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An Historical Examination of the Influences of Satellite Radio and Internet Radio on Shortwave Broadcasting Since the End of the Cold War

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UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE SHORTWAVE BROADCASTING IN A NEW WORLD ORDER: AN HISTORICAL EXAMINATION OF THE INFLUENCES OF SATELLITE RADIO AND INTERNET RADIO ON SHORTWAVE BROADCASTING SINCE THE END OF THE COLD WAR. A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Arlyn T. Anderson Norman, Oklahoma 2004 UMI Number: 3128839 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3128839 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Copyright by Arlyn T. Anderson 2004 All Rights Reserved. SHORTWAVE BROADCASTING IN A NEW WORLD ORDER: AN HISTORICAL EXAMINATION OF THE INFLUENCES OF SATELLITE RADIO AND INTERNET RADIO ON SHORTWAVE BROADCASTING SINCE THE END OF THE COLD WAR. A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION BY Dr. Eric M. Kramer Dr. Donald L» Wieder /") Dr. Sandra^. Ragan Dn Susan L. Kates Dr. Katherine A. Pandora Acknowledgments To begin with, there is no such thing as a successfully completed dissertation without the aid, support, and assistance of a good advisor. Such has been the case with me, and I extend my thanks and debt to my advisor to whom I was drawn during my first year at the University of Oklahoma not so much for what he said and taught (because I could then not fully understand it), but for how what he said made me feel. Since then, his coaching, insights, and patience have been, and are, like the pearl of great price spoken of in the New Testament. Next, I am nothing without the wife and children with whom my life will always be shared. I will always continue to become the person I ean become within the family garden that we tend together. More than any others, these people closest to me have borne most of the weight I also carried with this project. This much I can promise them—never again, and the best is yet to come. Related to my immmediate family is the extended family of siblings, parents, and in-laws. As with my own wife and children, they have also felt the blow of shortened and missed holidays, or even holidays filled more with my research than with celebration. To them I say the same—never again, and I am looking forward to coming home again. Next to my family, there are my friends who have walked this same path with me. In partieular, there are those who understand and appreciate he eoneepts that I now understand and appreciate. Thank you for knowing what I thought I knew, and helping me to understand it better. Beyond all these, there are those forces, essences, beings, etc. greater than us all to which/whom I am always and forever indebted. These are what have preserved me "from day to day, by lending [me] breath" that I might "live and move and do aceording to [my] own w ill,. supporting [me] from one moment to another..." It is from these that I have been created and granted life, and to whom/which I am always and ultimately indebted, as I believe are we all (Mosiah 2:21-23). And finally, to Mathew Leif Peterson and the household and circle of Petersons—you are the man among men. IV Table of Contents Chapter One................................................................................................................................. 1 Overview of Topic..........................................................................................................2 Problem ........................................................................................................................... 6 Review of Literature ........................................................................................ 6 Research Questions...................................................................................... 10 Method and Analysis ................... 12 M ethod............................................................................................................. 12 Analytical Framework...................... 15 Data and Samples .............................................................................. 21 A nalysis..................... 25 Conclusion...................................................................................................................26 Chapter Two...........................................................................................................................28 An Overview of Shortwave Broadcasting To 1991.................................................29 Shortwave Broadcasting............................................................................... 29 General Characteristics....................................................................29 Broadcasters...................................................................................32 Listeners .............................................................................33 A Brief History of Shortwave Broadcasting.............................................. 36 Pre-World War II ................. ........................................................ 36 World War II and the Cold War ..........................................39 At the End of the Cold W ar........................................................................... 47 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................50 Chapter Three.......................................................................................................................... 53 Post-Cold War International Broadcasting Environment...................................... 56 To Cut or Not To C u.................................................................................... t 56 To C u t................................................................................................ 57 Not to C u............................................................................................. t 59 New Technologies and Media for International Broadcasting............... 63 \V7kRCk92 .............................................................................................63 Satellite Radio................................................................................... 64 Rebroadeasting Over Local AM/FM Stations...............................66 Web R adio ...........................................................................................69 The CNN Factor..................................................................................73 That Old Fashioned Radio ..............................................................................74 Searching For a New Identity......................................................................... 77 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................82 Chapter Four................................................................................................................................85 International Broadcasting Among Major Stations Since 1991................................86 From Radio Moscow to Voice of Russia.......................................................86 Europe.............................................................................................................. 89 Germany................................................................................................ 89 Switzerland ...........................................................................................90 France....................................................................................................91 The Netherlands ...................................................................................91 North America.................................................................................................. 92 Canada .................................................................................................. 92 Monitor Radio International............................................................... 96 Middle East and A sia ....................................................................................... 97 Israel.......................................................................................................97 Japan ........................................................................................ 98 People's Republic of China................................................................ 98 Taiw an................................................................................................... 99 Miscellaneous................................................................................................... 99 Private and Religious Broadcasters ........................................................... 100 Conclusion...................................................... ...........................................................103 Chapter Five ..............................................
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