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New Species of Orchids (Orchidaceae) in the Flora of Vietnam

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Taiwania 61(4): 319‒354, 2016 DOI: 10.6165/tai.2016.61.319 New Species of Orchids (Orchidaceae) in the Flora of Vietnam Leonid V. AVERYANOV1*, Van Duy NONG2, Khang Sinh NGUYEN3, Tatiana V. MAISAK1, Van Canh NGUYEN4, Quang Thinh PHAN5, Phi Tam NGUYEN6, Thien Tich NGUYEN†, Ba Vuong TRUONG7 1. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Street 2, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia. 2. Tay Nguyen Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 116 Xo Viet Nghe Tinh St., Da Lat City, Lam Dong, Vietnam. 3. Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam. 4. 3/12/3 Vo Van Kiet str., Buon Ma Thuot City, Dak Lak province, Vietnam. 5. 77/9 Mau Luong, Kien Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Vietnam. 6. Viet Nam Post and Telecommunications Group - VNPT Lam Dong, 8 Tran Phu Street, Da Lat City, Lam Dong Province, Vietnam. 7. Institute of Tropical Biology, Dept. of Biological resources, Vietnam academy of Science and technology, 85 Tran Quoc Toan St., Distr. 3, Hochiminh City, Vietnam. * Corresponding author Email: [email protected]; [email protected] (Manuscript received 12 May 2016; accepted 7 October 2016; online published 14 November 2016) ABSTRACT: This paper summarizes results of joint efforts of professional botanists and orchid enthusiasts on studies of Vietnamese native orchids during years 2013–2016. It provides new original data about the discovery of 1 genus (Grammatophyllum Blume) and 29 orchid species new for the flora of Vietnam. Valid name, main synonyms, data on type, ecology, phenology, estimated IUCN Red List status, distribution, studied specimens, as well as brief taxonomic and biological notes are provided for each species and varieties. Eight species (Bidupia khangii, Bulbophyllum striatulum, B. tipula, Cleisostoma dorsisacculatum, Cymbidium repens, Dendrobium congianum, Flickingeria xanthocheila, Podochilus rotundipetala) and two varieties (Phreatia densiflora var. vietnamensis, P. formosana var. continentalis) are described as new for science. One combination (Bulbophyllum bicolor var. funingense) is proposed. An illustrated annotated list of all studied species and varieties is arranged in alphabetical order. Including present data, the known orchid flora of Vietnam comprises currently at least 1210 documented species from 172 genera. KEY WORDS: Flora of Vietnam, Indochina, Nature protection, New species, Orchidaceae, Plant geography, Taxonomy. INTRODUCTION mountainous areas, reveals new discoveries. This paper summarizes the results of joint efforts of professional The paper includes new original data on orchid botanists and orchid enthusiasts on studies of Vietnamese diversity in Vietnam obtained in the field studies mostly native orchids during the last three years. It provides new during years 2014–2016. Published landmark inventories original data about the discovery of 1 genus show the steadily increasing number of known orchid (Grammatophyllum Blume) and 29 orchid species new species in Vietnam from 411 species recorded in the year for the flora of Vietnam. Valid name, synonyms, type, 1934 (Gagnepain and Guillaumin 1934) to 718 species in citations of most important taxonomic regional 1992–1994 (Seidenfaden, 1992; Averyanov, 1994), 897 publications, data on ecology, phenology, distribution, species in 2003–2005 (Averyanov and Averyanova, estimated IUCN Red List status, studied specimens, as 2003; Nguyen et al., 2005), 1005 species in 2009 well as brief taxonomic and biological notes are provided (Averyanov et al., 2009) and 1090 species figured in the for each species. Eight species (Bidupia khangii, last survey undertaken in 2011 (Averyanov, 2011). Since Bulbophyllum striatulum, B. tipula, Cleisostoma this last inventory, 100 species and 11 genera have been dorsisacculatum, Cymbidium repens, Dendrobium newly discovered and documented for the flora of congianum, Flickingeria xanthocheila, Podochilus Vietnam (Averyanov, 2012a, b, 2013; Averyanov et al., rotundipetala) and two varieties (Phreatia densiflora var. 2012a, b, 2013, 2015a, b, 2016a–c; Schuiteman et al., vietnamensis, P. formosana var. continentalis) are 2013; Choudhary et al., 2013, Kumar et al., 2014; described as new for science. One new combination Averyanov and Vuong, 2015; Duy and Averyanov, 2015; (Bulbophyllum bicolor var. funingense) is proposed. An Nuraliev et al., 2014, 2015). When the new data illustrated annotated list of all studied species and presented in this paper are included, the known orchid varieties arranged in alphabetical order is presented flora of Vietnam comprises at least 1210 documented below. species from 172 genera. Despite the proceeding studies, explorations and inventory works, the orchid flora of MATERIALS and METHODS Vietnam remains far from complete, and each new botanical investigation, particularly in remote Materials used in present studies were collected 319 Taiwania Vol. 61, No. 4 mainly during years 2013–2016. Some previously Described from Nepal and peninsular Myanmar (“Hab. collected herbarium specimens and living samples also in Napalia, Moalmyne, as ripas fluminis Attran, Wallich”). provided significant additional information of the Type (“Moulmein, Wallich 7310A”) - K-LINDL. current investigation. Fresh plants, as well as flowers Habitat, phenology and conservation status. and inflorescences from living plants were fixed and Epiphyte. Broad-leaved evergreen forests. Fl. April– stored in 65-70% ethanol. Measurements of the floral May. Very rare. Estimated IUCN Red List status – DD. parts for descriptions were taken on both herbarium and Distribution. Vietnam: northern provinces allied to liquid-fixed materials. Fresh flowers and their fleshy Laotian and Chinese border. Nepal, Malacca Peninsula. parts often shrank up to 10–15% in size during the Notes. Poorly known species allied to A. drying process when making herbarium specimens. In ampullaceum. The occurrence of this species in describing of quantitative characters, infrequent Vietnam needs confirmation by field data. extreme values (i.e. rarely occurring minimal and Studied specimens. Vietnam: Plant received from Hanoi maximal values) of a variation range are parenthesized street market, originated expectedly from northern Vietnam. 22 April before and after the normal variation range. Taxa 2015, V.Q.Binh, L.Averyanov, T.Maisak, P.K.Loc, AL 3 (LE). distribution in Vietnam is indicated in the text by Bidupia khangii Aver., sp. nov. Fig. 2. mentioning concerned provinces according to the Described from northern Vietnam (Nghe An official administrative country division (Viet Nam. province, Ky Son district, Na Ngoi municipality, Administrative Atlas 2007). Online version of the eastern slopes of Phu Xai Lai Leng Mountain, around IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2016) was used point 19°12′54′′N 104°12′01′′E). Type (“26 October for estimation of preliminary species conservation 2013, L.Averyanov, N.T.Hiep, N.S.Khang, L.M.Tuan, status. Place of housing of cited specimens are N.A.Trang, L.H.Dan CPC 6323a”) – LE (holotype). indicated by accepted acronyms or respected Herbaria. Digital epitype – d-EXSICCATES OF VIETNAMESE FLORA 0259/CPC 6323a. ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF NEW Description. Perennial sympodial terrestrial ORCHID IN VIETNAM creeping herb. Plagiotropic stem dull brownish-pink, epigeous, leafless, fleshy, rooting at nodes, to 16 cm Ascocentrum ampullaceum (Roxb.) Schltr., 1913, long, 4–6 mm in diam.; floriferous stem erect, to Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 1: 975; Pearce, (18)20–24(28) cm, at the base with (3)4(5) closely Cribb, 2002, Orch. Bhutan: 500; Chen, Wood, 2009, Fl. spaced, spirally arranged leaves, terminated by lax China, 25: 502. – Aerides ampullacea Roxb., 1832, Fl. spike. Leaves shortly petiolate; petiole and sheath Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 476. Fig. 1A-C. (1)1.5–3(3.5) cm long, (3)4–5(6) mm wide; leaf blade Described from India (“Found by Mr. M.R. Smith narrowly ovate to ovate, slightly oblique, irregularly growing on trees in the forest, in blossom in May”). undulate along margin, with 1 main vein, acute, (5)6– Type (“M.R. Smith, Roxburgh’s drawing 2347”) – K. 8(9) cm long, (1.6)2–3(3.4) cm wide, dark velvety Habitat, phenology and conservation status. olive-brown with white median stripe above, uniform Trunk and branch epiphyte. Broad-leaved evergreen glossy pale pink-brownish below. Scape and rachis forests. 1100–1500 m. Fl. April–May. Very rare. straight, hairy with short soft hairs; scape with (3)2(1) Estimated IUCN Red List status - DD. sterile tubular, broadly lanceolate, obtuse bracts (0.6)1– Distribution. Vietnam: northwestern provinces 1.8(2) cm long, (4)5–6(7) mm wide (when flat); rachis allied to Laotian border. Nepal, Bhutan, India, Andaman (5)6–8(10) cm long, with (12)14–16(20) spirally Islands, Myanmar, SW. China (Yunnan), Thailand, Laos. arranged flowers, spaced on (4)5–6(8) mm. Floral Notes. The discovery of this montane Himalayan bracts reddish-brown, outside sparsely hairy, triangular species in northwestern Vietnam essentially expands its broadly lanceolate, tubular-convolute, obtuse, (6)8– known area in southeastern direction. This ornamental 10(12) cm long, (3)3.5–4(4.5) mm (when flat), scarious, plant highly demanded on local markets undoubtedly entire. Ovary glabrous, narrowly conoid, dull reddish– becomes very rare and certainly stands in our days on the brown, (8)9–11(12) mm long, (2)2.2–2.8(3) mm in verge of full extinction in the nature. Meanwhile, any field diameter near the base, narrowing to the apex, twisted data about its habitats in Vietnam are not yet available. on 180°, placed almost perpendicular to the rachis. Studied specimens. Plant received from Hanoi street Flowers sessile, widely opening, (0.6)0.8–19(1.2) cm in market, originated expectedly from NW. Vietnam, 22 April 2015, V.Q.Binh, L.Averyanov, T.Maisak, P.K.Loc, AL 2 (LE). diameter; sepals pale brownish-pink or brown-greenish; petals white at the base, olive-brownish in apical part; Ascocentrum rubrum (Lindl.) Seidenf., 1988, Opera lip white, spur reddish-brown, claw white; column Bot. 95: 312; Pearce, Cribb, 2002, Orch. Bhutan: 500. – reddish-brown, anther cap dull yellowish.
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    BIOGEOGRAPHY OF MALESIAN ORCHIDACEAE 273 VIII. Biogeographyof Malesian Orchidaceae A. Schuiteman Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands INTRODUCTION The Orchidaceae outnumber far other in Malesia. At how- by any plant family present, accurate estimate of the of Malesian orchid is difficult to make. ever, an number species Subtracting the numberofestablishedsynonyms from the numberof names attributed to Malesian orchid species results in the staggering figure of 6414 species, with a retention of 0.74. This is ratio (ratio of ‘accepted’ species to heterotypic names) undoubtedly a overestimate, of the 209 Malesian orchid have been revised gross as most genera never their entire from availablerevisions estimate realis- over range. Extrapolating to a more tic retention ratio is problematic due to the small number of modern revisions and the different of treated. If look for Malesian of nature the groups we comparison at species wide ofretention ratios: some recently revised groups, we encounter a range Bulbophylluw sect. Uncifera (Vermeulen, 1993): 0.24 Dendrobium sect. Oxyglossum (Reeve & Woods, 1989): 0.24 Mediocalcar (Schuiteman, 1997): 0.29 Pholidota (De Vogel, 1988): 0.29 Bulbophyllum sect. Pelma (Vermeulen, 1993): 0.50 Paphiopedilum (Cribb, 1987, modified): 0.57 Dendrobium sect. Spatulata (Cribb, 1986, modified): 0.60. Correspondingly, we find a wide rangeof estimates for the ‘real’ numberof known Male- sian orchid species: from 2050 to 5125. Another approach would be to look at a single area, and to compute the retention ratio for the orchid flora of that area. If we do this for Java (mainly based on Comber, 1990), Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore (Seidenfaden & Wood, 1992) and Sumatra (J.J.
  • Research Priorities and Future Directions in Conservation of Wild Orchids in Sri Lanka: a Review

    Research Priorities and Future Directions in Conservation of Wild Orchids in Sri Lanka: a Review

    Nature Conservation Research. Заповедная наука 2020. 5(Suppl.1): 34–45 https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2020.029 RESEARCH PRIORITIES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF WILD ORCHIDS IN SRI LANKA: A REVIEW J. Dananjaya Kottawa-Arachchi1,*, R. Samantha Gunasekara2 1Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka 2Lanka Nature Conservationists, Sri Lanka *e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Received: 24.03.2020. Revised: 22.05.2020. Accepted: 29.05.2020. Together with Western Ghats, Sri Lanka is a biodiversity hotspot amongst the 35 regions known worldwide. Considering the Sri Lankan orchids, 70.6% of the orchid species, including 84% of the endemics, are categorised as threatened. The distribution of the family Orchidaceae is mostly correlated with the distribution pattern of the main bioclimatic zones which is governed by the amount and intensity of rainfall and altitude. Habitat deterioration and degradation, clearing of vegetation, intentional forest fires and spread of invasive alien species are significant threats to native species. Illegally collection and exporting of indigenous species has been another alarming issue in the past decades. Protection of native species, increased public awareness, enforcement of legislation and introduction of new propagation techniques would certainly bring a beneficial effect to the native orchid flora. Conduct awareness programs, strengthen existing laws, and reviewing the legal framework related to the native orchid flora could be vital for future conservation. Apart from the identification of new species and their distribution, future research on understanding soil chemical and physical parameters of terrestrial habitats, plant association of terrestrial orchids, phenology patterns and interactions of pollinators, associations with mycorrhiza, effect of invasive alien species and impact of climate change are highlighted.