Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014; 4(Suppl 2): S764-S769 S764

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Document heading doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60724-6 2014 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. All rights reserved. 襃 Antiparasitic herbs used in west regions of located in west of

1* 2 3 4 5 Mahmoud Bahmani , Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei , Seyed Ahmad Karamati , Fariba Bahmani , Farzaneh Bahmani , Ehsan 6 7 Bahmani , Jafar Asadzadeh 1Razi Herbal Medicine Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Abad, Iran 2Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran 3Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, , Iran 4Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran 5Department of Entomology, Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences, , Iran 6Agri-Bank of City, Ilam Province, Iran 7Deputy for Food and Drug, University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: Objective: To identify antiparasitic medicinal plants used by people in southern regions of Ilam 3 2014 Received Apr Methods:province in Iran. Received in revised form 15 Jun 2014 This study was carried out using questionnaire and interview method between Accepted 19 Jul 2014 February 2012 and April 2013 and also by means of public resources. Along with distributing Available online 2 Sep 2014 questionnaires herbarium specimens of each plant were collected and then their genus and sResults:pecies w ere determined in the Natural Resources Research Center of Ilam province. A total of 19 medicinal plants used as antiparasitic plants belonged to 14 families were identified in southern regions of Ilam province. Majority of antiparasite herbs were related Keywords: to Compositeae (11%), Rosaceae (11%), Solanaceae (11%), Liliaceae (11%), and Asteraceae (11%) Medicinal plants families. Aerial parts with 28% were the most plant organs used for the treatment of parasitic Parasitic diseases diseases. Results of this study showed that infusion with 83% is the most popular form of herbal Ilam province Conclusions:medications in southern regions of Ilam province. Iran The report of medicinal plants belonged to northern regions of this province may provide necessary condition for researchers to identify effective substances and to study the clinical effects claimed for these plants and their effective substances on different parasitic diseases while traditional effects of these plants are documented.

1. Introduction year due to parasitic infection[5]. Infection with parasites and parasitic diseases are of the health problems in High prevalence of parasitic infections indicates different communities and are considered as commercial- inadequacy of health system performance[1-3]. According to social barriers of development in most countries around a report of World Health Organization, about 3 500 million the world, especially in developping countries. Wide persons around the world are infected with parasites and 450 spread of parasites diseases due to some causes such as million persons get sick as a result of parasites infections illiteracy, malnutrition, lack of health facilities, increasing per year[4]. More than 200 thousand deaths are reported per population growth and poverty imposes a significant burden to human societies. Intestinal parasitic infections are seen *Corresponding author: Dr. Mahmoud Bahmani, Razi Herbal Medicine Research more or less in all places of the world and wide scientific Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Abad, Iran. Tel: 0989186157084 development in last decades has decreased parasitic E-mail: [email protected] infections and mortality. But yet parasitic diseases are Foundation Project: Supported by the Natural Resources Research Center, Ilam Province, Iran (Grant No. 77-12-1392/2). considered as one of the most important causes of mortality in developing countries. These diseases affect human Mahmoud Bahmani et al./Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014; 4(Suppl 2): S764-S769 S765 health by creating malnutrition, anemia, diarrhea and containing the used organ, method of the use and effect of low weight in human especially in children and elderly[6]. traditional therapy. Herbarium specimens obtained from ’ Parasitic infections are transferred directly or indirectly. local traditional healers information in the questionnaires The direct transfer usually happens in dense communities were collected from the region and then were dried like kindergartens, military camps and dormitories. The deposited in herbarium unit in the Natural Resources indirect transfer happens through cyst and cyst is usually Research Center of Ilam Province. Then, specimens were transferred through hand and dirty tools but direct transfer identified and their species was determined by using the usually occurs through food and water[7]. flora book of Ilam province[11]. Available drugs have weak effect or have lost their effects Data obtained from questionnaires were entered into the due to frequency of usage. Today, medicinal plants are excel program and were analyzed. considered as alternative drugs for many diseases like parasitic diseases and many researches have reported 3. Results promising results. Using pharmaceutical products with plant origin has been more expended due to different reasons like less side effects, better acceptance of patients and lower After collecting questionnaires, totally 19 anti-parasite price of medicinal plants and also more compatibility with plants were identified in southern regions of Ilam province normal physiological function of human body[8,9]. that were used in the treatment of parasitic diseases and are The present study aims to identify antiparasitic medicinal specified in the Table 1. plants used by people in southern regions of Ilam province As determined, 19 plants of 14 plant families in southern in Iran. regions of Ilam province had therapeutic application in treatment of parasitic diseases. As it is seen in the Figure 1, majority of anti-parasite 2. Materials and methods herbs are related to Compositeae (11%), Rosaceae (11%), Solanaceae (11%), Liliaceae (11%), and Asteraceae (11%) This study was performed in southern regions of Ilam families. The prevalence of other plant families are shown in province located in the west of Iran. Ilam province has the Figure 1. 2 s e

425 i I T l

km common border with raq. he average rainfall in i m a f

200 500

southern regions is mm and in northern regions is t n a

[10] l p mm . 1 f o

r

This study was carried out using questionnaire and e b m F 2012 A 2013 u interview method between ebruary and pril . N The common effects of plants in treatment of parasitic 0 Ana Apo Ast Bra Can Com Ger Lab Lil Pap Por Ran Ros Sol Figure 1. diseases were studied by the means of direct observation Number of plant families combination. and interview along with collecting herbarium specimens Ana: Anacardiaceae, Apo: Apocynaceae, Ast: Asteraceae, Bra: Brassicaceae, of indigenous medicinal pants. Questionnaires included Can: Canabinaceae, Com: Compositae, Ger: Geraniaceae, Lab: Labiatae, Lil: Lillaceae, Pap: Papilionaceae, Por: Portulacaceae, Ran: Ranunculaceae, Ros: personal information of traditional healers and a list Rosaceae, Sol: Solanaceae. Table 1

Complete botanical information, the usage method and remedial effects of plants studied. Scientific name Family Persian name Parts use Type sue Literature Therapeutic effects Allium akaka Liliaceae Valk Leaf, Bulb Decoction - Anti-parasite Artemisia sieberi Asteraceae Dermanehe Zagrosi Areal organs Decoction [12] Anti-parasite Cannabis sativa Canabinaceae Shahdoneh Leaf Decoction [13] Anti-parasite Consolida orientalis Ranunculaceae Zaban pas Ghafa denaee Flower Decoction [13] Anti-parasite Nasturtium officinale Brassicaceae Alafe cheshmeh Leaf, Flower, Root Decoction - Anti-parasite Euphurbia graminifolius Compositae Shir kosh Areal organs Decoction - Removing intestinal worms Salsola rigida Solanaceae Alafe shoor Areal organs Decoction [20] Removing intestinal worms Bieberstelnia multifida Geraniaceae Adamak Areal organs Decoction [20] Thick and louse Artemisia herba-alba Compositae Dermaneh Areal organs Decoction [21] Removing intestinal worms Amygdalus arabica olivier Rosaceae Badame Koohi Fruit Decoction, [12-13] Louse, thick and intestinal worms Astrangulus golicucanthus Papilionaceae Gavan Resin Decoction, Smoke [8] Anti-fly larvae Nerium indicum Apocynaceae Kharzahreh Flower and leaf Decoction, Smoke [8] Anti-fly larvae Amygdalus lycioides Rosaceae Tangras Fruit Decoction, Smoke [8] Anti-fly larvae Anacardiaceae Baneh Fruit Decoction, Smoke [8] Anti-fly larvae Saturiya khuzistanica Labiatae Marzeh Areal organs Decoction [8] Anti-leech Prangos ferulacea Asteraceae Jooshir Flower Decoction [22] Thick and louse Allium sativum Liliaceae Sir Root Decoction [23-25] Anti-parasite Mahmoud Bahmani et al./Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014; 4(Suppl 2): S764-S769 S766 Cannabis Results of analysis for the percent of using plant organs treatment of fever, stomachache. plant is used for antiparasitic consumptions showed that aerial organs to treat urinary tract disorders and acts as sedative and with 28% were the main plant organs used in treatment of hypnotic drug[45]. parasitic diseases. Leave with 20% and flower with 16% were Results of ethnobotanical study performed in Kerman Artemisia persica in next ranks most widely used organs of medicinal plants province showed that the Boiss. is an (Figure 2). intestinal anti-parasitic plant in sheep and goats and is [46] 7 applied to treat ringworm . Results of ethnobotany study performed in Arasbaran region located in north-west of Iran 6 Hypercom perforatum s L n 5 showed that . plant has traditional a g r o 4 therapeutic applications and is considered as a sedative, d e s u

anti-depressant, anti-cancer, respiratory and uterine

f 3 o

r e system booster and also can solve digestive problems. b 2

m Satureja hortensis u L N 1 . is used to treat acute flatulence to treat nausea, diarrhea, sexual reluctance, anorexia, and acts as 0 an anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-gout drug. A species Fruit Flower Areal Leaf Root Bulb Resin Stem Portulaca Portulaca olraca organs of with the scientific name of Figure 2. Used organs and their number. is used to purify blood, inflammation and acts as a diuretic Infusion with 83% was the most popular form of herbal drug[47]. A study performed in , located in Fars medications between traditional healers of southern regions province (south of Iran) and Mobarakeh in center of Iran Amygdalus lycioides of Ilam province (Figure 3). showed that plant is used to heal burn. Amygdalus lycioides 20 plant is also used as anti-parasite and Nasturtium officinale 18 appetizer. L. is used for excretion of Satureja hortensis 16 urinary stones. is used as a astringent to 14 Amygdalus

treat muscle pain, cramps and flatulence. Also r 12 e Allium b

m 10 is used to treat diarrhea, nausea and indigestion and u

N sativum [48-51] 8 L. to treat corn, bronchitis and arthritis . Cannabis 6 One of the bioactive substances of plant is 4 tetrahydrocannabinol compound that has antioxidant and 2 appetizer properties[52]. Over the past decades, this plant 0 Decoction Smoke has been used in the traditional health care systems to treat Figure 3. Number of therapeutic use method. some diseases like inflammation, nausea, headache and Cannabis diarrhea[53,54]. Today, compounds derived from and its synthetic agonists and antagonists are used in some 4. Discussion cases such as treatment of multiple sclerosis, cataract, diarrhea and nausea resulted from chemotherapy, also for Today, using medicinal plants in treatment of different digestion and absorption syndrome due to HIV and cancer types of diseases has become usual since these natural and to treat obesity[55,56]. resources are cheap, accessible, effective, with less side Arachidonyl ethanolamine, one of the main components of Cannabis effects compared to chemical drugs and are considered as a can activate cannabinoid receptors[57,58]. Possibly requirement in modern era[26-34]. In this study, a total of 19 antiparasitic effect that we previously reported is attributed Cannabis medicinal plants belonged to 14 families, used in parasitic to this substance of plant. infections were identified that were reported as anti- Main ingredient of tobacco plant is nicotine. Antiparasitic Portulaca parasite, anti-louse, anti-tick and anti-insect. With regard effects of nicotine have been proved[14-17]. oleracea to importance of leech and report of infection to it, in our L. as an antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic, anti- Limnatis study the tobacco plant was reported effective on fever, antioxidant, muscle relaxant, blood filtering has nilotica (leech)[35-38]. Results of previous studies showed medical application and also has capability to enhance etc. that plants of ginger, sagebrush, wormwood, grape have the immune system and relieve thirst[19,59-61]. Studies positive effect on leech[39-44]. showed that aqueous and alcohol extract of this plant have Botanical studies have been conducted on different different effects on the nervous system that include motor . Results of botanical studies in Kerman activity decrease. Anticonvulsant effects, inhibition of province (east of Iran) showed that peanut is applied to neuromuscular contraction following electrical stimulation Portulaca oleracea treat allergy and hair loss. Sagebrush plant is used in the and also muscle relaxant effect of L. Mahmoud Bahmani et al./Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014; 4(Suppl 2): S764-S769 S767 Conflict of interest statement extract was observed in conscious mice that even relaxant effect of this plant extract was more effective than drugs such as chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and dantrolene We declare that we have no conflict of interest. sodium[61-63]. It seems that reported antiparasitic effect in Cannabis Acknowledgements this study is attributed to effect on the parasite immune system and parasite paresis. Plant is a rich source of fatty acids like omega-3, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic The authors would like to appreciate financial support β acid, -carotene, glutathione and alpha linolenic acid, of Natural Resources Research Center, Ilam Province, Iran saccharide, carbohydrate (pectin, mucilage, noradernalin, (Grant No. 77-12-1392/2). dopamine, minerals including calcium, potassium, iron, phosphorus, manganese, copper and organic acids like References cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and also including coumarins, anthraquinone and cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, and quercetin[19,58- [1] H asin GM, Saha S, Begum A. Impact of sanitation and health Artemisia abrotanum 65]. L. and artemisinin have education on intestinal infection among primary school aged Artemisia Trop Doct 33 antiparasitic effect. The antiparasitic effect of children of Bangladesh. 2003; (3): 139-143. abrotanum has also been attributed to artemisinin[66]. 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