibid., January 4, 1902.19020

23nouglas23Douglas Dispatch, December 27,27, 1902;1902; DouglasDouglas Dispatch,Dispatch, January 24,24, 1903.1903.

24lbid.,24Ibid., January 24,24, 1903.1903. 25Ibid.,25Ib1d., DecemberDecember 27,27, 1902.1902. 14

trips between thethe smelterssmelters andand town.26town.26

Luckily for Douglas these various utilities were started early enough and backed by sufficientsuf'ficient capitalcapital soso thatthat thethe·

town'stownts rapid growth in population and buildingsbuildir�s was matched to,to some degreedegree by such indispensables as lights, water, phone service andand transportation facilities.

Building during 1902 went forward at a rapid rate; thethe impetus for this great surge was in thethe form of definite commitments by the copperCopper Queen and the calumetCalumet and Arizona mining companiescompanies toto buildbuild theirtheir newnew smelterssmelters closeclose toto thethe townsite. A total of 1,526 houses was constructed during this second year according to a survey mademade by the Douglas

Dispatch, and this figure did not includeinclude' three hundred or so houses under construction but unfinished by the closeclose of the year.27 In thethe business section of town thethe flimsyflimsy typetype ofot building done inin 19011901 gave way toto aa more substantialsubstantial growth withwith twelvetwelve twotwo-story -story brickbrick buildingsbuildings being erected during 1902.281902.28

Douglas received its first public building as a gift from the CopperCopper QueenQueen MiningMining Company.Company. The structure, called

Library Hall, was built at Tenth Streetstreet and F Avenue early in 1902.29 Although itsits ultimate purpose waswas toto be thatthat ofo�

2626Ibid., Ibid., FebruaryFebruary 7, 1903,19030

27A great number of thesethese houses were probably nothing more thanthan tinytiny frameframe affairsaffairs builtbuilt forfor quickquick occupancy.occupancy.

28Douglas Dispatch,Dispatch, January 10,10, 1903.1903.

29Bisbee DailyDaily Review, JanuaryJanuary 4,4, 1902.1902. 15

housing thethe Coppercopper queenQ,ueen Library, for several years Library

Hall was the centercenter ofof Douglas's communitycommunity life.life. During thethe

week it servedserved as aa schoolschool house, butbut onon Saturdaysaturday nightnight thethe

floor was clearedcleared forfor dancing.dancing. Sunday morning foundfound benchesbenches

in place and churchchurch services by various denominationsdenominations werewere

held.

peoplePeople were flocking toto DouglasDouglas inin such droves thatthat

the estimated 1901 population of five hundred was soonsoon jumpedjumped

to two thousandthousand ininMay Mayof of1902.30 1902. SixSix monthsmonths laterlater anan estimatedestimated

three thousand people were livingliving in town31 and by thethe closeclose

of thethe year thisthis estimate waswas uppedupped toto thethe 3,5003,500 mark.32mark.32

Tents were still needed toto handlehandle thethe overflow,overflow, andand newnew arri-arri

vals were luckylucky toto find any accommodations. When C. A. Nichols

arrived in Douglas during October of 1902,1902, hehe was met by hishis brother and takentaken toto a shackshack on Seventeenthseventeenth Street.street. Although

it boasted nothing more thanthan a roof, four walls andand a floor,

Nichols was assured byby his brother ofof theirtheir luckluck inin findingfinding such accommodations, as many men were livingliving inin tentstents andand eating in tent boarding houseso33houses.33

Exceedingly high rents and constantlyconstantly climbingclimbing propertyproperty values made fortunes for a number of early residents. In

1905 certain business lots were sold for over $10,000$10,000 by men

30Douglaa 30Douglas Dispatch, May 24,24, 1902.19020 31Ibid., 31Ibid., December 27,21., 1902.1902.

32Ibid., November 6,6, 1902.1902. 33Charles 33Charles A. Nichols, PersonalPersonal Interview,Interview, May, 1951.19510 16 who had acquired them earlier for onlyonly several hundred dollars�4dollars34 One old timer called "Uncle Billy"Billy" arrived in

town and opened a meagerly stocked store on Ninth Street.street.

Every penny fromfrom storestore profits went intointo real estate,estate, andand

soon hehe had a thousand dollar rent roll.35ro11.35 _

Several years afterafter thethe first greatgreat constructionconstruction boom,boom, buildings werewere stillstill goinggoing. upup but at aa slowerslower pace.pace. However, the worth of these buildings was much higher thanthan most of those finished a few years earlier. A 1905 building censuscensus conducted byby thethe International-International-American American showedshowed that approximate-approximate ly one hundred eighty houses were built during thethe year at aa relatively high costcost ofof' $1,320,825.36

The population estimates by the papers indicated thethe steady influxinflux ofof people,people; thatthat mademade aa continualcontinual building pro-program necessary. In a little over three years, population estimates doubled by increasing from 4,500 toto 9,0009,000 duringduring the periodperiod betweenbetween November,November, 1903 and December, 1906.37

A Chamber of Commerce publication issuedissued duringduring 19081908 claimed for Douglas a business district extending over fifteen blocks.38 Valuation inside the citycity limitslimits was fourfour and oneone-half -half millionmillion andand thethe wholewhole district,district, including

34Daily 34naily International-International-American, American, AnnualAnnual Number,Number, 1906019060 35Ibid. - 361bid.

37lbid, 37Ibid, Annual Number, 1907.1907. 38Frank 38Frank Gerhart (ed.),(ed.), GreatGreat OpportunitiesOpportunities Douglas,Douglas, Arizona (Chamber(Chamber ofof Commercecommerce andand Mines,Mines, 1908),1908), p.p. 8080 17

smelters, was valued at $8,300,000.39$8,300,000.39 What this Chamber

ofof CommerceCommerce bulletinbulletin did not indicate was that thethe financial

paniopanic of 1907 had definitely slowed population increasesincreases

and a markedmarked leveling off ofof constructioncons truction work was felt:reIt

after this date.40 The first official census taken in

Douglas was thatthat of 1910.1910. It placed the population f'igurefigure at only 6,4376,437 asas severalseveral wellwell-populated -populated sections were outsideoutside

the City'scity's limits.41limitso41

39Ibid,p. 29. 40Bisbee 40Bisbee Daily Review, MiningMining Edition,Edition, 1913.1913. 41United 41united Statesstates Bureau ofof thethe Census,census, ThirteenthThirteenth Censuscensus of thethe UnitedUnited States:states: 19101910 Population,population, Vol.Vol. IIII (Washington:(Washington: GovernmentGave.rument PrintingPrin ting Office),ottice), p.p. 66.660 18

CHAPTER IIII

BOOM TOOTTOWN

ThereThere:were were fewfew oldold people.people livingliving inin DouglasDouglas duringduring

the town's first years; it takes young, vigorous men and

women toto meet the demands of such surging growth.No other

period has equaled the growth and accomplishment of thesethese

first,first years and little has been added to the town'stown's indus-indus

trial and commercial importanceimportance sincesince 1913.1913. Most of thethe

social and civic necessitiesnecessities werewere a�soalso provided during this

period; a community spirit orof boundless optimism prevailed and made-made thethe solving of the town'stown's many problems easier.

Railroad buildingbuilding preceded other industry in Douglas.

The railroadrailroad built from Bisbee into D�uglasDouglas was known as 1 the El Paso and Southwestern.southwestern.1- This lineline replaced thethe

Arizona and Southwestern lineline owned by thethe mining companycompany and took over all ofor the existing trackagetrackage and equipmentequipment ofot the earlier company. Phelps Dodge found itit necessary, accor-accor ding to Douglas, to sellsellout out itsits railroad interestsinterests asas thethe result of certainc�rtain legislationlegislation thatthat made itit unlawfulunlawful fortor anyany industrial enterprise toto own its own transportation facili-facili ties ifif thosethose facilities were organized asas aa publicpublic railroadrailroad

lCoch1se1Cochise County Recorder, BookBook ofof Incorporations,Incorporations, Book I,I, pp.pp. 636-9.636-9. 19

2 company.company.2 Phelps Dodge was naturally anxious toto retain

oontrolcontrol otof its railroad outlets, so a dummy corporation,corporation,

with Douglas as president, was organized and thethe stockstock ofof

the ArizonaArizona and SouthwesternSouthwestern was sold to the new company

for $750,000. The moneymoney fromfrom the stock transfer was distri-distri

buted toto the mining company,company� stockstock holdersholders as aa specialspecial

dividend.3 Although no directdirect connectionconnection existed between

the ElEl PasoPaso and Southwestern and the miningmining company, it was

no secret that the latter controlled the railroadrailroad lineline

through Douglas.4Douglas.4 Not one bond or share of stock was ever

sold to the public by the El Paso and southwestern.5Southwestern.5

The El Paso andand Southwesternsouthwestern had planned ata t first toto

build toto whatwhat is now Douglas andand thenthen branch north and

connect with the Southern Pacific line somewhere along thethe

valley floor,floor, probablyprobably atat Willcox.Willcox. It would be too slow

and expensiveexpensive toto backtrackbacktrack allall thethe traffictraffic fromfrom Douglas,Douglas, we.stwest to thethe old connectionconnection at Benson, a distance of approxi-approxi mately seventyseventy-rive -five miles. Permission toto connectconnect withwith thethe

Southern Pacific at Willcox was denied thethe El Paso and southwesternSouthwestern because of previous disputes over rates and a general feeling of animosityanimOSity displayed between thethe officials

2James Douglas, "The"The CopperCopper QueenQ,ueen MinesMines andand Works,Works, Arizona, U. S. A. Historical Sketch,"Sketch," TransactionsTransactions ofof thethe InstituteInsti tute ofof MiningMining andand ivMtallurgy,M:Eftallurgy, Vol.VOlo XXIIXXII (1913)(1913),, p. 542.542.

3Bisbee�isbee DailyDaily Review, AprilApril 8,8, 1928.1928.

4James Douglas,Douglas, "Copper"Copper QueenQueen MinesMines andand ó dorks,"Works ,ft p.p , 550.550.

5Bisbee Daily Review, World's Fair Edition, 1904.1904. 20

ofot thethe Southern Pacific andand thethe mining company.company. Rather than

be dominated by the Southern Pacific, Douglas decideddecided toto

push his company'scompany's tracks onon eastwardeastward intointo Deming,Deming, New Mexico,Mexico,

where an outlet with thethe Santasanta Fe could be secured.secured. On

February 13,13, 1902,1902, DouglasDouglas hadhad thethe pleasurepleasure ofof steppingstepping aboardaboard

the ElEl PasoPaso and Southwestern train at BisbeeBisbee and ridingriding over

the newly laidlaid tracktrack toto Deming.6Demingo6

Rather thanthan depend on thethe Santasanta Fe exclusively,exclusively, DouglasDouglas

next decided toto continuecontinue thethe El Paso andand Southwestern lineline

into ElEl Paso,Paso, the nearest competitive railroadrailroad point where .

his company's business would have bids from allall thethe major

lines. The Southern PacificPacific foughtfought thethe ElEl PasoPaso andand Southsouth- - western's entrance into El Paso bitterly, but toto no avail.

Property suitable forfor aa terminalterminal hadhad been purchased earlierearlier by Phelps Dodge and when the Southern Pacific blocked thethe

El Paso andand Southwestern'sSouthwestern's rightright-ot-way -of -way byby useuse ofof a legallegal-

technicality, thethe latter company tunnelledtunnelled throughthrough a mountain at an extra cost of $1,500,00001,500,000 and reached the city in spite of all thethe Southern Pacific's obstructive tactics.tactics. Douglas later had the satisfaction of making thethe Southernsouthern PacificPacifio repay hishis lineline forfor thethe increasedincreased costcost entailedentailed inin gaininggaining entrance toto El Paso. For only then would the El Paso and

Southwestern allowallow thethe Southern PacificPacific aa shareshare ofof itsits throughthrough traf'tlco7traffic

�isbee6Bisbee Daily Review, .FebruaryFebruary 14,14, 1902.1902.

7Langton, op.OPe cit.,cit., pp.pp. 9494-50 -5. 21

Traffic on the new rail line began toto flow east andand west through DouglasDouglas inin November,November, 1902,19020 As a result, Douglas received mailmail fromfrom thethe EastEast aa fullfull twentytwenty-four -four hours earlier,earlier, while passengers from the East no longer had toto pass northnorth ofor

Douglas and thenthen backtrack fromfrom Benson.8 The greatest bene-bene fits brought thethe towntown byby thethe railroadrailroad werewere thethe fifteenfifteen-stall -stall round house built during 1903 and thethe substantialsUbstantial payrollpayroll paidpaid to the railroadrailroad employees eacheach month. There werewere usually several hundred menmen employedemployed byby the railroad,railroad, representing about a $20,000 per month payro11.9payro1l.9 The E1El Paso and south-South- western, while offeringoftering passenger service, was primarily a freight line, relyingrelying on the minesmines and smelters for its pros-

. perity. HOWHow closeclose was thisthis reliance isis shown by thethe fact that in 1911 almost eightyeighty-four -four perper centcent o�of allall tonnage carried by the line was in thethe form of mining products.10products .10

The Calumet and Arizona MiningYining Company, incorporated with a twotwo andand oneone-half -half millionmillion dollardollar capitalizationcapitalization during

March, 1901,1901, was first toto build andand operateoperate aa smeltersmelter atat 11 Douglas. Although a latecomerlatecomer toto thethe BisbeeBisbee oreore fields,fields, the CalumetCalumet andand ArizonaArizona proved to be the only large company ever capable of competing with the Phelps Dodge interests.interests.

A wonderfully rich oreore bodybody locatedlocated inin thethe "Irish"Irish Mag" mine

8 8DouglasDouglas Dispatch,Dis.patch, November 22,22, 1902.1902.

9Bisbee Daily Review,Review, MiningMining Edition,Edition, 1913.19130 10James10 Douglas,s "Copper Queen Mines and Works," p. 543. James Dougla , "Copper Q,ueen Mines Works," p. 543. 11Annie llAnnie M.Y. Cox,cox, "History"History ofof BisbeeBisbee 1877-1877-1937," 1937," (Master's(Master's thesis, University ofor Arizona,Arizona, 1938)1938) p.p. 109.1090 22 at Bisbee provided the Calumet and Arizona with itsits initialinitial assurance of succes$12success12 and necessitatednecessitated the erection of a smelter capable of handling the ores toto be extracted as soonsoon as miningmining operations couldcould bebe gottengotten underunder way.way.

Officials of the Calumet and Arizona made severalseveral tripstrips to thethe townsite of DouglasDouglas and on DecemberDecember 18, 1901, they made public their decision toto build a smelter justjust west of town. An easily tapped water supply was the main reason given torfor their choice ofot location.13

Construction of a smallsmall reduction unit capablecapable ofof handling two hundred fifty tons atof ore per day was almost immediately begun. Eleven months later, on November 15,15, 1902,1902, the first barsbars of Douglas-producedproduced copper were coolingcooling inin 14 molds.molds.14Copper production from thethe first unit waswas carriedcarried on simultaneously with thethe constructionconstruction ofof a secondsecond similarsimilar unit which, when completed, raised total capacity toto five 15 hundred tonstons of ore per day.day.15 AddiAdditionalt.ional furnaces were added to thethe reduction works until a totaltotal of five was reached inin 1906.1906. The enlargedenlarge(i plant waswas thenthen capablecapabl-e ofof handling fifteen hundred tons ofof' ore per day from thethe Calumetcalumet and ArizonaArizona mines at Bisbee.16

12Calumet 12calumet and Arizona Mining Company,Company, (Warren,(Warren, Arizona,Arizona, 1916 ?)?) p.p. 6.6. 13Bisbee 13Bisbee Daily Review, DecemberDecember 18,18, 1901.1901.

1`-14nouglas DouglasDispatch, Dispatch, NovemberNovember 15,15, 1902. 15"Calumet 15"Calumet and Arizona MiningMining Company,"Company, EngineeringEngineering andand Mining Journal,Journal, AugustAugust 23,23, 1902,1902, p.p. 255.255. 16lnternational- 16International-AmeriCan,American, Annual Number, 1907.1907. 23

Production �romfrom the copperCopper Queen smelter at Douglas

did notnot beginbegin until March,March, 1904, over twot.wo years after

Professor pouglas'sDouglas's first public announcementannouncement that aa newnew

smelter w.aswas toto be built. Douglas had hoped to make the

change in eighteen months, but the delay was not serious as

the Bisbee smelter was kept in use byby the copperCopper Queen until 17 the DOuglasDouglas plant waswas rinished.finished.17 No attempt waswas made toto

move andand rere-use -use anyany partpart ofof thethe BisbeeBisbee works,works, for theythey hadhad

. become obsolete and unfit for conversion to more modern

labor-savinglabor- saving methods.methods, The value of these works stoodstood onon thethe

company's books atat y$1,100,000,$1,100,000, butbut thethe amountamount waswas simply 18 written off and the plant was torn down and scrapped.scrapped.18

Each of the Copper Queen'sQ,ueen's five new furnaces was doubledouble

the capacity of'of those at the BisbeeBisbee plant, makingmaking it possible

to jumpjump production fromfrom approximatelyapprOXimately thirtythirty-seven -seven millionmillion

pounds of coppercopper inin 19031903 toto moremore thanthan sixtysixty-one -one million pounds inin 1904.191904.19 Expansion of thethe Coppercopper QueenQueen worksworks con-con

tinued until aa totaltotal ofof- tenten furnacesfurnaces waswas reachedreached inin 1906,1906, 20 raising thethe daily ore capacity toto 3,5003,500 tons.20tons. Other enlarge-enlarg�_ ments and improvementsimprovements were addedadded toto thethe plant soso thatthat byby

1913 the copperCopper QueenQ,ueen Mining Company had a threethree million dollar enterprise sprawling over a great expanse of levellevel

17Bisbee 17B1sbee Daily Review, February 6,6, 1902.1902. 18James 18James Douglas, "Copper"copper QueenQueen MinesMines andand V7orks,Works,"p. "p. 548. 19Ibid., 19Ibid., p. 545,5450

20Geerge Lee, "Reductiontion Works atat Douglas, Arizona,"" 20aeorge- Lee, "Reduc Works Douglas, Arizona t Transactions of thethe InstituteInstitute ofof Mining andand Metallurgy, Vol. XXII (1913)(1913) p.p. 566056&. 24

land west of town.town. The mainmain building,building, almost the size of a

city block, was surrounded by other buildings housing thethe

power plant, boiler plant, machine shop,shop, smithy,smithy, boilerboiler

repair shop,shop, foundry and sawmill.21 The power plant waswas aa

huge affair capable of supplying all thethe needs of thethe

smelter 'plusplus transmittingtransmitting powerpower overover aa sixtysixty-seven -seven mile 22 line to a mine inin Mexico.22r"lexico. The smeltersme 1 ter was served byby a

receiving andand distributingdistributing systemsystem comprisedcomprised ofof twentytwenty-five -five

miles of standardstandard gaugegauge tracktrack completecomplete withwith tunnels,tunnels, trestles,trestles,

electric cars and cranes, and a huge ore bedding system.systemo

Over all thisthis a brick stack toweredtowered threethree hundred feetfeet intointo

the air.23

Keeping pacepace withwith thethe Coppercopper Queen,Queen, thethe Calumetcalumet andand

Arizona, by 1913, completed a great expansion program of itsits

own that included the complete replacementreplacement of its first

works by an entirely new plant built about threethree miles west

of town.town. The directors of thethe Calumet and Arizona felt thatthat

the two million dollar cost of the new plant was justifiedjustified

in order to continue their company's fine record of econo-econo

mical operation.operation. The first unit of thethe smelter was "blown"blown

in" on July 2, 1913 and, after capacitycapacity productionproduction was reached,

the plant was handling threethree thousand tons of ore daily.24

21 21BisbeeBisbee Daily Review, Mining Edition, 1913.1913.

22Char1es22Charles Legrand,Legrand, "The Power Plant at Douglas, Arizona.,"Arizona,"

Transactions of thethe InstituteInstitute ofof MiningMinin andand Metallurgy,Metallur ,

Vol. XXII (1913)9 p. 565.•

23Bisbee Daily Review, Mining Edition, 1913.1913. 24ttA24 "ABrief Brief DescriptionDescription ofof thethe PlantPlant andand OperationOperation of the Calumet and Arizona Mining Company'sCompany' S Smelter"Smelter" rarren,�larren, Arizona,Arizona, 191619157 ?)) 25

Part of this ore came fromtrom thethe Shattuck and ArizonaArizona minemine

at Bisbee asas the result of a long term contractcontract signed withwith 25 the Calumet and Arizona.Arizona.25

The smelting operations ofor the Calumet and Arizona

and the Copper Queen,Queen, characterized as theythey werewere byby constantlyconstantly

increasing production and continuous construction, provided

the town withwith payrolls of comfortablecomfortable substance.substance. Employment at the Calumet and Arizona smeltersmelter increased from approximately one hundredhundred seventyseventy-five -five menmen inin 19022to19022¥O about seven hundred in 1913.27 The Copper Queen with its greater production and construction usually had well over a thousandthousand men on thethe payroll.28payro11.28Many Mexican nationals livingliving inin Agua PrietaPrieta were included on thethe payrolls ofof thethe twotwo companiescompanies duringduring the early years.29

The largelarge: payrolls fostered a rapid business development within the town and soon many services were available.

Mail had to be brought from Bisbee forfor severalseveral months before post officeoftice facilities couldcould bebe openedopened inin Douglas.Douglas. This meant that each earlyearly resident had toto make his ownown privateprivate arrangements for receiving mail, a most unsatisfactory situation. A post office was authorizedauthorized and CharlesCharles OverlockOverlock

25 "Arizona," Mining and Scientificscientific Press, January 4, 1913,1913, Pp. 7.7

26nouglas26Douglas Dispatch, November 15, 1902.1902.

27Bisbee Daily Review, Mining Edition,Edition, 1913.19130 28Ibid.28Ib1do

29Daily29nai1y International-International-American, American, AnnualAnnual Number,Number, 1907.

' I ' 26

accepted the position as Douglas' first postmasterpostmaster· inin

April, 1901.19010 Overlock tooktook thethe position asas no oneone elseelse

would be bothered with so much responsibility forfor thethe smallsmall

amount ofof return involved.involved. At that time small post officesoffices

paid their postmasters only aa small amount from thethe locallocal

sale of stamps, but, as one of thethe town'stown's firmestfirmest.backers, backers,

Overlock was willing to handle the chore as a service toto thethe

town. Soon thethe post office was doingdOing a great deal of business,

increasing its volumevolume eacheach year.year. Money orders leftleft town in

a steady stream as men sent moneymoney home to their families030families.30

News, likelike mail,.mail, was atat first hard toto getget until early

in thethe town'stown's second year when a newspaper called thethe

InternationalInterna tional publishedpublished itsits firstfirst issue.issue.. Under thethe editor-edi tor-

ship otof George Meeks, the International's first issues were

printed inin Bisbee and sent down toto DouglasDouglas fortor distribution.3ldistribution.31

As soonsoon asas aa suitablesuitable building waswas erectederected andand machinery

installed, the paper waswas moved toto Douglas.Douglas. A second paper

called the Douglas Dispatch soon appeared, its firstfirst issue

dated March 15,15, 1902.1902. veteranVeteran Arizona newsman A. F. Banta

was thethe· Dispatch's first publisher, but he soonsoon soldsold outout toto

Franklin Dorr,Dorr, who continuedcontinued thethe paperpaper underunder thethe samesame name.32name.32

Both the Dispatch and the International became dailies afterafter

30Daily 30naily International-American,International- American, AnnualAnnual Number,Number, 1906. 31Bisbee 31Bisbee Daily Review, FebruaryFebruary 6,6, 1902.1902.

32Estelle Lutrell, "Newspapers and Periodicals of Arizona 1859-1911,"1859 -1911," GeneralGeneral BulletinBulletin NO.No. 15, Tucson: University ofof Arizona, 1950,1950, p.p. 19.19. 27 a year oror soso ofof weeklyweekly editions.editionso The International later became thethe' International-International-American American afterafter combining withwi th

C. E. Bull's American formerly published in Tombstone.53Tombstone.33

The lack of banking facilities was makingmaking business development increasingly difficultdifficult byby 1902.1902. Again itit was some of the original directors of the landland companycompany whowho decided to supply this acutely needed service. The Bank of Douglas was the result, headed by William Brophy asas president, James S.S. Douglas,Douglas, vicevice-president -president andand cunningham,Cunningham, cashier. The bank was first organized with capital stockstock set at $25,000.$25,OOO� C. o.0. Ellis was hired to do most ofof thethe work of managingmanaging the bank, which opened its doors on

June 19,19, 1902.1902. A brick building on thethe corner of Tenth streetStreet and G Avenue was thethe home of thisthis enterprise.34enterprise.34

The followingfollowing monthmonth another bankbank waswas organized, principrinci- pally throughthrough thethe effortsefforts ofof GeorgeGeorge Mitchell.Mi tchel1. This second bank was called thetbe Douglas CityCi ty Bank, but itit laterlater was reorganized under national banking lawslaws andand became thethe

First National Bank.Bank. This reorganization took place inin

March, 1903,1903, at whichwhich timetime thethe depositdeposit accountaccount ofof thethe bankbank just topped $109,000.35

"Largest storeStore in Arizona" was the claim of one early describer of thethe new Copper queenQueen storestore onon TenthTenth Streetstreet andand

33Ibid.33Ibid•

34Hisbee3�isbee Daily Review, World's Fair Edition, 1904.1904.

35naily35Daily International-AmericanInternational-American, Annual Number, 1907.1907. 28

G AvenueoAvenue. Owned by Phelps Dodge, it was by far Douglas'sDouglas's

largest store, for it stood almost three stories inin height

and measured 100100 x 125 feet.36 Completed during 1903,1903, thethe

building had costcost aboutabout $125,000.37$125,000.37 Large warehouseswarehouses

standing in the rear had railroad sidingssidings running toto thethe

doors makingmaking it easy to handle large amounts of freight.freighto

Everything from groceriesgroceries toto jewelryjewelry was soldsold by thethe enter-enter-

prise and with itsits construction the heart of Douglas'sDouglas's business section became fixed at TenthTenth Streetstreet and GG Avenue.38Avenueo38

The shortage of housihghousing and the high percentage of

single men in town rnamadede the hotehotel,1, boarding house and restaurant businesses good ones.ones. The Ord Hotel, a rambling frame' struoture,structure, was Douglas'sDouglas'S first hotel of note39 and it continued to operate until the First NationalNational Bank took over its location on Tenth Streetstree.t and GG AvenueAvenue forcingforcing thethe removairemoval of the hotel building. Other early hotels includedincluded the International, thethe Roy and thethe queen.Queen. During 1906,1906, thethe

Gadsden HotelHotel waswas builtbuilt at aa cost of $180,000$180,000 and this large new structure pretty well monopolized thethe hotelhotel businessbusiness 40 from thattha t timetime on.on.

Restaurants werewere tootoo numerousnumerous toto mention individually,individually, torfor eveneven byby May,May, 1902 there were tenten restaurantsrestaurants open for

3&Bisbee 3�isbee Daily Review, World'sWorld's FairFair Edition,Edition, 1904.1904.

37nouglas37DouglasDispatch, JanuaryJanuary 31,31, 1903.1903. 38Bisbee 38Bisbee Daily Review, World's�vorld' s FairFair Edition,Edition, 1904.1904.

39Douglas39nouglas Dispatch,Dispatoh, DecemberDecember 27,27, 1902.1902.

4QDaily40naily International-International-American, American, AnnualAnnual Number,Number, 1907.1907. 29

business.41 They were all equally bad,bad, according toto a

Dr.Dr. LynnLynn Tuttle, as they were none too clean and thethe food's

flavor usually impartedimparted nothingnothing more toto thethe dinerdiner thanthan thethe

taste of stale grease.grease. Most of thethe single men preferred

to take theirtheir meals ata t boarding househousess where thethe atmosphere

was more congenial and thethe food somewhat better.42

Thirsty citizensCitizens of'of DouglasDOuglas were well pleased with an

early business enterprise known as thethe Coppercopper City Brewery.

This businessbusiness soon became well established and underwent

several expansions during its first years of operation.

Its product was being shipped throughoutthroughout the countycounty and only state prohibition kept itit from becoming a permanent business fixture in1n Douglas.

The automobile was introducedintroduced toto DouglasDouglas byby FrankFrank Elvey,Elvey, who opened aa smallsmall garagegarage onon GG Avenue.Avenue. Elvey, anan earlyearly arrival in DougDouglas,Laa, first operated a bicycle repair shopshop and thenthen about 1903 he bought aa Cadillaccadillac automobile and branched out into thethe garagegarage business.business. By 1906 Elvey had acquired five Cadillacs with which he supplied thethe trans-transportation needs ofof' manymany Douglasites.Douglasites. The cars were rented withwith driversdrivera as soso few peoplepeople couldcould operate thisthis new typetype' 43 ofconveyance.43conveyance.

During January,January, 1903,1903t the Dispatch anno.uncedannounced the

41Douglas 41nouglas Dispatch, MayMay 24,24. 1902.1902.

42Douglas42nouglas Daily Dispatch, February 9,9, 1936.1936. 43Daily 4308111 InternationalInternational-American, -American, AnnualAnnual Number,Number, 1907.1907. 30 44 opening of aa new meat market byby a localLoea L butcherbutcher named EdEd Tovrea.44Tovrea.

Although nothing writtenwritten in this announcementannouncement indicated any difference between Tovrea's Meat Marketmarket and anyany ofof thethe otherother oountlesscountless small businesses in town,town the market was, in fact, , was, in fact, the forerunnerforerunner ofof Arizona'sArizona's largest meatmeat packingpacking house.With later headquarters in Phoenix, Ed Tovrea became.became one ofof thethe state's wealthiest businessmen.

Otherother early DouglasDouglas business enterprises includedincluded aa small gypsum plaster factory, planing mills and lumberlumber yards,yards, a brick yard and severallaundries.43laundries.45

During thetbe smeltersmelter town'stown's firstfirst yearsyears aa nevernever-ending -ending raoerace developed between its schools and its ever increasing number ofof children.children. It took several years to build enough schools so thatthat therethere werewere nono seamseam-bursting -bursting loadsloads in any ofof' the buildings and no temporary sheltersshelters stillstill inin use.use.

A smallsmall frame building on GG Avenue, about where thethe

Phelps Dodge store now stands, servedserved as thethe young town'stown's. first schooschoolL withwi th schoolschool doors opening for thethe first time on November 4, 1901.1901. One teacher, Miss DaisyDaisy Maude Lincoln,Lincoln, was hired to instruct nineteen chargescharges of various ages.46

Such meager accommodations were soon overcrowded and a twelve-foottwelve -foot additionaddition waswas extendedextended ontoonto thethe originaloriginal building.

44Douglas 44Douglas Daily Dispatch,Dispatch, January 31,31, 1903.1903.

45Frank43Frank D. Myers, Cochise county,County, Arizona (Tombstone:(T,?inbstone: Privately published,published, 191-0-17T-T7-01910?) p. 47. 46Douglas 46nouglas Daily Dispatch,Dispatch, May 4,4, 1941.1941. 31

ASAs membership increased, Norma Lincoln camecame toto herher sister'ssister's aid and helped teach for thethe remainder ofat thethe year.Before school dismisseddismissed thatthat springspring ofof 1902,1902, thethe nineteennmeteen pupilspupils tad1:Bd

increased toto eightyeighty-:f'i -fiveve andand thethe smallsmall buildingbuilding was so crowded that there werewere often three children occupying a single desk. Miss Lincoln often took the smaller children outside so that theythey couldeould sit and read in the shadeshade ofof their little schoolroom.47It had cost $342.50 toto operateoperate the school that first year.48

Daisy Lincoln gave upup teachingteaching for marriage duringduring that summer so school opened in the fall of 1902 with

Mr.1�. H. Hendrix asas Principal.49Principal.49 The enrollment jumpedjumped from one hundred pupils in thethe fall toto two hundred forty by

January of 1903 and by the close ofat the school year there were over three hundred pupilspupila working under the direction of five teachers.50

During the year 1903, a school bond issue was voted for thethe firstfirs.t timetime toto thethe amountamount ofof $20,000.$20,000. This money waswas used fortor thethe constructionconstruction ofof aa twotwo-story -story buildingbuilding on Seventhseven.th

47Daily International-American,International- American, AnnualAnnual Number,Number, 1906; Douglas47nailr DeiDailyy Dispatch,Dispatch, May 4,4, 1941.1941.

480ffice48Office of the City School Superintendent, Douglas schoolSchool Costs,costs, Bulletin No. 1818 (1948).(1948).

49Daisy LinoolnLincoln married A. C. Lockwood, who laterlater became a Justice of thethe Arizona Supremesupreme Court. 50Douglas 50Douglas Daily Dispatch, May 4,4, 1941;1941; DouglasDouglas Dispatch,Dispatch, January 17,11, 1903.1903. 32 street.51Street.51 The building was under construction when Douglas's third school year opened in temporary quarters at the Copper

Queenqueen Library on Tenth Street.street. crowdingCrowding waswas necessary with five teachers using the same room; younger childrenchildren were taught in the morning, while the older ones attended an afternoon session.session. The fewfew old desksdesks available were supple- mented by benches borrowedbor-rowed from:from the Methodist ChurchChurch toto makemake room for thethe growing number ofof children.52

The eight room seventhSeventh Streetstreet School was completedcompleted andand put into use during JanuaryJanuary ofof 1904.1904. Four hundredhundred seventyseventy- - e.ighteight pupils were movedmoved into the new structure and several additional teachers were hired.53 Children of school age continued to pour into Douglas and by May 25, 1904, a school censuscensus· waswas taken which showed that 1,021 suchsuch childrenchildren resided inin thethe town.54town.54 Schoolschool costscosts forfor thethe 19031903-4 -4 yearyear had grown toto $4,478.29.55

Three moremore school buildings were authorized for con-con struction during 1905.1905. Fifteen thousandthousand dollars waswas votedvoted

51Office 510ff'ice of the OiCityty Schoolschool superintendent,superin.tendent, Douglas.Douglas School Bond Issues,Issues, Bulletin No.NO. 18.18. (1948)(1948) 52Do 52Douglasuglas Daily Dispatch, November 4,4, 1941.1941. 53Ibid.

54lbid.54Ibid.,, MayMay 26,26, 1904.

55Douglas55nouglas SchoolSchool Costs,costs, �.22. cit.cit. 33 for constructing a school on Fifteenth Streetstreet andand oneone onon secondSecond Street.street. A smallersmaller bond issue of $1,800 was spent for a small school in the Pirtleville section, northwest 56 orof thethe city.56city. This school at Pirtleville laterlater grewgrew untiluntil a minimum of four teachersteachers was required.

The Fifteenth streetStreet School opened in Septemberseptember ofof

1905 as an elementary school, but by December of that year it was decided that high school training should also be given ata t thisthis school.school. Miss Sarah Hooper was placed in charge of a freshmanfres hman class numbering eleveneleven pupils.pupils. The following year a sophomore classclass was added and thethe increasingincreasing number of freshmen made it necessary to employ four high schoolteachers.57 On May 29,29, 1908,1908, Douglas honored itsits first high school graduating class of seven with a commencement exercise.exercise.

A $40,000 bond issue inin 19061906 and another fortor $20,000$20,000 in 1908 added a large grammar school and a smaller elementary school to Douglas's growing educational system.58sys.tem.58 In 1909,1909,

$60,000 was voted with which to build a high school and twotwo small outlying elementary schools.59SCho01s.59 Work was started and thethe new high school opened itsits doors a few weeks beforebetore thethe

56Douglas 56nouglas School Bond Issues,Issues, op.OPe cit.cit. 57Douglas 57nouglas Daily Dispatch, May 4,4, 1941.19410

58nouglas58Douglas School Bond Issues, op.OPe cit.cit. 59lb.id.59�. 34 commencement exercises ofof 191001910.

The years between 1901 and 1910 had been ones ofo� rapid growth torfor Douglas's school system.system. From one toto fifty teachers and from niheteennineteen toto 1,3851,385 pupilspupils waswas the amazingamazing amount of growth.growth. School costs went rromfrom $342.50 inin 1902 to $49,278.57 inin 1910,60 and a total of'of $156,800 was voted 61 in bond issues for the building programs.programs.61

An entire city block was purchased byby thethe Coppercopper Queen�ueen soon after the city waswas laid out and this property was set aside byby the company so that the church people of Douglas would have available land onon which to build theirtheir places ofof worship. Lots were to be given to any denominational groupgroup planning to11;,0 erect a substantialsubstan tial typetype building on thethe 62 property.62property.

Two ofof -thethe earliest church groups active in Douglas were the Catholic and Episcopal.E-piscopal. Reverend B. G. GeeGee from the Bisbee EpiscopalEpiscopal parish made regularregular trips to Douglas during 1901.1901� Father Gheldof camecame down from Bisbee onceonce a month and ministere,dministered toto the CatholicCa tholic families ofof' Douglas.Douglaso

Other denominations soon followed, with most of themthem having only temporary meeting places and visiting ministers.63

60Douglas 60Douglas School Costs,costs, op.op. cit.cit. 61Douglas 61Douglas School Bond Issues,Issues, op.op. cit.cit.

62Daily62naily InternationalInternational-American, -American, .AnnualAnnual Number, 1907.1907. 63Ibid. 35

During 1903, first use was mademade of the donated landland

by thethe Methodist andand EpiscopalEpiscopal churches.churches. These two were

followed by thethe' Baptist Church inin 19051905 and thethe Presbyterian

Church inin 1906.1906. The block of land nownow had a stone church

building on each ofof itsits corners.corners. TheThe. CaCatholictholic Church built

a large church on its own land at Tenth Streetstreet and C Avenue 64 during 1906.19060

The rapidrapid development of schools and churches was

matched by the organization of many lodgeslodges and laborlabor brother-

hoods.hoods, The first two lodges to establish themselves in

Douglas were the Ancient Order of United Workmen andand thethe 65 Fraternal Brotherhood.Brotherhood.65 Soon these two were followed by

such well known lodges as the Elks, Masons, Odd Fellows and

Knights of Pythias.66pythias.66

Other early organizations offering fraternalfraternal andand

community spiritspirit were baseball teams,teams, volunteer firefire com-com-

panies and soonsoon a brass band complete with fine broadcloth uniforms.57uniforms .67

Probably thethe most activeacti ve group sociallySOCially was aa purely

local organization known as thethe "Thirteen"Thirteen Club."Membership

was limitedlimited toto bachelorsbachelors andand many ofof thethe towntstown's leadingleading men were:were members. The club waswas an outgrowth of an earlier

64Ibid. - 65Bisbee 65Bisbee Daily Review, JorldWorld's +s FairFair Edition, 1904.1904. 66Daily 60naily International-American,International -American, AnnualAnnual Number,Number, 1907.1907. 67Ibido67Ibid. 36

"Thirteen Club" organized inin Tucson.Tucson. When Nichols and

several of the other club members moved from Tucson to

Douglas theythey organized aa newnew group.group_ countlessCountless dances,

parties and picnicspicnics werewere sponsoredsponsored andand NicholsNichols hashas a awellwell- - 68 ffilledi 11 e d scrapbookscrapb00k.p OLof memenmementostos ffromrom tthehe club'sc 1ub 's activities.68ac t··lVlti es.

�heThe Douglas Country Club was laterlater organized and with a

large clubhouse for social activities, it took thethe place ofof

the "Thirteen Club."

SmelSmeltermen,termen, railroadmen and construction workers, all

drawing steady incomes, were making Douglas hum with activity and as isis usually thethe case, a certain opportunist element

quickly movedmoved into the new towntown toto shareshare inin itsits prosperity.prosperity.

Since so many of her earlier workers were men unattached by family ties, Douglas-Douglas felt the full impact of a western atmosphere that had all but died out in other -sectionssections ofot

the state.state. For aa half-half-decade, decade, DouglasDouglas became one ofof thethe last gathering places torfor the West'stest's diminishing lawless element.

saloonSaloon afteraf'ter saloon opened and inin a year's timetime thethe 69 town hadhad at least fifteenfifteen such establishments69establishments. These places rarely closed theirtheir doors; bartendersbartenders and gamblersgamblers workedworked in shifts as diddid thethe men theythey served.served. Gambling was widewide open in most of thethe saloons,saloons, with thethe play usually being long and heavy.

68Nichols, 68Nichols, Personal Interview, May, 1951.1951. 69Douglas 69Douglas Dispatch, May 24,24, 1902.1902. 37

Honoring her reputationreputation for notoriety with theirtheir

permanent presence were the Arizona Rangers, ledled by aa color-color

ful ex-ex-cavalryman cavalryman namednamed ThomasThomas H. RynningoRynning. This hardhard-riding -riding

and straightstraight shooting outfitoutfit was made up of formerformer TexasTexas

Rangers, Spanish-Spanish-American American WarWar "Rough"Rough Riders,"Riders," and veteran

Arizona lawlaw enforcement officers.officers. Besides thethe captain, thethe

rangers had one lieutenant, four sergeantssergeants and twentytwenty privatesprivates

making a totaltotal ofof twentytwenty-six -six veryvery effectiveeffective law enforcers.70

Closing their old headquarters in Brewery Gulch at Bisbee,

the rangers movedmoved to Douglas, whose rowdy lawlessness Captaincaptain

Rynning describeddescribed byby writing:writing:

I've been in many a toughtough towntown in my day, but from Deadwood toto Tombstone I've never met up with a harder formation thanthan DouglasDouglas was when we made the Arizona Rangers' homehome corralcorral therethere inin 1902.1902. Cattle thieves, murderers,murderers, all the worst hombres of thethe United Statesstates and Mexico made theirtheir head-head quarters there.there. The dancedance-halls -halls werewere the worst I'vaI've ever seensee-n onon anyany frontier.frontier. MOSLostt of themthem was run by men who'd plentyplenty notchesnotches onon theirtheir guns,guns, and theirtheir hangershangers-on -on werewere allall just plain poison. It wasn't nowaysnoways safe even for an officer atof the law to walk along Tenth streetStreet oror Sixth after dark. Robberies were goinggoing onon everywhere.everywhere. Peoplepeople were being killedkilled eveneven inin thethe hotels.hotels. And at leastleast halthalf thethe deputy sheriffs were blackleg gamblers and killers. It was up toto us to bring law and order toto thatthat man's town,town, and I'll admit I waswas dubiousdubious about makingmaking a good jobjob ofot it.it. But that'sthat's what we was therethere for and we had toto tackle it.it. In the beginning II toldtold my Rangers toto getget their gunsguns out of sightsight when-whenever theythey was inin town.town. I wanted the decent peoplepeople to have confidence inin us.us. Whenever a traintrain pulled intointo DouglasDouglas thosethose days,days, there would be a string of deputy sheriffs hanging round thethe depotdepot withwith theirtheir sixsix-shooters -shooters hung onon

70Bisbee"Bisbee DailyDaily Review,Review, World'sWorld's FairFair Edition,Edition, 1904.1904. 38

the'irtheir oftoff hips like young cannons,cannons, andand aa blind man could seesee theythey was mostly aa dam'dam' 71 i 71 har-dhard outfit. I wantedwanted my boys to be different.

Before Rynning accomplished hishis aimaim of bringingbringing law and order to Douglas, therethere ensued severalseveral years ofof con-con flict between the towntown toughs and the rangersorangers, As shown above, Rynning was bluntly critical of01' thethe calibercaliber ofor men chosen torfor deputy sheriffs by Cochise's sheriff, Del Lewis.Lewiso

WithWith the wholewhole state toto covercover itif called uponupon to do so, the taming atof Douglas could from necessity be only a part timetime job forfor the rangers.72rangers.72 So lawlessnesslawlessness and violence did not disappear withwith the rangers' first appearance in Douglas.Douglaso

RynningtsRynning's desire for authority without violence was not alwaysalways possiblepossible andand gungun playplay became necessary.necessary. During

February ofat 1903,1903, a ranger named Webb enteredentered thethe barroombarroom known asas thethe Cowboycowboy Saloon.Saloon. A disturbance insideinside hadhad called his attention, andand asas hehe entered,entered, thethe saloon'ssaloon's owner, Alonzo Bass,Bass, orderedordered himhim out.out , Bass, accordingacc.ordingto

Rynning, was a known killer and a brother of Texas's famed badman, Sam Bass073Bass,73Although Bass was first toto get his gungun out, he never had a chance to use it as Webb shot him after aa lighteninglightening-fast -fast draw.74 The ranger had toto standstand

71Thomas 71Thomas H. Rynning, GunGun Notches. (New(New York: Frederick A.A. Stokes,stokes, 1931),1931), p.p. 206.2060

72The?2The Arizona Rangers made 104 arrests between Septem-septem ber 1,1, 19021902 and January 1,1, 19031903 atat scatteredscattered pointspoints throughoutthroughout the state. (Douglas(Douglas Dispatch,Dispatch, JanuaryJanuary 24,24, 1903.)1903.) 73Thomas 73Thomas Rynning,Rynn1ng, op.OPe cit.,cit., p.p. 207.207.

74Ibid.,74Ib1d., p.p. 208.208. 39 trial butbut was exonerated by a jury.atjury.at Tombstone075Tombstone.75

For many years thethe invisible barrier of respectability cut off a small section ofof Douglas'sDouglas's southern limitslimits fromfrom most residents. With Sixth Street as itsits center,center, thisthis section was for years a flourishing red light district.

It seemed to some a betterbetter idea to allow prostitution toto flourish freely within certaincertain limitslimits rather thanthan toto trytry t _0.o.suppress suppress itit enentirelytirely' andand endangerendanger thethe town'stown's residentialresidential section withwith an invasion byby the ladies of the oldest pro- fession. Red lights were mandatory on all houses harboring prostitutesprosti tutes andand thethe; women werewere rounded up regularly andand taken before the Justice orof the Peace and "fined.76fined.76 This sore spot existed f'orfor years as a breedingbreeding place "forfor vice and crimescrimes of violence.violence.

While it was truetrue. thattha t thethe section could be policed more easily than ifif itit were spreadspread throughout town,town, many instances proved that no one in town was safe from thethe depredations otof Sixth streetStreet hoodlums as theythey fanned out in search of prey. A Dispatch editorial burst out against this state of affairs on thethe occasionoccas ion of reporting a murder ofof anan unidentifiedunidentified manman whosewhose throatthroat-slashed -slashed bodybody hadhad been found on thethe street.street. The murder was just "one"one more crime added to the long listlist of Douglas holdupsholdups' and murders"

75lbid., 75Ibid., p. 213.213. 76Douglas 76Douglas Daily Dispatch, February 9,9, 1936.1936. 40

accordingaccording to the'the paper, and Douglas citizensci tizens were thinking

strongly of taking the law into their own hands.77hands.7?

J. A. Sexton,sexton, one ofot Douglas's pioneer residents, re-re-

called thatthat so manymany gamblersgamblers and toughs werewere attracted to

Douglas thatthat a meetingmeeting of fifty law abiding citizens was

finally held and a vigilancevigilance committeecommittee proposed.proposed. This com-com

mittee was toto patrol thethe streetsstreets and clear out any undesir-undesir

ables who could not givegive aa goodgood accountaccount ofof themselves.themselves.

Captain RynningRynning pOintedpointed out to these menmen that such a plan

was unpractical; a better plan being toto make deputy rangers

of a number of these citizens and then proceed toto clean from

town some of the undesirables.78

Rynning wrote this briefbrief description of their town-

cleaning campaign:campaign:

-RightRight away wewe got busy andand cleanedcleaned upup thethe town.town. Told every killer and bad man who didn't have a good excuse to be in Douglas to get out and get out quick.quick. There was one hombrehombre II huntedhunted forfor tilltill I found him.him. Name was TomTom Pickett.Pickett.

.• .• •. Whenwhen I foundfound Pickett I told him toto mosey along, pronto.pronto. He:He trie-dtried to beg off, but I told him he was moving inside aa quarterquarter ofof anan hour.hour. 'Cain't'caintt I hev timetime toto gitgit mymy thingsthings togethertogether?' ?' he whined. I says, 'You'you ain't nothing toto getget togethertogether ex-ex cept your horse and saddle and ifif your'reyour're inin Douglas fifteenfifteen minutesminutes fromfrom nownow I'I'll 11 sure make a good Indian out ofof you.'you.' I forget how many more wewe made hithit thethe grit,grit, but we got rid ofof thethe worstworst ofof themthem along withwith Mr. Pickett,Pickett, andand thethe towntown begunbegun toto bebe partpart-way -way safe fortor other people besides murderers and thieves.thieves. -7979

77Ibid., 77Ib1d., December 20,20, 1903.1903. 78J. 78J. A. Sexton,sexton, "A"A Short Storystory of a Border Town,"Town," WesWestwardtward Ho Magazine, September,september, 1929,1929, p.p. 9.9.

79Thomas H.H. Rynning,Rynning, op.OPe cit.,cit., p.p. 212212-3. -3.

J \ 41

Sextonsexton stated that during the period when Douglas's tough element was under special surveillance, a totaltotal ofof twenty-sixtwenty -six hoodlumshoodlums waswas runrun outout ofof towntown whilewhile anotheranother five were taken toto thethe cemetery080cemeterY080 A town constable, Long

Shorty Carson, waswas shot toto death in a barroom quarrel,butquarrel,but his killer had firedfire'd in self defense,derense, according toto Rynning, 81 and was acquiacquittedtted by a jury.81jury.

Plenty of gambling and drinking continued in Douglas and thethe redred-light -light districtdistrict stillstill flourished,flourished, but the lawlaw enforcing campaigncampaign and laterlater thethe incorporation of thethe citycity helped to put thethe rougher elementselements inin theirtheir place.place. More and more families arrived in town,town, so thatthat thethe proportion of irresponsible singlesingle men becamebecame steadilysteadily smaller.smaller. The,The work atof the ArizonaArizona Rangers had been invaluable as their authority andand devotiondevotion toto dutydu� waswas nevernever questioned,questionedo Their presence made it much easier for the local towntown and countycounty officers toto carrycarry outout theirtheir duties.duties.

Early conditions of health and sanitation were very bad and many problems were overcome before Douglas's environment became aa healthfulhealthful one,oneo Dust isis about thethe first thing any of Douglas's "old timers" will recallrecall concerning the town's first years.years. The soil's natural protectiveprotective layer had early been scraped andand plowed off as many streets

80Sexton, 80sexton, OPeop. cit.cit. 81Thomas 81Thomas H. Rynning, op.OPe cit.,cit., p.p. 25802580 42

and lots were prepared forro;r use.use. Then came countless long

trains ofof horseshorses and mulesmules pulling heavilyheavily loaded wagons

and withwith theirtheir appearanceappearance camecame thethe dustdust--thick, -- thick, powdery,powdery,

ever rising and everever settlingsettling dust.dust.

Mrs.1�s. Laura Riley arrivedarrived early and operated oneone ofof

the town's rirstfirst eating houses located on Railroad Avenue.

The dust was so heavy in thethe air,air, recallsrecalls Mrs.lvTrs. Riley,Riley,

that the backs and shoulders ofof herher waitresses'waitresses' blackblack

uniforms would always be coated with a thick settling ofor

the yellowish stuff.stuff. Yxs.Mrs. Riley saw many early arrivals

papackck up and leave afterat ter severalsever a 1 w. weeks' eeks' livingli ving amidstami ds t thethe 82 swirling clouds ofof dust.82dust.

Dr. Tuttle wrote that his view as he approached Douglas

for the first timetime was not of thethe towntown but rather a thickthick

yellowish fog thatthat hidhid allall elseelse fromfrom view.view. Tuttle soonsoon discovered thatthat surgery had to be kept to a minimum and all operations were scheduled for six AoA. M.M. before the day's

- dust became tootoo thick.thick. In making his house calls, the doctor was.was ata t first puzzled toto seesee each porch furnishedfurnished withwi th a feather duster; he later learned that part of proper Douglas etiquette was a completecomplete brushing of one's person before 83 enenteringt·erl.ng aa home.home.

82Laura82taura Riley, PersonalPersonal Interview,Interview, March,March, 1951.1951. 83Douglas 83Douglas Daily Dispatch, February 9,9, 1936.1936. 43

The early issuesissues' of the DispatohDispatch carried articles about thethe dustdust andand suggestions,suggestions,-such -such asas oilingoiling the streets, were offered. Sprinklingsprinkling waswas aboutabout thethe onlyonly preventivpr-everrtLv'e e- measure used, andand duringduring 19031903 thethe towntown was payingpaying threethree hundred dollars per month for having some of its streets sprinkled.84

When itit rained heavily, thethe dust became mud and thethe broad main streets would become almosta lmos t impassable quagmires,quagmires, knee-deepknee -deep inin placesplaces withwith thethe sticky stuff. Enterprising boys would scurryscurry around laying plank crossways and then wait toto collect nickels from grateful street crossers.

Burros were also pressed intointo thisthis streetstreet crossingcrossing service.service.

There were moremore serious health problems than the dust

(but nonenone harder to live with) inin the form ofof certaincertain diseases thatthat plagued Douglas'sDouglas's earlyearly residents.residents. A typetype of pneumonia calledcalled "black"black heart"heart" felledfelled manymany people.people. This disease was deadly and acted so quickly that many died almost as soonsoon asas theythey showedshowed thethe disease'sdisease's symptoms.symptoms.

Among thethe Mexican population, smallpoxsmallpox was aa constantconstant andand dreaded visitor. Being superstitious by nature, the Mexicans were difficult patients toto help as theythey feared hospitals and doctors more thanthan sicknesssickness itself.itself. FolicePolice officersofficers often had to help thethe doctors in rounding up Mexicans for

vaccinavaccinations.t Lon a , LaLaterter this situationsi tua tion was reversed as thethe

84Ibid., 84Ibid.) November 7,7, 1903.1903. 44

Mexican women camecame toto trust the doctors, often bringingbringing in their newly born babies for smallpox vaccinations.85

A doctor fromfrom Michigan named F. T. Wrightwright contractedcontracted to handle the Calumet and Arizona Mining Company's medical work at Douglas.Douglas. This contract included thethe supervisionsupervision of a small hospitalhospi tal toto be built by thethe' Calumet and Arizona under his direction.direction. Dr. Wright arrived in Douglas during the first part ofof 1902,1902, andand aa smallsmall fifteenfifteen-bed -bed hospitalhospital was finished inin thethe springspring ofof 1903.1903. The hospital was aa twotwo - story affair boasting office space and living quartersquarters for 86 the doctors andnurses.86nurses. For awhile only one nurse caredcared to bravebrave the hardships and dangersdangers of earlyearly Douglas.Douglas. Miss

Jane Ellison was-herwas 'her name and sheshe cheerfullycheerfully carriedcarried outout the hard workwork of combining the duties ofof bothboth day and night nurse. With moremore than a few gunshot wounded hoodlums and raving deliriumdelirium tremenstremens casescases toto handle, much creditcredit goesgoes 87 to this hardy young woman.woman.

The copperCopper Queen MiningMining Company in 1902 hired Dr. HickmanHickman as its doctordoctor andand he was laterlater joinedjoined byby Dr.Dr. Tuttle.Tuttle. Together these two managedmanaged the CopperCopper Q,ueenQueen dispensary andand mademade househouse calls.88

The prevalence of typhoid fever during Douglas'SDouglas's first

85Douglas 85nouglas Daily Dispatch, FebruaryFebruary 9,9, 1936.1936. 86Douglas 85nouglas Dispatch, February 7,7, 1903.1903. 87Charles 87Charles Nichols, "Dear"Dear OldOld Cochise,"cochise," (MS,(MS, Arizona Pioneer Historical Society, Tucson,Tucson, 1950)1950) p.p. 228.228. 88Douglas 88noug1as Daily Dispatch, February 9,9, 1936.1936. 45

years posed a serious obstacle to the good healhealthth of thethe

town's population. Typhoid cases often reached epidemic

numbers and many gravesgraves inin the oldold cemeterycemetery at AA AvenueAvenue

were filled after each outbreakoutbreak ofof thethe disease.disease. Nichols

well remembers the bad sanitarysanitary conditions ofof early yearsyears

as he spent six weeks in thethe Calumet and Arizona hospital 89 fighting off anan attackattack ofof typhoid.typhoid. Tuttle blamed thethe town'stown's

first shallow wellwell at the foot orof Eleventh streetStreet for somesome

of the trouble, as it lay in ground saturated by nearby

cesspools. These cesspools also brought clouds of mosquitos

during thethe summersummer monthsmonths: makingmaking lifelife unpleasant.90

'AA newnew andand deeper wellwell at Fifteenth Streetstreet andand later,later,

in 1906, thethe installation ofof aa regularregular sewage system pretty wallwell solvedsolved thethe typhoidtyphoid problem.problem. The new sewagesewage systemsystem waswas

laid at a cost of $75,000 during William Adamson's term as mayor and itit marked one ofor Douglas's greatest stridesstrides towardtoward becoming a modern and healthfulcity.91city.9l The cesspools were done away withwith and about the only disagreeable thing the

town still concontendedtended withwi th waswas thethe dust.dust.

Douglas first experienced the excfexcitementtement of a politicalpoli tical

campaign and election duringdur'ing thethe fallfall ofof 1902.1902. The cam-campaign was mostmos t activelyac ti ve ly pressed by thethe DemocratsDera.ocra ts who formed

89Nichols,8%iohols, "DearttDear OldOld Cochise,"cochise," p.p. 227,2270

90Douglas 9 90nouglas Daily Dispatch, February 9,t 1936.19360 91Daily 91Daily InternationalInternational-Amerioan, -American, AnnualAnnual Number, 1907.1907. 46

a club early inin October, 1902.1902. Two hundred andand sixty membersmembers

were enrolledenrolled wiwithth John Slaughter lendingle.nding his support toto thethe

Organization.92organization.92 Although not so well organized, the Repub-Repub

lican Party did havehave itsits backers andand about aa weekweek beforebefore

election day a RepublicanRepublican rally was held feafeaturingturing speeches

by most of thethe countycounty Republican candidates.93The platforms

of both parties were published and discussed in the local

papers' columns.columns.

Interest ranran high on election day and the town took on

a ratherrather festivefestive air asas businessesbusinesses closed forfor the legal

holiday. rheThe only hitch developing at this first election

was the large number orof voters holding registrations in other precincts. These votersvoters were at firstfirst refusedrefused atat thethe polls, being jokinglyjokingly toldtold toto gQgo tG-:.�iSbeeio-,BisbeeyTombstone�-Tombstone:cr Wineoctite;ot1:er other precinct toto castcast theirtheir ballots.ballots. Later inin thethe day thethe locallocal rules were changed so that anyone having previously regisregis- tered in the county could vote after swearingswearing thatthat hehe hadhad 94 resided inin Douglas for atat leastleast thirtythirty days.days. When thethe votesvotes were in1n and counted, the Democratic partyParty celebrated a clean sweep of all county o1'1'10es,95offices,95a procedure that hashas continuedcontinued wiwithth few exceptions throughoutthroughout thethe years.years.

As each passing month broughtbrought furtherfurther increasesincreases inin.

9�isbee92Bisbee Daily Review, October 4,4, 1902,19020 93Douglas 93nouglas Dispatch, November 1,1, 1902.19020 94lbid., 94Ibid., November 8,8, 1902.1902. 95Ibido95Ibid. 47

population and expansions toto thethe town,town, itit became apparentapparent toto

many thatthat only aa regularly incorporatedincorporated cityc I ty governmentgovernment couldcould

handle the increasingly complex problems thatthat kept arising.

The countycounty was incapableincapable of furnishingfurnishing satisfactorysatisfactory govern-govern-

ment forfor suchsuch aa fast-fast-growing growing torn.to?illo

The problem of providing an adequate police force and

fire department couldcould only be handled by a city government.governmento

For several years DouglasDouglas lackedlacked adequate lawlaw enforcementenforcement

facilities; the county provided a constable, justice of the facilities; the. county provided constable t justice of the

peace and deputy sheriffs,sheriffs� but a citycity police force was

neede·dneeded and a jailjail soonsoon became a desperate necessity.necessi ty. A cellar

behind a downdown towntown storestore servedserved for awhileawhile as a jail.jail. Pri-Pri

soners were chained to a post thatthat stood in the cellar, but

unless closely watched, these jailbirds could escape with-

out much diffioulty.96difficulty.96 A particularly heavy loadload ofor prisoners,prisoners,

held on minorminor offenses, was sometimes brokenbroken into groups

and simplysimply herded.herded .. aroundaround thethe streetsstreets underunder the watchful eyes

of law enforcementenforcement officers.97officers.97

The lack of aa jailjail waswas equaledequa.led byby thethe absenceabsence ofof aa regularly organized firefire department.department. Volunteer groups were

all thatthat thethe towntown hadhad toto rely onon and thesethese were poorlypoorly

equ1p:ped.equipped. Only four hundred feetfeet ofof hosehose waswas owned byby -the'.the

town's first volunteer firefire departmentde.partment· andand-.its its alarmalarm' -. -.

90Ibid.,961bid., December 27,27, 1902.1902.

97Ibid., January 17,17, 1903,19030 48

system consistedconsisted of a series of pistol shotsshots firedfired inin thethe

vicinityvicinity of thethe blaze098blaze,98 There were severalseveral badbad firesfires in.in.

this early period, butbut considering the large number of

tents, tindertinder-dry -dry frameframe houseshouses andand prevailingprevailing wind, itit was remarkable that at least a part ofor thethe: towntown was not leveledleveled

(as werewere BisbeeBisbee and Tombstone) at least once.

The town'stownts firstfirst fire took the life of a woman named

Mrs. Howard andand badlybadly burnedburned herher husband.husband. The coupletscouple's new home was leveled within minutes.99 More seriousseriOUS was a blazeblaze on H Avenue and Eleventh streetStreet that destroyed a number of tents and one building an.dand would have consumed several blocks had not a favorable windwind keptkept itit fromfrom spreadingspreading toto thethe adjoinadjoin- - 100 ing structures. The towntstown's worst fire occurred inin thethe tough south section, where an enraged MexicanMexican woman threw a kerosene lamp at a man whose actions had evidently displeased her. A fire immediatelyimmediately kindled andand leveledleveled threethree saloons,saloons� one restaurant and two rooming houses beforebetore· it was stopped.10lstopped.101

The first step toward meeting these problems was taken by thethe county board of supervisors when it appoappointedLn ted seven aldermen toto draw up thethe necessaryneoessary plansplans for�or citycity government.government.

The aldermen met and selectedaeLec ted oneone ofof theirtheir number,number,

98lbid., January 24, 1903. 98Ibld.-' January 24,,1903. 99�.,"Ibid., NovemberNovember 1,1, 1902,19020 100Ibid., lOO�., January 24,24, 1903.1903. 101Ibid., FebruaryFebruRry 14, 1903.1903. 49

Charles Overlock, as Douglas's first mayor.102 ]JuchMuch work had to bebe done by this firstfirst group beforebefore the charter was finished andand thethe towntown became incorporated under terri- . tor.laltorial law.law. On :MayMay 15,15,1905, 1905, thisthis incorporationincorporation tooktook place,place, and on MayMay 22 the tirstfirst city ordinances were passed.103

The acting city council and mayor continued in office until aa regularregular biennialbiennial city01 ty election was held duringduring April,April, 1906.1906.

At this timetL�e William Adams�nAdamson was chosen as Douglas's first regularly elected mayor.104mayor.104

Incorporation of the city brought almostalmost immediateimmediate benefits. A city hall costing $9,000X9,000 waswas finished during

1906 and it housed, besides thethe necessary offices,ortlees, aa stoutstout jail.105jai1.105 The fire department was also improved as additions in equipment and manpower were soonsoon forthcoming.f'orthcoming. Within aa couple of yearsyears thethe departmentdepartment consistedconsisted ofof sixsix fullfull-time, -time, twelve partpart-time -time andand sixsix volunteer firemen. Itslts _ equipment._equ�pment. included a fire alarmal� system,system, pumps, chemicalchemical andand hosehose 106 wagons and a fairly goodgood systemsystem ofof firefire hydrants.hydrants.

Two franchises were awarded by thethe' newnew cityo t ty governmentgovernment during 1906; one called for aa completecomplete new electricelectric trolleytrolley

102Douglas l02nouglas Daily Dispatch,Dispatch, February 9,9, 1936.1936. 103Viola l03Viola McKayMCKay (Comp.),(Camp.). OrdinancesOrdinances ofof thethe, CitCi of Douglas (Douglas: Press of thethe DouglasDouglas DalDaily y DlspaD�spatcht el, 191t� ) p.P. 5. 104Dai1y l04naily International-International-American, American, Annual Number, 1907.1907. 105Ibid.l05Ib1d• 106Myers, lO6rzyers, op. cit.,c1 t., p.p. 47.47. 5050 systeml07andsystem107and the other provided forfor aa gasgas systemsys,temol08 *108

One of the biggestbiggest undertakings waswas the previously menmentionedtioned installation of sewers by the newly created citye t ty government. The bond issueissue for the sewer system was later dwarfed byby a newnew bondbond electionelection forfor $325,000025,000 inin 1909.1909. During

October of that year thethe citycity arrangedarranged toto buybuy thethe waterwater system from the original owners.owners. This proved to be a very wise move as thethe municipal water 'WOrksworks has always been more than self-self-supporting supporting whilewhile providingproviding waterwater at reasonable rates.ra tea.

The most important conclusionconclusion toto bebe drawndrawn fromfrom Douglas'sDouglas's period of boom-boom-growth growth mightmight bebe thethe enthusiasmenthusiasm andand abilityability displayed in meeting thethe' numerous andand variedvaried problemsproblems broughtbrought on by greatgreat growth.growth. The town today enjoys thethe fruits ofof earlier struggles against the poor conditions of health and educational facilities and anan earlyearly willingnesswillingness toto planplan andand proceed with thethe establishment of a regularly organized city government. If life during thisthis boom periodperiod waswas at timestimes hardhard and uncomfortable, itit was also characterizedcharacterized by a fresh enthusiasm undulled by disappointmentdisappointment oror failure.failure. Almost any prediction of future greatness for the town was readilyreadily listened to and thethe people displayed aa willingnesswillingness toto concedeconcede the poss1bl$possible '.outcomeoutcome ofof suchsuch' predictions.predictions.

107Violal07Viola McKay,McKay, op. cit.,cit., p.p , 30.30.

1081bid., p. 42.

i 51

CHAPTER IIIIII

RELATIONS WITHWITH ItEXIC0MEXICO

The smelting and transporting of ores and ore concen-

tratestrates have aalwayslways beenbeen DouglasDouglas'st s primaryprimary runcfunction;tion ; consequently

the main part of her historyhistory hashas been thatthat ofof aa smeltersmelter city.city.

The great difference between other westernwestern smelter cities and

Douglas lies·lies in the lalatter'stter t s localocationtion on the internainternationaltional border. The past half-half-century century hashas seenseen manymany noteworthynoteworthy events resulting from thisthis proximity:proximity toto Mexico.Mexico.

Since 19101910 thethe state of Sonorasonora to the south has been exceptionally active inin Mexican politics.politics. Such sonoransSonorans as

, , Plutarco Calles, Alvaro Obregon,Obregón, Adolfo de la Huerta and cToseJose MaytorenaMaytorena have played very active parts in the militarymilitary and political affairsaffairs ofof' Mexico.Mexico. Other revolutionaries who crossed the pages ofof sonora'sSonorans his;toryhistory include such color-

, , � ful leadersleaders as Pancho Villa, "Red""Red" Lopez,López, LazaroLázaro CgrdenasCtirdenas and Gonzalo Escobar.Escobar.

Most ofof' these men became well known inin Douglas during the yearsyears followingfollowing Madero'sMadero's rise toto power inin 1911.1911. Callescalles and ObregónObregon were thethe most importantimportant ofof' thesethese revolutionaries,revolutionaries, and itit was here, around Douglas'sDouglas's border area,area, thatthat thethe careers ofof these'these two beganbegan their riserise -toto power. '

For about fifteen yearsyears Obregónobregon andand Callescalles were real powerspowers 52 in MexicanMexican politics.

From 1911 until 1929 Douglas saw manymany first-hand manifestations ofof thethe political unrest thatthat has been

MexicotsMexico's heritage. Rival armies have on many separateseparate occasions fought for the possession of Douglas's MexicanMexican neighbor, Agua Prieta. In consequenceconsequence to herher adjacencyadjacency to suchsuch anan explosive ne.ighhor,neighbor, DouglasDouglas' had for many years the protection ofof United Statesstates troops.troops.

Agua Prieta's history dates_back to thethe same approxi- matemate. timetime asas thattha t ofof' herher AmericanAmerican sister.sister. The juncture pOintpoint ofat the Nacozari andand thethe' E1El Paso and SouthwesternSouthwestern RailRail- road luredlured forth a few adobe buildings on thethe Mexican sideside otof thethe line.line. Agua Prieta did not matchmatch Douglas's early growth, however, as only aa scorescore oror soso buildings hadhad beenbeen built by 190211902� and by 19031903 thethe village's population was barely four hundred.2

A subsub.;.port -port waswas establishedestablished onon thethe international boundary

line between thethe twotwo infantLnran t townstowns duringduring 1901.1901. Headquarters for this sub-portsub -port waswas loealocatedted aatt Nogales"Nogales, wherewhere thethe chief"chief otof customs was stationed.stationed. Since there were no tradetrade arteries extending southsouth fromtrom AguaAgue Prieta,Prieta, thethe portport handledhandled littlelittle during its f'irstfirst years ofof' existenceexistence otherother thanthan thethe oresores andand

lManuel1Manuel Sandomingo, Historia dede AguaAgue Prieta (Agua(Agua Prieta, Sonora, Mexico: PrivatelyPrivately published,published, 1951),1951), p.p. 39.59.

2Douglas2nouglas Daily Dispatch, OctoberOctober 11,11, 1903.1903. 53

supplies ,thatthat flowed between Pilares andand Douglas.DOuglas.

Relations between the new towns were usually charac-charac

terized byby a relaxed cordiality; Douglas's manymany MexicanMexican residents feltfelt equally at home on either side ofot the line.line.

On occasions, however, something would happen toto set one

group againstagainst thethe other.other.

Mob violence was narrowly averted in 1902 following an accident inin Agua Prieta's railroadrailroad yards.yards. While anan

American traintrain crewcrew was busily engagedengaged inin switchingswitching cars,cars, two drunken Mexicans,Mexicans, asasleepLeap on the track, were hihitt and killed by thethe engine.engine. The tourfour members of the train crew were taken fromtrom thethe engine and lodged in Agua Prieta's jail. News ofat thethe accidentaccident and arrest quicklyquickly crossedcrossed the line, and soon a mob of incensedincensed Americans (many(many well armed) was planning toto stormstorm thethe AguaAgua, PrietaPrieta jailjail andand release thethe traintrain crew.3crew�3 A few cooler heads prevailed and stopped the planned assault before thethe mob gotgot outout ofof hand.hand.

It was onlyonly a day or so before the trainmen were released after some influential Douglas citizenscitizens discusseddiscussed thethe casecase with Agua Prieta author1tles.4authorities.4

The next eighteigut oror nine yearsyears marked aa calm,calm, unevent-unevent ful relationship between thethe twotwo towns.towns. Both were growing steadily, and although Agua Prieta's growth was of a slower

3Bisbee Daily Review, October 17,17, 1902.1902.

�anuel`Manuel Sandomingo,sandomingo, op.OF. cit.,cit., p.p. 111.111. 54

tempo thanthan thatthat ofof the'the AmericanAmerican town,town, northernnorthern sonoraSonora had

become a riohrich fieldfield fortor American exploitation,exploitation, principallyprincipally

around Nacozari and Cananea, twotwo great coppercopper producing

areas. As early as 1903, sixsix Sonora mining companiesladcompanies�d

their head officesoffices inin Douglas.5

, Under thethe dictatordictator PorfirioPorfirio Diaz, thethe years priorprior toto

1910 gave American capitalists a chance to develop theirtheir

properties unmolested by any serious disturbances so that

thethe: mining and smeltingsmel ting areasareas ofof northernnorthern Sonorasonora became:became:

very valuable. This period of peaceful mining development

and exploiexploitationtation came to anan end during 1910 whenwhen 1TaderoMadero led

the first of Mexico'sMexico's many modern attemptsattempts atat achievingachieving aa

just government and political maturity for herher people.people. The

Madero causecause greatly gainedgained mo�entummomentum in Sonora,sonora, and by

January ofot 19111911 thethe rebels were reported strong in Cananea

and thethe Sahuaripasahuaripa district.6districtoO For the next decade northern

Sonora's mining and commerce struggled along under varying

degrees of revolution andand anarchy.anarchy.

, Diaz's federalrederal troopstroops feared thatthat Madero plannedplanned toto establish a foothold alongalong the.the. uniUnitedted statesStates borderborder byby establishing a republic inin Sonora. This was goodgoOd logic,logic, asas the Maderistas desperately needed controlcontrol ofof somesome portsports ofot

5Douglas5nouglas Dispatch,Dispatch, January 10,10, 1903.1903.

6Bisbee Daily Review, JanuaryJanuary 26,26, 1911.1911. 55 entry for thethe importationimportation ofof armsarms andand ammunition.ammunition. Border

towns such as Agua Prieta werewere thus primaryprimary targets for any revolutionary movementmovement--a - -a factfact thatthat setset AguaAgua Prieta'sFrieta's garrison to the task of erecting adobe barricadesbarricades around the town.7

Although they would not cite specific cases, the newspapers voicedvoiced thethe popularpopular opinionopinion thatthat gungun-running -running through Douglas was being carriedcarried on at a brisk pace.8pace.8

TOo,Too, a fastfast-growing -growing l..iader-oMadero juntajunta waswas formingforming inin DouglasDouglas among the town's Mexican population.populationo With every passing day, Douglas's Mexican sectionssections became moremore crowded;crowded; refugees from Sonorasonora moved into thethe homes of friends as they fled fromfrom federal military service.service. These refugees organized themselves into groups, obtained arms if they could, and then waited forfor aa chancechance toto rere-cross -cross the border andand joinjoin one of Madero'sbands.9 Many Mexicans planned toto rise against the local federalfederal garrisongarrison justjust asas soonsoon asas Madero's:Madero's rebels attackedattacked thethe town.town.

The MaderoMadero leaderleader best acquainted with DouglasDouglas waswas aa fellow known toto thethe Americans asas "Red""Red" López.Lopez. His very fair skinskin liberallyliberally sprinkledsprinkled withwith reddishreddish-brown -brown frecklesfreckles easily explained thethe nickname.nickname. LopezLópez spoke excellentexcellent

7Ibid•7lbid.

8Special investigatorsinvestigators were sent from thethe DepartmentDepartment ofof Justice toto stopstop gun-gun-running. running. (Douglas Daily Dispatch, April 6,6, 1911.)19110)

9Bisbee9Eisbee Daily Review, FebruaryFebruary 5,5, 1911.l�ll. 56

English and felt completely at home on either sideside of thethe

line; he was often in Douglas for varyingvarying periodsperiods ofof time.time.

During the latter part of February, 1911, LopezLópez and

his band began harassingharassing thethe locallocal federals.federals. Occupying

Fronteras toto thethe south,south, L6pez'sLopez's men stalled thethe train,train,

forcing federal troopstroops-from from Agua Prieta to rideride south and

locateit.10it.10

, Another band of MaderistasMaderistas under General Jose Blanco

captured the settlementsettlement of El Tigre,Tigre, southsouth ofof Fronteras.11Fronteraso11

The revolution in Sonorasonora seemed well on its way, and with

this capture of ElEl Tigre, certaincertain AmericansAmericans in Douglas whose

oapitalcapital wa�was invested in sonoraSonora felt a grave concernconcern forfor

their properties. Gone were the years of peaceful, profitprofit-

able operation and ahead lay troubled times at the hands of

the foraging bandsbands ofof manymany irregularirregular armiesarmies--armies -- armies whosewhose

existence depended on tributestributes andand confiscatedconfiscated supplies.supplies.

At El Tigre,Tigre, Blanco'sBlanco's un-un-uniformed uniformed armyarmy mademade off with several

hundred rifles and 50,00050,000 rounds ofof ammunition.ammunition. The companycompany 12 store and comissarios were completelycompletely strippedstripped ofof supplies.12supp1ieso

Following El TigressTigre's capturecapture on 1IarchMarch 2, Agua Prieta's

federal authorities lost track of the rebel bands for about a

� . week. Then Lopez made hishlS presencepresence knownknown byby showingshowing upup

before AguaAgua PrietaPrieta atat ninenine oo'clockthen1ght clock-thenight ofor MarchMarch 9.9. There

10Ibid., lOIb1do, February 28,28, 1911.1911. 11Douglas llDouglas Daily Dispatch, March 3,3, 1911.1911.- 12Ibldo12Ibid. 57

followed aa nightnight ofof wildestwildest excitementexcitement inin Douglas-Douglas,.-as -as

Agua Prieta's population streamed acrossacross the line into

the safetysafety ofof Douglas,Douglas, they becamebecame jammed againstagainst aa southsouth-

bound wall of Americans who had driven out on horseback and

in automobiles and buggies to see the excitement. Adding

to the confusion, thethe Madero juntajunta of Douglas, thinkingthinking thethe

attack on Agua Prieta was beginning, formed justjust north ofof

the line and mademade ready toto assist LópezLopez as he attacked.attacked.

UnitedUnited statesStates Cavalry troops13 quickly surrounded andand arresarres-

ted this group of rebel sympathizers, butbut thethe. nervousnervous federalfederal officials on the Mexican sideside, announced theythey wouldwould shootshoot anyone tryingtrying toto crosscross thethe lineline intointo AguaAgua Prieta.Prieta. This announcement made it necessary forfor thethe United Statesstates Cavalrycavalry to patrolpatrol backback and forth along the line warning American residents back.back. The final blow to any hopes forfor aa peacefulpeaceful night was, as the Dispatch reported, the fact that it sounded as if all thethe barkingbarking dogsdogs inin MexicoMexico hadhad takentaken refugerefuge inin 14 DouglasDouglass1

Probably chuckling at thethe excitementexcitement hehe hadhad inspired,inspired,

, LopezLopez, vanishedvanished as silentlysilently asas hehe hadhad appearedappeared--wi-- withoutthout firingfiring a shot,shot.

Next toto showshow himselfhimself waswas Blanco,Blanco, whowho appearedappeared onon thethe

13These 13These troops arrived in Douglas duringduring November, 1910,1910, and were engagedengaged inin patrolpatrol activityactivity alongalong thethe border.border. (United statesStates WarWar Department, Annual Report: 1911,1911, Vol.vol. III,III, p. 124.)124.) 14Douglas 14nouglas Daily Dispatch, March 10, 1911; Bisbee Daily Review, MarchMarch 10,10, 1911.1911. 58 advance easteast ofof DouglasDouglas thethe morningmorning ofof MarchMarch 12,12, Leaving

Agua Prieta unguarded, thethe federals marched out to meet

Blanco'sBlanco's advancing rebels. When the rangerange closed toto about five hundred yards, the federalsfederals droppeddropped to their kneesknees and opened fire.fire. The rebelsrebels deployed right and left,left, first opening fire and thenthen retreating overover aa ridge. As thethe federals pursued, they exposedexposed themselvesthemselves onon thethe ridge'sridge's high ground, therebythereby suffering a withering rebelrebel riflerifle fire.fire.

Continuing forward, the federals keptkept upup their pressurepressure on the rebels,rebels, who decided to breakbreak off the engagement.AfterAtter pursuing thethe fleeingf'leeing rebels forfor somesome distance,distance, thethe federalsfederals abandoned thethe chasechase andand thethe battlebattle waswas over.15

Since thisthis was sunday, most ofof Douglas's adult popu-popu lation was on hand; over sixsix thousandthousand AmericansAmericans linedlined thethe border east ofof Douglas toto watchwatch thethe shooting.shooting. Besides thesethese spectators, other Americans were inin thethe federal lines,lines, inin the rebel camp, and one Douglas merchant spentspent somesome timetime wandering around onon thethe battlefield untiluntil hehe waswas takentaken pri-pri soner by thethe federals.iofederals016

James S. Douglas, Pirtle and their wiveswives had driven out to witness thethe battle,battle, andand afterafter thethe shootingshooting ceased,ceased, they decided to help alleviate somesame of thethe sufferingsuftering onon thethe battlefield byby drivingdriving thethe woundedwounded intointo DouglasDouglas forfor treatment,treatment 0

15Douglas 15nouglas Daily Dispatch, March 13,13, 1911.1911. 16;. 16W. W.Wo Webb,webb, thethe merchant,merchant, claimedclaimed hehe sawsaw thethe federalsfederals shoot nine prisoners.prisoners. (Ibid.) 59

Othersothers followedfollowed theirtheir leadlead and the wounded Mexicans plus 17 eleven dead were hauled intointo DouglasDouglas byby carcar andand buggy.17buggy.

General Pedro Ojeda, Agua Prieta's federalfederal commandant,commandant,

made ready toto march eastward in the hope of engaging

t Blanco's army.army 0 ViiWitht h BlancoBlanco'ss force reportedrep orted ata t thethe GallardoGallardo

Ranch about four miles east of Douglas, a battle was fully

expected. As Ojeda's force marched out of Agua Prieta, thethe

United Statesstates Cavalry and many American sightseers gathered

around Niggerhead Mountain, ninenine milesmiles easteast ofof Douglas,Douglas, toto

watch thethe expected battle.battle. DisapPOintmentDisappointment rather than excite-excite

menmentt was all thethe sightseers experienced, however, as bothboth

Blanco's and the federals' forces disappeared to the east.18

No otherother fightingfighting waswas anticipated, with ·bothboth forcesforo·es outout

of the vicinity.Vicinity.

Several weeksweeks after BlancotsBlanco's retreat, "Red" LopezL6pez

appeared on GG Avenue. Full ofof enthusiasmenthusiasm (and(and otherother spirits)spirits)

"Red""Redrt decided toto give forth with a littlelittle oratoryoratory inin behalfbehalf

of the insurrecto cause.cause. Mounting a sedan parked at thethe

� curb, LopezLópez began haranguing thethe quicklyquickly assembledassembled crowdcrowd ofof

good-good-natured natured on-on-lookers. lookers. The Mexican consul soonsoon heard ofof

his presence andand immediatelyirmnediately tooktook stepssteps toto havehave "Red""Red"

arrested. The DouglasDouglas police proved reluctant toto dodo this,this,

, and in thethe delay, Lopez heardheard ofof hishis dangerdanger andand escaped.escaped.

17Ibid.17lbid. 18Ibid., March 16, 1911. 18Ibid. J March 16, 19110 60

Borrowing a mule, he rode to the outskirts of town, where

his horse waswas hidden.19 Riding out intointo thethe openopen country,country,

he probably again enjoyed a laugh at the excitement his

presence hadhad caused.causedo

On April 1313 thethe northbound traintrain from Nacozari was

seized at Fronteras by 250 heavily armedarmed rebel troopstroops

, under Lopez. The train was carrying a few passengerspassengers andand

, Lopez allowed any of these toto disembark if they wished to

do so.so. Most of them took thisthis opportunity, but several of

the AmericansAmericans decided to ride on intointo Agua Prieta withwith thethe

rebel army.army. One of these men,men, A. P. Dickson, later regretted

his decision, as he sufferedsuff'ered a painful thigh wound from thethe

rif'lerifle fire.20

After stationing his men inside the train, Lopez mounted

the engine's eabcab and stood behind thethe engineer.engineer. Ordering

the engineer to do nothing toto warnwarn thethe town'stownts garrison,garrison,

LôpezLopez gavegave theth� wordword toto startstart rollingrolling forfor AguaAgua Prieta.Prieta. As

the train neared the town's outskirts, fullfull steamsteam was calledcalled

for and the train rolled into town at terrific speed, finally

stopping at thethe Fifth Streetstreet station.21station.21

The federal garrison, numbering approximatelyapproximately 100100 men,men,

. was disperseddispe.rsed aroundaround thethe vicinityvi cini ty inin severalseveral groups.groups. As thethe

19lbid., 19�., March 30,30, 1911,1911. 20 20'Ibid�Ibid.,, AprilApril 16,16, 1911.1911.

21Sandomingo, op.°E· cit.,ci t., p. 131.131. 61

train ground to aa halt,halt, the MaderistasMaderistas jumped fromfrom the train,

firing andand shoutingsh�uting "Viva"Viva Madero:"MaderoS" andand "Arriba"Arriba muchachos;TMmuchachosl"

The federals answered with a hail of rifle fire and the

battle wason.22Generally speaking, the rebelsrebels werewere holdingholding

pospositionsI tions a littleIi ttle. north andand westwes t of the federals as they had

ridden pastpast thethe latterlatter intointo town.town. These positions resulted

in a line of fire that angled rightright into the streets and

buildings ofof' Douglas.Douglaso

It did not take long for the sounds of battle to attract

a huge thrillthrill-mad -mad crowdcrowd ofof Americans.Americans.Milling aroundaround thethe

customscus toms house, these foolhardy spectators cheered the rebels

on, even thoughthough bullets were whining wildly inin all directions.23

The fight had quickly brokenbroken up into wildwild firing duels between

small groups ofof federalsfederals andand rebels.rebels.

The secondSecond Streetstreet school onon thethe American sideside waswas

particularly exposed, and sincesince bulletsbullets keptkept sprayingspraying about,about,

school waswas dismisseddismissed andand thethefrlghtened frightened childrenchildren werewere hurriedhurried

home. The Coppercopper Queen smeltersmelter officesoffices were alsoalso wellwell

spattered by bullets; one ballball crashed into the superintensuperinten-

dent's office, shatteringshattering a cabinet.24cablnet.24

Two.railroadTwo railroad switchmen werewere easualtiescasualties ofof the firingfiring

fromtram thethe south:south: Robert IierringtonHerrington waswas hithit fatally whilewhile

22Ibid•22Ibid. -

23un1ted23United statesStates War Department, Annual Report: 1911,1911, Vol. III, p. 126.126.

24Douglas DailyDaily Dispatch,Dispatch, April 14,14, 1911.1911. 62 another switchman, named Crowe,crowe, was seriously wounded inin 25 the stomastomach.25ch ,

Across the line the federalstre der al.e t poapositionition waswas becomingbecoming hopeless because of the rebels' numerical ' advantage.advantage. Many -of'of thethe

t to towntown'sS defenders began working theirtheir wayway closeclose to thethe. line,line J where theythey threwthrew downdown theirtheir rifles and surrenderedsurrendered toto thethe

Americans. One of the first to quit the fight was captainCaptain

Vargas, thethe federalfederal commander.commander. �sAs he reached the American side, Vargas was quicklyquickly surroundedsurrounded byby thethe propro-rebel -rebel crowdcrowd and given much verbalverbal abuse.abuse. byby thethe jeering throng.26

As more fled toto the American side, there finally remained only one group of federals, trappedtrapped but stillstill holdingholding out.out.

It seemed to the Americans thatthat this last group would surely be wiped outout ifif somethingsomething werewere notnot donedone toto savesave them.them. Taking the initiative, a former army man namednamed CharlesCharles McKeenMcKeen appealed to Captain Gaujot, of the First Cavalry,cavalry, to go with him across thethe lineline andand bringbring outout thesethese remainingremaining federals.federals.

Gaujot was understandably hesitant asas toto thethe advisabilityadvisability of such aa move, butbut waswas anxiousanxious toto stopstop thethe wildwild firingfiring intointo

Douglas.Douglas 0 Finally he decided that just the two of them would cross under a white flag, leavingleaving allall AmericanAmerican troopstroops onon thethe

Douglas side.side. UsingUSing McKeen's handkerchiefhandkerchief asas aa flag,flag, thethe intrepid pair succeeded inin reaching thethe federals,federals, aa groupgroup ofof

25lbid.25Ibid. 26Douglas 26Douglas Daily Dispatch, AprilApril 14,14, 1911;1911; Sandomingo,sandomingo, op.0p. cit.,cit�, p,p. 132.132. 63 twenty or so soldiers under aa sergeant.sergeant. This MexieanMexican ser-ser-

. geant was reluctantreluctant to quit the fightfight without orders, even though his captain had deserteddeserted somesome timetime before.before. They did cease fire,fire, however, andand soon the rebelsrebels also quit shooting, giving r.rcKeenMcKeen and Gaujot a chance to approach thethe

/ rebels andand arrangearrange aa compromise.compromiseo L6peztsLopez's men agreedagreed toto letlet the federals cross the line if they would throw down their

I arms and march outout underunder guard.guard. A squad ofor American soldierssoldiers was called over by Gaujot and the federals were escorted toto the American side.side. McKeen noticed that five Americans were being held by thethe rebels, andand hehe securedsecured theirtheir release,release, too,too, after giving his assurance that they were Douglas residents.27residents.27

So ended thethe battlebattle ofof' AprilApril 13,13, withwith thethe MaderistasMaderistas in complete.complete victory.victory. The townspeople ofof· Agua FrietaPrieta werewere overjoyed and the rebel soldiers were fetedfeted thatthat eveningevening inin

27Charles 27Charles McKeen gave thisthis detaileddetailed accountaccount ofof' thethe border crossingcrossing incidentincident severalseveral daysdays afterafter thethe eventevent occurred. (Douglas Daily Dispatch, April 21,21, 1911.)1911.) otCf.0 UniUnitedted Statesstates War Department,Departmen t, AnnualAnnual Report:Report: 1911,1911, Vol.Vol. III,III, p. 126:126: "During the engagemenengagementt between thethe Federal andand insur-insur rectionary forces at Agua Prieta on April 13,13, 1911, a large number ofof people congregatedcongregated inin Douglas, Arizona, justjust acrossacros� the line fromfrom the scenescene. of action,action. overcome withwi th curiositycuriosi ty and bent onon witnessing thethe fight,fight. Straystray bullets, probablyprobably from both sides, fell among thethe sightseers, and a few were wounded and twotwo oror threethree killed.killed. At the request of thethe Mexi-Mexi can FederalFederal Commander, who, withwith hishis officers andand aa fewfew men,men, reached aa positionposition near thethe internationalinternational line,line, Captaincaptain Julien E. Gaujot,Gaujot, FirstFirst Cavalry,Cavalry, enteredentered thethe towntown ofof Agua Prieta and persuaded thethe Federal force still engaged at the cuartelCuartel to surrender their arms toto the insurrectionaryinsurrectionary forcesforces andand conducted themthem forfor safesafe-keeping -keeping to the unitedUnited States,states, wherewhere they were held as prisoners by the unitedUnited Statesstates forces till ordered released by thethe War Department."Department." 64

28 � grand style.28style. LópezLopez waswas determined toto holdhold a tighttight commandcommand over his men, however, so all saloons werewere closed and much liquor was poured into thethe gutters. A fine o�of five hundred pesos was toto be levied against anyone caught selling liquor.29liquoro29

TheThe, known deaddead fromtrom thethe day'sday's battlebattle numberednumbered twentytwenty- - two (about evenly divided between rebels and federals). Thirty more were hospitalized with wounds,wounds, whilewhile the FirstFirst cavalryCavalry had fiftyfifty-four -four federalsfederals underunder guardguard atat anan encampmentencampment in thethe

Douglas ball park.30park.30

It was also found that only one American, R. Harrington,Harrington, had been killed, butbut tenten othersothers sufferedsuffered woundswounds fromfrom thethe battletsbattle's sprayingspraying rifle fire.fireo The Dispatchpispatch interviewedinterviewed several men,men, including Mayor Meguire, who had seenseen most ofof the actionoaction. Their general opinion was that federalrederal rifle fire had caused most of the damagedamage inin Douglas.DOuglas. publicPublic senti-senti ment seemedseemed wholly inin the M:aderistasMaderistas't favor.31

Agua Prieta was now host toto a well regulated but enthusiastic army whichwhich rapidlyrapidly grewgrew inin size.size. Over one thousand re�els,rebels, includingincluding fortyforty Americans who had crossed the line �ndand werewere serving thethe MaderistaMaderista cause, hadhad massedmassed byby

April 1515 toto defenddefend theirtheir recentrecent prlz��32priz.32 Rifle pits were

28Jandomingo, 28sandomingo, OPeop. cit., p.p. 132.132.

29nouglas29Douglas Daily Dispatch, April 16,16, 1911.1911. 30Ibid., 30Ibid., April 14, 1911. 31Ibid., 31Ibido, April 21, 1911. 32Ibíd., 32Ibido, April 17, 1911. 65 dugdug southsouth atof town,town" as aa large federalfederal forceforce waswas knownknown to bebe 33 . . 33 momovingvi.ng nornorthth towardtowar d Agua Prieta.Prt e ta.

Captaincaptain Gaujot kept busy trying to spread his small troop of one hundred cavalrymen thin enoughenough to meetmeet all demanded ofof them.them. The port of entry was closed and guarded, and the international line was keptkept under constant UnitedUnited statesStates patrol.patrolo Another squad ofof trooperstroopers waswas keepingkeeping aa twenty-fourtwenty -four hourhour guardguard onon thethe federalfederal prisonersprisoners at the ballball park. The troopers werewere· alsoalso onon thethe lookoutlookout forfor gun-gun-running running attempts through Douglas.34 Reinforcements had been wired for, and by AprilApril 17 several cavalry troops arrivedarrived to 35 bolster Douglas's defensesodefenses.

Douglas residents were alarmeda Larmed overover thethe comingcoming battlebattle for Agua Prieta, forfor the two contending forces werewere so much larger than those of Thursday's battle. Captaincaptain GaujotGaujot made plans forfor averting a repetition of thethe wild firing intointo

Douglas. He firstfirst conferredconferred with thethe rebel leadersleaders and ordered themthem not toto firefire atat anyany angleangle endangeringendangering Douglas.Douglas.

Another similar order was prepared and Charles MCKeenMcKeen made ready to deliver it when thethe federals neared thethe town.36town.36

AnticipatingAntiCipating heavyheavy casualtiescasualties fromfrom thethe comingcoming battle,battle,

33Sandomingo, 33sandOmingO, op.OPe cit.,cit., p.p. 132.132. 340ne 340ne store of 17,00017,000 rounds ofof ammunitionammunition waswas seizedseized by United Statesstates authorities inin a building at the corner of G Avenue and Seventhseventh Street.street. (Douglas Daily Dispatch,Dispatch, AprAprili1 17,17, 19110)1911 0 )

35united35United Statesstates War Department,Department, AnnualAnnual Report:Report: 1911,1911, Vol. III,III, p.p. 124.124.

36Douglas36Doug1as DailyDaily Dispatch,Dispatch, AprilApril 15,15, 1911.19110 66

a RedRed Cross train was mademade upup forfor useuse inin easingeasing anyany suffering

on either side.side. Douglas residentsresidents werewere askedasked forfor beddingbedding

and other donations toto outfit thethe mercy train.train. A Dr. Shine

from Bisbee was placed in charge, and twelve doctors from

Bisbee andand DouglasDouglas werewere organizedorganized underunder hishis direction.37

On Easter morningmorning of 1911 Ojeda approached withinwithin sight

of Agua Prieta with approximately fourteen hundred federal

troops. Waiting inin their rirlerifle pits and foxholes were

, . twelve hundred rebels under LópezLopez and ColonelColonel Medina.I�ledlna. The

Easter prayers offered that morning in the churches of Douglas

and Agua Prieta had special significance; for the Prince of 38 Peace was being honored with a battle momentarily expected.expected.38

McKeen went south throughthrough the rebel lines with thethe

army's ultimatumultimatum toto Ojeda'sOjeda's command.command. There was toto be no

deliberate or unnecessary firing intointo Douglas.Douglas. The·newThe new unitedUnited

Statesstates commander atat Douglas,Douglas, Lt.Lt. Colonelcolonel WilliamWilliam A.A. Shunk,Shunk,

,orderedordered thethe evacuation ofof thethe southsouth sectionsection ofof thethe city.cityo

No one waswas toto be allowedallowed south ofof Fourth Streetstreet without a

special pass from thethe' army. NONo cheering crowds of foolhardy

spectators were wantedwanted around the customs house during the

battle.ba ttle'. Consequently, greatgreat throngsthrongs ofof peoplepeople gatheredga thered ata.t

Fifth Street,street, thethe southernmostsouthernmost pointpoint allowedallowed byby thethe army.39armyo39

The attack beganbegan on thethe morning ofof April 1717 withwith

37lbid., 37Ibid., April 17,17, 1911.1911. (Extra Edition.)

3�0.No officialofficial reportreport orof thethe AprilApril 1717 battlebattle waswas included in thethe United Statesstates WarWar Department,Department, AnnualAnnual Report:Report: 1911.1911.

39nouglas39Douglas Daily Dispatch, AprilApril 17,17, 1911.1911. 67

Ojeda's forceforce attacking directlydirectly fromfrom thethe south.south. The army's

warning had had no effect,effect, asas the attackers' fire was linedlined

right intointo Douglas. The federals werewere notnot trying to storm

the town with a charge.charge. A constant pressure was kept on thethe

rebels as thethe attackers triedtried toto inchinch forward under any covercover

they could find.find. As is characteristiccharacteristic ofof Mexican battles,battles,

the firing on both sides was intense andand the amount of ammuniammuni-

tion expended must have been prodigious.

United statesStates Army precautionary measures were paying

off, as thethe. deserted customs house was under continuous fire

as was the evacuatedevacuated southernsouthern edgeedge ofof town.town. strayStray bullets

were finding'finding- theirtheir wayway intointo otherother partsparts ofof thethe town,town, butbut few

casualties were reported.reported. One man was shot down as hehe stoodstood

in front ofat the Copper Queen store in the heartheart ofof the town's

business section.section. Five others suffered minor injurie;injurie� mostly 40 from halfhalf-spent -spent bullets.bullets.40

Tragedy was narrowly avertedaverted atat thethe Seventhseventh Streetstreet

school as a hail of bullets started falling alongalong seventhSeventh

streetStreet justjust as the children and teachers began pouring out of

the building. The schoolschool trusteestrustees hadhad justjust orderedordered thethe

school closedclosed when bulletsbulle ts beganbegan toto fallfall closeclose by.by , manyl.:any

narrow escapesescapes resulted as thethe crowdcrowd dodged itsits way through 41 the street.street.

An adventurous Dispatch reporter named Oscar GollGOll

� decided to visit thethe outer perimeter ofof López'sLopez's defensesdefenses

40Ibid., 40Ibido, April 17,17, 1911.1911. (Extra(Extra Edition)Edition) 41Ibid., 41Ibid., April 18,18, 1911.1911. (Extra(Extra Edition)Edition) 68

for a firstfirst-hand -hand accountaccount ofof the battle'sbattle's progress. Mounting

a horse, GollGall rode across thethe: line and out to the southern

edge of Agua Prieta, accompanied only byby the continuous

whine of bullets passingpassing overover andand aroundaround him.him. Dismounting,

" GOllGoll talked to LopezLópez and found that thethe' rebelsrebels had suffered

� about thirty dead while thethe federals,federals, accordingaccording toto López,Lopez,

had suffered much greatergreater losses.losses. A particularly heavyheavy burstburst

of rifle fire wOlll1dedwounded his horse in the neck,neck, andand discouraged

the reporter\.fromreporter from staying exposed any longer, so he roderode back

across thethe line.line. Reaching whatwhat he thoughtthought was thethe safety of

Fourth Street,street, GollGOll resumedresumed hishis observationobservation ofof thethe battle,battle,

only toto be struck down with a bullet wound in the heado42head.42

As darknessdarkness fell, thethe rebels were stillstill inin completecomplete

oontrolcontrol of Agua Prieta. Ojeda had never ordered a charge

against the rebel defenses; the whole day's action had been

confined toto a furious small armsarms duel.duel.

Silence rather thanthan firing greetedgreeted thethe followingfollowing dawn;dawn;

during thethe earlyearly morningmorning hours.hours: of'of darknessdarkness the rebels hadhad 43 evacuated Agua Priet?Prieta and fled.43fled. Their reason for fleeing

was:tt>twas:nót clearclear untiluntil oneone ofof thethe rebelrebel commanderscommanders appearedappeared in

Douglas and gave himselfhimself" upup toto UnitedUni ted Statesstates authorities.authori ties.

Cursingcursing LopezLapez andand hishis leadership,leadership, ColonelColonel Medina,Medina, thethe

deserting rebel commander, toldtold the AmericansAmericans that evacuation

42Ibid.,April1'1 17,17 1911.1911 • (Extra Edition) 42.Ibid., Apr , (Extra Edition) 43Sandomingo, 43sandomlngo, op. cit., p. 133.133. 69

became necessarynecessary afterafter thethe previousprevious dayday's *s wildwild firing had

depleted rebelrebel ammunition supplies to a perilously low 44 point.

Jv�archingL:arching intointo thethe nownow unguardedunguarded town,town, OjedaOjeda onceonce again

placed itit under federal authorityauthority after its brief tenure

as a rebel stronghold.stronghold. Both customs houses reopened on

April 1818 andand a degree of normalcy returned toto thisthis particular

border area.area. Douglas still remained a hot-bed of rumor and

wild conjecture as toto thethe rebels*rebels' next possiblepossible move.move. The

situation was notnot without humor as wild rumors werewere floated

and battedbatted back and forth.The Dispatch newsmen tooktook aa

goodgood-natured -natured digdig atat certaincertain "G"G AvenueAvenue warwar correspondents"correspondents"

who were busily gathering dubious stories from even more

, 45 dubiousdUbious sourcessources forfor theirtb'elr "Open"Open AirAlr PressPress Unlimited."45Unl'lIDll t e d ."

A rebel leader namednamed Giron appeared in Douglas on �iayMay i1

after conferringconferring withwi th Madero somewheresomewhere nearnear ElEl Paso.Pas o , Giron

claimed to have aa forceforce of seven hundredhundred menmen waitingwaiting in the

� hills southeastsoutheast ofof AguaAgua Prieta.Prieta. Diaz's government was daily

getting weaker and thethe federal garrison at Agua Prieta was

in anan 'unenvlableunenviable position.position. Although things were quietquiet inin

Agua Prieta, farthèrfarther southsouth conditionsconditions werewere veryvery unsettled.unsettled.

An American lineline crew which waswas hanging a power transmission

line between Douglas and El TigreTigre hadhad toto givegive upup afterafter

44Douglas44 Douglas Daily Dispatch, April 18, 1911.1911. 451bid., 45Ibid., April 19,19, 1911.1911. 70

repeated interferenceinterference and holdups by armed bands ofof' Mexicans.46

The federal troops garr-Laonedgarrisoned at AguaAgua PrietaPrieta suddenly

evacuated the town on MayMay 10, withwith variousvarious elementselements of this

force heading for Naco, Nogales andand Hermosillo.47Hermosillo.47

As soonsoon as thethe federals marched out, the insurrecto

cause onceonce againagain flourishedflourished and byby Maymay 1515 the town waswas heldheld

by eight hundredhundred wellwell-armed -armed rebels. The townspeople were

again thankful to bebe ridrid of the federalsfederals and Agua F-rietaPrieta saw

many celebrations honoring thethe rebels.48

Under Maytorena, Sonora waswas beginning toto shakeshake offoff itsits

recenrecentt anarchy.anar chy , In AguaAgua PriePrieta,ta, officialsoff ic i als ofof Maytorenats!tiaytorena' s

state government were appointed toto cleanclean upup andand regulateregulate thethe

warwar-weary -weary town. All cantinas were closed, many looseloose charac-

ters werewere runrun out of town andand AguaAgua PrietaPrieta beganbegan to take on 49 some semblance of peace and order once more.more.49

� "Red" Lopez,López, whose escapades had entertained borderborder

residents forfor manymany months,months. finallyfinally outout-raced -raced his luck and fellfell

to an inglorious-inglorious death.death. American whiskey paved the way for

his downfall. "Red" had fallen fromfrom favor inin thethe MaderoBadero causecause

and thoughthough safe while inin Douglas, he risked arrest inin Agua

, Prieta. On MayMay 17, 1911, Lopez,filledLópez,filled with whiskey,whiskey, crossed

from Douglas into Agua Prieta where he began makingmaking critical

46Ibid., 46Ibid.) May 2,2, 1911.1911. 47Ibid., 4'7�., May 11,11, 1911.1911.

48Sandomingo, OPeop. cit., p. 134.134.

49Douglas Daily Dispatch,Dispatch, May 17,17, 1911.1911. 71

'1I!J' remarremarksks aboutab au t Madero.iV.1a der o , He soon landed inin J'al'1.50jail.50

� Charged with being drunk and disorderly, LopezLapez waswas 51 given a thirty dayday sentence.51sentence.' A few days later, however,however,

he was given a court martial for desertion in the face of

an enemy attacksattackS Colonel Medina had notnot been the only one

to flee on the night of April 17; L6pezLopez also had secretlysecretly

crossed thethe lineline thatthat night.night. Facing aa possiblepossible deathdeath penalty,penalty,

"Red's" fate was thethe concernc�ncern ofof many inin DouglasDouglas andand AguaAgua

Prieta. On May 26 he was sentenced to eight yearsyears at hard

labor in thethe prison at Hermosillo.52Hermosilloo52 suchSuch a fate must have

seemed unbearable toto "Red."He triedtried toto escapeescape fromfrom hishis

escort on the journeyjourney toto Hermosillo, but waswas shot in the back

as he fled.fled.

Many people couldn'tcouldn't believebelieve thethe reportreport ofof hishis death,death,

� so Harry Wheeler and one of Lopez'sLópez's brothersbrothers journeyed south

to search for thethe body. The report had been true,true, forfor theythey 53 found "Red's""Red's" corpsecorpse drilled throughthrough byby aa bullet.bulleto

� In defending theirtheir friend, many ofof López'sLopez's supporterssupporters

on thethe American side of the line claimed that "Red" had

crossed the line thethe night after Ojeda'sOjeda's attackattack toto obtainobtain

more ammunition forfor hishis troops.troopso otherOther probably more realistic

friends said simply thatthat "Red" had always been subject to an

50Ibid., 18, 50Ibid• , May 18, 1911. 51Ibid., 51Ibid., May 19, 1911.

-52Ibid.,52Ibid., May27, 1911. 53Ibid., 11,1911. 53Ibid• , June 11, 1911. 72 overpowering thirst thatthat only American whiskey couldcould quench,quench, and this afflictionaffliction had causedcaused his downfall.54

No real fighting took place onon Douglas's borderborder during the year 1912, but DouglasDougla s residents had toto read theirtheir news-news papers carefully toto keep up withwith thethe intricaciesintricacies ofof theirtheir southern neighbor's politicalpolitical adventuresadventures (and(and mis-mis-adventures) adventures).0

No soonersooner had Madero takentaken somesome kind of control than sonoraSonora became involved withwith PascualPascual OrozcoOrozco andand hishis "red"red flaggers,"naggers," and Agua Prieta was, by July, 1912,1912, thethe base forfor aa Madero11adero army under GeneralGeneral Blanco.Blanco. This armyarmy waswas in the fieldfield searchsearch- ing forfor a strong force of Orozco rebels reportedly headedheaded forfor 55 Agua Prieta.55Pr·1.e ta. To strengthen his positionposi tion in Sonora,sonora, Madero sent a personal representative named GaribaldiGaribaldi north56to recruit another army for hishis government.government. Garibaldi tooktook up headquarters inin DouglasDouglas and began acceptingaccepting enlistmentsenlistments forfor his army,arroyo He was offeringoffering twotwo pesospesos aa dayday toto thosethose whowho caredcared 57 to follow Madero's banner.57banner. Even thoughthough theythey upheldupheld thethe same government, thethe federal authorities at Agua PrietaPrieta looked upon Garibaldi with jealousjealous suspicionsuspicion andand hinderedhindered his recruiting inin anyany way possible.possible. By July 99 GaribaldiGaribaldi became discouraged with his tasktask and,and, afterafter notifying hishis chief, he turnedturned thethe hundred oror soso men hehe hadhad recruitedrecruited overover

54Ibid., 54Ibid., May 27,27, 1911,19110 55Ibid., 55Ibid., July 11,11, 1912.1912. 56This 56This was probably ColonelColonel Garibaldi,Garibaldi, thethe sonson ofof thethe Italian liberator,liberator, whowho waswas aa strongstrong supportersupporter ofof Madero.Maderoo 57Ibid., 57Ibid., July�uly 2,2, 1912.1912. �J 1� , 73

to the AguaAgua Prieta garrison to be used as part of that force.58f'orceo58

Madero also had hired a number of American detectives

to keep him informed of Orozco's activities on thethe Unitedunited

statesStates sideside of thethe border.border. Severalseveral of these Madero secretsecret

service men appeared in Douglas and keptkept a constant watch

on any known Orozco operativesoperatives inin town.town. The Gadsden Hotel

was theirtheir headquarters, according toto the Dispatch, and a

variavariationtion of the game "hide'hide and seek" could bebe wawatchedtched atat

almost anyany hourhour inin thethe hotel'shotel's lobby.59lObby.59

In caseoase Orozco did make a determined efforteffort toto wrestwrest

Agua Prieta away from the II�aderoMadero federals, the UniUnitedted statesStates

Army authorities at Fort Bliss sentsent toto DouglasDouglas equipmentequipment

sufficient forfor fivefive hundredhundred soldiers.soldiers. This was toto be used

if any serious trouble developed acrossacross thethe lineline whichwhich calledcalled 60 for a quickquick reinforcement ofof Douglas.60Douglas.

American mining men werewere stillstill inin Sonora,sonora, butbut atat somesome; risk, especially the prospectors who worked lonely claims below the border.bordero George Schubert and John Hartling were such prospectors from Douglas who worked a smallsmall minemine easteast of Cos, Sonora, aboutabout sixtysixty-five -five milesmiles southsouth ofof AguaAgua Trieta.Prieta.

News reached Douglas on July 3131 thatthat both of thesethese men had

58Ibid., 58�.J July 9,9, 1912,1912. 59Ibid., 59Ibid• , July 13,13, 1912.1912. 6Olbid., 60�., July 19,19, 1912.1912. 74

been found hanging from the bough of a tree nearnear their cla1m.61claim.61

Their deaths probably camecame at the hands ofof aa rovingroving bandband of

bandits, butbut nothing concreteconcrete has ever been learned about thethe

deaths.

The same issueissue of thethe Dispatch thatthat reported thethe pros-pros pectors'pectors* deaths contained anan editorial asking for UnitedUnited statesStates

intervention inin Mexico.l;,�exico. A request echoed inin many quartersquarters but successfully resisted by President WilsonWilson untiluntil 1916.1916.

By thethe fallfall ofof 19151915 thethe shiftingshifting windswinds ofof Mexico'sMexico's manymany - factioned civil strife were again blowing northward. Experien-Experien

Cingcing a growing pressure from thethe South,south, with GeneralGeneral DiéguezDieguez heading aa, CarranzaCarranza army,army, andand fromfrom thethe East,East, wherewhere oneone-armed -armed

General Alvaro ObregónObregon waswas leadingleading his Carrancistas,carrancistas, VillaVilla began a slowslow move towardtoward Sonora-Sonora--the -the onlyonly routeroute not effec-effec tively blocked by his enemies.

Douglas paperspapers began givinggiving more andand moremore spacespace toto

Villa's movements.movements. From Septemberseptember on throughthrough thethe fallfall months,months, an unnatural situations I tuation developed 'onon oppositeopposi te sides of the international line.lineo Douglas citizenscitizens continuedcontinued calmlycalmly toto perform theirtheir regular taskstasks andand mundanemundane pursuitspursuits whilewhile thethe refugeerefugee-swelled -swelled popUlationpopulation ofof AguaAgua FrietaIrieta becamebecame feverish with thethe realization thatthat soonsoon theirtheir towntown waswas toto becomebecome aa hotly contested battleground.

The population of Agua Prieta (along(along withwith mostmost ofof . sonora)Sonora) fearedfeared Villa'sVilla's advance,advance, asas mostmost ofof thethe MexicansI.:exicans

61zbìd., 61Ib1do, July 31,31, 1912.19120 75

along this sectionsection of thethe border favored Carranza'sCarranzats govern-govern

ment andand protection.pr-o tecta on , This feeling was bolstered by thethe fact that Carranza expected early unitedUnited statesStates approval for 62 his government and aa favoredfavored positionposition withwith PresidentPresident Wilson.Wilson.

The'The UnitedUnited statesStates government showedshowed its firstfirst sign of uneasiness over Villa's move towardtoward SonoraSonora whenwhen itit notified,notified,

in mid-september,mid- September, allall UnitedUnited statesStates consuls toto recommend thethe

immediate evacuation of United statesStates citizens living in

Sonora. The consuls were also toto leaveleave ata t theirtheir ownown discre-discre- 63 tion.63tion. Since most ofof thethe AmericansAmericans inin SonoraSonora werewere employedemployed by mining companies,companies, thisthis governmentgovernment orderorder hadhad littlelittle effect;effect; the miningmining companies wouldwould give the signalsignal forfor evacuationevacuation

when further work seemedseemed impossible.Lmpoaa fb Le , A sensesense ofof safetysafety was provided byby thethe northnorth-south -south railwayrailway extending from Nacozari to Douglas--assuringDouglas -- assuringa aquick quickwithdrawal withdrawal toto UnitedUnited statesStates soilosoil.

On septemberSeptember 25, General Calles designadesignatedted Agua Prieta as the concentrationconcentration point for all Carranza troops in northern sonora,64Sonora,ó4 leaving the variousvarious miningmining towns (such as Moctezuma and Nacozari) toto thethe southsouth unprotectedunprotected againstagainst a Villa attack.attack. Calles intendedintended that Agua Prieta shouldsho�ld be his main pointpoint ofof defense,defense, knowingknowing wellwell thatthat thethe town'stown's

62JamesA. lvIagher,Magner, Men Men ofof MexicoMexico (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1942)1942) p.p. 507.507. 63Douglas 63nouglas Daily Dispatch, Septemberseptember 16,16, 1915.1915. 64Calles 64ca11es and Maytorena hadhad earlier agreedagreed thatthat thethe Carranza forcesforces couldcould holdhold AguaAgua PrietaPrieta ifif MaytorenaMaytorena werewere allowed toto holdhold Nogales. (United statesStates War Department, Annual {United , Department, Report: 1915,1915, Vol.Vol. I,I, p.p. 151.)151.} 76 proximity to Douglas on unitedUnited statesStates soilsoil wouldwould effectively hamper any attacking force.rorceo Ten thousand refugees--men,refugees-men, women andand childrenchildren--crowded -- crowded intointo thethe MexicanMexican borderborder city and 65 the streetsstreets were covered nightly with their sleepingforms.65forms.

In addition to the hordes ofof refugees,refugees, GeneralGeneral callesCalles succeeded in concentratingooncentrating about four thousandthousand men underunder hishis commandcommand 66 at Agua Prieta.Prieta.ó6 These troops werewere busily erecting a system of earthworks and barbed wire entanglements that fanned out from the border on bobothth sides of thethe' town. To hold his posiposi- tion, Calles had sixsix threethree-inch -inch fieldfield gunsguns andand approximatelyapproximately thirty machinemachine guns with plenty ofof ammunition067arrunition.67

The loss of Calles's troopstroops plusplus thethe knowledgeknowledge thatthat

Villa was definidefinitelytely on the movemove decideddecided the sonoraSonora miningmining companies to taketake action.action. All of theirtheir American employeesemp�oyees were ordered out,out, andand thethe traintrain running fromfrom NacozariNacozari waswas loade�loaded with refugees heading for thethe safetysafety ofof Douglas.Douglas.

Train service was then discontinued until such a time when the situation would again permitpermit·favorable favorable operation.68operation.58

From all points to thethe' south, Mexicans continued toto stream into AguaAgua Prieta,Prieta, swelling the town's populationpopulation another three thousand by October 15.150 Unitedunited Statesstates Consulconsul

Simpach, watching developments from his office in the MexicanMexican

65Douglas65noug1as Daily Dispatch, October 3,3, 1915.1915. 66Ibid., 66Ibid., October 5,1915.

67Ib1d.,67Ibid., October 14,.14,1915.1915 •

. 68Ibld.,68Ibid., October 14, 1915. - 77 town, caughtcaught somesome ofof thethe worriedworried population'spopulation's anxietyanxiety andand publicly expressed a fear thatthat Douglas,D�ug1as, too,too, mightmight wellwell expect a shelling.59shelling.69 Villa's name waswas becomingbecoming an increasingly unpopularunpopular oneone toto residentsresidents on·onbothboth sidessides ofo� thethe line.line.

Douglas had had for somesome timetime thethe servicesservices of'of aa

Villista agency, locatedlocated inin thethe First National BankBank Building.Building.

But thethe increasingincreasing antian ti-Villa -Villa feeling,feeling, coupled withwi th thethe general expectation for anan early approvalapproval ofof Carranza,carranza, 70 caused this agency quietly'erUiErtly' toto closeclose itsits doorsdoors onon OctoberOctober 15.15.70

When�'lhen thethe uniUnitedted Statesstates recognitionreccgnf tion ofof' CarranzaCarranza becamebecame official on October 19, the Mexicans celebrated with such typical LatinLatin abandon that manymany DouglasDouglas reSidents,residents, hearinghearing the uproar,uproar, decided that the expectedexpected attackattack onon AguaAgua PrietaPrieta 71 had begun�71begun. Carranza supporters had good reason forfor cele-cele bration as the Unitedunited states,States, while enforcing a strict arms embargo on all Villistas, was allowing Carranzacarranza the oppor-oppor tunity to purchase supplies inin thethe United States.72states.72 suchSuch concessions, plus more soon to come,come, were goinggoing toto causecause

Villa a great deal of grief.grief.

All the news was not good, however, for the residents ofor AgueAgua Prieta and Douglas learnedlearned that a force of yaquisMaquis

69Ibid.,October 15, 1915. 69Ibid• , October 15, 1915. 70Ibid., Octoberc tober 16, 1915,1915. 70Ibid• , o 16, 71Ibid.,October 20, 1915. 71Ibid. , October 20, 1915.

72L7agner,72Magner, oop.. cit., p. 507;507; J. Fred Rippy, TheThe Unitedunited Statesstates and Mexico (NewNew York:York: AlfredAlfred A.A. Knopf,Knopf, 1926)1926), ,p. 340.340. 78

had occupied Naco (only(only a littlelittle overover twentytwenty milesmiles toto thethe

west) inin Villa's name on thethe same day that the arms embargo

was lifted.lif'tedo The entire MexicanMexican pcpuLapopulationtion of Naco fled

before thethe fiercefierce yaquisYaquis and were allowed to enter thethe

sanctity ofof UnitedUnited Statesstates soilsOil--rorestalling -- forestalling anyany possiblepossible recriminations becausebecause ofof antianti-Villa -Villa sympathies.73sympathieso73

With a Villa force inin controlcontrQl ofof Naco onlyonly aa fewrew milesmiles

to the west, anxious eyes were now turned toto thethe southeast,

out of which camecame reports ofof Villa's advanceadvance withwith anan armyarmy 74 of approximately eight thousand.thousand. Only thirtythirty-five -five milesmiles

separated the townstowns from this advancing force byby OctoberOctober 24.7524.75

The situation was beginning to jelljell as a battle now seemed both imminentimminent andand inevitable.inevitable. The United Statesstates

Army waswas making allall preparationspreparations possiblepossible toto protectprotect DouglasDouglas citizens and theirtheir property.property. commandingCommanding these unitedUnited Statesstates troops was General ThomasThomas F.F. Davis.Davis. Luckily for GeneralGeneral

Davis, thethe United Statesstates authoritiesauthorities werewere alarmedalarmed enoughenough overover the local situation toto give him considerable leeway inin anyany actions he deemeddeemed necessary forfor Douglas'sDouglas t s protection.protection. Even permission to cross thethe internationalinterna tional border andand activelyactively assist Calles inin beating offoff anyany attackattack hadhad beenbeen given.togiven,to

Davis, if the situationsituation became critical.critical. George Carothers,carothers, a special stateState Department agent, had requestedrequested such permission

73Douglas 73nouglas Daily Dispatch, OctoberOctober 22,22, 1915.19150 74There �4There were onlyonly 6,5006 500 inin Villa'sVillals armyarmy according toto Nathaniel andand Sylvia Weyl The Reconquest of'TIexicoot'�rexj,co (New(New York: Oxford , Oxford UniversityUniversity Press,weyi!i939)9S9),Recon�uestp. bW.• 75Douglas 75nouglas Daily Dispatch, October 24,24, 1915.19150 79

'76 to be given.76given.

With Agua Prieta strongly fortified on all herher sidessides

except thethe one bordering onon thethe United States,states, therethere waswas

a definite danger thatthat Villa might trytry toto skirtskirt farfar enoughenough

north intointo United Statesstates territoryterritory toto attackattack fromfrom thisthis

unprotectedunpr-otiec ted angle.angle. In case of any such aattemptttempt on Villa's

part, the United States artillery was ordered toto blastblast away, par-t , the United states artillery ordered away,

and to dis'couragediscourage "furtherfurther any actionaction on UnitedUni ted Statesstates soil,soil,

a twotwo-mile -mile trenchtrench waswas dugdug easteast andand westwest alongalong thethe borderline

about fiftyfifty yards insideinside UnitedUnited Statesstates territory.territory.

The end of October sawsaw DouglasDouglas swarmingswarming withwith troops-troops- -

over sixsix thousandthousand inin all.all. In addition to fivefive infantry

regir.entsr-e gtraents (not(not allall fullfull strength),strength), GeneralGeneral Davis'sDavis's command

also includedincluded thethe Ninth CavalryCavalry andand thethe Sixthsixth FieldField Artil-Artil lery.77

The United Statesstates seemedseemed willing toto engageengage inin aa vio-vio- lation of itsits neutrality toto helphelp CarranzaCarranza dealdeal VillaVilla aa knockout blow in Sonora for, with ObregónObregon doingdoing thethe negotia-negotia-

ting, Carranza gained permission toto bond aa strongstrong armedarmed forceforce through United Statesstates territory.territory. This permission assured a

quick easy passage for Obregón'sObregon's force fromfrom PiedrasFiedras NegrasNegras

to Agua Prieta over the rails of thethe Southernsouthern PacificPacific andand

the El Paso and Southwestern lines.lines. While Villa's men exhausted themselvesthemselves onon longlong arduousarduous marchesmarches acrossacross ChihuahuaCtiihuahua

7- 7�Ibido, October 27,27, 1915.1915. 77Ibid., 77Ibid., October 30,30, 1915.1915. 80 78' and Sonora, Obreg6nObregon watched and waited untiluntil thethe VillistasVillistas neared theirtheir goalgoal andand thenthen shippedshipped hishis freshfresh troops.troops.

While Un1Unitedted Statesstates. Army.Army patrolspa trols kept a close watch on the ElEl Paso and Southwesternsouthwestern lineline inin casecase anyany sabotagesabotage attemptsattempts

, were tried by Villa sympathizers, Obregon'sObregón's force, three thousand strong with sixteen artillery pieces, arrived toto bolster 79 Agua Prieta'sdefense.79defense.

Eyeing thethe helplesshelpless massesmasses ofof nonnon-combatants -combatants crowdedcrowded inside Agua Prieta, unitedUnited Statesstates authorities made plansplans forfor their evacuation. Just before any shootingshooting developed,developed, thethe plan was toto march thethe refugeesrefugees underunder guardguard toto aare-location re- location site in Pirtleville (just(just northwestnorthwest ofof Douglas.)Douglas.) This camp would beebe operatedoperated underunder guardguard untiluntil Ag�aAgua PrietaPrieta was againagain 80 safe.80safe.

With the fires ofot Villa'sVillats armyarmy visiblevisible toto DouglasDouglas onon the nightnight of October 31, all last minute preparations were made. unitedUnited Statesstates troopstroops occupiedoccupied thethe trenchtrench justjust northnorth of the border, all thethe artilleryartillery pieces werewere unlimbered,unlimbered,

780f.78 cr , Weyl, op. cit.,oit., pp.pp. 50-1:50-1: "Horses and officers were drowneddrowned crossingcrosslng unbridgedunbridged streamsstreams inin thethe sierra.sierra. Often the army lived on wild goatsgoats and butchered thethe dying pack mules and horses.horses. After thethe: descent from thethe sierra,sierra, Villa'sVilla's men traversedtraversed gleaminggleaming deserts,deserts, roastingroasting splitsplit cactuscactus leavesleaves rorfor food, toto arrivearrive before Agua FrietaPrieta fatigued,fa tigued, thirsty,thirsty, andand lean as spectres."spectres." 79Douglas 79nouglas Daily Dispatch, October 28,28, 1915.1915. 80 =bid., 80Ib1d., October 31,31, 1915.1915. 81 ammunition suppliessupplies broachedbroaohed andand caissonscaissons filledfilled--Douglas -- Douglas was readylready;

Hoping toto avoidavoid casualtiescasualties causedcaused byby thethe overover-curious -curious of Douglas's civiliancivilian population,population, GeneralGeneral DavisDavis cancelledcanoelled all passes toto the border area andand issuedissued thethe followingfollowing proolamationproclamation inin warning:warning:

"I wish you wouldwould requestrequest everyevery man,man, woman,woman,and and child in Douglas toto remain off the streets andand inin their homes inin thethe event ofof fighting across thethe border. Tell them to get behind adobe walls and not trusttrust wooden ones.ones. The penetration ofof aa highhigh power rifle ball isis tootoo greatgreat forfor anyany reliancereliance toto be placedplaced onon wood.wood.n8l "81

One enterprising newsman tooktook advantage ofof thisthis lulllull before battle to approach Villa'sVilla's campsite.campsite. Once there,there, he successfully arranged an interviewinterview with thethe colorfulcolorful commander. The mostmost noteworthy outcomeoutcome of this interview was Villa's reaction toto thethe news of Agua Yrieta'sPrieta's recent reinforcement over thethe AmericanAmerican rail line.line.

""'Is'Is iti t reallyreally so·SO? ?'' "--Villa"- -Villa waswas incredulous'.incredulous. The newsman assured him itit was so. This caused thethe infuriatedinfuriated

Villa toto burst out, "'Then,tt Then II amam throughthrough withwith thethe Uniteduni ted

States.states. I am throughthrough with Americans.Americans. I'll fight mymy own bat,tles,battles, let them (the(the Unitedunited States)states) fightfight theirs',"theirs""

Later,Later J after hishis' rage had cooled somewhasomewhat,t, villaVilla was heard 82 to volunteer, "'Well'''Well moneymoney diddid it.it. 0. •. moneymoney did it.itot,,82

With newspaper reports estimatingestimating Carranzacarranza hadhad paidpaid

81Ibid., 81Ibid., October 31, 1915.1915. 82Ibid.,82lbid., October 31,31, 1915.1915. (Extra(Extra Edition)Edition) 82

$400,000 (Mexican)(Mexican) in gold for the privilege of using thethe

American railroads, Villa'sVilla's observationobservation hadhad thethe ringring ofof truth.83

• The Villistas werewere weakweak fromfrom thirstthirst andand hunger-hunger-- - it seemed thatthat they had absolutelyabsolutely no water forfor men oror horses. With AgueAgua Prieta thethe closest source ofof foodfood andand supplies, thethe attack was to be carriedcarried through. With almost tenten thousandthousand wellwell-armed -armed menmen behindbehind her entrenchments,

Agua Prieta was no easy objective, and Villa mustmust havehave knownknown thisothis.

By one P. M. thethe Villista artillery waswas brought intointo firing posipositiontion justjust east of AguaAgua Prieta. The firstf'irst un- corrected rounds from thethe assault guns werewere thrownthrown harm-harm lessly over the town,town, exploding inin an open areaarea toto thethe west.84west.84

These first shots served as a signalsignal toto evacuate Agua PrietatsPrieta's civilian population, and the samesame reports calledcalled forthforth most of Douglas's adultadult populationpapulation toto prepre-arranged -arranged vantage pointspOints on roof topstops andand otherother elevatedelevated positionspositions--field --field glassesglasses werewere at a premium thisthis daysdaYl

correctingCorrecting theirtheir aim, Villa's gunnersgunners beganbegan lobbinglobbing shells into Agua Prieta, receiving anan answeringanswering firefire fromfrom

Calles'sCa11es's artillery.For twotwo hourshours a brisk artilleryartillery duelduel was kept up between thethe twotwo positions.85positions.85 Luckily thethe lineline of fire was parallel withwith thethe internationalinternational line,line, soso thatthat

83Ibid., 83Ibid., October 21,21, 1915.1915. 848andomingo, 84sandomingo, OPeop. cit.,cit., p.p. 173.173. 85Ib1d•85Ibid. 83

no shells fell intointo Douglaso86Douglas.86

Breaking off the engagement, VillaVilla waited the few hours

until darkness before tryingtrying hishis attack. The barrage had

done little toto knock outout thethe elaborateelaborate entanglements sur-sur- rounding AguaAgua Prieta'sPrietats entrenchments.entrenchments. At eighteight P. hloM. Villa

began anan attackattack inin forceforce alongalong thethe easterneastern flankflank ofof thethe

, , 87 town defended by a force under LázaroLazaro Cárdenas.87cardenas. In hopes

of diverting somesome- thethe defenders*defenders' fire,fire, VillaVilla sentsent smallsmall forces against other points alo�galong the line simultaneously

- 88 with his main thrustthrust from thethe east.88east. This strategy failed utterly as a hail of rifle firefire met Villa'sVillats mainmain thrust,thrust, forcing aa retreat inin shortshort order.ordere The searchlights mounted

inside thethe towntown putput thethe attackersattackers atat aa greatgreat disadvantage-disadvantage- - blinding themthem asas theythey triedtried toto rushrush thethe trenches,trenches, itit mademade their bodies stand out against thethe black night as perfectperfect 89 targets forfor thethe wellwell dugdug-in -indefenders.89defenders.

Regrouping hishis forces,forces» VillaVilla againagain made:made: ready for anan attack, andand at tenten P.P. M. thethe chargecharge waswas orderedordered forward.forwardo

Again thethe blinding searchlights and barbed wire slowed the attackers, causing heavy casualties.casualtieso Calles had anotheranother surprise for Villa which he nownow usedused withwith effect.effect. PowerfulFowerful

86;7eyl, 86TIeyl, OPeop. cit., p.p. 5.50 8787c�rdenas, Cardenas, whowho laterlater becamebecame presidentpresident of t�xico,Mexico, deserteddeserted the Villa cause during l�arch,March, 19151915 andand marched intointo AguaAgua prieta,prieta, adding 450 men toto Cailes'sCallests force.force. (Ibid., p. 49.)49.) 88Sandomingo, 88sandomingo, OPeop. cit., p.p. 173.173.

89Weyl89weyl contendscontends thatthat thethe searchlightssearchlights belongedbelonged toto thethe United Statesstates troopstroops andand werewere mountedmounted onon UnitedUnited Statesstates soil.soil. (Weyl,(;feyl, OPeop. cit.,cit., p. 51.)510) 84 mines, controlledcontrolled by electric fuses, had been buried in front of thethe trenches.trenches. As thethe attackersattackers neared,neared, thethe wireswires were chargedcharged andand thethe explodingexploding mines felledfelled manymany ofof thethe

V111istaso90Villistas.90This second attack endedended inin completecomplete failure.failure.

No more attacksattacks were triedtried thatthat night, but thethe town was subjected to a heavy bombardment.bombardmento The searchlights kept up their work and anan occasional round from thethe defenders'defenders' artillery kept thethe besiegers atat aa safesafe distance.distance. After threethree 91 A. M. bothboth forcesforces fellfell silentsilent andand awaitedawaited thethe dawn.91dawn.

ASAs the first lightlight broke overover thethe battlefield, itit couldcould be seenseen thatthat thethe grenades,grenades, artillery,artillery, landmineslandmines andand riflerifle firefire had done theirtheir workwork well.wello Dead horses and broken bodies were 92 piled in front ofof thethe entanglements.92entanglements. The Villistas had sufrer'edsuffered greatly in comparison to Agua Prieta'sPrieta r s defenders,defenders, whose west flank waswas almostalmost untoucheduntouched whilewhile thethe southsouth andand

. 93 east flanks sufferedsuffered onlyonly lightlight casualties.casualties.

As the sun climbed higher, Villa's men became mad withwith thirst. There was no water available forfor thesethese troopstroops except dirty drainage water from thethe smelter.smelter. Directly on the boundary line stoodstood an old customcustom slaughterslaughter househouse (on(on

United Statesstates territory)territory) which was being used by United statesStates

90 90Sandomingo,Sandomingo, OPeop. cit., p. 173.173. 91lbid., 91Ibid., p. 174.174.

92A stench from thethe unburied deaddead hunghung over Douglas for days following this battle. (Nichols, Personal Interview,Interview, May, 1951.)1951.) 93Sandomingo, 93Sandom1ngo, OPeop. cit.,cit.� p.p. 174.174. 85

Army officers as an observation post. Wounded and dying

Mexicans kept limpinglimping and crawlingcrawling up toto thisthis structurestructure begging thethe Americans for waterwater fromfrom a taptap insideinside thethe building.94

The heavy casualtiescasualties ofat yesterday had discourageddiscouraged Villa,Villa, and no allall-out -out aattacksttaclcs werewere triedtried throughoutthroughout the day ofof

November 2.2. One young Villista, Romero Salvador, kept aa diary in which he wrote of thethe unsuccessful night attacks.attackso

His own commanding officer, Lt. colonelColonel Escuedero,Escuedero, waswas gravely wounded�wounded, so Salvadorsalvador spentspent November 22 andand 33 inin nursingnursing hishis commander.95

With every passing hour, Villa's forceforce became weakerweaker from thirstthirst and hunger, and thethe will toto fightfight waswas allall butbut gone. During thethe night of November 3, Villa beganbegan aa retreatretreat toward NacoNaco without making another attemptattempt at stormingstorming

Agua Prieta'sPrietats strong defenses.defenses. Salvador'ssalvador's diarydiary noted thatthat as they made ready toto retreat, hishis colonelcolonel dieddied "where"where somesome 96 dirty water ran from thethe smeltersmelter on thethe otherother side."side." This same dirty water caused great sickness andand death amongamong thethe men who had drunk from it.97 Villa's dead litteredlittered thethe battlefield. Sandomingo conservativelyconservatively estimatedestimated Villa'sVilla's deaddead atat

94Robert9�obert Eichelberger, OurOur Jungle Road toto TokyoTokyo (New York: The Viking Press, 1950),1950), p.p. XTaXI. 95Ron 95Roneroro Salvador,salvador, "Diary.""Diary. tt 96Ibid.96Ibido -

97Sandorningo,97sandomingo, OPeop. cit., p. 174.174. 86

223;8 but Weyl claimedclaimed thatthat Villa lost 2,000 soldierssoldiers (which(which

seems improbable.)99

For all his anger and frustration at thethe: United States,states,

Villa made no attemptattempt toto firefire onon Douglas.Douglas. Onlyonly stray-riflestray'rifle

fire found itsits wayway intointo thethe AmericanAmerican community.communityo One unitedUnited

statesStates soldier waswas killed,100kllled,lOO while thethe civilian population

suffered only a few flesh woundswounds among itsits members.memberso The

easteast-west -west firefire angleangle consistentlyconsistently keptkept betweenbetween the twotwo-n�xi- Mexi-

can forces resulted inin thesethese low casualtiescasualties on thethe DouglasDouglas

side.

The Sunday after thethe battlebattle was a picnicpicnic forfor thethe morbid

and curious ofof Douglas'sDouglas's population.population. Descending upon thethe

battlefield,ba t tl,efield, thethe crowdscrowds ofof AmericansAmericans thoroughlythoroughly scouredscoured thethe

whole area forfor souveniers.souveniers. The Dispatch reported thatthat

souvenier-souvenier-hunters hunters collectedcollected everythingeverything from unexploded shrap-shrap

nel shells toto bits ofof clothingclothing offoff deaddead soldiers.101soldiers.lOl

With Villa onon thethe run, Obreg6nObregon was anxious toto pursuepursue

and crushcrush hishis mortal enemyenemy (Obregón(Obregon lostlost anan armarm inin anan earlierearlier

battle with Villa.)Villa.) Several daysdays after VillaVilla retreatedretreated

toward Naco, Obregon,Obreg6n, travelingtraveling on United Statesstates soilsoil inin

98lbid.98Ibid•

99C,iey1,99weyl, op.OPe cit.,cit., p.p. 51.51. 100Corporal 100corporal Harry Jones of thethe 18th InfantryInfantry dieddied from a wound received while guarding an ammunition wagon that stood behind thethe United Statesstates trenchtrench extendingextending alongalong thethe border.border. Later Douglas'sDouglas's armyarmy campcamp waswas namednamed inin hishis honor-honor--Camp -Camp Harrynarry Jones.Jones. (Douglas Daily Dispatch, November 4,4, 1915.)1915.)

101Ibid., NovemberNovember 9, 1915.1915. lOlIb1do,- 9, 87 the comfort and safety of a private car carried by the El PasoPaso and southwestern,Southwestern, arrived in DoUglas.102Douglas.102 Establishing his headquarters in Agua Prieta, Obreg6nObregon completed his campaign plans and onon November 1515 he rode out of Agua Prieta atat thethe head ofot 6,5006,500 troopstroops inin pursuit of Villa's army,103army.103

About 1,500 troopstroops were leftleft in Agua Prieta by Obreg6nObregon as aa rear guard,guard, andand aa fewfew daysdays laterlater anotheranother strongstrong forceforce. . of about four thousand ObregonistasObregonistas_ arrived inin Douglas onon the El Paso and Southwestern.southwestern. These troopstroo�s had comecome from

Piedras Negras and were toto be used toto cutcut offoft anyany possiblepossible 104 Villa retreat toto thethe west.west,104

This lastlast trooptroop movement was Douglas's finalfinal scenescene in the Villa-ObregonVilla-Obregan struggle.struggle. Although thethe battle forfor SonoraSonora raged on for awhile before thethe remnants of VillarsVilla's brokenbroken force fledfled back intointo Chihuahua, thethe borderborder areaarea aroundaround DouglasDouglas was free fromfrom anyany moremore disturbances.disturbanceso President Wilson con-con tinued watchfully to wait, however, and Douglas remained as a base for United Statesstates troopstroops guardingguarding thethe border.border. General

Robert EichelbergerEiehelberger summedsummed upup thethe eventsevents ofof November,November, 1915,1915, as a possibpossiblele forerunner:rorerunner for Villa'sVilla t a famous Columbus,Columbus, New

Mexico raid somesome monthsmonths later.later. It was of the United States'states' active support ofof Carranza'sCarranza's causecause atat AguaAgua PrietaDieta thatthat thethe

102Ir id., l02Ibid• J November 6, 1915.1915. - 6,

l03Ibid.103Ibid.,, November 16, 1915.1915. --- 16, 104Ibid., November 23, 1915, , November 23, 1915. l04rbid.;;;;--- 88

general wrote:wrote:

ttpancho"Pancho VillaVilla took this kindkind of neutralityneutrality in bad part and paid off his grudge thethe following spring when he made his celebrated raid on Colum-Colum bus, New Mexico. This incidentincident ledled in turnturn toto Pershing's difficult punitivep�nitive expeditionexpedition intointo ourour neighboring republic.ttl05republic."�05

Douglas again �oundfound herself on the rrontierfrontier of a revorevo-

lution during 1920.1920. Demonstrating her military and political power in Mexican affairs, Sonora headed aa revolution thatthat

swept a presidentpresident fromfrom hishis chairchair ofof governmentgovernment andand placed.placed.

Sonora'ssonora's own governorgovernor onon thatthat precariousprecarious seatseat ofof authority.authority.

An ostensible quarrel over Sonora's states rightsrights waswas nothingnothing

, more than a covercover used byby Obregon'sObreg&n's friendsfriends in overthrowingoverthrowing

Carranza and making ready toto raise ObregónObregon toto thethe presidencypresidency at thethe next election.106

Plutarco CallesCalles waswas thethe military leaderleader ofof thethe revolu-revolu tion, while Adolfo de la Huerta, Sonora's governor, was itsits political head.head. On April 10, 1920, Agua Prieta'sPrietats customscustoms house was quietlyquie tly seizedseized by thethe Sonora revolutionaries.

WiWithth all of Agua Prieta'sPrietats population solidlysolidly behindbehind Calles'sCalles's leadership, plans were mademade forfor callingcalling allall able-able-bodied bodied menmen 107 intoin t0 a mmilitiailit'1a tot a aida1'd' inIn resistingres i"t'sIng Carranza.107Carranza.

Within a week, eight hundred sonoraSonora troops arrivedarrived to

105105yichelber, Eichelberger,ger, op. cit.,ci t., p.p , XI.XI. 106Weyl, lOeWeYl, op. cit.,ci t., p. 61; Hudson Strode,strode, Timeless Mexicol\:exico (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1944)1944) p. g60.260. 107Douglas l07nouglas Daily Dispatch, AprilApril 11,11, 1920.19200 89 reinforce Agua prieta,l08Prieta,108 and these troops werewere soon followed 109 by aa yaqui forceforce numberingnumbe�ing fourfour hundred.hundred.109 General Callescalles arrived on thethe border ApriiApril 2121 toto taketake personalpersonal commandcommand ofof his troops.110

There areare nono doubtsdoubts thatthat CarranzaCarranza waswas w.ow .. o.rrrn iLe'd e'd ooverv er .' affairs inin Sonora asas he sentsent personalpersonal peace delegatesdelegates fromfrom

Mexico CityCity toto DouglasDouglas toto arrangearrange talkstalks withwith Calles.111calles.lll

The revolution was spreadingspreading andand with everyevery passingpassing dayday

Carranza's positionposit�on grewgrew more perilous. His plea toto thethe

United Statesstates was flatly turnedturned down when he asked permission to send federal troops from El Paso to Douglas over American 112 territory (a(a trick he used soso effectivelyeffectively againstagainst Villa.)Villa.)

Calles tooktook no notice of any attempts atat negotiation, and on April 23 thethe principlesprinCiples of thethe Sonorasonora revolution werewere setse t down on paper and signeds i gne·d by the state'ss ta te 's foremostforemos t officialsofficials businessmen and military leaders.113leaders.ll3 Called thethe Plan de Agua

Prieta, itsits essence was thethe demanddemand for CarranzatsCarranza's removalremoval and the appointment of a provisionalprovisional presidentpresident untiluntil aa regu-regu lar election couldcould bebe held.ll4held.114

108108Ibid., b.d April 17,17 1920. ..L.2:...... , April " 109Ibid., 1920. 109Ibid• , April 18,18, 1920.

110Ibid.,April 21,1920. l10..!.!!!.!. , April 21, 111Ibid., lllIbid., April 24,24, 1920. 112Ibid., 112Ib1d., April 18,18, 1920. 113gandomingo, l13Sandomingo, op.OPe cit.,cit., p.p. 210.210. 114aey1 1�4Weyl called the Plan de Agua Prieta a "sterile"sterile and (op. cit., p. 61.) pompous document.TMdocument." (OPe Cit., p. 61.) 90

Carranza's federal troops made one feeble passpass atat

Agua Prieta, the centercenter ofof thethe Sonora revolt, but thisthis abortive attack was met and easily turnedturned back atat Pulpitopulpito 115 Pass south ofof thethe town.town.115 NONo other fighting was reportedreported around this part ofof thethe border.border.

Soon state after,after state reaffirmed the Plan de Agua

Prieta, and asas HudsonHudson StrodeStrode describeddescribed it:it: "the rebellious bands from the north camecame southsouth with aa greatgreat singing,singing, theirtheir army swelledswelled intointo aa tidaltidal wavewave ofof allegianceallegiance toto 0bregón.tt116Obregononl16

Douglas citizenscitizens hadhad enjoyedenjoyed aa firstfirst-hand -hand viewview of thethe formaforma- tion ofof aa politicalpolitical organization whichwhich was to control 11exicoMexico for the next fifteen years.years. Not until LázaroLazaro CárdenasCardenas be-became president and exiled Calles was the control of thethe group finally broken.

There werewere manymany in Mexico who had become dissatisfied with Calles's longlong domination ofof theirtheir country'scountry's politics.politics.

This dissatisfaction broke into an open rebellion againstagainst

President Gil during March, 1929.1929. Characteristically,

Sonora tooktook an active partpart inin thethe revolution withwith FaustoFausto

Topete, Sonora'ssonora's governor,governor, declaring himselfhimself for thethe revo-revo lution as aa protestprotest againstagainst Calles.Calles. A bloodless coup,coup, carried out duringdur'ing the night of March 3, placed Agua PrietaPrieta in the hands ofof rebels. The towntown seemedseemed toto favorfavor thethe

115Douglas 115Douglas Daily Dispatch, April 30,30, 1920.1920. 116Strode, 116strode, op.OPe cit., p.p. 260.260. 91 rebellion and the federal garrison formally joinedjoined thethe revolutionary movement.movement •. General Gonzalo Escobar was named commander of all revolutionaryrevolutionary forces withwith Rogerio Loretto acting as Agua Prieta's local leaderleader under GovernorGOvernor Topete.117Topete.117

There was no immediateimmediate reaction onon thethe UnitedUnited Statesstates side ofof the line other than a request for more troopstroops toto protect Douglas. Both customs houses remained open, asas diddid the unitedUnited Statesstates consulateconsulate inin AguaAgua Prieta.Prieta. The Dispatch reported that local feeling seemed strictly neutralneutral concernconcern- ing the affair.llSaffair.118 GOvernorGovernor Topete was quick to pledge friendship toward thethe United States,states, andand AguaAgua Prieta'sPrieta'S locallocal authorities seemed anxious toto keep thethe locallocal situationsituation underunder a firm and orderly hand.hand. Loretto metmet with United Statesstates

Consul John Jones and Douglas's Police Chiefahier Leslie GatliffGatliff and pledged himself to keep order.119order.ll9 ForFor the nextnext weekweek all went smoothly with no disruption of business,business, communication or transportationtrans.portation between thethe twotwo towns.towns.

By March 1313 Agua Prieta's rebel forcesforces werewere underunder thethe command of a yaquiYaqui named Yocupicio, whosewhose loyaltyloyalty waswas underunder enough suspicion to cause severalseveral of Agua Prieta'sPrieta's rebelrebel officials to flee into Douglas for safety.120safety.l20 Escobar was having his troublestroubles inin Chihuahua,Chihuahua, andand itit lookedlooked asas ifif hehe

117Douglas 117DOuglas Daily Dispatch, March 4,4, 1929.1929.

118Ibid., l18Ibid• � - 119Ibid.,March 5, 1929. 119Ibid. , March 5, 1929. __.

1201bld., March 14,14, 1929.1929 • 120Ibid.,.;;..---

1 92 might soon retreat into Sonora with the federals hot on his heels.121 yocupicioYocupicio continued loyal toto the rebel cause and Agua PrietoPrieta remained quietquiet and orderly.orderly.

More spectacularspe.ctacular thanthan anything happening on the Mexican.Mexican side otof the line was the news that Police Chief Gatliff and

Police Captaincaptain Morris had soldsold twotwo machine gunsguns andand almostalmost forty thousand rounds of ammunition, belonging toto thethe Citycity of Douglas, toto thethe, rebels inin Agua Prieta. The sale was being carefullycarefully investigatedinvestigated byby twotwo specialspecial agentsagents ofof thethe

United statesStates Statestate Department, as it waswas probably that the sale was an infractioninfraction ofof thethe Unitedunited States'states' neutrality.neutralityo

The citycity clerk waswas paid five hundredhundred dollars from thethe salesale by Police Chief GatliffGatliff' on March:March 8.1228.122 Since thethe rebels declared themselvesthemselves on MarchI.larch 3,3, thisthis meant thattha t anyany transae-transae tion afterafter thatthat datedate waswas anan infractioninrraction ofof thethe arrasarms embargo-embargo- - the charge mademade against Gatliff and Morris atat theirtheir arrest on March 2727 by thethe Statestate DepartmentDepartment agents.agents. These agents charged thattha t the sale took place I�IarchMarch 701237.123

The Dispatch took GatliffGatliff' toto task about thethe amountamount he ·turned,turned overover toto thethe citycity clerkclerk asas the result ofof thethe sale.sale.

On investigation,investigation, thethe DispatchDispatch foundfound thatthat thethe probableprobable market valuevalue of thethe gunsguns and ammunition was approximately

121Dscobar 121Escobar was an indolentindolent commandercommander andand thethe revolution was mostly a pursuitpursuit ofof demoralizeddemoralized rebel armiesarmies byby thethe federals. (Weyl,(i'leyl,op. op. cit.,cit., pp.pp , 9191-2.) -2.)

122nouglas122Douglas Daily Dispatch, March 24,24, 1929.1929.

123Ibid., r.:archLarch 28,28, 1929.1929.

J , 93

$3,200.413,200. The priceprice eouldcould easily have been even higher toto aa hard-pressedhard- pressed groupgroup likelike thethe AguaAgua PrietaPrieta rebelrebel garrison.

The evidence pointed strongly toward aa fraudulentfraudulent deal 124 on the police chief's part.

Gatliff and Morris were indictedindicted on April 9,9, 19291929 inin

the Federal District Courtcourt at Ihoenix and theythey were thenthen allowed to raise bonds for their releaseo125release.125 After severalseveral continuances, the indictmentindictment was dismissed onon November 17,17,

. 1930 WIwithout·thaut comingcomIng toto tria1.126.trial.126 SInceSince alla 11 pertinentper t·Inent federalf e dera 1 records are heldheld as confidential,confidential, nono explanationexplanation hasha� everever been given for thethe dismissal ofof thethe case.case. According toto

Percy Bowden, whowho hashas servedserved asas policepolice chiefchief inin yearsyears beforebefore and after Gatliff's arrest, thethe case against thethe pairpair was aa strong one.one. Bowden remembers takingtaking thethe twotwo Statestate DepartmentDepartment agents across thethe lineline andand showingshowing themthem thethe machinemachine gunsguns in question (easily(easily checked by serial numbers.)127

Agua Prieta was stillstill quietqUiet by April 5,5, butbut DouglasDouglas residents were alarmedalarmed overover thethe battlebattle ragingraging inin Naco,Naco, aboutabout twentytwenty-five -five milesmiles to the west.west. On April 6 a Dispatch extra demanded more troopstroops for Douglas's protection.128 Retreat-Retreat -

in the face of heavy federal attacks,attacks, Escobar fledfled intointo

124Ibid., 124Ibid., March 25,25, 1929.1929. 125Clerk 125Clerk United Statesstates DistrictDistrict Court,court, Criminalcriminal Docket,Docket, voloVol. VIII, (Tucson),(Tucson), p.p. 297.297. 126Ibid., 126�., p. 508.508. 127Percy 127Fercy Bowden, PersonalPersonal Interview,Interview, May,1:ay, 1951.1951. 128Douglas 128nouglas Daily Dispatch,Dispatch, AprilApril 6,6, 1929.19290

\ J 94

Sonora and arrived in AgueAgua PrietaPrieta onon AprilApril 9, taking charge

of thethe various rebel groups, includingincluding yocupicio'sYocupiciots Yaquiyaqui

troops andand anan irregularirregular militiamilitia calledcalled thethe ',Black"Black Shirts.,,129Shirts."129

Fortifications werewere erectederected aroundaround thethe town130town130 andand aa forceforce of infantry and cavalrycavalry was stationedstationed at Pulpitorulpito PassPass toto 131 halt thethe federal advance.advanceo

By I\iay,May, two strong federal columns under GeneralGeneral AlmazánAlmazan and GeneralGeneral CárdenasCardenas marched intointo Sonorasonora andand thethe revolutionrevolution

132 � dissolved.dissolved.132General AlmazanAlmazán arriarrivedved in Agua Prieta on Mayrl�ay 55 133 and the revolutionists scatteredsea ttered before him.him. NoNO fightingfi ghting or bloodshed occurredoccurred inin Agua Prieta�rieta fromfrom thisthis briefbrief uprising,uprising, but Naco had seenseen heavy fighting. Escobar was believed toto have slipped across thethe United Statesstates border andand mademade hishis 134 way toto Canada.

Douglas has seen no other attempts at revolution inin

Mexico fromfrom herher frontier position.position. The era of contending forces fighting inin sight of Douglas isis probably gonegone foreverforever as MeXico,Mexico, in her political maturity, has outgrown suchsuch up-up risings.A whole generationgenerati�n ofof DouglasitesDoug1asites watchedwatched thethe

Mexicans strugglingstruggling forfor thisthis maturity,maturity, andand byby usingusing theirtheir

129Ibido,129Ibid., April 10,10, 1929;1929;' Samsam r!estbrook,Westbrook, personal Inter-Inter view, November,NoVer, 1950.1950. 130�.,130Ió., AprilApril 17,17, 1929.1929. l31Ibid., April 18,18, 1929.1929. 131Ibid.,- 132wey1, 132wey1, op. cit.,c1 t., p.p. 93.93.

133133Jandomingo,. 216 • san domlngo, op. cit.,c it ., p. 216. 134jestbrook,134·�lestbrook, Personalpersonal Interview,Interview, May,May, 1950.19500 95 eyes and ears and by reading their local newspapers, thesethese

Douglas residents were privileged in getting an intimate picture of I'vIexico'sMexico's modern polipoliticaltical history,history.

Douglasts relations with l�:exicoMexico have includedincluded somesome interesting episodes not connected with the numerous revo-revo lutionary activities.activitieso One such international incidentincident occurred during 19181918 when a spectacularspectacular holdupholdup acrossacross thethe line shocked Douglas residents intointo a pitchpitch ofof highhigh excite-excitement.mento On December 1, Carlos Caturegli,caturegli, Agua Prieta'sPrietats customscustoms collector, was on his way to HacoNaco acconlJ;)aniedaccompanied by threethree guards 135 and carrying approximately (150,000$150 ,000 (Mexican)(1Iexican) inin gogold135Thel.d , The road onon whichwhich CaturegliCaturegli traveledtraveled toto Naco roughlyroughly parallelsparallels andand is a little toto the south ofof thethe international line.line. Hidden in a narrow defile in thethe road were five masked men armed with rifles.rifleso AsAS Caturegli's carcar neared, thethe holdupholdup men opened fire killing Caturegli andand twotwo guards,guardso The other guard was badly wounded and leftleft forfor dead as thethe banditsbandits jumpedjumped into the car and, after throwing out the bodies, roared on 136 towards Naco.

Severalseveral hours elapsed before thethe woundedwounded guardguard waswas discovered, and by thenthen he was inin no conditioncondition toto givegive anyany details of what had occurred.occurred. United states authorities were alerted andand thethe woundedwounded manman waswas placedplaced inin thethe Unitedunited statesStates Army hospital atat Naco. Although thethe trailtrail waswas cold,cold,

135Sandomingo, 135sandomingo, OPeop. cit., p. 201.2010 136Douglas 130Douglas Daily International, December 2,2, 1918.1918. 96 it seemed certain that the banditsbandits hadhad crossed into the 137

United States.s tate a ,

A posse of unitedUnited statesStates peace officers was quickly formed and trailingtrailing began.began. Night soon halted theirtheir efforts,efforts, however, and gave the bandits many hours advantage over their pursuers. Picking up thethe trail next morning, the posse followedfollowed thethe banditsbandi ts toto aa pointpoint near,near McNeal.?JcNea1. NOwNow on foot, thethe Mexicans were atat a disadvantage,disadvantage, for theythey were outout in the flat expanse of Sulphur springs Valley where they 138 could easily be spotted.spotted.138

Governor Calles no sooner heard of the robbery and murders than he offered a reward of X5,000$5,000 (Mexican)(Mexican) for the 139 group's capture.capture.139 Such an affront to his authority was enough to startstart Callescalles on his wayway towardtoward Agua FrietaTrieta toto

�ireatdirect thethe manhuntm�nhufit personally.�erson�lly.

The American posse camecame uponupon asplita�lit inin thethe bandits'bandits' trail; two of the murderers headed east, while the otherother three's trailtrail headed straightstraight forfor Douglas.Douglas. That the m�neymoney was still with thethe groupgroup was certain,certain, as tagstags fromfrom money sacks werewere foundfound alongalong thethe trail.140trail.140

By thethe timetime CallesCalles arrivedarrived onon thethe scene,scene, thethe bandits'bandits' trail had vanished intointo Douglas.Douglas. Calles now announced hehe

137Ibid.l37Ibid• 138Ibid.,l38�., December 3,3, 1918.1918. 139Ibid•139Ibid. 140Ibid., December 4, 1918o19180 140Ibid.-' 4, 97

had raised thethe reward toto 015,000$15,000 (Mexican)(Mexican),, andand this put the

wholewoeh 1 populationpopu 1a t·lon of0f DouglasDaug1as onon thethe lookout.141 n'ld;gild.t1 rumorsrumors

flew around towntown and hot cluesclues were tossedtossed toto thethe police byby

amateur detectives who felt suspicioussuspicious of almost everything

and everyone inin townstown1

Although interestinterest ran high,high, nothingnothing new forfor overover aa weekweek

was uncovereduncovered concerningconcerning thethe case.case. Douglas police werewere busy,busy,

however, as they quietlyquietly kept certain men under closeclose check.check.

Calles, stillstill extremelyextremely anxiousanxious toto apprehendapprehend thethe bandits,bandits,

waited inin Agua PrietaPrieta forfor somethingsomething toto break.breako Finally on

December 1515 thethe casecase diddid break, according toto Mexican�rexican authori-authori

ties, with the arrest of a group of former Villistas livingliving

in Douglas. These men, allall antianti-calles, -Calles, werewere headed byby aa 142 Dr. Manuel Huerta,Huerta, oneone-time -time personalpersonal physician toto Pancho 143 Villa!43Villa. Another of the bandits was a former Villista

general. According toto Sandomingo, thethe suspectssuspects werewere quietlyquietly rounded upup onon thethe United Statesstates sideside ofof thethe lineline duringduring thethe middle ofof thethe night andand carriedcarried acrossacross toto AguaAgua Prieta, wherewhere

Calles waswas waiting.waiting. To insure complete privacy, Calles tooktook

the accused menmen to a lonely ranch some milesmiles south of Agua

Prie.ta,Prieta, where hehe heldheld hishis investigation.investigation. Huerta denied the

charges, claiming he badhad takentaken no part inin thethe episode.

141Ibid•141Ibid. 142 142Dr.Dr. Huerta, according toto Magner, onceonce savedsaved Callestscallests

(op.0 • cit., p., 522.) life1 ifed duringuri ng 1912.1912. ( P cit. J p 522.)

143nouglas143Douglas DailyDaily International,International, December 16,15, 1918.1918. 98

Calles brushedbrushed this plea aside and accused HuertaHuerta of planning the whole thing andand sharingsharing inin thethe loot,looto When thethe formerformer

Villa general was questioned,questioned, he readilyreadily admitted everything and tooktook thethe opportunityopportunity toto hurlhurl insultsinsults atat CallesCalles--ca1ling -- calling 144 him a mere arm chairchair general.general.

With nothing more thanthan thisthis secretsecret examinationexamination whilewhile surrounded by hostile soldiers,soldiers, thethe fourfour men werewere condemnedcondemned to death. Calles acted as prosecutor, judgejudge andand juryjury inin handing downdown thisthis sentence.sentence. He wanted a terriblet�rrible exampleexample made for any other political faction thatthat might trytry toto crosscross hishis authority. The grim sentence was carried out a few hours after its brutal imposition, and thousandsthousands viewed thethe bodies 145 dangling from telegraph poles inin Agua Prieta's plaza.plaza.145

Even thoughthough thethe hanged men seemedseemed undeniablyundeniably guilty,guilty, DouglasDouglas peace officers were shockedshocked andand chagrinedchagrined atat whatwhat theirtheir willing cooperationcooperation with Calles hadhad brought about,abouto Policepolice

Chief BowdenBowden happenedhappened toto bebe outout ofof towntown thethe nightnight thethe Mexi-Mexi cans were caught, but he recalls thatthat therethere was much dis-dis satisfaction in thethe way Mexican authorities crossedcrossed intointo

. 146 Douglas and "shanghied""shanghiedn thethe suspectssuspects over toto AguaAgua Prieta.Prieta.

A fairfair pórtionportion ofof thethe lootloot was recovered by !IlexicanMexican authorities, but no reward was everever givengiven toto anyany ofof thethe

144sandomingo, l44Sandomingo, ooh cit., pp.pp. 202202-3; -3; sandomingo.sandoningo, Personal Interview, January, X550g'1 51. ,

145Douglas145nouglas Daily International,Internation�l, DecemberDecember 16,16, 1918.1918.

146:sowden,146eowden, Personal Interview, May,IJay, 1951.1951. 99

American peace officers, although they were instrumental in

bringing aboutabout thethe capture.capture. Sandomingo statedstated thatthat oneone ofof

the robbers made successfulsuccessful his escape and livedlived outout hishis

. 147 lifelif·e inIn California.147Ca l·�l�ornlao

The greatest of all news stories to crosscross thethe lineline fromfrom

Mexico intointo Douglas was not,not, asas oneone mlghtm�ght suppose,suppose, aa re;ortre;ort

of revolutionary activities.activities. The event that flashed Douglas's

name on thethe datelines of thethe world's leadingleading newspapers was

the sudden and mysterious appearance of Aimee Semplesemple McPherson,

the missing founder ofof thethe ChurchChurch ofof thethe FourFour SquareSquare Gospel.GOspel.

During thethe brief period inin which 1-.1rs.Mrs. 1.1cPhersonMcPherson's�s career

crossed the pages of Douglas's history, telegraph and tele-tele

phone lineslines were jammedjammed withwith messages.messages. Over one hundred thou-thou

sand words concerning thethe casecase were tapped out on the Westernwestern

Union lines,lines, whilewhile more thanthan fourfour hundredhundred telephonetelephone callscalls

were placed between Douglas and thethe west coast area.areao someSome ofot

. these calls lasted an hour or more as news editors triedtried to

get every crumb of informationinformation concerningconcerning thethe strange appear-appear 148 ance.148ance. To satisfy intense locallocal interest, Douglas's papers

put out severalseveral extraextra issuesissues whichWhich were eagerlyeageriy snappedsnapped offoff

the astreetstree ts as soon as they appeared wiwithth their latest addiaddi-

tions to thethe McPherson story.storyo

In thethe pre-dawn hourshours ofof Wednesdaywednesday morning, JuneJune 23,23, 1926,1926,

an American woman appeared atat thethe outskirtsoutskirts ofof AguaAgua PrietaFrieta

147Sandomingo, 147sandomingo, Personal Interview, January, 1951.19510

148Douglasl48Douglas Daily Dispatch, JuneJune 27,2?, 1926.19260

222677 100

and collapsedcollapsed ono� thethe porchporch ofof aa Mexicant�xican home.home. Mexican police

soon arrived, but could findfind outout nothing, forfor thethe womanwoman

understood no spanishSpanish and was inin a statestate ofof hysteria. �.J. B.B.

Anderson, aa DouglasDouglas taxitaxi driver,driver, happenedhappened toto bebe nearbynearby andand

was called onon forfor assistance byby thethe nervous policemen.policemen. Agree-Agree

ing to drive the hysterical woman (who(who now clung toto him) across

the line, Anderson relieved thethe bewildered Mexicans of theirthe ir problemoproblem. The taxi crossed the line and, after picking up a

Douglas peace officer, headedheaded for thethe Calumetcaluoet and Arizona

hospital, where thethe woman waswas admittedadmitted forfor observation.observation. Here at the hospital she first identifiedidentified herself as Aimee Semplesemple

McPherson,McFherson, thethe famousfamous LosLos AngelesAngeles evangelist,evangelist, whosewhose disappear-disappear-

. , 149 anceanoe thirtythirty-six -six daysdays beforebefore had rocked thethe nation.nation.149 After hearing her storystory and tentativelytentatively identifying herher as thethe missing evangelist, PercyPeroy Bowden, Douglas's PoliceFolice Chief, ordered an armed guard placed at thethe hospitalhospital toto preventprevent any further foulfoul playplayas as thethe story he heard Aimee telltell was one 150 of kidnapping andand torture.tortureo Aimee toldtold ofof twotwo menmen andand aa woman who had kept her captiveoaptive since her disappearancedisappearance overover a month before, eithereither inin deserteddeserted shacksshacks oror onon thethe backback floor-boardsfloor -boards ofof aa sedansedan asas itit spedsped fromfrom oneone hidinghiding place to another. Her kidnapperskidnappers werewere planningplanning toto ask.forask·for ransom,ransom, but had not donedone soso by thethe timetime ofof herher escape.escape. On Tuesday, the day of her escape, the woman'pastorwoman pastor described beingbeing

149Ibid., 149Ibid., June 24,24, 1926,19260 150Bowden, 150Bowden, Personalperson.al Interview,Interview, May,May, 1951.1951. 101

imprisoned inin aa woodenwooden-floored -floored shackshack somewheresomewhere east of Douglas.Douglas.

Tying her armsarms securely,securely, thethe abductorsabductors left,left, andand whilewhile alonealone

Aimee cutcut herher bondsbonds looseloose onon thethe edgeedge ofof aa tintin can.can. Aimee

judged the time orof her escape as early in thethe afternoon. The

remaining hours before her appearanceappearance inin Agua�gua FrietaFrieta werewere

spent stumblingstumbling distractedly throughthrough thethe rough brushbrush countrycountry

in search ofof help.help. As she lay in her hospital room, by now

banked wiwithth flowersflowers from various organizations,organizations, Aimee related

how she was burned withwith cigarettes,Cigarettes, cutcut acrossacross thethe fingers,fingers,

and had her longlong lockslocks choppedchopped offofr byby thethe cruelcruel kidnappers.kidnappers.

Her tragictragic storystory spurredspurre·d thethe authoritiesauthori ties toto greatgreat efforts;efforts;

posses were organized andand plansplans laidlaid for a thoroughthorough searchsearch 151 of thethe entire area east ofof towntown on both sidessides ofof thethe border,bordero

After reading thethe miraculous storystory of Aimee Semplesecple

McPhersonts suddensudden appearanceappearance inin Douglas,Douglas, hundredshundreds ofof peoplepeople

lined the streets around the Calumetcalumet and Arizona hospital and talkedtalked of thethe "resurrection""resurrection" inin varying degrees ofof' awe and excitement.As thethe townspeopletownspeople waited forfor news, oneone

American and twotwo Mexican posses werewere combingcombing thethe areaarea believed

to bebe that described by Aimee. To prevent thethe abductors'abductors' escape if they remained inin thethe vicinity, a cordoncordon ofof Mexican federal troopstroops waswas thrownthrown aroundaround aa widewide areaarea andand everyevery knownknown

. 152 pass and trailtrail were closelyclosely guarded.guarded.152

As a result ofof westwest coastcoast inquiriesinquiries toto establishestablish thethe

151Douglas 151nouglas Daily Dispatch, June 23,23, 1926;1926; JuneJune 24,24, 1926.1926.

152Ibid., June 24, 1926.1926. 152rbid.,, 24, -- 102

evangelist's identity, thethe east bound traintrain pulledpulled intointo

Douglas the following morningmorning with a varietyvariety ofof disembarking

passengers. Besides Aimee's mother,mother, -there.there arrivedarrived LosLos Angeles'sAngeles's

Chief of Detectives, aa Los Angeles deputydeputy districtdistrict attorney,attorney,

and aa whole bevy of rep�rters,reporters, publicity men, railroad offi- 153 aialsciels and detectives.

Aimee's trailtrail hadhad been backtrackedbacktracked for aboutabout sevenseven miles,miles,.

but no tracetrace ofof thethe shackshack waswas found.found. The search continuedcontinued

as far east as the Sansan Bernardino ranch, butbut stillstill nothing

was found. severalSeveral times during thethe days of June 24 and 25

Aimee herself accompanied searchingsearching parties.parties. Results werewere

still negative, however, and doubts were beginning to form

in some of thethe searchers' minds. A deputy named Charles Crosscross

declar�ddeclared that he knew every foot of this territory and had never seenseen thethe shackshack describeddescribed byby Aimee.154 Sheriff J. F.

McDOnald,McDonald, while praisingpraising thethe assistanceassistance rendered byby variousvarious

Mexican officials,officials, alsoalso addedadded toto thethe feelingfeeling ofof doubtdoubt by remarking onon thethe conditioncondi tion ofof Mrs.1'frs. McPherson'shlcPherson's clothes.clothes.

McDonald pointedpointed outout thatthat althoughalthough thethe countrycountry throughthrough whichwhich

Aimee waswas supposedsupposed toto havehave traveledtraveled isis veryvery rough,rough, herher clothesclothes :155 were cleanclean andand untorn,untorn, whilewhile herher whitewhite shoesshoes werewere unsoiledunsoiledll55

During the longl�ng days ofot continuouscontinuous searching andand track-track ing, not one clue was ever turnedturned up asas toto thethe identityidentity ofof the abductors or even as toto thethe whereabouts ofof thethe wooden-wooden-

153Ibid.l53Ibido 154Ibid., 154Ibid., June 26,26, 1926,1926.

155Bisbee Daily Review, June 24,24, 1926.1926. 103

floored prisonprison shack.shacko The finest officers on both sides

of thethe border, all intimately acquainted with the search

areas, finally hadhad toto admit defeat without even finding 156 any evidence supportingsupporting oror disprovingdisproving Aimee'sAimee's story.story.156

During her staystay inin -Douglas,Douglas, Aimee turnedturned thethe fullfull forceforce

of her magnetic personalitypersonality andand femininefeminine'charm charm onon thethe offi-offi-

cials and inhabitantsinhabi tants ofof Douglas.Douglas. The DispaDispatchtch andand rubs.IvJl's. It!cPhersonMcPherson

enjoyed a lovelove feast ofof words, with Aimee congratulatingcongratulating thethe

paper's wonderfulwonderful veracityveracity andand thethe paperpaper describingdescribing thethe "beau"beau -

tifultiful"ft pastcrpastor'st s everyevery move.

Before her departure, anan openopen air prayer meeting was heldheld by Aimee inin thethe TenthTenth Streetstreet Park.Park. Over five thousandthousand of

Douglas's citizens jammedjammed intointo thethe park toto hear herher prayers 157 and her farewell toto Douglas.157Douglas.

The testtest ofof timetime hashas notnot helpedhelped Aimee'sAimee's story.story. As one

writer recently remarked, "the"the kidnapping incidentincident causedcaused

more peoplepeople toto. doubtdoubt Sister'sSister's fidelityfidelity, thanthan anyany otherother event."158event.,,158

If it was a hoax or aa publicity stunt,stunt, itit was aa costlycostly oneone

considering thethe efforteffort putput forthforth atat DouglasDouglas plusplus thethe lostlost

lives otof two men who drowned at Ocean Beach while searchingsearching

for Aimee's body.

TwentyTwenty-five -five yearsyears hashas notnot dimmeddimmed the McPherson casecase forfor

156Bowden, l56Bowden, Personal Interview,Interv�ew, May,1�y, 1951.1951. 157Douglas l57Dou�las Daily Dispatch, June 26,26, 1926.1926. 158Marcus l5811arcus Bach, They Have FoundFOU!ld A Faith (New{New York:York: The 68 BobbsBabbs-Merrill -Merrill Company,Company, 1946},1946), p. 68.•. 104

Percy Bowden, Douglas'sDouglas's veteranveteran policepolice chief.chief. Having been

in charge of thethe local investigation and having �'1rSoMrs. McPherson'McPherson's5

confidence, Bowden clearlyclearly recalls thethe detailsdetails ofof thethe case.case.

On several of thethe searchessearches he conducted, BowdenBowden was accompanied

by various Los Angeles authoritiesauthorities andand hehe couldcould seesee theythey werewere

itching toto explode Mrs. McPherson's storystory byby gettinggetting herher toto

identify somesome shackshack asas thethe oneone fromfrom whichwhich sheshe escaped.escaped. They

never succeededsucceeded and,and, althoughalthough BowdenBowden franklyfrankly admitsadmits hehe person-person

ally doubteddoubted herher story,story, hehe waswas unwillingunwilling toto seesee AimeeAimee *'jobbed^"jobbed" by the city detectives.detectives.

HowHOw sheshe arrivedarrived inin AgueAgue PrietaPrieta andand why sheshe camecame willwill always-remainalways'remain a mystery toto thethe police chief.chief. Before leaving

Douglas, Mrs. McPherson designateddesignated Bowden as thethe only man whose identificationidentification ofof thethe prisonprison shackshack would bebe regarded by her asas valid.valido If anyone couldcould satisfy BowdenBowden thatthat hehe hadhad found thethe shack,shack, Ers.l."Irs. McPherson wouldwould paypay thatthat personperson ;1,500.$1,500.

The money was nevernever claimed.claimed. Even though he believed her story toto be a hoax andand hishis timetime wasted,wasted, BowdenBowden stillstill remem-remem bers above allall elseelse thethe greatgreat personalpersonal charmcharm andand magneticmagnetic 159 personalitypersonality of0f thethe evangelist.159evange 1"1S t 0

An international incidentincident whichwhich provedproved costlycostly toto thethe

United Statesstates andand kept immigrationimmigration authorities at Douglas busy throughthrough thethe fall andand winter of 19311931 was a sudden and illegal influxinflux ofof ChineseChinese acrossacross thethe border.border. Samsam Westbrook,Westbrook,

159Bowden, . 159Bowden, Personal Interview,Interview, May,May, 1951.1951. 105

longtime immigration serviceservice officer, recalls thatthat forfor

several monthsmonths almost every morning or so the first lightlight

of dawndawn wouldwould reveal aa huddledhuddled figurefigure oror twotwo crouchedcrouched

along thethe boundary justjust insideinside UnitedCnited Statesstates territory.territory.

Investigation of thethe huddled forms would usually turnturn up a couple of ChineseChinese who,who, afterafter slippingslipping acrossacross thethe lineline during the darkness, were now patiently waitingwaiting to bebe picked

, 160 up by thethe authorities.authorities.160

Since 1904,1904, whenwhen somesome ChineseChinese laborerslaborers hadhad beenbeen usedused in building thethe lastlast sectionsection ofof thethe Nacozari railroad,

Orientals hadhad continuedcontinued toto increaseincrease inin number andand wealth throughout Sonora.Sonora. Jealously clinging toto their ownown habitshabits of speech,speech, dressdress andand culture,culture, thesethese ChineseChinese werewere never assimilated intointo thethe MexicanMexican population.population. They were, however, remarkably successfulsuccessful asas vegetablevegetable growersgrowers andand shopkeepersshopkeepers and Agua Prieta hadhad itsits shareshare ofof Chinese farmers and busi- 161 ness men.men.

In 1930 numerous demonstrationsdemonstrations beganbegan breakingbreaking outout

. 162 againstagalnst thethe ChineseC h'lnese throughoutthroughout Sonora.162Sonora. SinceSince thethe MexicanMexican government seemedseemed loathloath toto offeroffer themthem protection, many

Chinese made ready toto leaveleave thethe country.country. Among thethe ChineseChinese planning toto leaveleave werewere thethe merchantsmerchants ofof Agua Prieta who realized thatthat toto continuecontinue inin businessbusiness therethere waswas anan

1603 160samam Westbrook, Personal Interview,Interview, May,May, 1951.1951.

161Sandomtngo,1615 andomingo, op. cit.,cit., pp.pp. 217217-8. -8.

162Ibid., p.po 219.2190 162Ib1d.,---- 106

1mpossibilityoimpossibility. HavingHaving enough money toto be independent of any aid,aid, these merchants securedsecured Unitedunited Statesstates passportspassports and,and, after putting upup cashcash toto bondbond theirtheir passage over unitedUnited statesStates territory,territory, theythey journeyedjourneyed toto thethe westwest coastcoast andand shippedshipped 163 for home.home.163

caughtCaught between thethe fearfear ofof violence at thethe hands of the Mexicans andand inflexibleinflexible immigrationimmigration laws,laws, thethe poorerpoorer

Chinese who ekedeked outout aa livingliving offoff rentedrented Mexican].lexican landland had no choice but toto crosscross thethe UnitedUnited Statesstates lineline andand suffersufter deporta-deporta tion. Thus began aa mostmost expensiveexpensive andand disagreeabledisagreeable jobjob for the unitedUnited Statesstates ImmigrationImmigration Service.service.

BYBy Septemberseptember 26,26, twentytwenty-five -five ChineseChinese were lodged in

Dbuglas'sDouglas's jailjail onon chargescharges ofot illegalillegal entry.entry. A specialspecial traintrain was made upup andand thesethese prisonersprisoners plusplus othersothers fromfrom BisbeeBisbee andand 164 Nogales werewere takentaken toto Tucson.TUcson. Before deportation,deportation, each prisoner had toto bebe broughtbrought upup forfor federalfederal trialtrial andand senten-senten cing,cingo The Chinese thenthen hadhad toto bebe escortedescorted toto thethe westwest coastcoast and placed onon aa shipship boundbound forfor China.China.

Chinese kept driftingdrifting acrossacross thethe line,line, swampingswamping thethe immigration authorities withwith workwork andand crowdingcrowding allall ofof thethe town's locklock-up -úp facilities.facilities. For a timetime thethe NationalNational GuardGuard

Armory waswas usedused toto househouse thethe Chinese;Chinese; threethree guardsguards werewere necessary toto keepkeep thethe armoryarmory underunder closeclose cheek.165check.165 SimilarSimilar

163Douglas 163nouglas Daily Dispatch, Septemberseptember 22,22, 1931,1931. 1641bid., 164Ibid., September 26,26, 1931.1931.

165/bid.,165Ibid., OctoberOctober 29,29, 1931.1931 • ...-. 107

conditions werewere reportedreported inin BisbeeBisbee andand Nogales,Nogales, soso the.the

Federal DistrictDistrict Courtcourt plannedplanned specialspecial oneone-day -day sessions at each ofof thesethese townstowns toto speedspeed thethe processprocess ofof' deportation.deportation.

Douglas waswas hosthost toto thethe FederalFederal DistrictDistrict Courtcourt onon JanuaryJanuary 9,9,

1932, thethe firstfirst andand onlyonly timetime inin herher historyhistory thatthat sheshe hashas

served asas thethe sitesite forfor aa FederalFederal Court.Court. One hundred andand forty-nineforty -nine ChineseChinese werewere speedilyspeedily tried and convicted ofof illegal entryentry byby JudgeJudge Sames.166sames.l66 TheThe prisonersprisoners werewere thenthen handed over toto immigrationimmigration authoritiesauthorities andand startedstarted on theirtheir long journeyjourney home, endingending aa uniqueunique episodeepisode inin Douglas'sDouglasts border history.historyo

During thethe yearsyears ofof prohibitionprohibition inin thethe·United united States,states,

Douglas andand AguaAgua PrietaPrieta werewere thethe centercenter ofof aa considerableconsiderable amount of touristtourist activity.activity_ To a populationpopulation usedused toto "home"home- - brew" andand "bathtub""bathtub" gin,gin, thethe noveltynovelty ofof Mexico'sMexico's widewide openopen cabarets and dancedance hallshalls waswas aa greatgreat lure.lureo Cars would cluster intointo DouglasDouglas fromfrom considerableconsiderable distancesdistances andand findfind their way across thethe internationalinternational line.line. As one earlyearly DouglasDouglas resident describeddescribed AguaAgua Prieta'sPrietats attractions,attractions,

"The town is cleanclean andand wellwell governed.governedo Gambling is missing but oneone may stillstill buybuy there,there, inin theirtheir original packagespackages andand apparentlyapparently genuine, such beverages asas GuinnessGuinness Stoutstout andand BasseBasse AleAle fromfrom thethe British Isles,Isles, champagnechampagne fromfrom France,France, Rhine winewine from Germany andand oldold whiskeywhiskey fromfrom Scotland."167scotland.H167

166Clerk 166Clerk Unitedunited Statesstates DistrictDistrict Court,court, TucsonTucson GeneralGeneral entry forfor January 9, 1932.1932. Minutes, Vol.Vol. XVII,XVII, entry January 9, 1675exton, op. cit., p. 10.10. 167sexton, op. cit., p. 108

WeekendsWeekends were busy timestimes forfor thethe border officialsofficials andand theythey

were constantly plaguedplagued byby smugglerssmugglers all during the prohi- 168 bobition1 tolon era.era,168

As aa customscustoms portport handlinghandling importimport-export -export tradetrade with

Mexico, DouglasDouglas hashas nevernever approachedapproached thethe importanceimportance of

Nogales, Arizona.Arizona. Headquarters for thethe Customscustoms DistrictDistrict of

Arizona hashas alwaysalways beenbeen inin Nogales,Nogales, wherewhere thethe officesoffices cr the

United Statesstates CollectorCollector ofof Customscustoms areare located.located. DouglasfsDouglas's 169 port ofor entryentry isis directeddirected byby aa deputydeputy collectorcollector ofof customs.customs.

The main reason forfor Douglas'sDouglas's secondarysecondary positionposition lieslies

in the fact thatthat DouglasDouglas doesdoes notnot havehave anyany tradetrade arteriesarteries

extending intointo thethe populatedpopulated centerscenters ofof Mexico.�.rexico. The great

bulk ofof importsimports throughthrough DouglasDouglas hashas alwaysalways beenbeen thethe oreore and

ore concentratesconcentrates fromfrom NacozariNacozari andand thethe cattlecattle shipmentsshipments fromfrom 170 sonora'sSonora's ranchesoranches*170

During thethe fiscalfiscal yearyear ofof 1929,1929, FredFred E. Edwards, thenthen

Collector ofof Customs,customs, pointedpOinted outout thatthat thethe valuevalue ofof' importsimports

through Nogales waswas doubledouble thosethose receivedreceived throughthrough Douglas,Douglas,

while Nogales's exportsexports moremore thanthan tripledtripled thosethose ofof Douglas.Douglas.

Since itit hashas oneone ofof thethe twotwo bondedbonded customscustoms smelterssmelters onon thethe

Mexican border,border, however,however, EdwardsEdwards notednoted thatthat DouglasDouglas waswa� of 171 considerable importance.importance.171

168Westbrook, 168Westbrook, Personal Interview,Interview, November, 1950.1950. 169 Clare 169Clare Hickox, Personal Interview,Interview, November,November, 1950.1950. 170Ibid. 170Ibido . -

171-Fred171rred E.E. Edwards,Edwards, "The Treasure Chest ofof thethe World,Vlor1d,"" westwardWestward Ho Magazine,1..1agazine, November-november-December, December, 1929,1929, p.p. 15.15. 109

The cattle tradetrade betweenbetween Sonorasonora andand DouglasDouglas becamebecame increasingly important.important. Larger and larger herds were brought through customscus toms toto Douglas'sDouglas's stockyardss to ckyar-ds andand thenthen shippedshipped toto market. Before thethe outbreakoutbreak ofof WorldWorld War'i7ar II,II, thethe sixteensixteen month periodperiod betweenbetween January,January, 19401940 andand April,April, 19411941 showedshowed aa total of 48,147 cattlecattle importedimported atat Douglas,Douglas, payingpaying approximatelyapproximately $430,000 toto thethe UnitedUnited Statesstates inin tarifftariff duty.172duty.l72

Just prior toto WorldWorld WarWar IIII thethe customscustoms portport at Douglas handled aa relativelyrelatively prosperousprosperous trade;trade; and,and, asas indicatedindicated byby the numerous revolutionaryrevolutionary episodesepisodes andand otherother incidentsincidents re-related inin thisthis chapter,chapter, Douglas'sDouglas'S positionposition onon thethe border was always thethe sourcesource ofof muchmuch internationalinternational historyhistory betweenbetween

Mexico andand thethe UnitedUnited States.states.

172 172DouglasDouglas Daily Dispatch,Dispatch, May1.1ay 4,4, 1941.1941. 110

CHAPTER IV

THETILT MERGERMERGER AIJDAND O=:I.I-IEROTUER FHELFSPHELPS DODGEDODGE ACTIVITYACTIVITY

The'The smeltersme1 ter expansion programs carriedcarried outout duringduring 19131913

by thethe Coppercopper queen�ueen andand CalumetCalumet andand ArizonaArizona companiescompanies camecame

at a veryvery opportuneopportune time,time, forfor thethe followingfollowing yearyear broughtbrought thethe

ououtbreaktbreak ofof thethe GreatGrea t Warstea: inin EuropeEurope andand the increasedLncreaae d

demand mademade Ainérican.imer-Lcan copper easy toto sell.sell. There started aa

four year cyclecycle ofof higherhigher andand higherhigher coppercopper pricesprices andand un-un-

limited markets, forfor inin modernmodern warfarewarfare coppercopper isis oneone ofof thethe

indispensables. When the United Statesstates enteredentered thethe war,war, greatgreat

productive effortsefforts werewere mademade atat thethe smelterssmelters andand PhelpsFhe1ps DodgeDodge

achieved, duringduring 1918,1918, thethe greatestgreatest productionproduction inin itsits entireentire history.lhistory.1

LaborLabor' troublestroubles ofof thethe worldWorld War�lar II era,era, broughtbrought toto manymany

Arizona coppercopper townstowns byby thethe I.I. W.-IV. W.W. (International(International workersHarkers

of thethe World)World) movement,movement, nevernever affectedaffected DouglasDouglas andand nono workwork

stoppages crippledcrippled thethe warwar effortsefforts atat thethe smelters.smelters. The con-

troversial evacuationevacuation ofof so-so-called called labor agitators from Bisbee,Bisbee, known asas thethe "Bisbee"Bisbee Deportation,"Deporta tion," causedcaused hardlyhardly aa rippleripple ofof feeling inin Douglas;Douglas; accordingaccording toto thethe ArizonaArizona MiningMining Journal,Journal,

the I. W. W. diddid makemake somesome effortsefforts toto gaingain entryentry intointo DouglasDouglas but was frustratedfrustrated byby "indignant"indignant authoritiesauthorities andand citizens,citizensott2 "2

l"company1"Company Reports: Phelps Dodge corporation,"Corporation," Engineering and Mining Journal,Journal, MayMay 3,3, 1919,1919, p.p. 797.797.

22"The "The ArizonaArizona Strike,"Strike," TheThe I1'1ining ining Journal,Journal, August, 1917, p.p , 7.70 111

In total population andand totaltotal numbernumber ofof employed,employed, nono

other year hashas everever equaledequaled thethe temporarytemporary achievementsachievements of

1918. At its peak duringduring 1918,1918, thethe Coppercopper queenQueen smeltersmelter waswas

working approxiaatelya pproxt a.a te Ly sixteensixteen hundredhundred menmen whilewhile thethe Calumetca Iume t

and Arizona waswas employingemploying aboutabout sevenseven hundred.hundred. The El pasoFaso

and Southwestern,southwestern, handlinghandling aa terrificterrific wartimewartime traffic,traffic, employedemployed

over sixsix hundredhundred menmen toto keepkeep trackstracks andand equipmentequipment inin repair

and rolling stockstock moving.Populationpo�ulation within thethe citycity was setset

at seventeenseventeen thousandthousand duringduring thethe peakpeak year.year. Over $300,000

worth of buildingbuilding waswas finishedfinished thatthat samesame year.3year.3 BisbeeBisbee andand

Douglas werewere moremore closelyclosely connectedCOIDlected whenwhen aa $1,000,000$1,000,000 road bond

issue waswas raisedraised duringduring 19181918 toto pavepave thethe twentytwenty-five -five mile

stretch between thethe twotwo towns.towns. The FhelpsPhelps Dodge assisted thisthis

enterprise byby subscribingsubscribing forfor halfhalf ofof thethe bondbond issue,issue, andand onon 4 the strength ofof this,this, contractscontracts werewere letlet inin July,July, 1918.1918.4

Douglas residentsresidents learnedlearned thatthat aa prosperityprosperity basedbased onon

war production isis thethe firstfirst toto feelfeel thethe pinchpinch betweenbetween over-over

production andand disappearingdisappearing markets.markets. Copper began a dropdrop inin

price fromfrom warwar timetime levelslevels andand productionproduction atat thethe smelterssmelters

was steadilysteadily-decreased. decreased. Operating costs werewere loweredlowered byby aa

series ofof wagewage cuts,cuts, withwith paypay reductions asas greatgreat as twenty per cent leviedlevied onon allall smeltersmelter employees.5employe�s.5 The Calumetcalumet and

ArizonaAriz�:ma andand thethe Coppercopper 2ueen,(�ueen, actingacting togethertogether inin allall suchsuch

3Douglas DailyDaily International,International, DecemberDecember 31,31, 1918.1918.

4"Douglas-Bisbee4 "Douglas- BisbeeRoad," Road," TheThe UiningLining Journal,Journal, July,July, 1918, p. 18

5"Copper5 "Copper Queenqueen andand CalumetCalumet andand ArizonaArizona to Cut 7agesITages January 1,"1, tt Engineering andand MiningMining Journal,Journal, DecemberDecember 25,25, 1920,1920, p. 1236. 112

mamatterstters ata t thisthis time,time, letlet thethe realr-eal blowblow fallrall onon AprilAPril 15,15, 19211921

when both smelterssmelters werewere closedclosed for thethe firstfirst timetime since theirtheir 0 .

t , no t cause t for ccnat.ruoconstruction.6Lon This did not cause total unemployment,unempl.oymen , for thethe

Copper Queen kept severalseveral hundredhundred men on thethe payroll, using

them for maintenance andand repairrepair work.work. The Calumet and Arizona

cancontinuedtinued toto operateoperate itsits crushingcrushing andand boilerboiler plantsplan ts forfor awhileawhile

and some repair workwork keptkept anotheranother fewfew workersworkers employed.?employed.?

Both companies triedtried toto impressimpress theirtheir employeesemployees andand

Douglas businessmen withwith thethe factfact thatthat thethe shutdownshutdown waswas tem-tem-

porary and workwork wouldwould bebe resumedresumed asas soonsoon asas possible.pass ible. iillAll

workers whowho waitedwaited forfor thethe smelterssmelterst t re-re-opening opening would bebe

placed back onon thethe payrollspayrolls withwith theirtheir seniorityseniority andand pension

rights intact.intact. Both companies lentlent financialfinancial assistanceassistance toto

some ofof theirtheir workersworkers anda nd mostmas t ofof' thethe unemployedunemployed menmen pre-pre

ferred toto waitwait andand hopehope forfor aa resumptionresumption ofof workwork ratherrather thanthan

to leave towntown permanently.8permanently.8

The salvationSalvation Army carriedcarried outout relief workwork inin towntown and

some ofat thethe harderharder hithit MexicanMexican familiesfamilies werewere transportedtransported toto

Phoenix wherewhere theythey werewere ableable toto findfind temporarytemporary workwork inin thethe

cotton fieldsfie lds asas pickers.pickers. If a MexicanMexican refused this offero:ffer otof work, hehe foundfound himselfhimself cutcut offoff fromfrom anyany moremore reliefrelief-- --

"Copper6"Copper queenQ.ueen MineMine andand DouglasDouglas Smeltersmelter ToTo ShutShut Down,"Down," Ibid., April 9,9, 1921,1921, p.p. 637.637 • 7 . 7nDOUglas,tt"Douglas,tt Ibid.,Ibid., APrilApril 50,30, 1921, p.p. 763.763. 8Ibid. 113 9 Douglas hadhad fallenfallen onon hardhard times.times. Things were so quiet at

DouglasDoug�as thatthat even thethe General Manager's office at the Phelps

. 10 Dodge plant waswa s closed.10clo s ed , The memorymemory of 1918's1918' s busy pros-

perity was smallsmall consolationconsolation toto thethe residents ofof thethe allall tootoo

quiet town.town.

After aa ninenine monthmonth shutshut-down, -down, conditionsconditions finallyfinally broke

for thethe betterbetter asas improvingimproving marketmarket conditionsconditions enabledenabled thethe

companies toto reopenreopen onon FebruaryFebruary 1,1, 1922.1922. The Coppercopper Queen�ueen rehired 250250 menmen toto raiseraise itsits totaltotal employmentemployment toto fivefive hundred,hundred, while thet,he CalumetCalumet andana ArizonaArizona upped itsits totaltotal employment toto

320. Full productionproduction waswas notnot contemplatedcontemplated forfor somesome time,time, andand

John Greenway,Greenway, ,ofof thethe CalumetCalumet andand Arizona, noted thatthat Arizona's 11 copper industryindustry mustmus. t pursuepursue aa policypo 1 icy of0f cautiouscau t·lOUS production.11pro duct·l.on.

Cautious itit maymay havehave been,been, butbut toto Douglas residents nothing looked as goodgood asas thethe smokesmoke thatthat onceonce moremore pouredpoured from thethe smelter stacks.

Production waswas maintained ata t aa lessless thanthan capacitycapaci ty figure for severalseveral yearsyears followingfollowing thethe 19211921 slump,slump, butbut byby thethe latelate

1920's both smelterssmelters werewere onceonce moremore producingproducing atat a busy rate.

The copperCopper QueenQ,ueen addedadded aa newnew reverberatoryreverberatory andand roasterroaster plantplant during 1926;2and1926,and aa leadlead smeltingsmelting unitunit toto handlehandle leadlead production

9James H.H. McClintock,McClintock, "Laborers"Laborers TransferredTransferred fromfrom Mining Districts toto Cottoncotton GrowingGrowing section,"tf Ibid., NovemberNovember 5, 1921, section, ----Ibid., 5, 1921, p. 748.748. 10 "Douglas," lO"Douglas," Ibid., June 4,4, 1921,1921, p.p. 964.954.

ll"copperi1 "Copper QueenQueen andand CalumeCalumett andand .ArizonaArizona Smelters Resume," 11, 1922, p. 258.258. Ibid., February 11, 1922, p. 1212phelps helps DodgeDodge Corporation,corporation, AnnualAnnual Report:Report: 1926,1926, p.p. 10.10. 114

from .ArizonaArizona andand MexicanMexican minesmines waswas installedinstalled the following 13 year.year.13 1)8YPay increases and increasedincreased employment allowed Douglas

gnceonce again.again toto enjoy a copper�opper inspiredinspired prosperity.14

The El Paso and Southwesternsouthwestern railroad, whichwhich hadhad servedserved

DouglE+sDouglas since 1901,1901, disappeareddisappeared inin a merger with thethe Southernsouthern

PaoificPacific onon November 17,17, 192�.151924.15James S. Douglas, remembering

the early differences between the two companiescompanies and thethe hectic

battle toto buildbuild thethe ElEl PasoPaso andand Southwestern,southwestern, spokespoke outout bitterlybi tterly

against thethe merger:merger:

TheThe'western western divisiondivision ofof thethe ElEl Pasopaso andand South-south western was built inin order to get out of the claws or.of thethe Southern Pacific.Pacific. It was built in 1901 and 1902. The Southern Pacific undertookundertook toto raiseraise ratesrates on thethe copperCopper Queen company and the Copper Queen�ueen company undertook toto build thethe El Paso andand South-south western railroad andand theythey diddid it.it. It was built at a8 cost ofo-r about oneone-half -half whatwhat itit wouldwould cost to build todaytoday--perhaps. -- perhaps. It was built to serve thethe mines. It was built withwith thethe moneymoney dugdug outout ofof thethe mines,mines, aand d it is about to be absorbed by thethe Southern Pacific.16

Douglas's oppositionopposi t10n waswas. toto nono avail,avail, however,however, andand thethe oneone

time spurspur lineline connectingconnecting Bisbee with Benson which later grew

intointo· aa lineline boastingboasting 1,1401,14Q milesmiles ofof operatingoperating trackagetrackage andand

four thousand employees,employe.es, waswas officiallyo:Cf'1cially mergedmerged withwi th thethe Southernsouthern

Pacific.17pacifia.17 ToTo thethe oldold timerstimers ofof DouglasDouglas thethe merger waswas aa

13Ibid.: l3Ib1d.: 1927, p. 11.11. 14Edward 14Edward J. ßuxtable,Huxtable, "Twenty"Twenty-five -five yearsyears inin Arizona," Westwardwestward HoHO Magazine,Magazine, September,september, 1929,1929, pp.pp. 2626-8. -8. 15Tucson 15TUcson Daily Citizen, November 12,12, 1924.1924.

lODouglas16Douglas DailyDaily Dispatch,Dispatch, June 19,19, 1924.1924. 17Tucson 17Tuoson Daily Citizen, November 12,12, 1924.1924. 115 sensentimentaltimental disappointment,di aappof,ntment, for the old El Paso and SouSouth-th western had always beenbeen regarded with locallocal pride as a symbolsymbol of what BisbeeBisbee-mined -mined andand Douglas-smeltedDouglas -smelted coppercopper couldcould propro- duce.

The smelters,smelters,- which had ridden back toto full production and prosperity duringduring thethe latelate 192Q192Q boom years, werewere againagain plunged intointo thethe dishearteningdisheartening spiral of loweredlowered production schedules and wage scales toto meet thethe problem ofof lowerlower coppercopper prices and disappearingdisappearing markets.markets. The gripgrip of depression rolledrolled quickly westward following the infamous crash of 1929 and

Douglas's workers beganbegan toto fearfear a repetition of thethe 19211921 shut-shut down. The price of coppercopper droppeddropped grievouslygrievously duringduring 19301930 andand \ 1931, reaching aa lowlow ofof 6.256.25 centscents perper poundpound duringduring December,December, 18 19 1931,193118compared with a 19291929 averageaverage of 17.9717.97 centscents perper pound.19pound.

The Calumetcalumet andand ArizonaArizona andand thethe Coppercopper queenQ,ueen werewere bothboth operaopera- - 20 ting at about halfhalf productionproduction byby 1931.1931.

Under thethe dynamicdynamic leadershipleadership ofof LouisLouis Cates,Cates, PhelpsPhelps

Dodge's president, thethe corporationcorporation decided to reorganizereorganize and fight offoff thethe effectseffects ofof thethe depressiondepression ratherrather thanthan closeclose downdown and wait forfor conditionsconditions toto improve.improve. The first step taken by the Phelps Dodge waswas toto proposepropose merging thethe Calumet and Arizona

18Phelps18 Phelps Dodge Corporation, AnnualAnnual Report:R�nort: 1931,1931, p.p. 1.1. 19 Ibid.: 1929, p.p.·1. 1. 20 20"PhelPs"Phelps Dodge toto Operateoperate Calumet andand Arizona Smeltersmelter at Douglas," EngineeringEngineering andand MiningMining Journal,Journal, NovemberNovember 9,9, 1931,1931, - p.423.p. 423. 116

with the Phelps Dodge corporation:Corporation: the mines at Bisbee, the

open pit development at Ajo, and the smelter at Douglas could

all be economicallyeconomically consolidatedconsolidated withwith itsits ownown holdings-holdings--the -the

Phelps Dodge was, in point of fact, runningrunning out of copper and

needed thethe rich CalumetCalumet andand ArizonaArizona holdings.2lholdings.21The board

of directors ofof thethe Calumet andand Arizona.drizona splitsplit overover thethe mergermerger

proposal, wiwithth oneone groupgroup ledled byby GordonGordon campbell,Campbell, Calumetcalumet andand

Arizona's president,president, bitterlybitterly opposingopposing thethe plan.22plan.22 Other

, , directors favored thethe merger, however, and after a fight that

included sending appealsappeals toto thethe CalumetCalumet andand ArizonaArizona stockholders,stockholders,

campbellCampbell resignedresigned hishis positionposi tion andand thethe :_path.'-I1:ath waswas cleared for 23 arranging the detailsdetails ofof thethe merger.merger.23

The Phelps DodgeDodge made thethe CalumetCalumet andand ArizonaArizona stockholdersstockholders

a very goodgood offeroffer whichwhich includedincluded aa stockstock transfertransfer ratioratio ofof

3.25 sharesshares ofof PhelpsPhelps DodgeDodge stockstock forfor eacheach shareshare ofof Calumetcalumet and Arizona stock.stock. The Calumet and Arizona stockholders were also toto getget aa specialspecial 42.50$2.50 cashcash dividend for each share of

their Calumet andand ArizonaArizona stock.stock. The transaction was approved by stockholdersstockholders ofof bothboth corporationscorporations atat aa specialspeCial meetingmeeting heldheld on Septemberseptember 21,21, 1931.1931. The Phelps Dodge Corporationcorporation increasedincreased its capital stock from threethree toto sixsix millionmillion sharesshares toto handlehandle

21 "Presbyterian Copper,"Copper," Fortune,Fortune, July,July, 1932,1932, p.p. 42.42.

22Ibid.;"Mining ActivitiesAc tivi ties ofof thethe Southwest,"southwest," TheThe Mining Journal, March 30,50, 1931,1931, p.p. 24.24.

23t1Mining23 "Mining ActivitiesActivities ofof the southwest,"Southwest," Ibid.,Ibid., June 30,30, 1931,1931, p. 24.24. 117

the exchangeexchange, andand overover twotwo andand oneone-half' -half millionmillion shares of

FhelpsPhelps Dodge stock were transferredtransferred toto thethe former owners ofof the Calumet and Arizona.24Arizona.24

These dealings in high finance, carried on backback in

New yorkYork City,City, were closelyclosely followed by the residents of

ArizonatsArizona's companycompany townstowns and a general@eneral uneasiness developed as to what theirtheir locallocal effectseffects might be. The first changechange partially affecting Douglas was thethe announcement by thethe

Phelps Dodge thatthat thethe Moctezuma mines werewere toto be completelycompletely shut down,down, thus cutting off one supply of ore concentrates 25 to the DouglasDOuglas smelsmelter.25ter. Train service on the onceonce busy 25 Nacozari railroadrailroad waswas cutcut toto oneone traintrain aa week26andweek and the town of NacozariNacozari was almost totally evacuated as the PhelpsPhelps Dodge bought railroad ticketstickets forfor 6,8006,800 ofof itsits citizens.27 Rodolfo

Calles, Sonora'sSonora's governor,governor, mademade aa triptrip toto DouglasDouglas andand appealedappealed to PhelpsPhelps Dodge officialsofficials forfor aa lessless harshharsh program ofof cur-cur- 28 taiIment,tailment, but hehe waswas entirelyentirely unsuccessful.28unsuccessful. DouglasDouglas watchedwatched and waited.

On October 1,L, 19311931 thethe locallocal staffsstaffs ofof thethe CalumetCalumet andand

Arizona andand thethe PhelpsPhelps DodgeDodge companiescompanies werewere mergedmerged withwith somesome

24F 2�helPshelps DodgeDodge Corporation,Corporation, AnnualAnnual Report:Report: 1931,1�3l, pp.pp. 2 2-3�-3.

25 . . "Moctezuma CopperCOP'Per'l Closed,"C o se d ,tt EngineeringEnglneerlng andand" MlnlngMining Journal, Septemberseptember 28,28, 1931,1931, p.p , 27274..

26Douglas Daily Dispatch, Septemberseptember 23,23, 1931.1931.

2727"Presbyterian"Presbyterian Copper,"Copper," op.OPe cit.,cit., p.p. 104.104. 28 28DouglasDouglas Daily Dispatch,Dispa tch, Septemberseptember 27,27, 1931.1931. 118 department heads from each company being retained, butbut

. . 29 obviously,ob·v�ous 1 y, many jobsJOb S justJUS t d'disappeared.29�sappeare.d TThehe CalumetCa1ume t andand

Arizona hospitalhospital waswas to remain inin use while thethe dispensarydispensa.ry 30 operatedo�erated by thethe PhelpsPhelps DodgeDodge waswas closed.closed.30 The announcement having the most effect dealt with thethe disposition ofof thethe smelters. The former Calumet and Arizona smeltersmelter was desig-deSig nated as thethe oneone whichwhich wouldwould bebe 'permanentlypermanently operatedoperated byby thethe

Phelps Dodge,Dodge, primarilyprimarily becausebecause ofof itsits sulphuricsulphuric acidacid plant.plant.

The other smeltersmelter wouldwould remain inin operationoperation onlyonly longlong enoughenough to smelt itsits remainingrema.ining oreore stockss.tocks oror aboutabout sixsix weeks.weeks. Tension during thethe weeksweeks following thisthis announcementannouncemen t mounted as only

450 men were toto be permanently retained after thethe transfertransfer of 31 all operationsoperations toto thethe oneone smelter.31smelter. Before Christmas, 19311931 the smelter workers knewknew theirtheir fatefate andand aa newnew eraera ofof oneone com-company dominationdomination dawneddawned forfor Douglas.Douglas. In its annual report forfor

1931 thethe Phelps DodgeDodge CorporationCorporation pointedpOinted outout thatthat thethe twotwo properties, operatingoperating asas. aa singlesingle unit,uni t, resultedresul ted inin manymany 32 economies andand reductionreduction inin costs,costs, but the reportreport also acknow- ledged thatthat thethe merger "made"made itit necessarynecessary toto dispensedispense withwith thethe services ofof aa largelarge numbernumber ofof loyalloyal andand efficientefficient officersofficers andand ,,33 employees. "33 some ofof thethe Calumetcalumet andand ArizonaArizona employeesemployees who

29Ibid., October 1,1, 1931.1931. 30Ibid., 30Ibid., October 6,6, 1931.1931. 31Ibi.d., 3lIbi.d. � October 27, 1931;1931; "Phelps"Phelps DodgeDodge toto OperateOperate Calumetcalumet and ArizonaAri'Z'O"ila' Smeltersmelter atat Douglas,"Douglas," EngineeringEngineering andand MiningMining Journal,Journal, November 9,9, 1931,1931, p.p. 423.423.

32Phelps32phelps Dodge Corporation, Annual Report: 1931,1931, p. 3. 33lbid., 33Ib id., p.p , 9.9 0 119

were laidlaid offoff hadhad overover twentytwenty-five -five yearsyears ofof service to their

credit. These men were givengiven aa $1,200$1,200 cashcash settlementsettlement beforebefore

being cutcut adrift.54adrift.34

SOSo ended thethe tryingtrying months ofof 19311931 withwith thethe peoplepeople depresseddepressed

after watching thethe companycompany whichwhich hadhad openedopened thethe town'stown's firstfirst

smelter andand hadhad for soso longlong been aa sourcesource ofof strengthstrength andand pros-pros

perity disappeardisappear forever.forever. HeverNever again couldcould the town point

with pride toto itsits twotwo flourishingflourishing smelters;smelters; henceforthhenceforth Douglas'sDouglas's

destiny rested onon Phelps Dodge'sDodge's ability toto overcome itaitS' diffi-diffi

culties and throwthrow offoff thethe effectseffects ofof thethe depression.depression. The Dis-Dis

patch's editorials hadhad run thethe gamut from a tonetone ofot: "Our Darkest

Hourn35taHour"35to one of "Keep"Keep Faith in yourYour community,n36reflectingCommunity,"36reflecting

the-the people'speople's hopehope thatthat itit isis alwaysalways darkestdarkest beforebefore dawn.dawn.

Part of Douglas's (and(and other United statesStates copper producingproducing

town�ltowns') troublestroubles stemmedstemmed from thethe over-over-production production forcedforced onon the

world byby thethe largelarge lowlow-cost -cost copper producers ofof Southsouth AmericaAmerica

and Africa.Africa. To combat thisthis menace, Catescates led the United Statesstates

producers inin planningplanning aa programprogram forfor worldworld curtailmentcurtailment ofof coppercopper

production andand thusthus easeease thethe world'sworld's glutglut onon thethe product.product. For weeks during thethe fall ofof 1931,1931, secretsecret meetings were heldheld byby eighteen men whowho couldcould speakspeak forfor 91.9gl.9 perper centcent ofof thethe world'sworld's

copper and finally, underunder Cates'scates's forcefulforceful leadership,leadership, aa

34Douglas 34nouglas Daily Dispatch, OctoberOctober 27,27, 1931.1931. 35Ibid., 35Ibid., Septemberseptember 23,23, 1931.1931. 36Ibid., 36Ibid., October 28,28, 1931.1931. 120

37 curtailment program was agreed upon.37upon.

The depression also force4forced the Phelps Dodge Corporation into a vast reorganization program along the lines orof complete vertical integration.integration. To withstand the losses of digging and smelting the ore, the company had toto planplan onon controlling its product through itsits subsequentsubsequent steps.steps. By the use ofor stock transfers thethe PhelpsI'helps Dodge gainedgained controlcontrol ofof thethe NicholsNiohols Coppercopper

Company and thethe: National Electric copperCopper Com�any,Company, thus welding together a full cyclecycle ofof coppercopper making:making:

At Bisbee, Arizona, itit digsdigs itsits oresores withwith drilldrill and dynamite. At Douglas, Arizona, itit smeltssmelts itsits blister coppercopper (99.2(99.2 toto 99.4 perper-cent cent pure) from the ore.oreo At Laurel Hill, Long Island, it refines its blister 'pigs*'pigs' into electrolytic copper (99.5(99.5 per centcent pure).pure). At Bayway, New Jersey, oneone ofof thethe plants squeezes electrolytic copper into wire (and(and in the NewNew yorkYork regionregion alonealone fourfour otherother f'ag§icatingfaiicating plants make many another thingthing of copper.copper.) r°

From thisthis view ofor itsits overalloverall operationaloperational procedure Douglas appears asas. butbut oneone linklink inin aa chainchain ofof productionproduction thatthat hashas made FhelpsPhelps DodgeDodge thethe world'sworld's thirdthird largestlargest coppercopper producer.produoer.

Catescates not onlyonly broughtbrought thethe PhelpsPhelps DodgeDodge safelysafely throughthrough thethe depression; he built itit upup toto itsits greatestgreatest positionposition ofof powerpower and wealth.

During 19371937 conditionsconditions improvedimproved toto aa pointpoint wherewhere aa

$2,000,000 expansionexpansion andand modernizationmodernization programprogram waswas calledcalled fortor at the Douglas smelter.39smelter.39 AnotherAnother signsign ofof returningreturning prosperityprosperity

37"Presbyterian37 "Presbyteri an copperCopper,"itt op.op. cit.,ci t., p.p. 48.48.

. 3838Ibid.,- Ib�., pp. 4242-3. -3.

39JacksonHoagland, "The"The GrowthGrowth ofof thethe PhelpsF'helps DodgeDodge Corpora-Corpora tion,"tion,tt The Mining Journal,Journal, OctoberOctober 15,15, 1937,1937, p.p , 3.3. 121 during 19371937 was thethe reopening of the Phelps Dodge's mines at 40 Nacozari forfor thethe firstfir at timetime sincesince September,se' ntember, 1931.1931.40AsAS production increased at the smelter, an almost oontinuouscontinuous programprogram orof repairrepair and new constructionoonstruction waswas embarkedembarked upon.upon. During 19401940 a new furnace andand converteroonverter werewere installed,installed, andand aa 565565 footfoot concrete stack completeoomplete with a new dust collectingcollecting system was erected, making smokesmoke andand dustdust recovery conditionsconditions muchbetter.41

Another similarsimilar stackstack reachingreaching aa heightheight ofof 572572 feetfeet waswas concon- - 42 structed during 1942.1942. These stacks and theirtheir connectingconneoting flueflue systems were very expensive; the one constructed in 1942 cost 43 $300,000. The smokesmoke nuisance has allall but disappeareddisappeared sincesince the erection of these twotwo highhigh stacks.stacks.

World WarWar IIII diddid notnot bringbring aa greatgreat boomboom toto thethe smeltersmelter comparable toto thethe firstfirst WorldWorld War.War. Labor shortages were feltfelt and lowlow oreore productionproduction atat thethe minesmines oftenoften slowedslowed smeltersmelter pro-production. During 19441944 andand 19451945 therethere were seriousserious laborlabor shor-shor-

.. 44 ttagesages causingoaus1ng quiteqU1 t e aa loss1ass of0f production.44pro duc t·1on. DougDouglas1as willwi 11 probably never againagain enjoyenjoy thethe hugehuge smeltersmelter payrollspayrolls ofof bygonebygone days, for modern technologytechnology nownow makesmakes itit possiblepossible forfor aa fewfew hundred men toto accomplishaccomplish asas muchmuch asas threethree oror fourfour timestimes theirtheir

40phelps40 PhelpsDodge Corporation,Corporation, AnnualAnnual Report:Report: 1937,1937, p.p. 7.7. 41Ibid.;41 Ib id.; 1940, p.p , 6.6.

42Ibíd.:42Ib1d.: 1942,1942, p. 6.6. 43Douglas 43nouglaa Daily Dispatch,Dispatch, NovemberNOvember 29,29, 1941.1941. 44Phelps 44phelps Dodge Corporation,corporation, AnnualAnnual Report:Report: 1944,1944, p.p. 5;5; Ibid.:Ib id .: 1945,1945, p.p. 5.5. 122

number produced underunder oldold methods.methods.

During 1946 a strike was called byby the c.C. I. O. at the

smelter causing a work stoppage ofof- over threethree months. Labor

troubles have been rare atat Douglas and thisthis strikestrike waswas farfar

from being bitterbitter oror violent.violent. The strike hinged moremore on the

government's Priceprice ceilingceiling policypolicy onon coppercopper thanthan onon anyany actionaction

by thethe company,company, for,for, asas soonsoon asas priceprice ceilingsceilings werewere lifted,lifted,

the wage demands of thethe strikersstrikers were met and work was amicably 45 resumed.resumed.45

A setback more seriousserious toto Douglas'sDouglas-'s economy thanthan thethe post-post

war strike occurred inin 19491949 when the Phelps Dodge all but

ceased copper mining at the Coppercopper Queenqueen Branch and laid ofroff 46-46 a great many menmen atat BisbeeBisbee andand Douglas.Douglas. Coppercopper prices were

slumping andand thethe highhigb costcost ofof operationsoperations atat thethe Coppercopper QueenQ,ueen

Branch necessitated PhelpsPhelps Dodge'sDodge's retrenchment policies at

Bisbee and Douglas.Douglas. The importance of thesethese twotwo townstowns hashas steadily slipped inin thethe pastpast fewfew yearsyears inin favorfavor ofof thethe Phelps

DodgeDodge'sr a twotwo greatgreat lowlow-cost -cost copper producers, Morenci andand Ajo.AjO.

Between 19311931 andand 19471947 thethe corporationcorporation spentspent $45,000,000$45,000,000 "in"in ,,47 connection withwith openingopening up,up, developing,developing, andand equippingequipping Morenci.tt47MorenCi. otherOther greatgreat sums-havesuns 'have beenbeen spentspent onon MorenciIvlorenci sincesince 19471947 andand thethe

Ajo propertyproperty alsoalso hashas beenbeen greatlygreatly expanded:expanded: bothboth MorenciMorenci andand

Ajo camecame intointo theirtheir ownown duringduring thethe- recentrecent warwar years.years.

45Ibid.:45 . n.re , : 1946, p.p. 4.4.

46Ibid.;.1949,46Ibid.;. 1949, p. 10.10.

47Ibid.: 1947, p.p. 6.6. 123

WhenWhen the local copper industry went into its slump of

1949 it was natural thatthat Douglas should worryworry overover itsits future.future.

Business men and property owners were hard hit by the lack of

confidence inin thethe town'stown's future.futureo Residents ofof Douglas had

only to look at the fate of'of Jerome,Jerome, Clarkdale,Clarkdale, DawsonDawson,(Newd New

Mexico) andand NacozariNacozari toto seesee howhow quicklyquickly thethe financialfinancial props'props

can bebe knocked from under aa companycompany town.town. But improving

copper prices and a corporation announcement confirmingconfirming thatthat

an open pitpit operationoperation was toto be developeddeveloped atat BisbeeBisbee has recently

helped toto restorerestore faithfaith inin Douglas.Douglas. The open pit at Bisbee

will represent aa capitalcapital outlay of over $28,000,000;28,000,000 by the

Phelps DodgeDodge and itit willwill putput the Coppercopper QueenQueen Branch on a more

equitable basis with thethe company'scompany's MorenciMorenci and New corneliaCornelia

(Ajo) Branches. NONo productionproduction ofof coppercopper cancan bebe expectedexpected untiluntil

1954 or after from thethe BisbeeBisbee pit,pit, forfor aa greatgreat dealdeal ofof wastewaste 48 must be strippedstripped offoff beforebefore thethe oresores willwill bebe reached.reached.48

With concentratesconcentrates fromfrom thethe pitpit andand aa limitedlimited supplysupply ofof ore from Bisbee's shaftshaft mines,mines, therethere shouldshould bebe workwork forfor thethe

Douglas smeltersmelter forfor somesome timetime toto come.come. The future will always be unpredictable, however,however, becausebecause aa suddensudden dropdrop inin coppercopper prices couldcould onceonce againagain makemake necessarynecessary aa changechange inin PhelpsPhel�s

Dodge policy.

48Ibid.: 48Ibid.: 195C;1950; p.11;P.ll; ArizonaArizona DailyDaily Star,star, JulyJuly 22,22, 1950.1950. 124

CHAPTER V

PLANS FOR THE FUTURE

Optimistic residents no longerlonger envisage, asas theythey onceonce 1 did, theirtheir citycity as aa secondsecond Denver.1Denver. IiIf optimism exists at

all today inin Douglas, itit isis temperedtempered by many past disapnoínt-disapnoint

men tsis andand aa prettypretty definidefinitete acknowledgmentacknowledgment of future limita-limita

tions. Several ambitious plans to make DouglasDouglas something

bigger and more importantimportant have failed and, by most, been

forgotten. One abortive scheme was to wrest thethe countycounty seatseat

away fromfrom TombstoneTombst:>ne andand putput DouglasDouglas inin thatthat positionpasi tion ofof' poli-poli

tical importance.importance. Before thethe matter was finally settled by

an election inin 1929,1929, DouglasDouglas workedworked herselfherself intointo aa feverishfeverish

pitch, offering thethe votersvoters asas inducementsinducements 4100,000$100,000 inin cashcash

and twotwo cityeity blocksblocks forfor useuse byby thethe county.2county.2

The quarrel between DouglasDouglas andand TombstoneTombstone overover thethe countycounty

seat removal issueissue dateddated back priorprior toto Worldworld War II and feelings,

especially onon Tombstone'sTombstone's part,part, werewere bitter.bitter. The old silver mining towntown hadhad fadedfaded considerablyconsiderably inin importanceimportance andand herher posi-posi-

tion asas county seatseat waswas aboutabout allall ofof valuevalue sheshe hadhad left.left. The

Epitaph andand Prospector,Prospector, Tombstone'sTombstone's papers,papers, lambastedlambasted DouglasDouglas

lThe1Theearly issuesissues ofof thethe DispatchDispatch regularly carriedcarried such optimistic predictionspredictions ofof futurefuture greatness.greatness. 2 2DouglasDou�_las Daily Dispatch,Dispatch, NovemberNovember 19,19, 1929.1929. 125

for what theythey calledcalled herher greedgreed andand useuse ofof fraudfraud andand politicalpolitical 3 pressure inin tryingtrying toto forceforce thethe removal issue.issue. Whether

guilty or not asas charged,Charged, DouglasDouglas waswas unsuccessfulunsuccessful atat thisthis

time and no election waswas held.held.

The issue was again raised in 19291929 when a petitioning

campaign by Douglas citizenscitizens proved successful, making an

eleotionelection mandatory.mandatory. The voters of cochiseCochise Countycounty were toto

decide which citycity shouldshould bebe thethe centercenter ofof countycounty government.government.

A Douglas committee,committee, withwith headquartersheadq_uarters inin thethe First National

Bank building, worked tirelesslytirelessly in promoting interest in the

election. On November 18,lB., 1929,1929, thethe day before thethe election,

Douglas witnessed aa paradeparade ofof thousandsthousands ofof votersvoters onon footfoot

and inin automobilesautomobiles--only - -only thethe 19181918 paradeparade celebratingcelebrating thethe

Armistice comparedcompared toto thisthis demonstrationdemonstration inin sizesize andand spiritispirit'

Plans were\vere made toto signalsignal Douglas'sDouglas's victoryvic tory byby givinggiving fourfour

long blasts onon thethe firefire whistlewhistle asas soonsoon asas thethe finalfinal results of the election were known.4known.4 NovemberNovember 1919 dawneddawned andand thethe people votedvoted andand waitedwaited forfor thethe signal,Signal, butbut insteadinstead ofof fourfour long blasts thethe whistle gavegave onlyonly oneone longlong followed by two short blasts,blasts, whichwhich waswas thethe prepre-arranged -arranged signal for acknow- 5 ledging a Bisbee Victory.victory.5 All Douglas had succeededsucceeded in doing

3Tombstone Epitaph, DecemberDecember 17, 1916; TombstoneTombstone Prospector, 17, 1916; -- _. - Prosnector, December 19,19, 1917.1911.

4Douglas Daily Dispatch,Dispatch, November 19,19, 1929.1929.

5lbid.,5Ibid., November 20,20, 1929.1929. 126

was toto movemove thethe countycounty seatseat twentytwenty-fi -fiveve milesmiles closer, a bitterbi tter

disappointment toto thethe many men who had worked so hard to make

Douglas a more importantimportant city.city.

Following on thethe heelsheels ofof thisthis disappointingdisappointing campaigncampaign

came the many leanlean yearsyears. ofof thethe depression whenwhen thethe citycity stag-stag

nated as itit triedtried toto holdhold on.on. Dr.Dr� Tuttle was Douglas's mayor

during a part of thethe depression and he summed up, at that

time, thethe camecome-down -down fromfrom moremore prosperousprosperous days:

The .•••. . mostmost seriousserious problemproblem that the city of Douglas had toto face was financialfinancial .• •. .• •. A few years back wewe hadhad aa separateseparate railroad,railroad, twotwo smelterssmelters and a population of probably twelve thousand withwith nearly asas many more livingliving inin thisthis communitycommunity butbut outside thethe citycity limits.limits. The payrolls thenthen of railrail- road and both smelterssmelters amounted toto from two hundred

' and fiftyfifty thousandthousand to tothreethree húndredbundr-e , thousanndd., thousand ' per.per. rl1icnth nth andand the assessed valuation ofof Douglas was over eighteight

mfmillions.Ll.Lona , Nownow we areare solelysolely anan industrialindus trial communitycommuni ty and worseworse thanthan thatthat--a - -a one-industryone- industry community.community. So .thatthat when the depression camecame and coppercopper was badly hit, our community received an exceptionally hard blow. Then the railroad combinedcombined with the Southern Pacific-Pacific--the -the smelterssmelters combinedcombined andand the larger one waswas shut down and junked.junked. The freight to and from Douglas was greatly reduced andand withwith itit thethe number andand pay of thethe railroad employeesemployees here.here. In June, 1932 when I took office we had nearly halfhalf ofof ourour working men unemployed and thethe paypay ofof thosethose working was drasticdrasti5 tallycally reduced. Many peoplepeople werewere onon reliefrelief ••••. . . .

A minor setbacksetback camecame duringduring thethe latelate depressiondepression years when thethe "Broadwayt'Broadway ofof America"America" routeroute (Highway(Highway 80) lostlost most of'of its importanceimportance asas aa traveltravel arteryartery bringing motorists

through Douglas. A new highway whichwhich wouldwould connectconnect TucsonTUcson more closelyclosely withwith ElEl PasoPaso waswas proposedproposed (and(and bitterlybitterly foughtfought

6Lynn J. Tuttle,Tu ttle, "Municipal"Municipal Problems."Problems. tt 127

by Douglas) during 1936.7 The highway, completed in 1941,8

bypasses DouglasDouglas manymany milesmiles toto thethe northnorth and,and, since itit isis thethe

newer and shortershorter route,route, automobileautomobile traffictraffic throughthrough DouglasDouglas

has suffered.suffer-ed.

As an international gateway of importance, Douglas has

sustained one ofof herher greatestgreatest disappointments.disapPointments. During her first years DouglasDouglas felt thatthat herher position on thethe border

offered limitlesslimitless opportunitiesopportunities forfor tradetrade withwith Mexico.Mexico. This estimate has undergone considerableconsiderable revisionrevision sincesince earlyearly years,years, 9 for the railroad lineline9(for(for years sporadically builtbuilt byby rumor)rumor) which would connectconnect DouglasDouglas directly with Mexico'SMexico's west coast and-interiorand'interior areasareas was never laidlaid and todaytoday therethere isis practi-practi cally no commerce with Mexico. Even the local tradetrade that_oncethat.once flourished betweenbetween DouglasDouglas andand SonoraSonora hashas allall butbut disappeared.disappeared.

NO longerlonger dodo greatgreat cattlecattle shipmentsshipments cross through customs on their way toto markets inin thethe UnitedUnited States.states. The dreaded hoof and mouth diseasedisease thattha t hashas scourgedscourged Mexico causedcaused aa UnitedUni-ted Statesstates 10 embargo on allall MexicanMexioan cattle.cattle. This seriousserious blowblow toto Sonora'sSonoras economy has been partiallypartially solvedsolved byby thethe Mexicans withwith thethe construction ofof meat canningcanning factories.factories. Many cattlecattle thatthat onceonce

7Arizona Daily star,Star, January 10,10, 1936.1936.

SLog8Log of the Arizona Highway System,system, (prepared{prepared by thethe Arizona Highway PlanningPlanning Survey,survey, December,December, 1942),1942}, p.p. 59.59.

9Frank Gerhart,Gerhart, "An"An OrganizationOrganization ThatThat DoesDoes Things,"Things," TheThe Call ofof thethe Desert,Desert, July,July, 1908,1908, p.p. 29.29. 10Clare lOClare Hickox, PersonalPersonal Interview,Interview, November,November, 1950.1950. 128

crossed the border areare now beingbeing slaughteredslaughtered andand thethe meat

canned at a large factory, capable ofof employing threethree hundredhundred and iiftyfifty persons,persons, locatedlocated onon thethe outskirtsoutskirts ofof AguaAgua Prieta.Prieta.

The products fromfrom thisthis cannerycannery areare shipped,shipped, forfor thethe most part,part, 11 to meat-hungrymeat -hungry Europe.Europe.11

Another factorfactor explainingexplaining Douglas'sDouglas's dwindlingdwindling borderborder

traffic has been thethe almostalmost completecomplete depletiondepletion ofof thethe Moctezuma copperCopper Company's oreore reserves atat Nacozari.NacQzari. Since 19491949 thethe historic old Mexican workingsworkings have beenbeen closedclosed byby thethe PhelpsPhelps

Dodge. With the exception ofof anan occasional fewfew railroad carscars of precipitates from a small leechingleeching operation,operation, thethe minesnines atat

Nacozari no longerLonger provideprovide traffictra1'fi c forfor thethe onceonce busybusy railroad 12 connecting Douglas withwith Nacozari.Nacozari.

Over all thisthis scenescene ofof dwindlingdwindling tradetrade hangshangs thethe mantle of aa seriousserious locallocal depressiondepression whichwhich hashas grippedgripped AguaAgua PrietaPrieta for some time.time. Although Agua FrietaIrieta compares equally with

Douglas inin population,population, littlelittle moneymoney findsfinds itsits wayway intointo thethe

United Statesstates fromfrom thethe MexicanMexican city.city. For many years thethe

Mexican tradetrade inin Douglas'sDouglas's storesstores waswas quitequite aa considerableconsiderable item, butbut withwith Mexico'sMexico's hardhard-hit -hit pesopeso nownow going at an offi-o1'1'i- 13 cial raterate of about eight toto everyeveryone one Americandollar,13dollar,

11Sandomingo, op. cit.,ct t , pp. 220 -1; Mary K. Rak, "Douglas," 11Sandomingo, OPe , pp. 220-1; r,lary K. Rak, "Douglas," Arizona Highways,Highways, January,January, 1950,1950, pp.pp. 7 7-10.-10.

12Hickox,12HiCkOX, Personal Interview,Interview, November,November, 1950.1950. 13Sandomingo, 13sandomingo, op. cit.,cit., p.p. 246.246. 129

there isis littlelittle leftleft ofof thisthis tradetrade--a - -a MexicanMexican laborerlaborer earning

eight pesos a day (about(about average) cannot afford to spend

even aa dimedime inin Douglas.Douglas. Some American dollars crosscross thethe

internainternationaltional lineline intointo Mexico via thethe touristtourist trade,trade, butbut

AgueAgua Prieta isis tootoo poor,poor, lackinglacking suitablesuitable hotels,hotels, resortsresorts

and nightclubsn:ightclubs actually to tocash cash inin onon thethe touristas.

The immigrationimmigration checkingchecking stationstation isis busy,bus� as aa typical

month will show about 250,000250,000 separate crossingscrossings fromfrom AguaAgua

Prieta intointo Douglas.Douglas. Practically all ofof thisthis numbernumber repre-repre

sents thethe comings and goingsgOings of local residents of thethe border

cities.cf ties. Douglas isis not oneone ofof thethe portsports ofof entryen try wherewhere

Mexican agriculturalagricultural workersworkers areare allowedallowed toto enteren ter forfor farm

work on contract termsterms with thethe unitedUnited states;States; nor are illegal

^wetback""wetback" crossingscrossings asas greatgreat aa problemproblem herehere atat DouglasDouglas asas

they are along Texas'sTexas's andand California'sCalifornia's MexicanMexican borders.14borders.14

The future outlookoutlook forfor DouglasDouglas asas anan importantimportant borderborder port has littlelittle basisbasis inin fact.fact. It is unlikely thatthat Nacozari will soonSOon againagain achieveachieve anyany importanceimportance and,and, eveneven ifif thethe borderborder

is1s again reopened toto Mexican cattlecattle, shipments,shipments, thethe canningcanning factories willwill probablyprobably stillstill taketake aa goodgood shareshare ofof herdsherds thatthat once would havehave crossedcrossed intointo thethe Unitedunited States.states. The inacti-inacti- vity at Douglas's portport isis clearlyclearly shownshown byby thethe latestlatest customscustoms collection figuresfigures forfor thethe fiscalfiscal yearyear ofof 19501950-1951: -1951: Nogales, which hashas rail connectionsconnections withwith Mexico,Mexico, collectedcollected $2,915,740.16��2,915,?40.16

14Westbrook, 14westbrook, Personal Interview, November, 1950.1950. 130

at her portport ofof entrye ntry whilewhile Douglas'sDouglas t s collectionscollections. totaledtotaled

only $112,561.46.15 Douglas's economy does, however, depend

in some measure uponupon thethe salariessalari es ofa f thethe officersoffi cer s ofof thethe. unitedUnited Statesstates Customscustoms service,Service, Immigration serviceService andand AgriAgri-

cultural InspectionInspection Service, whowho work inin thethe largelarge andand modernmodern port inspection buildingbuilding onon RailroadRailroad Avenue.Avenue.

Past disappointmentsd.Laappo Lrrtmen ts and periods of depression havehave- made

Douglas determineddetermined toto fight toto keepkeep herher present prosperityprosperity which datesdates fromfrom thethe warwar years.years. Even thoughthough immediate condi-condi tions indicate a continuancecontinuance of work at the smelter, manymany business men areare makingmaking anan allall-out -out efforteffort toto provideprovide DouglasDouglas with ways for diversifyingdiversifying herher economyeconomy soso thatthat thethe historichistoric one-industryone -industry onusonus cancan bebe permanentlypermanently forgotten. The scare of a shutdown at thethe smeltersmelter duringduring 19491949 providedprovided aa greatgreat impetus for thethe questquest forfor new ways ofof supportingsupporting Douglas'sDouglas's population.

Since 19471947 business men havehave been payingpaying outout aa consi-consi derable sumsum toto promotepromote DouglasDouglas asas aa winterwinter resortresort area.area.

Advertising isis donedone inin manymany nationalnational magazinesmagazines withwith asas much as $10,000 beingbeing spentspent eacheach season.season. Many dudedude ranches havehave been openingopening inin thethe areaarea aroundaround DouglasDouglas- andand soso farfar thethe winterwinter visitor attraction campaigncampaign seemsseems toto bebe accomplishingaccomplishing more each year.year. The Chamber of Commerce estimatesestimates thatthat touriststourists 16 are n:>wnow spending over $1,000,000$1,000,000 each year in Douglas.Douglas.16

15Arizona3- 5ArizonaDaily Daily star,Star, JulyJuly 8,8, 1951. 16Glenn Pratt, Personal Interview,Interview, June,June, 1951.1�51. 131

An annual rodeo has been held for the past nine or ten

years inin Douglas to provide winter visitors with entertainentertain- ment, followingfollowing thethe leadlead ofof thethe ·largerlarger resort areas of Tucson

and Phoenix. Douglas isis fortunate inin havinghaving aa large,large, 170170 room,room, modern hotel-hotel--The -The Gadsden--whichGadsden- -which helpshelps considerablyconsiderably inin pro-pro moting DouglasDouglas asas aa touristtourist center.center. TOo,Too, manymany retired people are buying homes inin DouglasDouglas and settling therethere permanently.

In conjunction with thethe campaigncampaign toto make DouglasDouglas aa winter resortresort area,area, the.the ChamberChamber ofof Commerce,Commerce, under the guidance of its IndustrialIndustrial Development Committee,committee, isis making a great effort toto attract smallsmall industriesindustries toto thethe area.area. SoSO far thisthis campaign has had somesome success,success, helped inin great partpart byby thethe governmenttsgovernment's new defensedefense effortsefforts sincesince thethe outbreakoutbreak ofof thethe

Korean campaign.campaign.

The largest ofof thethe new enterprises which areare' being located inin DouglasDouglas isis ArizonaArizona AirAir Craftsmen.Crafts.men. During WorldUorld

War II thethe airair forceforce constructedc�nstructed aa largelarge airair basebase inin thethe

Sulphur SpringsSprings ValleyValley justjust aa few:few miles north ofof Douglas.Douglas.

Known asas thethe DouglasDouglas AirAir Base,Base, thisthis trainingtraining fieldfield hadhad atat its peak about fivefive thousandthousand serviceservice personnelpersonnel stationedstationed

t there.there • At thethe wartswar s endend thethe wholewhole base was turnedturned over toto

Cochise Countycounty andand itit becamebecame knownknown asas thethe BisbeeBisbee-Douglas -Douglas

Airport, servingserving asas anan airlineairline terminalterminal forfor thethe twotwo cities.cities.

WithWi th unlimitedunlimi ted plantplant spacespace availableavailable toto potentialpotential industry,industry, the county lookedlooked forfor possiblepossible users,users,and and in the spring of 132

1951 Arizona Airair CraftsmenCraftsmen waswas givengiven aa leaselease onon somesome ofof thethe property.

Latest plansplans by thisthis enterpriseenterprise includeinclude hiringhiring workersworkers about Septemberseptember 1,1, 1951.1951. At first about five hundred persons will be used to manufacture certain aircraft instrument parts and within aa yearyear oror soso employmentemployment may gogo as high as fifteen hundred. The Arizona Air CraftsmenCraftsmen alreadyalready hashas severalseveral govern-govern ment contractscontracts andand expectsexpects toto havehave moremore withinwithin aa shortsbort time.time.

Douglas residents areare watching thisthis developmentdevelopment withwith muchmuch interest toto seesee ifif itit willwill reallyreally provideprovide suchsuch aa greatgreat boostboost to the town'stown's economy.economy.

Another industrial enterpriseenterprise justjust getting underwayunderway isis an ironiron foundryfoundry whichwhich manufacturesmanufactures ironiron ballsballs usedused inin oreore crushing mills likelike thethe millmill locatedlocated inin Bisbee. The Douglas

Foundry, asas thethe newnew enterpriseenterprise isis called,called, hasbaa alreadyalready con-con structed a largelarge buildingbuilding justjust westwest ofof towntown with oneone furnacefurnace installed andand justjust recentlyrecently putput intointo production.production. At first about thirtythirty men perper shiftshitt willwill bebe usedused atat thethe foundryfoundry onon aa one-furnaceone- furnace baSis,basis, butbut laterlater anotheranother furnacefurnace is to be operated and anan eventual payrollpayroll ofof oneone hundredhundred andand fiftyfifty men isis expected.

The Sierra Madre DressDress CompanyCompany isis anotheranother smallsmall business helping Douglas inin herher planplan toto diversifydiversify herher economy.economy. In operation forfor severalseveral years,years, thethe dressdress companycompany hireshires aboutabout fifty peoplepeople andand holdsholds steadysteady contractscontracts fromfrom severalseveral chainchain 133

stores for theirtheir entireentire output.output.

At thethe timetime ofof thisthis writing thethe IndustrialIndustrial DevelopmentDevelopment

committeeCommittee isis busily working on other possible enterprisesenterprises

for the Douglas vicinity; one ofof thethe most likely prospects

1sis a furniture manufacturer. It is too early to tell what

permanent successsuccess thethe touristtourist andand smallsmall-industry -industry attraction

campaigns will have, but at present thethe campaigns are helping

to maintain confidenceconfidence inin Douglas,Douglas,and and business conditions,conditions,

especially thethe buildingbuilding trades,trades, havehave improved.improved. During recent

years, thethe citycity hashas addedadded block after block of new homes and

one whole sectionsection ofof largelarge wellwell-built -built houseshouses has been incor-incor-

porated intointo thethe city.City. Louis Laging, DouglasDouglas CityCity Engineer,Engineer,

estimatese s tnne te a thatthat aboutabout 4;2,000,000$2,000,000 hashas beenbeen spentspent onon buildingbuilding

within thethe DouglasDouglas citycity limitslimits betweenbetween 19471947 andand 1950.17 One

of thethe biggest undertakingsundertakings waswas thethe constructionconstruction ofof aa newnew high school duringduring 19481948 afterafter votersvoters approvedapproved aa 4;680,000�680,000 school bond issue.issue.

A great increaseincrease ofof farmingfarming activityactivity inin thethe SulphurSulphur SpringsSprings

Valley hashas addedadded toto Douglas'sDouglas's incomeinco�e thethe pastpast fewfew yeazs.yea� The valley, withwith approximatelyapproximately oneone millionmillion acresacres ofof fertilefertile land,land, was oneone ofof thethe lastlast areasareas inin thethe UnitedUnited Statesstates openopen underunder thethe

HomesHomesteadtead Act.AC t. As�·iS latela te as 19101910 greatgrea t areas werewere stillstill openopen as homesteads andand aa Unitedunited Statesstates LandLand CommissionerCommissioner waswas sta-sta tioned in DouglasDOuglas toto assistassist prospectiveprospective settlers.18settlers.1S At first

17Louis 17Louis Laging, lersonalI-er-aona), Interview,Interview, June,June, 1951.1951.

18yyers,18Myers, op.OPe cit.,cit., pp.pp. 5151-57. -57. 134

dry farming andand irrigationirrigation farmingfarming usingusing artesianartesian waterwater werewere

tried,19tried,l9 but now practically all farmingfarming isis done by irrigationirrigation

from pumpedpumped wells.wells. For several years recently thethe main money

crop was chilichili whichwhich waswas growngrown andand cannedcanned right onon thethe spot�Ospot°

but recent increasesincreases inin cottoncotton pricesprices have made thisthis thethe main

crop. EstimaEstimatestes for thethe 19511951 cottonco tton cropcrop gogo asas highhigh asas $3,000,000.21

Ranching stillstill outranksoutranks thethe valley'svalley's otherother agricultureagriculture

in importance.iI4portance. During thethe postpost-war -war boomboom ofof highhigh bee·fbeef prices,

the ranchersranchers havehave become aamos mostt prosperousprosperous segmentsegment ofof Douglas'sDouglas's

populationpo-pulation (many(many ofof thethe ranchersranchers havehave homeshomes inin Douglas)Dougla.s). . The

1951 cattle crop fromfrom ranches inin thethe valleyvalley and foothills will

bring approximately $5,000,000.220,000,000.22 The income derivedderived fromfrom ranchingranching andand farmingfarming inin thethe valley,valley,

tourist spendingspending andand small-small-industry industry payrollspayrolls would still fallfall

. far shortshort ofof supportingsupporting DouglasDouglas ifif' thethe smeltersmelter shouldshould close.close.

Douglas isis today,today, asas sheshe waswas fiftyfifty yearsyears ago,ago, aa one-one-industry industry

company town.town. What thethe futurefuture holds for Douglas will probably

depend inin largelarge measure uponupon thethe continuedcontinued efforts to broaden

her economy toto aa pointpoint wherewhere thethe citycity willwill nono longerlonger solelysolely

depend on thethe PhelpsPhelps DodgeDodge smelter.smelter.

19Frank Gerhart, "Douglas,f1Douglas, thethe smelterSmelter City," The callCall of thethe Desert, June, 1908,1908, p.p. 16.16. 20Rak,.9p. , cit..,:.p.cit .• •. 6. 20Rak, .cp ,. �p 6.

21Pratt,2lpratt, Personal Interview,Interview, June, 1951.1951. 22lbid.22Ibid. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Meyers, FrankFrank D.D. (ed.). Cochise County,county, Arizona.Arizona. Tombstone, ArArizona:Lzona : privatelypriva tely published, 19101910 (?)( ?).•

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Chisholm, Joe.Joe. "Dr. James Douglas," Arizona Historical Review, January,January, 1932,1932, pp.pp. 5 5-190-19.

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"Copper Queen�ueen andand CalumetCalumet andand ArizonaArizona ToTo Cutcut WagesWages January 1,"1," Engineering andand Mining Journal,Journal, DecemberDecember 25,25, 1920,1920, p. 1236. tt<::opper"Copper Queen Mine and Douglas Smelter ToTO Shut Down," Engineering andand MiningMining Journal,Journal. AprilApril 9,9, 1921,1921, p.p. 637.637.

"Copper QueenQ,ueen and Calumetcalumet and Arizona Smelter Resume,Resume,"tt Engineering andand miningMining Journal,Journal, FebruaryFebruary 11,11, 1922,1922, p. 258.258.

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"Douglas,"Douglas,"tt EngineeringEng! neer ing andand MiningMining Journal,.Tournai, AprilApri 1 30,30, 1921,1921,

p.p , 763.763.

"Douglas,""Douglas,ft Engin.eeringEngineering andand MiningMining Journal,Journal, JunecTune 4,4, 1921,1921, p. 964. 138

Articles (Cont.)(cont.)

"Douglas-Bisbee"Douglas- Bisbee Road,Road,"tf TheThe [.:iiningMining JournaJournal,1, July,July, 1918,1918, p. 18.18.

Edwards, Fred E. "The Treasure Chest of thethe world,"Tlor1d," westwardWestward HoHO Magazine, November-November-December, December, 1929,1929, Pp.pp. 1414-150 -15.

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of .• tfAn"An Organization'ThatOrganization That Does Things," The callCall of ------t�h�e-the Desert, July, 1908,1908, pep� 29.29.

Hoagland, Jackson.Jackson. nThe"The G+"owthGrowth ofof the Phelps Dodge," TheThe :MiningMining Journal,Journal, OctoberOctober 15,15, 1937,1937, pp.pp. 3 3-7.-7.

Huxtable, Edward J.J. "Twenty-five"Twenty -five yearsYears inin Douglas,"Douglas," -r;;estwardwestward Ho Magazine, September,september, 1929,1929, pp.pp. 1111-12. -12.

Lee, GeorgeGeorge B.B. "Reduction �lorksWorks at Douglas, Arizona," Transactions ofof thethe Institutionlnstitution ofof MiningMining andand Metallurgy,l.�eta11urgy, �13,T I3, pp.pp. 566566-9. -9.

Legrand, Charles.Charles. "ThettThe Power IlantPlant at Douglas, Arizona,".Arizona," Transactions ofof thethe InstitutionInstitution ofof' MiningMining andand Metallurgy,1Ieta11urgy, 1913, pp.pp. 564564-6. -6.

McClintock,McCli.ntock, JamesJames H.H. "LaborersuLaborers Transferred from HiningLining Districts toto Cottoncotton GrowingGrowing Section,"section," EngineeringEngineering and Mining Journal,Journal, NovemberNovember 5,5, 1921,1921, p.p. 748.748.

"Mining ActivitiesActivities inin thethe Southwest,"southwest, tt TheThe Lining:Mining Journal,Journal, March 30,30, 1931,1931, p.p. 24.240

"Mining ActivitiesActivities inin thethe Southwest,"southwest," TheThe MiningMining Journal,Journal, June 30,30, 1931,1931, p.p. 24.24.

"Moctezuma CopperCopper Closed,"Closed," EngineeringEngineering andand miningMining Journal,Journal, septemberSeptember 28,28, 1931,1931, p_.p� 274.

"Phelps DodgeDodge toto OperateOperate C.c. && A.A. SmelterSmelter atat Douglas,"Douglas," EngineeringEng! neeri ng andand MiningMining Journal,Journal, NovemberNovember 9,g, 1931,1931, p. 423.

"presbyterian"Presbyterian Copper,"copper," Fortune,Fortune, July,July, 1932,1932, pp.pp. 4040-8. -8.

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Articles (Cont.)(cont.)

sexton,Sexton, James A.A. "A Short storyStory of a Border Town,"Tovm, tt Westwardwestward HOHo Magazine, September,Se-ptember, 1929,1929, pp.pp. 99-10. -10.

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Arizona DailyDaily Starstar (Tucson),(TUcson), JanuaryJanuary 10,10, 1936;1936; JulyJuly 8,8,22, 22, 1951.

Bisbee DailyDaily Review,Review, DecemberDecember 18,18, 1901;1901; JanuaryJanuary-February, -February, October, 1902;1902; World'sWorld's FairFair Edition,Edition, 1904;1904; JanuaryJanuary - March, 1911; Mining Edition,Edition, 1913;1913; JuneJune 24,24, 1926;1926; i\priApril1 8, 1928.1928.

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Tombstone Epitaph, DecemberDeoember 17,17, 1916.1916.

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Cox, Annie M.M. "History of Bisbee 187718'77 toto 1937,"1937," Master's Thesis, University ofof Arizona,Arizona, 1938.1938.

Nichols, CharlesCharles A.A. "Dear Old Cochise,"cochise," MS, ArizonaArizona PioneersPioneers Historical Society,society, Tucson,Tucson, 1950.1950.

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TuTuttle,ttle, Lynn J.J. "Municipal F'roblems,"Problems," ES,M9, inin possession ofof Mrs. Lynn J.J. Tuttle,Tuttle, Douglas,Douglas, Arizona.Arizona. 140

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Bowden, Percy,Percy, DouglasDouglas ChiefChief ofof Police.}olice. Nay,May, 19511951

Hickox, Clare,Clare, DeputyDeputy Unitedunited Statesstates CollectorCollector ofof Customs.customs. November, 1950.1950.

Laging, Louis,Louis, Douglas.Douglas City Engineer.Engineero June, 1951.1951.

Nichols, Charles,Charles, PioneerPioneer residentresident ofof Douglas.Douglas. May, 1951.1951.

I!ratt,Pratt, Glenn,Glenn, Secretarysecretary ofof thethe DouglasDouglas ChamberChamber ofof Commerce.Commerce. June, 1951.1951.

Riley, Laura, PioneerPioneer residentresident ofof Douglas.Douglas. March, 1951.19510

Sandomingo, Manuel,1:anuel, Pioneerl)ioneer residentresident ofof agua.Agua Irieta.l'rieta. January, 1951.1951.

Westbrook, Sam,sam, UnitedUnited Statesstates ImmigrationImmigration Serviceservice Inspector,Inspector, November, 1950.1950.