BIBLIOASIA JUL – SEP 2016 Vol. 12 / Issue 02 / Feature

General Hospital at Kandang Kerbau was are the inferior quality of the native servants treating women for gynaecological problems and the absence of proper nursing”. The and providing childbirth services by 1866, report also recommended that the General there was still no female attendant working Hospital employ “a Matron and two Nurses”.5 there. Instead, male convicts were made to The government agreed that the General serve the female wards at this hospital as Hospital was in dire need of trained nurses Angels well as its adjacent Lunatic Asylum. and better nursing facilities. Faced with dif- In January 1867, the colonial admin- ficulties in recruiting nurses from Madras istration finally approved the request for a and England, the government had to find an female attendant to work in both institutions. alternative solution. The proposed plan was in One can imagine the heavy workload of to train the French nuns from the Convent ’s very first female “nurse”, hav- of the Holy Infant Jesus – viewed as the only White ing to run between the two premises, and educated and qualified European women earning a measly monthly wage of 22 rupees. in Singapore then – who were prepared to Nevertheless, this was a significant event undertake this selfless work. Early Nursing in Singapore in Singapore’s nursing history, marking the The proposal was immediately met first time a female employee was employed with objections by some segments of the in the Medical Department. public. Led by European residents, a petition In 1873, an outbreak of cholera was submitted to the government. Nursing occurred at the Lunatic Asylum at Kandang at the time was considered as charitable Kerbau, and patients at the General Hospital work and perceived to be very much part next door were evacuated to temporary of one’s religious beliefs. As the nuns were premises at Sepoy Lines, located in the Roman Catholics, there were fears that their Nuns from the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus at area around the junction of Outram Road loyalties would lie with the Catholic Church Victoria Street taking care of babies abandoned and New Bridge Road. On 1 August 1882, instead of the government and that medical at the convent, early 1900s. Many of these French the new General Hospital replaced the old services in the country would eventually be nuns took up nursing duties at the General Hospital on 1 August 1885 due to the shortage of trained buildings at Sepoy Lines. Although the inclu- taken over by the Catholic bishop. In addi- professionals. Courtesy of the National Museum sion of British-trained professional nurses tion, there were concerns among some of Singapore, National Heritage Board. had been suggested as part of its staffing, conservatives about placing the nuns in the recommendation was not implemented close physical contact with male patients, as the hospital administrators felt it would or people of different religious faiths, even In the 1820s, some “nurses” in Singapore were actually chained convicts. The main challenge of these hospitals be difficult to recruit such nurses to work when it concerned saving lives. was to recruit qualified staff – a problem in Singapore. Until then, “nursing” tasks Despite vehement protests, the govern- Pattarin Kusolpalin chronicles the history of nursing from 1819 until Independence. the profession would continue to face in the were performed largely by hospital serv- ment went ahead and appealed to the con- decades to come. At the makeshift General ants, while the more serious cases were vent. Thankfully, common sense prevailed Hospital in the Bras Basah and Stamford supervised by the general staff, with the and the nuns began their nursing duties Road area, the fully occupied apothecaries, assistance of more able patients. at the General Hospital on 1 August 1885.6 Singapore celebrates Nurses’ Day on detachment consisted of military doctors, awful clank and clatter of their metal chains orderlies and dressers had to cover “nurs- The 1883 Medical Report submitted This date officially marks the beginnings of 1 August each year to mark the beginnings apothecaries (equivalent to modern-day dragging on the floor and banging against ing” duties in addition to their own work. by Dr Max F. Simon, Surgeon in Charge of nursing in Singapore. of nursing here – when French nuns from pharmacists), orderlies as well as dress- furniture did not provide much comfort to Apart from forced convict labour, servants the General Hospital at Sepoy Lines, to Dr In 1896, the Colonial Nursing Associa- the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus first ers (who specialised in wound dressing the patients. and even fellow patients were roped in to T. Irvine Rowell, its Principal Civil Medical tion was formed in England to see to the sbegan nursing duties in the General Hospital and bandaging). The establishment of a British trading provide care for the sick and infirm. Officer, highlighted that the “two great draw- nursing needs of the British colonies. In at Sepoy Lines1 in 1885. Today, there are In the same year, a wooden shed was outpost by Raffles in Singapore soon led to As the female population increased and backs to satisfactory treatment of patients August the same year, it was reported that more than 37,000 nurses and midwives in erected near the junction of Bras Basah its development as a port. As Singapore’s hospitals began admitting women, requests Singapore, making up more than half of its Road and Stamford Road to treat as well reputation grew and more people arrived for female carers arose. Before the 1850s, A male attendant in a ward of the old . As the first professionally trained nurses did not professional healthcare workforce. as house sick soldiers. This rudimentary on the island to trade and to seek better women did not go to hospitals and received arrive in Singapore till 1900, male attendants took care of patients. Courtesy of National Archives of Singapore. Since 1 August 2000, exemplary shed, which was rebuilt in 1821, served as prospects, there grew an urgent need to their treatments at home. It was unheard nurses have received the President’s a general hospital staffed by army surgeons provide medical facilities for residents. The of to give birth in a hospital as most women Award for Nurses – the highest accolade and is regarded today as the predecessor of available healthcare was very basic and the preferred to undergo the process of child- given to nurses in recognition of their tire- the Singapore General Hospital.2 situation was made worse by the lack of birth in the privacy of their own homes. One less contributions to society. Nursing in Unfortunately, access to early health- qualified medical personnel. There were can imagine the difficulties female patients Singapore has certainly come a long way care back then was mostly a privilege no local physicians and those who served and their male healthcare assistants faced from the early days when “nurses” were that only colonial administrators and the in Singapore were mainly military doctors in those days – this was the time when any chained convicts. military enjoyed; the indigenous people posted from either Britain or India. form of physical contact between members and immigrants were largely left to fend Between the 1820s and 80s, the Gen- of the opposite sex was frowned upon. The Beginnings of Nursing: 1800s for themselves. eral Hospital moved locations several times In 1856, the post of a female attendant As there were no nurses at the time, and assumed different names while private was included in the plan for the new General When arrived in Singapore basic “nursing” at the hospital was car- hospitals like the Chinese Pauper’s Hospital Hospital and Lunatic Asylum in Kandang in January 1819, a skeletal medical team ried out by unwilling chained convicts.3 As (which later became Tan Tock Seng Hospital) Kerbau district, but it was not approved. accompanied his troops. This all-male the convicts moved around the wards, the was constructed to meet the growing demand In 1861, when the hospital was completed, for healthcare. These “hospitals” offered the Residency Assistant Surgeon, Dr James Pattarin Kusolpalin is a Librarian at the National Library, Singapore. Her responsibilities very basic medical facilities for the sick and Cowpar, suggested that “one of the convicted include collection management, content development, and the provision of reference and were nowhere near the modern definition of women should be attached to the Ward as information services. hospitals as we know them today. a nurse”.4 Although records show that the

48 49 BIBLIOASIA JUL – SEP 2016 Vol. 12 / Issue 02 / Feature the Shanghai Municipality had employed following instructions and assisting the trained nurses from England. The hospital staff nurses, sisters and doctors. Expa- in Kuala Lumpur also had British-trained triate nurses assumed the training and nurses since December 1895 in its work- supervisory roles, with the local nurses force. This news and similar reports piqued working under them. public interest, including that of Lady Mitch- Despite the concerted efforts, the ell, wife of Governor Charles Bullen Hugh nursing staff in 1921 consisted of just 16 Mitchell, who was most concerned over the trained nurses and 36 probationers in the care of patients in government institutions. government service. In the same year, The following years saw many public there were only one staff nurse and three letters, newspaper editorials and meetings probationers at the St Andrew’s Mission that emphasised the need for professionally Hospital. Attrition was mainly due to resig­ trained nurses. In 1899, The Straits Times nations from nurses who sought better accepted subscriptions and donations to fund opportunities elsewhere. the recruitment of nurses from England.7 In 1922, the St Andrew’s Mission The public donated generously. By May 1900, Hospital revised its nurse training cur- the French nuns had withdrawn from their riculum: student nurses were put on a nursing duties at the General Hospital, and three-month probationary period, followed in the same month, four qualified nurses A nun from the Franciscan Missionaries of the Divine Motherhood conducting an anatomy class for nurses at by a three-year course in General Nursing the Mandalay Road Hospital in 1950. School of Nursing Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore. arrived from England and took over the care and Midwifery with examinations taken at of the patients. This 1950 photo shows a midwife weighing a newborn baby at home. As hospital beds in maternity the end of each year. hospitals were in short supply in the 1950s, women were discharged 24 hours after their babies illnesses such as tuberculosis and malaria infant mortality rate in 2015 was 1.7 per one were born. Midwives would visit these new mothers at their homes to provide postnatal care. In 1924, the General Hospital at Sepoy Later Developments: 1900–40 as they were unused to working in a tropical thousand live births. School of Nursing Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore. Lines commenced its four-year General country. In 1911, for instance, seven out of 10 With rising concerns over the high Nursing and Midwifery training programme. The minimum entry requirement for Sisters and six out of 13 Nurse Probationers infant mortality rate, Miss J. E. Blundell from After six months in the programme, it was In Singapore, midwifery training nursing school in the early 1900s was were admitted to hospital. England was appointed as Municipal Nurse8 Early Midwifery and the Bidan compulsory for student nurses to attend started earlier and advanced more rapidly the completion of the Junior Cambridge Maternal and child health was not a in October 1910 and tasked to investigate weekly lectures conducted by senior doc- Prior to the arrival of the British, women in than general nursing. Commencing in Examination. The very fact that trained major concern of the colonial government early life conditions of infants. The findings tors and matrons as well as sit for the Singapore had their own birth rituals and 1896, midwifery training was reserved nurses had to be recruited from overseas in the early years of the 19th century as confirmed that poor infant feeding was the annual examinations. If the student nurses customs. As the population was mainly only for married women until 1901, when highlighted the dismal state of education the migrant population was mainly male main contributor to infant mortality. Miss passed the final examination at the end of Malay, home births were handled by the three unmarried midwives passed the among ­local . Most and the local Malay community had their Blundell was subsequently asked to instruct the third year, they would proceed to do bidan, usually a well-respected female examination. In the early days, all mid- women in those days were confined to own birth practices. It was not until 1888 local mothers on the proper care of their a one-year midwifery training course at member of the community. These tra- wives and probationers were of European traditional domestic roles – as daughters, that the first eight-bed maternity hospital either the maternity block (opened in 1908) ditional Malay midwives acquired their ancestry; it was not until 1910 that the wives and mothers – and generally did not was set up at the junction of Victoria Street of the General Hospital at Sepoy Lines or skills and knowledge from older, more first course for Asian midwives kicked receive much education. and Stamford Canal. The hiring of a quali- Kandang Kerbau maternity hospital (which Singleton Nurses of the 1920s experienced bidan, and in turn, imparted off. Malay bidan, however, preferred to However, by the end of 1903, all the four fied midwife named Mrs. R. Woldstein that was converted into a specialist maternity their knowledge to other women. It was stick to their own training programme that qualified nurses from England had left their year is the first record of a trained midwife The nursing profession, as most hospital in 1924). Upon completion of the expected of a practising bidan to have gone followed time-honoured Malay customs posts for various reasons: a transfer out of in Singapore. people will readily admit, is one of the four-year programme, successful can- through pregnancy and childbirth herself. and traditions. Singapore, marriage, ill health or comple- In 1908, the infant mortality rate was toughest in the world; it is a calling didates received certification and were tion of their three-year contracts. Although 347.8 per one thousand live births, with that requires dedication and a certain promoted to staff nurses. they were replaced by other expatriates, almost 60 percent of deaths occurring dur- steadfastness of spirit. While nurses infants and young children. Her findings led of course, it put a severe strain on the exist- In 1926, Singapore’s first public health the pool of trained nurses remained largely ing the first three months of birth. To give a today face many challenges on a daily to the start of a regular midwifery course for ing nursing staff in Singapore, and it became nurse, Miss I. M. M. Simmons from Scot- stagnant. Subsequent arrivals succumbed to sense of how far we have come, Singapore’s basis, it was much worse back in the local women in 1910, with proper instruc- extremely difficult to find replacements for land, was employed to provide infant and 1920s. Nurses were expected to per- tion and licensing of midwives. That year nurses who left the country. maternal health services to mothers and form six weeks of continuous morning marked the beginning of the Maternal and The shortage of qualified nurses had infants in rural areas. As a result of her and afternoon shifts, followed by two Child Health Service in Singapore. been a perennial problem since the con- recommendations, a mobile dispensary weeks of night duty. Rest days were One of the earliest records of a health- cept of healthcare first emerged in Singa- was introduced the following year. The scant: student nurses were given one care outreach programme in Singapore was pore. Although there had been attempts at medical team consisted of a doctor, dresser off day per month, while staff nurses in 1911 when infant welfare nurses made providing some form of training for local and nurse who made daily trips to rural had two days. Nurses were also house visits to inspect the living conditions nurses in hospitals since the 1880s, it was areas. In addition, nurses were involved required to live in hospital quarters of infants and to advise young mothers. The rather haphazard; the training was mostly in various outreach activities to educate and have their meals there. Each results were significant: Singapore’s infant unstructured and whatever nurses learnt school children and the general public on staff nurse was entitled to her own mortality rate fell to 267 per one thousand was very much on-the-job. It was only in hygiene and basic health. Local nurses also bedroom, whereas student nurses live births in 1912. In 1915, the Midwives 1916, when St Andrew’s Mission Hospital gained recognition when the first Asian nurs- had to share a room with two other Ordinance was passed to recognise certi- started a General Nurse Training course for ing sister in Singapore, Mrs. M. E. Perera, fellow students. Perhaps the most fied midwives and require their compulsory local girls – adopting the established British was appointed in 1937 by the St Andrew’s draconian ruling was that nurses registration in the by curriculum for training and education – did Mission Hospital. This was the first time an working in government hospitals in the Central Midwives Board. coaching in Singapore take on a more formal Asian was deemed to be on par with expatri- the 1920s were not allowed to get When World War I broke out in July and organised approach. ate nurses and qualified to lead. married. We do not know how long 1914, many British nurses volunteered for The student nurses, who were this rule was enforced, but it is little service in the Armed Forces in England, recruited on an apprenticeship model, World War II to Independence: 1940s–65 wonder that the profession had dif- including Miss M. J. McNair, then the Head were sent directly to the hospital wards To bring festive cheer to the patients, wards at the General Hospital were decorated with Christmas ficulties attracting women. Nurse9 of the General Hospital at Sepoy to work and receive on-the-job train- The outbreak of World War II and the fall of trimmings, circa 1930s. Courtesy of National Archives of Singapore. Lines. While all this was perfectly laudable ing. Learning was through observation, Singapore on 15 February 1942 brought a

50 51 BIBLIOASIA JUL – SEP 2016 Vol. 12 / Issue 02 / Feature halt to the development of nursing, as with passed, requiring all nurses to be registered offered a path towards a career in nursing most other things, in Singapore. Nurses or admitted by examination. for girls without the required level of educa- were allowed to leave the hospitals. Those While the post-war demands for nurses tion and admitted students with Standard who opted to remain were transferred to soared, the recruitment of student nurses VII10 qualifications. the Mental Hospital (the predecessor of was still abysmal mainly due to the lack of The new School of Nursing, managed Woodbridge Hospital, better known as the local women with the required level of edu- by the Singapore General Hospital, opened Institute of Mental Health today) at Yio Chu cation. To ease the shortage, nurse training at Sepoy Lines in 1956. With an increase in Kang, together with the patients. During for males was introduced in 1948. Existing the number of nurses, it became necessary the Japanese Occupation, all nurses were male students from the Hospital Assistants to both document and implement proper required to attend Japanese-language training programme were transferred to this nursing procedures. Towards this end, a lessons held in the hospitals on top of their new course. In addition, the Catholic religious Nursing Education Committee was set up regular lectures. Many nurses continued to community came forward once again: nuns in 1958 to oversee and regulate the vari- serve valiantly throughout the difficult war from the Franciscan Missionaries of the ous nursing training programmes. In 1959, period. With the departure of the Japanese Divine Motherhood – many of whom were the firstHandbook on Nursing Procedures forces after the war and the return of the trained nurses and midwives – volunteered was published. British, the General Nurse Training course their services at the Tan Tock Seng Hospital This period saw great strides being was reintroduced in 1946. between 1949 and 1962. made to raise the status of nursing in Sin- World War II helped to change public The early 1950s saw recruitment efforts gapore. The Singapore Trained Nurses’ perception of local nurses. In January 1947, being ramped up, with better prospects, Association (today known as the Singa- the government promoted locally trained training and promotion opportunities for pore Nurses Association) was founded nurses to the rank of Sister, creating oppor- nurses. Nursing was also portrayed in the in 1957 to promote the advancement of the programmes and activities organised (Above left) Children receiving medical treatment from a mobile dispensary in 1951. Ministry of Informa- tunities for them to rise to supervisory and media as a respectable career. The marketing nursing as a profession, and in 1959 and during the week-long affair included tion and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore. administrative posts. The nurses, many of efforts paid off and the number of student 1961 respectively, the association was graduation ceremonies for nurses and (Above right) Nurses visiting a village in 1957 to carry out an inoculation exercise. Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore. whom made positive contributions during nurses grew considerably. But demand granted associate and full membership midwives, concerts, exhibitions, blood the Occupation years and survived the war, always seemed to outstrip supply and the by the International Council of Nurses. donation drives and charity fundraising were more confident of their abilities now nursing shortage persisted. Finally, Singapore nurses had attained the projects. Nurses’ Week was changed to celebrates Nurses Day on 1 August as it and experience, and in the face of much and lobbied for their certification to be rec- On 1 March 1951, the Assistant Nurse international recognition they deserved. Nurses Day in 1985. commemorates the exact date 131 years public objection and protests. The nursing ognised in the UK and the Commonwealth Training course was started at Tan Tock Nurses’ Week was celebrated for Unlike most other countries, which earlier when a group of French nuns in profession today has grown exponentially as well as internationally. In February 1949, Seng Hospital to provide a bigger pool of the first time in Singapore in May 1965. cele­brate Nurses Day on 12 May, the birth- Singapore answered the call to become since 1965, but that subject is material for the Nursing Registration Ordinance was trained nursing professionals. The course Held annually for nearly two decades, day of Florence Nightingale, Singapore nurses – despite their lack of training another article of its own.

N., & Keys, P. (1988). Singapore: A guide to buildings, Municipal commission. (1910, August 6). The Straits Times, p. Notes regular check-ups, free milk, referrals streets & places (pp. 340–341). Singapore: Times Books 7. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. Ida Simmons: Singapore’s First Public 1 Sepoys were Indian soldiers recruited by the European International. Call no.: RSING 959.57 EDW-[TRA] Municipal nurses. (1896, August 19). The Straits Times, p. 2. Health Nurse to hospitals, lectures and counselling. colonial powers, including the British. Sepoy Lines refers Fildes, V., Marks, L., & Marland, H. (Eds.). (1992). Women and Retrieved from NewspaperSG. By the time Simmons retired in 1948, to the area around the junction of Outram Road and New children first: International maternal and infant welfare, Municipal Singapore. (1909, November 17). The Straits Times, Ida M. M. Simmons was Singapore’s first there were 15 full-time centres. Bridge Road where the barracks for the sepoys were once 1870–1945. London: Routledge. p. 6. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. public health nurse. Fresh off the boat from In 1934, Simmons was promoted located. The General Hospital moved to this area in 1882. . (2016, May 26). Latest data. National Library Board. (2010). Singapore General Hospital 2 The General Hospital relocated several times and was Retrieved from Singapore Department of Statistics (SGH) written by Naidu, Ratnala Thulaja. Retrieved from Scotland, she joined the Straits Settlements to Public Health Matron for rural Sin- known by different names until its final move to Sepoy website. Singapore Infopedia. Medical Department in December 1926 gapore. During the Japanese Occupa- Lines in the Outram area in 1882. New buildings were Gwee, M. B., & Ang, R. (1991). Trends in nursing education Page 7 Advertisements Column 1. (1887, August 12). The and was tasked with introducing infant tion of Singapore (1942–45), Simmons subsequently added to the existing ones at Sepoy Lines in Singapore. The professional nurse: A Quarterly Straits Times, p. 7. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. and maternal health services in rural was interned at Sime Road Camp. and the new hospital opened in 1929 as the Singapore Publication of the Singapore Trained Nurses' Association, Singapore. Ministry of Health. (1997). More than a calling: General Hospital. Singapore, an area then covering almost After the war, she began rebuilding 18(3), 17. Call no.: RSING 610.73095957 PN Nursing in Singapore since 1885. Singapore: Ministry of 3 Singapore was once a penal colony for convicts from India, Lee, C. E., & Satku, K. (Eds.). (2016). Singapore's Health. Call no.: RSING 610.73069 MOR half the island. infant health services, which had been Hong Kong and Burma. The first shipment of Indian prisoners system: What 50 years have achieved (p. 169). Singapore: Singapore Nurses Association. (2015). Our history. Retrieved In 1927, some 263 out of every 1,000 neglected under the Japanese. Infant arrived in Singapore in 1825 via Bencoolen in Sumatra. World Scientific. Call no.: RSING 362.1095957 SIN from Singapore Nurses Association website. babies in Singapore died in their first year, mortality had worsened but the dam- 4 The "Ward" referred to the planned female ward of Tan Lee, Y. K. (1985 February). The origins of nursing in Singapore. Singapore Nursing Board. (2016). Retrieved from Singapore while among rural Malays the number age was soon reversed and services Tock Seng Hospital. The term nurse at this point still Singapore Medical Journal, 26(1), 53–60. Retrieved from Nursing Board website. referred to any female attendant providing care to the Singapore Medical Association website. Tan, K. H., & Chern, S. M. (2002). Progress in obstetrics from was almost 300 per 1,000 births. Simmons were extended to the small outlying sick, and not a professionally trained nurse. Lee, Y. K. (2005, November). Nursing and the beginnings of 19th to 21st centuries: Perspectives from KK Hospital, learned Malay and set out to visit every islands of Singapore. 5 Medical report for 1883. (1884, April 12). Straits Times specialised nursing in early Singapore. Singapore Medical Singapore – the former world's largest maternity hospital. kampong (village) to uncover the extent Simmons retired to England in Weekly Issue, p. 5. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. Journal, 46(11), 600–609. Retrieved from Singapore The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2(2). of the problem. The health department 1948, after having overseen a drop in the 6 As the nuns did not have proper training, their duties Medical Association website. Retrieved from Internet Scientific Publications website. were limited to cooking, cleaning and following medical launched a mobile dispensary to make her infant mortality rate from 263 deaths per Legislative Council. (1884, December 6). Straits Times Tan, K. H., & Tay, E. H. (Eds.). (2003). The history of obstetrics instructions. Weekly, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. and gynaecology in Singapore. Singapore: Obstetrical & work easier. The vehicle travelled the rural 1,000 babies in 1927 to an exceptional 7 The Strait Times Committee of Subscribers, formed in 1900, Lim, M. (1966). The maternal and child health services in Gynaecological Society of Singapore: National Heritage byways and parked nearby while Simmons record of 57 deaths per 1,000 babies that was responsible for funding the British nurses’ employment. Singapore. Journal of the Singapore Paediatric Society Board. Call no.: RSING q618.095957 HIS and her team made house calls, sending year. This was a feat especially when 8 Miss J. E. Blundell was previously employed in the 8(1), 29–41. Call no.: RSING 618.92 JSPS The local nurse. (1951, April 4). The Straits Times, p. 6. those needing medical attention to the dis- viewed against the backdrop of a rising Native States. Her monthly salary in Singapore was 100 Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. S. J. (Eds.). (1991). Retrieved from NewspaperSG. Straits dollars and came with a travelling allowance not One hundred years of Singapore. Singapore: Oxford Tong, Y. T., & Narayanan, S. (2015). Caring for our people: pensary or summoning the accompanying birth rate. She later moved to Scotland, exceeding 25 Straits dollars. University Press. Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE-[HIS]) 50 years of healthcare in Singapore. Singapore: MOH In 1927, Singapore’s first public health nurse, Ida doctor to the house. where she died in 1958. 9 The Head Nurse was in charge of the nursing staff. The Medical report for 1883. (1884, April 12). Straits Times Weekly, Holdings Pte Ltd for the Ministry of Health. Call no.: RSING M. M. Simmons from Scotland, was employed term was later changed to Matron. p. 5. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 362.1095957 TON to provide infant and maternal health services Simmons and her staff earned the 10 During that time, Standard IX was the equivalent of today’s Midwives and nurses in jog to raise $40,000. (1985, May 1). The Yeoh, B. S. A., Phua, K. H., & Fu, K. (2008). From colony to to mothers and infants in rural areas. All rights patients' trust through their home visits Extracted from Singapore Infopedia: Na- GCE ’O’ Levels. Standard VII was equivalent to present- Straits Times, p. 11. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. global city: Public health strategies and the control of reserved, Ministry of Health. (1997). More than and by 1930, formal welfare centres had tional Library Board. (2013, March 25). Ida day Secondary 2. Mudeliar, V., Nair, C. R. S., & Norris, R. P. (Eds). (1979). disease in Singapore. In M. J. Lewis & K. L. Macpherson a Calling: Nursing in Singapore Since 1885 been established. These centres focused Simmons written by Sutherland, Duncan. Development of hospital care and nursing in Singapore. (Eds.), Public health in Asia and the Pacific: Historical and Singapore: Ministry of Health. on education and prevention, and provided Retrieved from Singapore Infopedia. References Singapore: Ministry of Health. Call no.: RSING comparative perspectives. Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Edwards, N., & Keys, P. (1996). Singapore: A Edwards, 610.73095957 MUD Routledge. Call no.: R 362.1095 PUB

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