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P> the History of Douglas, Arizona The History of Douglas, Arizona Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Jeffrey, Robert Stone, 1924- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 16:38:22 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/270516 THE HISTORY OF DOUGLAS, ARIZONA by Robert S. Jeffrey A Thesis submitted to the faculty of thethe Department of History in partial fulfillment ofof the requirementsrequirements for thethe degree of Master ofof ArtsArts in the Graduate Collegecollege University ofof Arizona 1951 Approved: 7 ! p 4-7 Date 222677 TABLE OFOF CONTENTSCONTENTS Chapter Page I. THE FOUNDllfGFOUNDING . • • . • • • • • • • • 1 II. BOOM TOWN•• • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • 18 III. RELATIONS WITHWITH MEXICOMEXICO •• . · ... • • • 51 IV. THE MERGER AND OTHER PHELPSPiiLPS DODGE ACTIVITYACTIVITY • 110 v.V. PLANS FOR THE FUTURE.FUTURE • • • • • • • • • • • 124 BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 135 222b77.222 6 77 CHAPTER II THE FOUNDINGFOUNDING The citycity of Douglas now standingstanding onon thethe internationalinternational border at thethe southern end of thethe Sulphur Springs Valleyvalley owes its existence toto thethe older history of nearby Bisbee, whose physical limitationslimitations made thethe foundingfounding ofof thethe newernewer city necessary. By 1900 Bisbee was a prosperous mining campca�p with a turbulent history extending back over twentytwenty years.years. With many rich ore bodies inin sightsight and a longlong productiveproductive lifelite assured, sheshe waswas readyready toto bearbear herher naturalnatural offspringoffspring--a --a smelter town;town; for thethe same redre d hills thattha t containcontain Bisbee'sBisbee t s valuable ore bodies were proving tootoo greatgreat anan obstacleobstacle forfor any furtherfurther'expansion expansion ofof' thethe existingexisting reduction works.works. Plenty ofot open, levellevel landland withwith enough room forfor anyany futurefuture expansion was needed forfor aa smeltersmelter site.site. Just east of Bisbee, thethe Sulphursulphur SpringsSprings ValleyValley stretchesstretches out toto thethe north andand south.south. Looking down from JuniperJuniper Flats,Flats, a high promontory inin thethe Mule Mountains aboveabove Bisbee,Bisbee, oneone can see a great deal ofor thisthis valley'svalley'S sweepsweep asas itit widenswidens andand flattens out intointo Mexico. Bordering thisthis greatgreat grass-grass-covered covered trough on the west are thethe heights ofof thethe Galiuros,Qaliuros, thethe GreaGreatt and LiLittlettle' Dragoons and thethe Mules.On its eastern flank rise the Grahams, Dos Cabezas, C.hiricahuasChiricahuas and 2 Pedragosas. to wes t pedragosas. Just to thethe west ofof thethe Pedragosas,pedragosas t thethe swisshelmSwisshelm Mountains thrust themselves northwardnorthward onto the valley floor. Where'thereunited Unitedstates States soilsoil joinsjoins thatthat ofof Mexico,Mexico, the valley widenswidens into a great sweep of landland which alternatesal ternates between patches of good grassgrass and poorer scrubscrub mesquite. Trailing offoft to thethe south throughthrough thisthis area, towardstowards thethe eastern edge of thethe valley, isis a smallsmall stream bed,bed, usuallyusually dry, and variously called Whitewater Draw and thethe Agua PrietaPrieta River. This particular section was used for many years by cow-cow- men as a round-up ground inin thethe days when WillcoxWillcox (farther(farther north in thethe valley) was the greatestgreatest cattlecattle shippingshipping pointpoint in the state.state. One oldold-time -time cowboy,cowboy, LeonardLeonard Alverson,Alverson, recalls oampingcamping aatt thethe sitesi te whiwhichch now holds thethe DouglasDouglas Y. M. C.C. A.A. building.lbuilding.1 One of Arizona's greatestgreatest cattlemen,cattlemen, John Slaughter,Slaughter, lived aa tewfew milesmiles to the east on his San Bernardino Ranch. Twice each year, in thethe spring and fall, thethe area waswas overrunoverrun by thethe cowmencowmen andand theirtheir herds.herds. Then, as they drove on north-north­ ward to otherother parts of thethe valley,valley, thethe areaarea againagain becamebecame deserted. The man whose decisions werewere toto callcall forthforth newnew life,life, where before nature couldcould supportsupport onlyonly grassgrass andand mesquite,mesquite, was Phelps Dodge'sDodge's toptop westernwestern boss,boss, JamesJames Douglas.Douglas. Since his arrival inin ArizonaArizona inin 1881,1881, ProfessorProfe,ssor DouglasDouglas (as(as hehe -Leonard�eonard Alverson,Alverson, "True"'True Experiences,'Experiences 1t (:Ms,CMS, Arizona Pioneers HistoricalHistorical Society,SOCiety, Tucson,Tucson, 1938)1938) p.p. 2.2. 3:3 was most oftenotten called)2called)2 devoted his whole energy toto thethe acquisition and development of mineralmineral propertiesproperties forfor 'hishis company.company_ His first andand greatest venture had been thethe loca-loca­ ting of profitable ore bodies on thethe Atlanta claimclaim atat Bisbee.Bisbee. No easy venture, Douglas had spent close to $100,000 of his own and his company's moneymoney beforebefore finally hittinghitting the unpredictable areore pockets thatthat spelled wealth and power for himselfhimself' and his New yorkYorkemployers.3 The years following the richrich are strike convinced Douglas that only by ever expanding thethe methods ofof productionproduction couldcould hishis companycompany hopehope to continue a longlong andand profitableprofitable tenure.tenure. Railroad building was essential, as onlyonly by thisthis means ofof transportationtransportation couldcould the huge quantitiesquantitie.s of ore, fuel and flux of a great mining and smelting operation be brought economicallyeconomically together.4together.4 The .ArizonaArizona and Southwestern Railroad, connectingconnecting Bisbee toto Fairbanks andand laterlater to Benson, was built and operated byby Phelps DodgeDodge for aa number ofof yearsyears priorprior toto 1900.1900. This line connected the mines and smeltersmelter at Bisbee with thethe trans-trans- continental line of the Southern Pacific running throughthrough BensqnoBenson, 2James Douglaswas calledcalled "Professor''"Professor" becausebecause of hishis scholarly bearing and personality; hehe did,did, however,however, holdhold aa chair of chemistry at Morrin collegeCollege in Quebec for fourfour yearsyears (H. H.H. Langton, James Douglas A Memoir (Toronto:(Toronto: Universityuniversity ofof Toronto Press, 1940)1940) p. 38.)58.) 3 3Ibid.,Ibid. J p. 68.68. 4James Douglas, Untechnical Addresseson Technical Sub-Sub­ jects (New(New York: John Wiley & Sons,sons, 1908)1908) p.p. 105.105. 4 An extension toto thisthis company-company-operated operated railroad became necessarynecessary after the Phelps Dodge interests acquiredacquired the Moctezuma Copper Company'sCompany's holdingsholdings atat PilaresPilares dede Nacozari,Nacozari, some seventyseventy-five -five milesmiles southsouth ofof thethe internationalinternational border. A railroad was needed to pierce the roughrough wilds of northernnorthern Sonora before thisthis property could be turnedturned intointo aa profitableprofitable investment. Douglas had decided toto extend thethe company's Arizona and Southwestern lineline from Naco, aa smallsmall border towntown just south of Bisbee, toto Nacozari,Nacozari, whenwhen aa nevinew andand better plan suddenly occurred toto him.him. Douglas described thisthis plan as follows: 'We werewere collectingcollecting buildingbuilding materialmaterial forfor ourour MexicanMexican railro8.dsrailroads when one dayday asas II was drivingdri ving alongalong SnakeSnake Ridge on my way toto Nacozari thethe thoughtthought ,suddenlysuddenly struckstruck me that we were building eastward some twenty milesmiles in Mexico and were traversingtraversing aa very difficultdifficult country,country, when probably therethere was a better route by followingfollowing aa line duedue east, north of the border, and then following a north and south water grade southsouth ofof thethe border.border • . - Building was suspendedsuspended while new surveyssurveys were made,made, which induced us toto change allall our plans andand hadhad aa most momentous influenceinfluence onon thethe futurefuture operationsoperations ofof thethe companycompany.'5•• 5 By placing a smeltersmelter at thisthis newnew railroad juncturejuncture pOint,point, the ores from Nacozari and Bisbee couldcould be handledhandled most efficiently.efficiently. This was the mainmain reasonreason why thethe new smelter towntown was toto bebe builtbuilt twentytwenty-five -five milesmiles southeast otof Bisbee rather thanthan on thethe firstfirst openopen stretchstretch ofor landland justjust east ofot thethe mining town.town. Luckily, otherother major considerationsconsiderations neededneeded forfor aa 5Langton, op.OPe cit.,cit., p.p. 93.93. 5 smelter site were satisfied by the area around the railroad junction°junctiouo Water, for instance, in vast unlimited quantities would be needed for thethe projected towntown andand smeltersmel ter and,and, although littlelittle surface water ever ran throughthrough thisthis region,region, investigation proved that immenseimmense bodiesbodi ea ofof easilyeasily tappedtapped
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