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Towards Ecological Restoration Strategies for Penisula Shale

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Towards Ecological Restoration Strategies for Penisula Shale Towards ecological restoration strategies for Peninsula Shale Renosterveld: testing the effects of disturbance-intervention treatments on seed germination on Devil’s Peak, Cape Town by Penelope Anne Waller Dissertation presented in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science at the University of Cape Town, Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town University of Cape Town Supervisor: Dr Pippin Anderson Co-supervisor: Dr Pat Holmes September 2013 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town D eclarationeclarationeclaration I, the undersigned, know the meaning of plagiarism and declare that all of the work in the document, save for that which is properly acknowledged, is my own. University of Cape Town Signature: _____________________________ Date: ____________________________ i AAbstractbstractAbstract The ecological restoration of Peninsula Shale Renosterveld is essential to redress its conservation- target shortfall. The ecosystem is Critically Endangered and, along with all other renosterveld types in the Cape lowlands, declared ‘totally irreplaceable’. Further to conserving all extant remnants, ecological restoration is required to play a critical part in securing biodiversity and to meeting conservation targets. Remnants of Peninsula Shale Renosterveld are situated either side of the Cape Town city bowl and, despite formal protection, areas of the ecosystem are degraded and require restoration intervention. The body of research addressing restoration in renosterveld is small, yet growing, and seed-based restoration efforts have achieved limited success. This study primarily set out to further understand community recovery through determining the effects of interventions, implemented to mimic ecological drivers, on several seed germination criteria. Thirty-two interventions (comprised of five, crossed factors: burning, tillage, herbicide-application, rodent-exclusion and seeding) were incorporated into a field experiment situated in an area that was most likely ploughed over a century ago and is currently dominated by alien, annual grasses. Additional aspects of the study included determining the physiological status of the seed from 31 harvested species (through viability and germinability tests) towards identifying key restoration species, and, assessing intervention cost- effectiveness as a measure of intervention feasibility. The majority of the harvested species exhibited moderate to high levels of viability and germinability and occurred in the middle or upper key-restoration-species index range, indicating their potential for use in future restoration efforts. Seeding contributed considerably to overall community attributes, significantly increasing indigenous seedling density, species richness and canopy cover. Due to the dominance of alien, annual grasses, seeding alone was relatively ineffectual and recruitment was considerably improved when seeding was implemented in conjunction with one or more of the other interventions. These findings indicate that a lack of available seed is not the only barrier to community recovery and that competition exerted by the alien grass component plays a large role in inhibiting seedling recruitment of desirable species. Intervention effectiveness increased with the number of factorsUniversity per intervention yet, fortuitously,of Cape the most Town effective interventions were not necessarily the most costly. Some interventions resulted in good performances and have the potential to restore self-perpetuating communities with a semblance of ecosystem composition, structure and function. There is a clear and promising way forward incorporating these findings into feasible, implementable, landscape-scale, ecological restoration strategies for Peninsula Shale Renosterveld and potentially other Critically Endangered and ‘totally irreplaceable’ renosterveld ecosystems. ii AAcknowledgementscknowledgements This project benefitted from abundant and generous support from numerous people and organisations. I thank: Cape Peninsula University of Technology: Lucienne de Villiers, Dr Reinette Snyman and Dr Mike Young for vision, encouragement and support. Doug Euston-Brown (for assistance with in-field plant identification), Kay Waldon (for support and guidance throughout), Deon van Eeden (for reviewing the seed collection protocol and providing commercial seed collection costs) and Leonard Henning for guidance in herbicide selection. South African National Parks: Ruth-Mary Fisher (permitting), Carly Cowell (seed collection expertise), Jannie du Plessis and Jackie Pretorius (game camp access), Blessing Mutiti and Tobie Brunk (assistance with seed processing), Philip Prins, Clinton Dilgee, Pierre Gallagher and team for nothing but enthusiasm and willingness to plan and implement the prescribed burn and for providing assistance with burn costing. Seed collecting volunteers: Lisa Conradie, Jacqui L'Ange, Penny Brown, Geert Sprangers, Belinda and Chris Steyn, Gianpaolo Gilardi, Katherine Nurse, Marion Ogden, Peter Grey, Mary, Annelise, John, Mike and Joy Waller and Zukile Gqabuza for offering hours towards happy and productive harvesting in, at times, harrowing conditions. Cape Nature: Carlo Arendorf for seed export permits. Royal Botantic Gardens Kew: Jane Davies (for the implementation of viability tests) and Dr Rose Newton for guidance throughout, reviewing chapter two of the manuscript, providing valuable comment and improving the accuracy of the text. Millennium Seed Bank: Olivia Tyambetyu and Victoria Wilman for seed processing guidance and assistance with preparing seed for export. South African Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) (including Kirstenbosch Gardens, Bolus Herbarium and Seed Room): Les Powrie (for providing the georeferenced species list), Anthony Hitchcock and Trevor Adams (for guidance on pre-sowing seed treatments, willingness to assist with and house the germinability tests, and, germinability interpretation), Ernst van Jaarsveld (for guidance on pre-sowing seed treatments),University John Manning (forof assistance Cape with speciesTown identification), Kuphumla Zenze (for seed collection expertise throughout), Deon Smith, Grant van Gusling, Pat Kettledas and Andrew Jenkins (for conversations, seed processing expertise and guidance), Enoch Sodladla (for seed smoking) and Ntsindiso Zide for watering the species in the glasshouse. Liesl van der Walt, Dr Peter Linder and Fiona Powrie for assistance with the interpretation of germinability. University of Cape Town (UCT) Zoology department: Dr Gary Bronner (for input into the rodent- exclusion cage design) and George du Plessis for assistance with and management of the cage construction process. Tygerberg Nature Reserve: Penny Glanville for providing sampling data. South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON): Dr Nicky Allsopp (for guidance and input), Abri de Buys and Siyasanga Mpehle for installing the weather and soil moisture equipment and the monthly data collections. iii Kumbukani Imani, Blessing's Asoka and George Bannet for enthusiasm, stamina and attention to detail for the cage construction, tillage and on-site implementation. My parents, John and Annelise Waller, for, in addition to unconditional support throughout, rallying to stir 64 buckets of seed, sweep plots and install cages for two days in the rain. Moorosi Leshoele (for assisting with the July 2012 data collection and for the inclination for grace and philosophy) and Takunda Mambo for assisting with the September 2012, November 2012 and January 2013 data collections and for maintaining superb humour and the mantra ‘things could always be worse’. UCT Botany Department: Dawood Hattas for the use of the light reading equipment. South African Weather Services (SAWS): Gail Linnow for providing weather data. UCT Statistical Advisor: Katya Muaff for valuable support and assistance with experimental design and analysis. UCT Environmental and Geographical Sciences Department: Sharon Adams for considerable time and mental clarity required for managing project finances. Table Mountain Fund (for financing the costs of the project as one of the Cape Action for People and the Environment projects occurring within the Greater Cape Town project portfolio) and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research for supplementing the project budget. Harry Crossley Scholarship (2012), National Research Foundation/SAEON student bursary (2012 and 2013), Fynbos Forum Scholarship (2012 and 2013), Wilderness Wildlife Safaris Trust Scholarship (2012 and 2013) and UCT Masters Research Scholarship (2012 and 2013) for considerable personal financial support. Dr Pat Holmes for providing guidance throughout, reviewing chapters two to four of the manuscript and for providing insightful and detailed feedback. Dr Pippin Anderson for supervising with extraordinary wisdom, practicality, humour and care throughout. University of Cape Town iv CContentsontentsContents Declaration ....................................................................................................................................................... i Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................................
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