DOCSLIB.ORG

Alleviation of Poverty As a Priority for Socio-Economic Development in Russia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Alleviation of Poverty As a Priority for Socio-Economic Development in Russia Chapter 1 Alleviation of poverty as a priority for socio-economic development in Russia 1.1. POVERTY IN THE PERSPEC- onitoring, which aims to measure preva- TIVE OF THE MILLENNIUM Mlence of poverty, traditionally seeks DEVELOPMENT GOALS answers to two questions: how many people or households are below the poverty line (the eduction of extreme poverty is defined as share of the poor) and how poor they are (the Rprimary among the development goals resource deficit of the poor, poverty gap). This formulated in the Millennium Declaration. is also the basis for targets to be addressed by states implementing the Millennium t is clear from consideration of the problem in Declaration and for indicators measuring Ian international context that poverty is, by its progress in attainment of MDG Goal 1. very nature, relative. In countries with a lower level of economic development poverty is arget 1. To halve the number of people mainly manifested in such phenomena as Tliving in extreme poverty by 2015. The hunger, lack of potable water, illiteracy, high following indicators are suggested for mortality from elementary diseases (e.g. diar- appraising efforts to achieve that goal: rhea). In developed countries lack of means to – the share of people with current con- sumption resources below one dollar 1% of the Russian population was in (USD 1) a day1; extreme poverty by the Millennium – poverty gap dynamics based on a poverty Declaration definition (poverty line of line of USD 1 a day; USD 1 per day) in 2003, and 5% were in – the share of consumption by the poorest extreme poverty by the World Bank defi- 20% of people in overall consumption. nition (USD 2.15). arget 2. To halve by 2015 the number of buy a car or secure a mortgage loan may be Tpeople suffering hunger. Achievements defined as poverty, and most emerging markets in meeting this target will be measured by: include a wide range of durable goods in the – prevalence of weight deficiency among minimum consumer basket for poor families. children under 5 years of age; – the share of people with calorie consump- ut, despite significant differences in what tion levels below the minimum. Bis classed as low material welfare stan- dards in countries with different levels of eco- he share of the Russian population in nomic development, final analysis of the notion Textreme poverty is much less than 20%, so of poverty leads to a single set of goods, serv- Target 1 can be viewed as largely achieved. ices and satisfied needs, lack of which is con- Monitoring and indicators relating to the share sidered inadmissible in any country today. of people with income below USD 1 a day (and 30 Human Development Report for the Russian Federation 2005 to the respective poverty gap) concern allevition Russia experienced a major redistribu- of extreme poverty. There are no relevant offi- tion of resources in favor of the medium- cial data for Russia, since the Federal State and high-income strata of society as it Statistics Service measures poverty on the basis entered the phase of economic crisis and of the official subsistence minimum, which is market transformation in the early 1990s. much higher than one dollar. The World Bank uses a poverty line equal to USD 2.15 daily of both poverty and inequality: the lower the income to define extremely low living standards resources of the poorest 20%, the higher both in the region which includes Russia, since cold poverty and inequality. Data presented in climates require additional essential spending Figure 1.1 show that Russia experienced a on heating, winter clothing and foodstuffs2. major redistribution of resources in favor of the medium- and high-income strata of socie- he World Bank calculates that 6.1% of the ty as it entered the phase of economic crisis TRussian population were in extreme pov- and market transformation in the early 1990s. erty in 2000, based on a poverty line of USD The indicator varied in a range of 5.8–6.1% 2.15 per day. Data for 2003 available from the from the mid 1990s until 2000, which we take National Survey of Welfare and Participation of as the start point for Russian economic the Population in Social Programs (NOBUS)3 growth, when it settled at a level of 5.6%. That allow us to give more up to date expert esti- shows that the poor have not received priori- mates of extreme poverty in Russia. The results ty access to the fruits of economic growth, suggest that 1% of the Russian population was and suggests potential for poverty reduction. in extreme poverty by the Millennium Declaration definition (poverty line of USD 1 per he criteria of calorific value of food and day) in 2003, and 5% were in extreme poverty Tweight deficiency among infants serve to by the World Bank definition (USD 2.15). identify undernourishment and hunger. Calorie consumption data, unlike data on or countries with a low level of economic daily incomes below USD 1 or USD 2.15, are Fdevelopment the share of the poorest regularly published in Russian official statis- 20% of the population in total consumption is tics. These statistics can be compared with a measure of extreme poverty. But in Russian calorific norms of the official Russian mini- conditions this share approximates to official poverty levels with an overlap to families, Figure 1.1. Share of the poorest 20% of who are not officially classified as poor: in the Russian population in total income, 2004 the Russian official definition of the 1970–2003, % poverty line classified 17.8% of the popula- tion as poor. We should note that the official 10.1 10 Russian subsistence minimum (poverty line) 9.5 9.8 is 5–6 times higher in price terms than the 7.8 extreme poverty line of USD 1. In what fol- 6.1 6.1 66 lows we will use the World Bank poverty line 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.6 of USD 2.15 a day to define extreme poverty (Box 1.1). t is important to emphasize that resources Iof the poorest 20% of society are a measure 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 31 Chapter 1 mum consumer basket to estimate what pro- insufficient height). Incidence of undernour- portion of the population is undernourished. ishment among Russian children differs little By this standard, nearly 40% of the Russian from its incidence in developed countries, population is undernourished in calorie and the indicator is much better than in devel- terms and 60% of Russians do not eat oping countries7, but the very existence of enough protein. However, the average such an extreme form of poverty is sufficient Russian daily consumption level of 2684 calo- grounds for monitoring it and designing ries means that Russia does not qualify as measures to overcome it. malnourished by international standards4. n conclusion, an overview of official statis- fficial data on calorie consumption do not Itics, results of alternative research, and our Otake account of eating away from home, own calculations indicate that: which adds about 20% to consumption levels. 1. Incidence of extreme poverty in Russia, After this adjustment the percentage of measured by criteria defined in the Millen- Russians, who are undernourished by stan- nium Development Goals, is in a range of 1- dards of the minimum consumer basket, 5% of the population. However, an account of declines to 10-15%. In any case, the calorie con- the marginalized groups would increase the sumption standard implied by Russia’s official overall incidence of extreme poverty. minimum consumer basket is well above the 2. Malnutrition is a relevant aspect of poverty in modern Russia. The current Russian social security system 3. Standards, which are used to measure includes targeted assistance to vulnerable poverty in Russia, do not allow monitoring in groups, but does not treat the poor as a full compliance with the indicators set out in priority group for social programs. the Millennium Development Goals. 4. Tracking of poverty dynamics in compli- required daily calorie intake for normal meta- ance with the Millennium Development bolic functioning (1500 calories)5, which serves Goals would require modernization of the as a calorie criterion for malnutrition. The data entire system of indicators used by Russian available to us suggest that 1-3% of the Russian poverty monitoring. population are affected by this form of extreme 5. The current Russian social security sys- poverty, but we should stress again that official tem includes targeted assistance to vulner- statistics do not keep track of it. able groups, but does not treat the poor as a priority group for social programs. ncidence of weight deficiency among chil- Idren under 5 in Russia is measured by anthropometric research on nutrition. The 1.2. SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF only source of information is research organ- POVERTY IN RUSSIA AND MEA- ized by the Institute of Nutrition6, which has SURES FOR ITS ALLEVIATION found that cases of acute and chronic under- nourishment do exist in Russia and are con- overty is a distinctive feature of Russia centrated among families with lowest Ptoday, and has inevitably attracted the incomes. Abnormally low height and weight attention of executive and legislative branch- suggesting chronic nutrition deficiencies are es of power, and of society as a whole. most common among infants (usually low Halving the incidence of poverty is a declared weight) and in the 7-10 age group (usually priority goal of the Medium term Program for 32 Human Development Report for the Russian Federation 2005 Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Figure 1.2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • African Development Report 2015 Growth, Poverty and Inequality Nexus
    African Development Report 2015 African Despite earlier periods of limited growth, African economies Sustaining recent growth successes while making future growth have grown substantially over the past decade. However, poverty more inclusive requires smart policies to diversify the sources African Development and inequality reduction has remained less responsive to growth of growth and to ensure broad-based participation across successes across the continent. How does growth affect poverty segments of society. Africa needs to adopt a new development and inequality? How can Africa overcome contemporary and trajectory that focuses on effective structural transformation. Report 2015 future sustainable development challenges? This 2015 edition Workers need to move from low productivity sectors to those of the African Development Report (ADR) offers analysis, where both productivity and earnings are higher. Key poverty- Growth, Poverty and Inequality Nexus: synthesis and recommendations that are relevant to these reducing sectors, such as agriculture and manufacturing, should Overcoming Barriers to Sustainable Development questions. The objective of this Report is to guide policy be targeted and accorded high priority for public and private Growth, Poverty Growth, Development and Inequality Sustainable to Nexus: Overcoming Barriers processes by contributing to the debate analysing what has investment. Adding value to many of Africa’s primary exports happened during recent years, what has worked well, what may earn the continent a competitive margin in international hasn’t worked well, and what needs to be done to address markets, while also meeting domestic market needs, especially further barriers to sustainable development in Africa? Africa’s with regard to food security. Apart from the need to prioritise recent economic growth has not been accompanied by a real certain sectors, other policy recommendations emanating from structural transformation.
    [Show full text]
  • Income and Poverty in the United States: 2018 Current Population Reports
    Income and Poverty in the United States: 2018 Current Population Reports By Jessica Semega, Melissa Kollar, John Creamer, and Abinash Mohanty Issued September 2019 Revised June 2020 P60-266(RV) Jessica Semega and Melissa Kollar prepared the income section of this report Acknowledgments under the direction of Jonathan L. Rothbaum, Chief of the Income Statistics Branch. John Creamer and Abinash Mohanty prepared the poverty section under the direction of Ashley N. Edwards, Chief of the Poverty Statistics Branch. Trudi J. Renwick, Assistant Division Chief for Economic Characteristics in the Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division, provided overall direction. Vonda Ashton, David Watt, Susan S. Gajewski, Mallory Bane, and Nancy Hunter, of the Demographic Surveys Division, and Lisa P. Cheok of the Associate Directorate for Demographic Programs, processed the Current Population Survey 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement file. Andy Chen, Kirk E. Davis, Raymond E. Dowdy, Lan N. Huynh, Chandararith R. Phe, and Adam W. Reilly programmed and produced the historical, detailed, and publication tables under the direction of Hung X. Pham, Chief of the Tabulation and Applications Branch, Demographic Surveys Division. Nghiep Huynh and Alfred G. Meier, under the supervision of KeTrena Phipps and David V. Hornick, all of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted statistical review. Lisa P. Cheok of the Associate Directorate for Demographic Programs, provided overall direction for the survey implementation. Roberto Cases and Aaron Cantu of the Associate Directorate for Demographic Programs, and Charlie Carter and Agatha Jung of the Information Technology Directorate prepared and pro- grammed the computer-assisted interviewing instrument used to conduct the Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty and Inequality Prof. Dr. Awudu Abdulai Department of Food Economics and Consumption Studies
    Poverty and Inequality Prof. Dr. Awudu Abdulai Department of Food Economics and Consumption studies Poverty and Inequality Poverty is the inability to achieve a minimum standard of living Inequality refers to the unequal distribution of material or immaterial resources in a society and as a result, different opportunities to participate in the society Poverty is not only a question of the absolute income, but also the relative income. For example: Although people in Germany earn higher incomes than those in Burkina Faso, there are still poor people in Germany and non-poor people in Burkina Faso -> Different places apply different standards -> The poor are socially disadvantaged compared to other members of a society in which they belong Measuring Poverty How to measure the standard of living? What is a "minimum standard of living"? How can poverty be expressed in an index? Ahead of the measurement of poverty there is the identification of poor households: ◦ Households are classified as poor or non-poor, depending on whether the household income is below a given poverty line or not. ◦ Poverty lines are cut-off points separating the poor from the non- poor. ◦ They can be monetary (e.g. a certain level of consumption) or non- monetary (e.g. a certain level of literacy). ◦ The use of multiple lines can help in distinguishing different levels of poverty. Determining the poverty line Determining the poverty line is usually done by finding the total cost of all the essential resources that an average human adult consumes in a year. The largest component of these expenses is typically the rent required to live in an apartment.
    [Show full text]
  • Income and Poverty in the United States: 2017 Issued September 2018
    IncoIncomeme andand P Povertyoverty in in the theUn Unitedited State States:s: 2017 2017 CurrentCurrent Population Reports ByBy KaylaKayla Fontenot,Fontenot, JessicaJessica Semega,Semega, andand MelissaMelissa KollarKollar IssuedIssued SeptemberSeptember 20182018 P60-263P60-263 Jessica Semega and Melissa Kollar prepared the income sections of this report Acknowledgments under the direction of Jonathan L. Rothbaum, Chief of the Income Statistics Branch. Kayla Fontenot prepared the poverty section under the direction of Ashley N. Edwards, Chief of the Poverty Statistics Branch. Trudi J. Renwick, Assistant Division Chief for Economic Characteristics in the Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division, provided overall direction. Susan S. Gajewski and Nancy Hunter, Demographic Surveys Division, and Lisa P. Cheok, Associate Directorate Demographic Programs, processed the Current Population Survey 2018 Annual Social and Economic Supplement file. Kirk E. Davis, Raymond E. Dowdy, Shawna Evers, Ryan C. Fung, Lan N. Huynh, and Chandararith R. Phe programmed and produced the historical, detailed, and publication tables under the direction of Hung X. Pham, Chief of the Tabulation and Applications Branch, Demographic Surveys Division. Nghiep Huynh and Alfred G. Meier, under the supervision of KeTrena Farnham and David V. Hornick, all of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division, con- ducted statistical review. Tim J. Marshall, Assistant Survey Director of the Current Population Survey, provided overall direction for the survey implementation. Lisa P. Cheok and Aaron Cantu, Associate Directorate Demographic Programs, and Charlie Carter, Agatha Jung, and Johanna Rupp of the Application Development and Services Division prepared and programmed the computer-assisted interviewing instru- ment used to conduct the Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Additional people within the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Framing the Poor: Media Coverage and US Poverty Policy, 1960-2008
    bs_bs_banner The Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2013 Framing the Poor: Media Coverage and U.S. Poverty Policy, 1960–2008 Max Rose and Frank R. Baumgartner Public policy toward the poor has shifted from an initial optimism during the War on Poverty to an ever-increasing pessimism. Media discussion of poverty has shifted from arguments that focus on the structural causes of poverty or the social costs of having large numbers of poor to portrayals of the poor as cheaters and chiselers and of welfare programs doing more harm than good. As the frames have shifted, policies have followed. We demonstrate these trends with new indicators of the depth of poverty, the generosity of the government response, and media framing of the poor for the period of 1960–2008. We present a simple statistical model that explains poverty spending by the severity of the problem, gross domestic product, and media coverage. We then create a new measure of the relative generosity of U.S. government policy toward the poor and show that it is highly related to the content of newspaper stories. The portrayal of the poor as either deserving or lazy drives public policy. KEY WORDS: policy change, framing, poverty policy, content analysis Framing the Poor In 1960, 22 percent of the American public, some 40 million people, earned an income below the poverty line.1 Fifteen years later, the rate had been reduced to 12 percent as spending on poverty assistance increased from 3 to about 8 percent of U.S. government spending.2 The War on Poverty had a dramatic impact.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Consumption and Income Based Indicators of Economic Inequalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Evidence from Household Budget Surveys
    Working paper 13 11 August 2017 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE CONFERENCE OF EUROPEAN STATISTICIANS Expert meeting on measuring poverty and equality 26-27 September 2017, Budva, Montenegro Session D: Methodological issues in measuring economic inequalities Basic consumption and income based indicators of economic inequalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina: evidence from household budget surveys Prepared by the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Abstract In last two decades poverty indicators in Bosnia and Herzegovina were calculated on the basis of data collected within Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) and Household Budget Surveys (HBS). In both surveys, household consumption expenditure was used as a monetary measure of people`s well-being. Since 2003, European Union member states use Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) for data collection on household income, which is by regulation used as a monetary measure of living standard. LSMS in Bosnia an Herzegovina was conducted in 2001 and 2004 and it collected only data on consumption expenditure, while HBS was conducted four times: in 2004, 2007, 2011 and 2015 and in every survey round both data on consumption and income was collected. Since, data on income from HBS were considered as significantly underreported, poverty indicators were calculated only on the basis of consumption expenditure data. The aim of this paper is to compare basic poverty and inequality indicators in Bosnia and Herzegovina based on consumption and income approach. Our working hypothesis is that poverty and inequality indicators, calculated from consumption expenditure data, are significantly smaller compared to those calculated from income data.
    [Show full text]
  • The Social Commons
    1 The Social Commons Rethinking Social Justice in Post-Neoliberal Societies Francine Mestrum 2 Copyright © 2015 Francine Mestrum First published in 2015, Global Social Justice, Brussels All rights reserved. Copy-editing by Gareth Richards 3 Endorsements Is a universal social protection for all possible? Francine Mestrum has been, for many years, at the forefront of international mobilisations of civil society in favour of effective forms of a universal social protection for all. Her book shows that what is at stake is the question of whether we want change, because change is indeed possible. — Riccardo Petrella, Professor Emeritus, Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium Now, more than ever, activists, progressive researchers and policy-makers need not only the arguments against neoliberalism, they need the tools to articulate alternatives. In this inspiring book Francine Mestrum sets out a framework based on local and global struggles that transforms social protection into an argument for the social commons based on the solidarity of the common good. — Fiona Williams, Emeritus Professor of Social Policy, University of Leeds, United Kingdom This book is timely. And it faces up powerfully to current challenges. The incredible accumulation of wealth in the world has resulted in an explosion of inequalities, exclusions, insecurities, discrimination, poverty. Francine Mestrum was one of first to offer a strategic response – that of universal social protection based on fundamental rights. She has now deepened her approach with the idea of the social commons, which defines an alternative to neoliberal globalisation. — Gustave Massiah, former President, Centre de recherche et d’information sur le développement (CRID), France Francine Mestrum is a researcher and activist working on social development, poverty and inequalities, globalisation and European policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Eliminating Extreme Poverty: Progress to Date and Future Priorities
    CHAPTER 7 Eliminating extreme poverty: progress to date and future priorities Key messages • Africa has made significant progress towards the MDGs, but this progress masks substantial variation among countries. Aggregating and reporting development outcomes at the level of the continent can be misrepresentative of country-level achievements in just the same way that coun- try-level achievements may not reflect achievements in different parts of the country. • Under “business as usual”, extreme poverty may not be eradicated in Africa by 2030, but it can be brought down to low levels. • To eliminate extreme poverty, African countries will have to achieve growth of 5% per year on average on a per capita basis over the next 10-15 years. Growth accompanied by appropriate re- distribution policies including social protection programmes could accelerate the pace of poverty reduction. 176 Chapter 7 Eliminating extreme poverty: progress to date and futures priorities 7.0 Introduction 2015, the finishing line for the UN’s MDGs, is referred the case in many African countries, and as a consequence, to as a ‘year for development’, encouraging policymak- growth in Africa has not been inclusive and many Africans ers to rethink development frameworks for the dec- have been left behind. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 analysed Afri- ade(s) to come. After fifteen years of implementing the ca’s progress in reducing poverty, inequality, and gender MDGs, what efforts have African countries pursued so inequality in depth. Evidence has shown that, despite the far? What worked and what are the remaining challeng- progress made, extreme poverty and inequality remain es? Compared to other developing regions around the important issues in many African countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Time Deficits Matter for Poverty
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Antonopoulos, Rania; Masterson, Thomas; Zacharias, Ajit Research Report It's about "time": Why time deficits matter for poverty Public Policy Brief, No. 126 Provided in Cooperation with: Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Suggested Citation: Antonopoulos, Rania; Masterson, Thomas; Zacharias, Ajit (2012) : It's about "time": Why time deficits matter for poverty, Public Policy Brief, No. 126, ISBN 978-1-936192-26-7, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/121984 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Levy Economics Institute Public Policy Brief of Bard College No.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics PHC-2-A
    Selected Appendixes: 2000 Issued June 2003 Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics PHC-2-A 2000 Census of Population and Housing U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Selected Appendixes: 2000 Issued June 2003 PHC-2-A Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics 2000 Census of Population and Housing U.S. Department of Commerce Donald L. Evans, Secretary Samuel W. Bodman, Deputy Secretary Economics and Statistics Administration Kathleen B. Cooper, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Charles Louis Kincannon, Director SUGGESTED CITATION U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population and Housing, Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics, Selected Appendixes, PHC-2-A, Washington, DC, 2003 ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS ADMINISTRATION Economics and Statistics Administration Kathleen B. Cooper, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Cynthia Z.F. Clark, Charles Louis Kincannon, Associate Director for Methodology and Director Standards Hermann Habermann, Marvin D. Raines, Deputy Director and Associate Director Chief Operating Officer for Field Operations Vacant, Arnold A. Jackson, Principal Associate Director Assistant Director and Chief Financial Officer for Decennial Census Vacant, Principal Associate Director for Programs Preston Jay Waite, Associate Director for Decennial Census Nancy M. Gordon, Associate Director for Demographic Programs For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov; Phone: toll-free 1-866-512-1800; DC area 202-512-1800; Fax: 202-512-2250; Mail: Stop SSOP Washington, DC 20402-0001 CONTENTS How to Use This Census Report ........................ I–1 Appendixes A Geographic Terms and Concepts .................... A–1 B Definitions of Subject Characteristics.................
    [Show full text]
  • Household Livelihood Strategies, Environmental Dependency and Poverty: the Case of the Vietnam Rural Area
    Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Household Livelihood Strategies, Environmental Dependency and Poverty: the Case of the Vietnam Rural Area A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce and Management at Lincoln University by Hong Ngoc Ta Lincoln University 2016 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce and Management. Abstract Household Livelihood Strategies, Environmental Dependency and Poverty: the Case of the Vietnam Rural Area by Hong Ngoc Ta This study explores households’ dependency on environmental income for households that engage in different livelihood strategies. This study also investigates the impact of environmental income on rural household poverty and inequality, and identifies factors that determine the choice of rural households’ livelihood strategies in rural communities in Vietnam. A cluster analysis identifies five livelihood strategies: wage dependency; non-farm, non-wage dependency; mixed-income dependency; transfer dependency; and environment dependency. Households engaging in various livelihood strategies differ in their asset endowments.
    [Show full text]
  • Trends Report 2020 Concentrations of Poverty: 1970-2018 Introduction
    TRENDS REPORT 2020 CONCENTRATIONS OF POVERTY: 1970-2018 INTRODUCTION The purpose of Concentrations of Poverty: 1970-2018 is to provide an overview of Census and poverty data in Hillsborough County. While this report addresses the entirety of Hillsborough County, the primary focus is on downtown Tampa (the urban core) and the University Area. As will be seen, these densely populated areas have historically had the largest concentrations of poverty. The focus of this report is to answer the question: To what extent does Hillsborough County mirror the nation with respect to where the poor live? Poverty researchers measure poverty both at the income level (how much money is earned) and spatial level (where do the poor live). Where the poor are concentrated in a high density neighborhood, the area is defined as an area of concentrated poverty. The analysis in this report occurs at the local level and where “neighborhood” is used synonymously with “Census Tract”. Current research suggests a period of time, from approximately 1970 to 1990, where poverty was concentrated in urban cores. Beginning around the year 2000, the con- centration of poverty dispersed outwards towards the suburbs. The Great Recession accelerated this dispersion and increased the numbers of those in poverty, finding them located away from the urban core. The analysis in this report shows that while the number in poverty has decreased, the spatial dispersion of the poor remains. POVERTY CALCULATED One way to represent poverty is as a ratio. This is simply expressed as the ratio be- tween a family’s income divided by their poverty threshold.
    [Show full text]