APPENDIX F
DANGEROUS FISH AND MOLLUSKS
Since fish and mollusks may be one of your major sources of food, it is wise to know which ones are danger- ous to you should you catch them. Know which ones are dangerous, what the dangers of the various fish are, what precautions to take, and what to do if you are injured by one of these fish.
Fish and mollusks will present a danger in one of three ways: by attacking and biting you, by injecting toxic venom into you through its venomous spines or tentacles, and through eating fish or mollusks whose flesh is toxic.
The danger of actually encountering one of these danger- ousfish is relatively small, but it is still significant. Anyone of these fish can kill you. A void them if at all possible.
F-O . FISH THAT ATTACK MAN The shark is usually the first fish that comes to mind when considering fish that attack man. Other fish also fall in this category, such as the barracuda, the moray eel, and the piranha.
Sharks Sharks are potentially the most dangerous fish that attack people. The obvious danger of sharks is that they are cal?ableof seriously maiming or killing you with their bite. Of the many shark species, only a rela- tive few are dangerous. Of these, four species are responsible for most cases of shark attacks on humans. These are the white, tiger, hammerhead, and blue sharks. There are also records of attacks by ground, gray nurse, and mako sharks. See Figure F-1 for illustrations of sharks. Avoid sharks if at all possible. Follow the procedures discussed in Chapter 16 to defend yourself against a snark attack. Sharks vary in size, but there is no relationship between the size of the shark and likelihood of attack. Even the smaller sharks can be danger- ous, especially when they are traveling in schools. If bitten by a shark, the most important measure for you to take is to stop the bleeding quickly. Blood in the water attracts sharks. Get your- self or the victim into a raft or to shore as soon as possible. If in tne wa- ter, form a circle around the victim (if not alone), and stop the bleeding with a tourniquet.
Other Ferocious Fish In salt water, other ferocious fish include the barracuda, sea bass, and moray eel (Figure F-2). The sea bass is usually an open water fish. It is aangerous due to its large size. It can remove large pieces of flesh from a human. Barracudas and moray eels have beenKnown to attack man and inflict vicious bites. Be careful of these two species when near reefs and in shallow water. Moray eels are very aggressive when disturbed. In fresh water, piranha are the only significantly dangerous fish. They are inhabitants of the tropics and are restricted to northern South
F-1 .
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~'i i' i I WHITE 3.0-4.6 METERS
BLUE 2.4-3.0 METERS
HAMMERHEAD 2.7-3.4 METERS
5 4 3 2 0 METERS
Figure F-l. Sharks.
F-2 . America. These fish are fairly small, about 5 to 7.5 centimeters, but they have very large teeth and travel in large schools. They can devour a 135-kilogramnog in minutes.
VENOMOUS FISH AND INVERTEBRATES There are several species of venomous fish and invertebrates, all of which live in salt water. All of these are capable of injecting poisonous venom through spines located in their fins, tentacles, or bites. Their venoms cause intense pain and are potentially fatal. If injured by one of these fish or inverteorates, treat the injury as for snakebite.
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Figure F-2. Ferocious fish.
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Stingrays Da~yatidae species
Stingrays inhabit shallow water, especially in the tropics and in temperate regions as well. All have a distinctive ray shape but coloration may make them hard to spot unless they are swimming. The venomous, barbed spines in their tails can cause severe or fatal injury.
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Rabbitfish Siganidae species
Rabbitfish are found predominantly on reefs in the Pacific and Indian oceans. They average about 30 centimeters long and have very sharp spines in their fins. The spines are venomous and can inflict intense pain.
F-4 .
Scorpion fish or zebra fish Scorpaenidae species
Scorpion fish or zebra fish live mainly in the reefs in the Pacific and Indian oceans. They vary from 30 to 90 centimeters long. are usually reddish in coloration. and have long. wavy fins and spines. They inflict an intensely painful sting.
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Siganus fish
The siganus fish is small. about 10 to 15 centimeters long. and looks much like a small tuna. It has venomous spines in its dorsal and ventral fins. These spines can inflict paintul stings.
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Stoneflsh SY'lanceja species
Stonefish are found in the tropical waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Averaging about 30 centimeters in length, their subdued colors and lumpy shape provide them with exceptional camouflage. When stepped on, the fins in the dorsal spine inflict an extremely painful and sometimes fatal wound.
......
Tang or surgeonflsh Acanthuridae species
Tang or surgeonfish average 20 to 25 centimeters in length, with a deep body, small mouth, and bright coloration. They have needlelike spines on the side of the tail that cause extremely painful wounds. This fish is found in all tropical waters.
F-6 .
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Toadfish Batrachoididae species
Toadfish are found in the tropical waters off the coasts of South and Central America. They are between 17.5 and 25 centimeters long and have a dull color and large mouths. Tney bury themseives in the sand and may be easiiy stepped on. Tney have very sharp, extremely poisonous spines on the dorsal fin (back).
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\AI 4tfth .WCCVCI 11;»1. Trachinidae species
The weever fish is a tropical fish that is fairly slim and about 30 centimeters long. All its fins have venomous spines that cause a painful wound.
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Blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena lunulata
This small octopus is usually found on the Great Barrier Reef off eastern Australia. It is grayish-white with iridescent blue ringlike markings. This octopus usually will not bite unless stepped on or handled. Its bite is extremely poisonous and frequenUy lethal.
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Portuguese man-of-war Physalis species
Although it resembles a jellyfish, the Portuguese man-of-war is actually a colony of sea animals. Mainly found in tropical regions, the Gulf Stream current can carry it as far as Europe. It is also found as far south as Australia. The floating portion of the man-of-war may be as small as 15 centimeters, but the tentacles can reach 12 meters in length. These tentacles inflict a painful and incapacitating sting, but the sting is rarely fatal.
F-8 .
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Cone shells Canidae species
These cone-shaped shells have smooth, colorful motUing and long, narrow openings in the base of the shell. They live under rocks, in crevices or coral reefs, and along rocky shores of protected bays in tropicai areas. Aii have tiny teeth that are simiiar to hypo- dermic needles. They can inject an extremely poisonous venom that acts very swiftly, causing acute pain, swelling, paralysis, blindness, and possible death within hours. Avoid handling all cone shells.
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Terebra shells Terebridae species
These shells are found in both temperate and tropical waters. They are similar to cone shells but much thinner and longer. They poison in the same way as cone shells, but the venom is not as poisonous.
F-9 . FISH WITH TOXIC FLESH There are no simple rules to tell edible fish from those with poisonous flesh. The most common toxic fish are shown in Figure 8-2. All of these fish contain various types of poisonous substances or toxins in their flesh and are dangerous to eat. They have the following common characteristics: .Most live in shallow water around reefs or lagoons. .Many have boxy or round bodies with hard shell-like skins covered with bony plates or spines. They have small parrotlike mouths, small gills, and small or absent belly fins. Their names suggest their shape. In addition to the above fish and their characteristics, barracuda and red snapper fish may carry ciguatera, a toxin that accumulates in the systems of fish that feed on tropical marine reefs. Without specific local information, take the following precautions: .Be very careful with fish taken from normally shallow lagoons with sandy or broken coral bottoms. Reef-feeding species preaominate and some may be poisonous. .Avoid poisonous fish on the leeward side of an island. This area of shal[ow water consists of patches of living corals mixed with open spaces and may extend seaward for some distance. Many dlffere!1t types of fish inhabit these shallow waters, some of which are pOlsonous. .Do not eat fish caught in any area where the water is unnaturally discolored. This may be indlCative of plankton that cause various types of toxicity in plankton-feeding fish. . Try fishing on the windward side or in deep passages leading from the open sea to the lagoon, but be careful of currents and waves. Live coral reefs drop off shaq~ly into deep water and form a dividing line between the suspected fish of the shanows and the desirable deep- water species.Deepwater fish are usually not poisonous. You can catch the various toxic fish even in deep water. Discard all suspected reeffish, whether caught on the ocean or the reef side.
F-lO CLOUDS: FORETELLERS OF WEATHER
About 200 years ago an Englishman classified clouds ac - cording to what they looked like to a person seeing them from the ground. He grouped them into three classes and gave them Latin names: cirrus, cumulus, and stratus. These three names, alone and combined with other Latin words, are still used to identify different cloud formations.
By being familiar with the different cloud formation and what weather they portend, you can take appropriate ac- tion for your protection.
G-l . L- ~ --- iiiii II
I = -- --I - -
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Cirrus clouds
Cirrus clouds are the very high clouds that look like thin streaks or curls. They are usually 6 kilometers or more above the earth and are usually a sign of fair weather. In cold climates, however, cirrus clouds that begin to multiply and are accompanied by increasing winds blowing steadily from a northerly direction indicate an oncoming blizzard. ~ "-~~.~~ ~ ioI!!...,~j"J~.I--,.~ ~.' .;, Y':". .~> ,." " - - --, 1 ~ .. J r= ~ = ,i .= I I L. = - ... L ~
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Cumulus clouds
Cumulus clouds are fluffy, white, heaped-up clouds. These clouds, which are much lower than cirrus clouds, are often fair weather clouds. They are apt to appear around midday on a sunny day, looking like large cotton balls with flat bottoms. As the day advances, they may become bigger and push higher into the atmosphere. Piling up to appear like a mountain of clouds. These can turn into storm clouds.
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IZ'IL ~ IooI Ii - :.. . =. ;;.~=-t:lr::;;;o;;o;- ..&- . ~-. ~~.. -. . '~"ic..- - I:c-~- NAiiONAL OCEANiC AND ATMOSPHERtC NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC . ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Stratus- clouds
Stratus clouds are very low, gray clouds, often making an even gray layer over the whole sky. These clouds generally mean rain.
= i - - - = i -- -- - = I .- = I - = ~ ~ L I i ...... = ...... ~ i .I ------NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC NATIONAL OGE.A.N!C AND ATMOSPHER!C , P-.DM!N!STR-" nON A r\t. "C'Tn"TIi""\.. ""'LJfVI""'~Irv-\IIUI"". Nimbus clouds
Nimbus clouds are ram clouds of uniform grayness that extend over the entire sky
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--- .- - - .~ ~-~..,,~ aT " ,...... NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC NAllt.Jf\IAL Lx ;t:.ANIL. ANU f\1 Mu~rn~n'\".. ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Cumulonimbus clouds
Cumulonimbus is the cloud formation resulting from a cumulus cloud building up, extending to great heights, and forming in the shape of an anvil. You can expect a thunderstorm if this cloud is moving in your direction.
!! ...... I ;II! I I I ; L ===i ~ 1 --' =1 - I = Ii i - I L- ... NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Cirrostratus clouds
Cirrostratus is a fairly uniform layer of high stratus clouds that are darker than cirrus clouds. Cirrostratus clouds indicate good weather.
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NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC I'tf"\& .,o."C'Tn. I MLJIY1U'III.2)ln.HIII,J'''I T'''~ Cirrocumulus clouds
Cirrocumulus is a small, white, round cloud at a high altitude, Cirrocumulus clouds indicate good weather.
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L..:...- ~ ";};..1::':. .~I -:L:.. -~ - ~~~.-~(.'.,.~,:_-; - "",'~'JJ(~,'.'--. ,;'.\i':::;- 1 .1'\:3 -~.jt~'."~-r{ t ,,',. ., .\'~t.JHM. .JI ~[:J'J'I L~', .k';''Wo.j.a.&.~..-~.\.'''J~'"'-i - ==' NATIONAL OCEANiC AND AiMOSPHERiC ADMINISTRATION Scuds
A loose, vapory cloud (scud) driven before the wind is a sign of continuing bad weather.
G-5 APPENDIX H
CONTINGENCY PLAN OF ACTION FORMAT
Properly planning for the possible contingencies that may occur during a mission is a positive step toward being able to cope successfully with the changes in situation. The con- tingency plan of action is a critical document to an indi- vidual soldier, or to a unit, faced with evading enemy forces. First, it is a plan that will provide evaders a starting point to begin operating effectively once evasion has begun. Second, it gives recovery forces the ability to know what the evaders are planning to do, thus making recovery, opera- tions easier. A well-thought-out contingency plan of action that everyone can understand is an important document to the evader.
Note: Upon deployment! you may carry with you the infor- mation compiled in A through E of the SITUATION para- graph only.
H-O . I. SITUATION A. Country Climatic Zones 1. Tropical Rainy Climate 2. Dry Climate 3. Temperate Climate 4. Cold Climate (wet/dry) 5. Polar B. Climatic Land Zones (whatever is applicable) 1. Coasts - Seasons a. Temperature b. Precipitation c. General wind direction d. Cloud cover 2. Plains (refer to coasts) 3. Deserts (refer to coasts) 4. Plateaus (refer to coasts) 5. Mountains (refer to coasts) 6. Swamps (refer to coasts) c. Light Data (BMNT! EENT! Moonrise! Moonset! Percent of Illumination) D. Terrain 1. Neighboring Borders 2. General Terrain Zones a. Coasts (1) General description and size (2) Vegetation (a) Natural 1 Tundra
H-l . 2. Coniferous forest 3. Deciduous forest 4. Temperate grassland 5. Marshland swamp 6. Desert 7. Pastoral and arable land 8. Tropical forest .2..Savanna (b) Cultivated (c) Concealment (density) (d) Growing seasons (e) Edible 1 Food value 2. Procurement (young or mature) 3. Preparation 4. cooking (f) Poisonous (g) Medical use (h) Other uses (3) Animals and fish (a) Domestic 1 Food values 2. Procurement 3. Preparation 4. Cooking 5. Medical use 6. Dangerous 7. Poisonous 8. Other uses (b) Wildlife (animals, fish, insects, and reptiles) (see domestic) (4) Water sources (a) Procurement (b) Potability (c) Preparation
H-2 . b. Plains (refer to coasts) c. Deserts (refer to coasts) d. Plateaus (refer to coasts) e. Mountains (refer to coasts) f. Swamps (refer to coasts) g. Rivers and lakes (refer to coasts) 3. Natural Land Barriers a. Mountain ranges b. Large rivers E. Civilian Population 1. Numbers of Population a. Totals and density (by areas) b. Divisions of urban, suburban, rural, and nomads 2. Dress and Customs 3. Internal Security Forces 4. Controls and Restrictions (explain) 5. Border Area Security F. Friendly Forces 1. FEBAjFLOT 2. Closest Units 3. Location of Friendly or Neutral Embassies, Liaisons, Consulates, etc. 4. Recovery Sites (explain), LZs En Route. G. Enemy Forces 1. Doctrine 2. Tactics 3. IntelligenceReports a. Identification
H-3 . b.Location c. Activity d. Strength e. Night sighting devices
II. MISSION- ConductAvoidance of Capture on Order From-To
III. EXECUTION A. Overall Plan 1. When Do You Initiate Movement? 2. Location of Initial Movement Point 3. Actions at Initial Movement Point 4. Location of Hide Areas 5. Movement to Hide Areas 6. Actions Around the Hide Sites 7. Movement to Hide Sites 8. Actions at Hide Sites a. Construction b. Occupation c. Movement out of hide site 9. Location of Hole-up Areas 10. Actions at Hole-up Areas 11. Location of Recovery Site(s) B. Other Missions 1. Movement a. Formation b. Individual positions c. Navigation d. Stealth/listening
H-4 . e. Security (1)Noise (2)Light (3) All around security f. Cover, concealment, and camouflage g. Actions at breaks (1) Listening (5-10 minutes) (2)Long h. Actionsat danger areas (enemy observation orfire) i. Actions for enemy sighting/contact j. Rally points/rendezvous points (1) Locations (2) Actions 2. Actions in the Care of Sick or Injured a. Initial movement point b. Along the movement route 3. Actions for Crossing Borders 4. Actions at Recovery Site(s) 5. Other Actions 6. Training and Rehearsals 7. Inspections before starting movement
IV. SERVICE AND SUPPORT A. Survival Aids 1. Health a. First aid b. Disease 2. Water a. Procurement
H-5 . b. Purification c.Carrying 3. Food a. Procurement b. Preparation c. cooking d. Carrying 4. Shelter and Comfort/Warmth 5. Fire Starting 6. Recovery 7. Travel B. Survival Kit(s) C. Special Equipment D. Inspections 1. Responsibilities 2. Equipment, Survival Items, and Kit(s)
V. COMMAND AND SIGNAL
A. Chain of Command 1. Senior Person 2. Team Leader B. Signals To Be Used by Movement Teams 1. Along the Route 2. Rally/Rendezvous Points C. Communications to Higher Headquarters (radio)
H-6 G LOS S A R Y
C Celsius cgy centigray em centimeter CNS central nervous system CPA contingency plan of action CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation F Fahrenheit FEBA forward edge of the battle area FLOT forward line of own troops HELP heat escaping lessening posture IV intravenous kg kilogram kph kilometers per hour m meter mg milligram MRE meal, ready-to-eat NBC nuclear, biological, and chemical RDF radio direction finding SERE survival, evasion, resistance, and escape SMCT Soldier's Manual of Common Tasks SOP standing operating procedure
Glossary-l REF ERE NeE S
RELATED PUBLICATIONS The publications listed below are sources of additional information. They are not required in order to understand this publication.
U.S. Army Publications AR 70-38 Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation of Materiel for Extreme Climatic Conditions, August 1979 FM 1-400 Aviator's Handbook, May 1983 FM 21-11 First Aid for Soldiers, October 1988 FM 31-70 Basic Cold Weather Manual, April 1968 FM 31-71 Northern Operations, June 1971 FM 90-3 Desert Operations, August 1977 FM 90-5 (HTF) Jungle Operations (How to Fight), August 1982 FM 90-6 Mountain Operations, June 1980 TC 21-3 Soldier's Handbook for Individual Operations and Survival in Cold Weather Areas, March 1986 GTA 21-7-1 Study Card Set, Survival Plants, Southeast Asia Man and Materiel in the Cold Regions (Part 1).US Army Cold Regions Test Center, Fort Greely, AK.
U.S. Air Force Publications Air Force Manual 64-4 Survival Training, July 1985 Air Force Manual 64-5 Aircrew Survival, September 1985 Afoot in the Desert. Environmental Information Div, Air Training Command, Air University Library, Maxwell AFB, AL: Oct 80.
References-O . Arctic Survival Principles, Procedures, and Techniques. 3636th Combat Crew Training Wing (ATC), Fairchild AFB, WA: Sep 78. Basic Survival Medicine. Environmental Information Div, Air Training Command Air University Library, Maxwell AFB, AL: Jan 81. Cold Sea Survival. DTIC Technical Report AD 716389, AMRL-TR-70-72, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH: Oct 7(J. Sharks. Information Bulletin No. I, 3636th Combat Crew Training Wing, ATC, Fairchild AFB, WA. The Physiology of Cold Weather Survival. DTIC Technical Report AD 784268, Advisory Group for Aerosp,ace Research and Deveropment Report No. 620, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFG, OH: Apr 73. Toxic Fish and Mollusks. Information Bulletin No. 12, Environmental Information Division, Air Training Command Air University Library, Maxwell AFB, AL: Apr 75.
U.S. Navy Publications !!Cold Water Survival, Hypothermia and Cold Water Immersion, Cold Weather Survival,!! SERE Newsletter, Vol. I, NO.7, FASOTRAGRUPAC, Jan 83. !!Deep Water Survival,!! SERE Newsletter, Vol. 7, No.8, FASOTRAGRUPAC, Jan 83. SERE Guide Soviet Far East, Fleet Intelligence Center Pacific, Box 500, FPO San Francisco, CA 96610, Mar 77. Following are the stock numbers for decks oi recognition cards, which were preparedvy the Naval Training Equipment Center, Orlando, FL.
National Stock No. 20-6910-00-820-6702 Device 9H5, Survival Plants, Pacific 20-6910-00-004-9435 Device 9H18 Stud):"Card Set, Northeast Africa/ Mideast (Deck I, Recognition Wildlife; Deck 2, Recognition Plantlife) 6910-00-106-4337/1 Device 9H15/1, Aviation Survival Equipment
References-l . National StockNo. 6919-00-106-4338/2 Device 9H15/2, Aviation Land Survival Techniques 6910-00-106-4352/3 Device 9H15/3, Aviation SeaSurvival Techniques 6910-00-820-6702 Device 9H9A Study Cards, Survival Plant Recognition
OTHER PUBLICATIONS Angier, Bradford. Feasting Free on Wild Edibles. Harrisburg, PA Stackpole Co., 1972. Angier, Bradford. Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA Stackpole Co., 1974. Angier, Bradford. How to Stay Alive in the Woods. Harrisburg, PA Stackpole Co., 1983. Arnold, Harry 1. PoisonousPlants of Hawaii. Rutland, VT: Tuttle & Co., 1968. Buchman, Dian. Herbal Medicine: The Natural Way to Get Well & Stay Well. New York: David McKay Co., 1979. Craighead, Frank C. Jr. and John J. Craghead. How to Survive on Land and Sea.Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1984. Ditmars, Raymond 1. Snakes of the World. New York: Macmillan Co., 1960. Embertson, Tame. Pods: Wildflowers and Weeds in Their Final Beauty. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1979. Cloudsley-Thompson, John. Spiders, Scorpions, Centipedes, and Mites. Oxford, Eng: Pergamon Press, 1958. Gibbons, Euell. Stalking the Wild Asparagus. New York: David McKay Co., 1970. Grimm, William C. Recognizing Flowering Plants. Harrisburg, PA Stackpole Co. Grimm, William C. Recognizing Native Shrubs. Harrisburg, PA Stackpole Co.
References-2 . Grimm, William C. The Illustrated Book of Trees.Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Co., 1983. Hall, Alan. The Wild Food Trail Guide. New York: Hole, Tinehard & Winston. Medsger, Oliver P. Edible Wild Plants. New York: Macmillan Co., 1972. Merlin, Mark D. Hawaiian Forest Plants. Honolulu: Orientala Publishing Co., 1978. Minton, Sherman A. and Madge R. Minton. Venomous Reptiles. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1980. Moore, Michael. Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West. Museum of New Mexico Press, 1979. Parrish, Henry M. Poisonous Snakebite in the United States. New York: Vantage Press. Russell, Findlay E. Snake Venom Poisoning. Philadelphia: J.P. Lippincott Company, 1983. Squier, Thomas 1. Living Off The Land. Rutland, VT: Academy Press, 1989. Tomikel, Tohn. Edible Wild Plants of Pennsylvania and New York. Pittsburgh, PA: Allegheny Press, 1973. The Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1978. Wild Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Alaska ana U.S.D.A. Cooperating, Publication No. 28, 1981.
References-3 I N D E X
aboveground still...... 6-9 bait ...... 8-11 aches, pains, and sprains, medicinal bamboo thickets...... 6-7 plant use for...... 9-13 banana tree .6-6 aircraft barter...... 22-3 acknowledgments. 19-13 bats. 11-5 piclatp or rescue...... 16-33 beach shade shelter. . 5-17 vectoring procedures .. 19-14 bearded seal ...8-9 air plants...... 6-7 bees . ...11-4, D-7 airway obstruction...... 4-8 behavior, the survivor's. 22-2 animal foods . 4-5 belowground still . 6-11 animals, as signs of water. .14-7 biological agents animals for food delivery means amphibians...... 8-6 bursting-type rnunilions .. . 23-18 birds ...... 8-8 spray tanks or genera tors . . 23-18 crustaceans . 8-3 vectors . . 23-18 fish . 8-5 detection of . . 23-18 :~~~~~~ effects of weather and terrain on Ut')~Lt.) ...... 8-2 . 23-18 protection against...... mammals. 8-9 . 23-19 nwllusks . 8-3, 16-36 shelter against. . 23-19 biological agents and effects nesting birds...... 8-8 rnnl;/nr 0 t: genns . 23-16 o-u IOvl""'''''''.J. toxins ...... wonns . .. 8-3 . 23-17 birds antifungal washes .9-14 as food...... 8-8 antihemorrhagics. ..9-13 preparing for cooking. 8-34 ~~~..~--r~nti(,::pntir~ ...... 9-13 '" bites and stings archery equipment. . . . .12-9 bee ...... 4-21,11-4, D-7 arrow points. .12-8 flea. ... 4-21 arterial bleeding, control of . .4-10 fly . 4-20, 15-12 audio signals insect. 4-20, 15-12 gunshots...... 19-10 lice. . . 4-21 radio equipment. .19-9 nwsquito . .4-20 whistles. 19-10 scorpion. 4-22, D-1 Australian poncho raft. . .17-7 spiders avoiding capture. .20-4 black widow. 4-22, 11-3, D-5 backstroke...... 16-5 brown house (recluse) . 4-22, 11-3, D-2
Index-O .
funnelweb 4-22,11-3,D-3 carbon monoxide poisoning 15-19 tarantulas 4-23, 11-3, D-4 cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 4-9 tick 4-20,11-4, D-9 centipedes and millipedes 11-4 treatnrent of 4-21 channelization 8-11 wasp 4-21,11-4, D-8 chemical agents black widow spider...... 4-22, 11-3, D-5 detection of ...... 23-21 blast...... 23-2 protection against. . . . . 23-22 blast injuries...... 23-4 shelter against...... 23-23 bleeding, control of cholera...... 6-13 arterial 4-10 chop fishing...... 8-30 by digital ligation 4-14 clothing and insulation, field-expedient by direct pressure 4-11 animal skins ...... 12-14 by elevation...... 4-11 parachutes...... 12-14 by tourniquet 4-14 _1~_* I:l..-- 1") 1 A Pl-"fU Jwt:,~ ...... capillary 4-11 ~"'-1-"" clouds, types of using pressure points...... 4-11 cirrocumulus. . . . G-5 venous .4-10 cirrostratus...... G-4 body fluid loss, results of ...... 4-2 cirrus ...... G-2 body signals 19-10 cumulus...... G-2 boils...... 4-28 cumulonimbus. . G-4 bola... 12-10 nimbus ...... G-3 border crossings...... 20-9 scuds...... G-5 bottle trap...... 8-22 stratus ...... G-3 bow and arrow...... 8-23, 12-9 clubs bow and drill. 7-10 simple ...... 12-2 bow trap...... 8-20 sling...... 12-4 breaststroke...... 16-4 weighted...... 12-2 breathing problems...... 4-8 coconuts...... 6-7 brown house spider (recluse). .4-17, D-2 codes and signals brush raft... ..17-6 avaaftacknowkdgnren~. 19-13 burns...... 4-29 body signals ...... 19-10 butchering game ...... 8-34 ground-to-air enrergency code 19-10 camouflage panel signals...... 19-10 color and texture ... 21-2 SOS ...... 19-10 movenrent 21-4 cold injuries noise 21-4 cold diuresis .15-11 scent 21-4 constipation. . . .. 15-11 shadow 21-3 dehydration ...15-11 shape and outline 21-2 frostbite...... 15-9 shine 21-3 hypothermia 4-31, 15-8, 16-10 Canadian jays...... 15-23 insecrbites ... .15-12 capillary bleeding, control of ...... 4-11 snow blindness 15-11
Index-l . sunburn" " 15-11 dangers in trench foot and immersion foot. . .. 15-10 estuaries cold regions and locations . . . . 15-2 sea urchins...... 11-10 cold weather shelters, types of stingrays...... 11-10 and building rivers fallen tree shelter 15-15 electric eel ...... 11-9 lean-to shelter 15-15 piranha...... 11-9 snow block and parachute shelter.. 15-15 platypus...... 11-9 snow cave shelter 15-13 turtle...... 11-9 snow house or igloo shelter 15-15 debris hut...... 5-15 snow trench shelter 15-15 decoction . . 9-12 tree-pit shelter 15-16 dehydration twenty-man life raft shelter. 15-17 signs and symptoms of. .4-2 cold weather sUivival dehydration in cold weather. . . 15-11 basic principles of...... 15-3 desert survival hygiene in ...... 15-6 camouflage 13-6 nredical aspects of... 15-7 environnrental factors colds and sore throats ..9-13 intense sunlight and heat. 13-4 compasses, making improvised 18-7 low rainfall...... 13-4 mirages...... 13-7 constipation 9-13, 15-11, 16-27 sandstorms...... 13-6 contact dermatitis soil with high mineral content 13-6 plants that cause sparse vegetation ...... 13-5 cowhage...... 10-4, C-3 wide temperature range...... 13-4 poison ivy 10-4, C-11 hazards 13-11 poison oak 10-4, C-11 need for water...... 13-7 poison sumac ..10-4, C-12 precautions to take...... 13-11 rengas tree 10-4, C-13 shelters 5-18 strychnine tree 10-4, C-15 terrain trumpet vine 10-4, C-16 broken terrain ... 13-3 signs and symptoms 10-3 mountain deserts...... 13-2 treatnrent of ...... 10-3 rocky plateau deserts...... 13-2 contact with local people 22-1 salt marshes...... 13-3 contingency plan of action sandy or dune deserts...... 13-2 (CPA) 20-2, App H detection of cooking and eating utensils 12-15 biological agents...... 23-18 crustaceans, as food 8-3 chemical agents...... 23-21 Dakota fire hole...... 7-3 digital ligation ...... 4-14 dangerous animals...... 11-1 direction finding dangerous fish and mollusks...... F-O othernreans 18-8 dangerous lizards using the moon 18-5 Gila monster 11-8, E-96 using the stars komodo dragon 11-8 the northern sky...... 18-5 Mexican beaded lizard 11-8, E-98 the southern sky ...... 18-6
Index-2 .
using the sun and shadows chestnut...... B-27 shadow-tip methods...... 18-2 chicory...... B-28 the watch method ... 18-4 chufa ...... B-29 " """""". dislocations" ...... 4-19 coconut...... B-30 " " " " " " " dog paddle" . . ".. 16-4 coco yam ..." " " " B-88 " " " " " " " " " " down at ...... 16-2 B-I00 sea" colocynth""""""""""""". " " " " " " " drag . 8-13 common jujube...... B-31 noose" ". """".. " " " " " " " " " " " " " dry cold weather environments . . 15-2 cranbeny ...... B-32 drying meat...... 8-37 crowbeny ...... , .. . . . B-33 dysentery" ...... 6-13 cuipo ...... , . . . . . B-34 " " " " " " " earless seal" 15-22 dandelion" . B-35 " "" "" "" " " " , " " edged weapons dasheen . B-88 """.""".". " " arrow points...... 12-8 date palm...... , . . . . . B-36 " " " knives...... 12-4 daylily . , B-37 " " " " " " " " " "" " " " ". spear blades""" 12-7 dewbeny " ".,..." B-17 """".""""" edibility test, universal" 9-7 duchesnea ...... "B-38 " " " " " " ". ". " edible and medicinal plants eddo B-88 " ". """".""".. " abal" ...... "". B-1 elderbeny ...... B-39 " " " " " UI...UI..-U.c...... B-2 c:;n:;pHUru.",,1""rtol.r.."# C;Uf.,)...... -. ...,.. B-88 agave ... "".B-3 Eskinw potato. . . .""B-48 alnwnd . . . .. """.".."... B-4 fireweed .... .B-40 " " amaranth...... B-5 fishtail palm .B-41 " " arctic willow...... B-6 foxtail grass. . . . ".B-42 " arrowroot. B-7 goa bean" . . . B-43 " " " " asparagus...... B-8 hackbeny . , . B-44 " " " " " " bael fruit...... B-9 hazelnut...... B-45 horseradish tree bamboo".""""" "...""". B-10 B-46 " " banana and plantain...... B-ll hucklebeny ...... B-18 " . B-12 Iceland nwss . baobab" .. ". ..B-47 " " " " " " " " " batoko plum. . . . B-13 Indian potato...... B-48 bearbeny or kinnikinnick ...... B-14 Indian strawbeny . .B-38 " juniper. beech ". B-15 ..B-49 bignay B-16 lotus. .B-50 """" blackbeny B-17 luffa sponge. . . . B-103 ."""""""" "" bluebeny"".". ".,,,,,,,. B-18 malanga ...... B-51 B-19 mango...... B-52 breadfruit"."". ""..."" burdock...... B-20 manioc.. .. , ." "B-53 " " ,,,. buri palm". B-21 marsh marigold. "B-54 " "" , canna lily...... B-22 mulbeny . B-55 "". " , , carob tree. " "." ". B-23 nettle...... ".8-56 " " , " cashew nut...... B-24 nipa palm. . . . B-57 ". , " cattail...... ". B-25 B-58 oak""". ". ". " " cereus cactus ... B-26 orach . .B-59 "
Index-3 . palmetto palm...... B-60 wild caper...... 8-98 papaya...... B-61 wild crab apple B-99 """"""""""" pawpaw...... B-61 wild desert gourd...... B-I00 persimmon...... B-62 wild dock B-I0l pincushion cactus ...... B-63 wild fig B-102 pine...... B-64 wild fi/be/1 ..".. B-45 """"'''''''''''' plantain, broad and na"ow leaf.. .. B-65 wild garlic B-I05 pokeweed B-66 wild gourd ...... B-I03 prickly pear cactus...... B-67 wild grape vine B-I04 purslane...... B-68 wild onion B-105 raspberry ...... B-17 wild pistachio B-I06 rattan palm...... 8-69 wild rice """"'" B-I07 reed...... B-70 wild rose B-I08 '" reindeer moss...... B-71 wild so"el B-I0l wood so"el " B-109 rock tripe...... " B-72 yam 8-110 rose apple , B-73 yam bean ... 8-111 sago palm.. .. ".. B-74 """"" yellow waterlily ...... 8-81 Saint John's bread...... B-23 effects of nuclear weapons sassafras...... B-75 '" blast...... 23-2 saxaul B-76 ""'"'''''''''''''''''''''''' nuclear radiation...... 23-2 screw pine...... B-77 thermal radiation...... 23-2 sea orach. B-78 ,,"""'.. '''''''''''''''''' electric eels...... 11-9 sheep so"el ...... B-79 environmental injuries sorghum...... B-80 diarrhea - 4-31 spatterdock 8-81 heatstroke...... 4-30 sterculia...... 8-82 " hypoihennia ...... 4- 3 i strawberry...... B-83 intestinal parasites 4-31 sugarcane B-84 equipment, field-expedient 12-1 sugar palm...... B-85 - expressed juice 9-12 sweetsop ...... B-86 """"""""" fallen tree shelter 15-15 tamarind...... 8-87 " fallout...... 23-5 "'" taro...... B-88 fevers...... 9-13 thistle...... 8-89 "" fiddleback spider 11-3, D-2 ti ...... B-90 field-expedient weapons, tools, tree fern B-91 and equipment...... 12-1 """'"'''''''''''''''''''' tropical almond...... -...... B-92 figure 4 deadfall 8-19 "'''''''''''''''''''' walnut...... B-93 fire " water chestnut." ...... B-94 how to build water lettuce B-95 cross-di tch 7-7 """"'"'''''''''''''''' water lily B-96 lean-to . 7-5 """""""""'''''''''' water plantain...... B-97 pyramid ...... 7-7 "'" wild apple...... B-99 tepee . 7-5 "
Index-4 .
how to light fish, with toxic flesh F-lO modern methods fishhooks, improvised...... 8-24 battery...... 7-8 fishing devices
convex lens 7-8 chop fishing...... 8-30 """"" gunpowder...... 7-8 fish poison 9-14, 8-30 matches 7-8 fish traps...... 8-28 """""""""""""" metal match...... 7-8 gill net...... 8-26 """" primitive methods improvised fishhooks...... 8-24 bow and drill 7-10 spearfishing ...... 8-29 '" fire-plow...... 7-9 stakeout...... 8-25 flint and steel...... 7-9 fishing hints. . .. 16-25 in cold weather...... 15-17 fleas.. ... 4-21 " """'" principles of "'" 7-2 flies.. .. 4-20 " site selection and preparation. . . .. 7-2 flint and steel. . . 7-9 fire laying, helpful hints for .7-12 flotation devices fire materials cattails...... 17-11 empty containers. fuel . . 7-5 ...17-10 logs . kindling. .. 7-5 .. 17-11 rr__~",,,,nlnf/:tir hnof/: . . 17=10 tinder. . . 7-5 ~"'O'" poncho. . . . fire wall . .. 7-3 .17-10 fire-plow. ... 7-9 trou. Index-5 . sea urchins...... 16-36 hygiene " ." worms...... 16-36 in cold weather survival"" 15-6 " """. in tropical areas...... 14-9 personal...... 4-5 """. """ ". food sources hypothermia. . . . 4-31, 15-8, 16-10 aninuzlfoods (meat) 4-5 immersion 15-10, 16-27 ",,""""""" foot""""""" plant foods , 4~4 immunizations...... 4-21 improvised compasses"""" 18-7 fording a stream"""" 17-3 """" " " """ "" induced radiation ...... 23-5 fractures, bone infections, fungal" 4-28 ". closed" 4-17 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "" infusion...... 9-12 open ".4-17 """"",,""""""""" ingestion poisoning see also poisonous splinting a . 4-18 plants and poisonous animals """""",,"" freshwater swamps" . . . . ". ...""". 14-6 plants that cause frostbite""""""". 4-29, 15-9, 16-27 castor bean. . . . . 10-4, C-2 l:. " " fuel ...... ""7/-J \.,.lJ.II.aV'-'lll",h: h"" , .. 1..LV-",f\ A v-..1r' '1 fungal infections" 4-28 death camas...... 10-4, C-5 funnclweb spider " " " " 4-22," " " "11-3,"" D-3 Ian tana .10-4, C-6 """"". game, skinning and butchering...... 8-34 manchineel . . . .10-4,C-7 gas and cramps...... 9-13 oleander . . 10-4, C-8 " " " " pangi . 10-4, C-9 germs" 23-16 """""" " " " " " " " " " " " " physic nut" . . 10-4, C-9 Gila monster" 11-8, E-96 ". " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " poison hemlock. . . . . 10-4, C-10 gill net" . 8-26 ..., ~~ I 4 " " " " " " , " "~. " " " " " rosary pea . . . . . 10-4, C-13 :- ~..1.....- 1n "In olUUJlU-LU-au C:J.UC;:l~c;lll,;Y L:UUC:S .. .l::1-1U " " strychnine tree. . . . . 10-4, C-16 grouse...... 15-23 water hemlock. 10-4, C-15 health needs signs and symptoms . 10-4 food .... ." 4-4 treatment of...... 10-4 " personal hygiene...... 4-5 insect bites. .... 4-20, 15-12 water" . 4-2 insects and arachnids " ".." heat casualties bees"""" 11-4, D-7 " heat cramps...... 13-10 brown recluse. 11-3, D-2 ..1-- 11 A £ heat exhaustion. 13-10 L't::fUlpeUe;)'~:- - . . . 11-'+, LJ-OT"'\ funnelweb heatstroke. . . . . 4-30, 13-10 ". . 4-22, 11-3, D-3 HELP body position. . . ..16-6 homets . D-8 """""" scorpions. 11-2, D-l hemorrhoids. . . .9-13 tarantulas """"".4-23,11-3, D-4 herbal medicines . . . ..4-32 "" ticks.."". 4-20, 11-4, D-9 hide site "" 4-21, 11-4, D-8 activities. . . . 20-6 wasps"""""""""" widow spider...... D-5 selection. . . . . 20-6 insects, as food ...... 8-2 hole-up areas...... 20-8 insulation, field-expedient. 12-14 11-4, D-8 hornets""".. "",,""""" intestinal parasites. .4-31, 9-13 hospitality" . . . 22-3 invertebrates, venomous " " " " " human scent, removal of .8-10 blue-ringed octopus. 11-13, F-8 """. Index-6 . cone shells ""... 11-13, F-9 meat Portuguese man-ofwar ...... F-8 preparation for terebra snails...... F-9 drying...... 8-37 itching 9-13 smoking...... 8-36 jungle types preservation freshwater swamps.. 14-6 by drying...... 8-37 salt...,aterswamps...... 14-5 by freezing...... 8-38 secondary jungle 14-4 using brine and salt . . 8-38 semievergreen seasonal and. medical emergencies nwnsoon forests 14-4 breathing problems 4-8 tropical rain forests. . 14-3 severe bleeding. 4-8 tropical savanna... ..14-5 shock...... 4-8 tropical scrub and thorn forest. . 14-4 medicinal plant use killing devices remedies bow and an-ow. . 8-23, 12-9 for aches, pains, and sprains. . 9-13 rabbit stick. . . . 8-23, 12-8 as antifungal washes. . 9-14 sling. 8-24 as antihemorrhagics .9-13 spear. . ...8-23 as antiseptics. .9-13 ~r.r 1'n.lrI", A ,. th t", kindling. . 7-5 .lVl IL.-UIU;:) auu Llllva~;:) . . 9-13 "'~J.'" knives, madc with for constipation. . 9-13 bone. .12-6 for diarrhea . 9-12 glass. . 12-7 for fevers. . 9-13 metal. . .. .12-7 for gas and cramps. . 9-13 stone. ..12-4 for hemorrhoids . 9-13 wood .. ...12-6 for itching. ... 9-13 komodo dragon...... 11-8 as sedatives...... 9-13 lashing and cordage for worms or intestinal parasites.. 9-13 lashing material...... 12-11 terms and definitions.. . 9-12 natural cordage selection...... 12-11 medicine, basic survival 4-1 latrines...... 4-8 Mexican beaded lizard . . . . E-98 lean-to, field-expedient...... 5-11 mollusks, as food 8-3, 16-36 lean-to shelter, cold weather. 15-15 mosquitoes...... 4-20 leeches 6-14,11-5 movement in hostile areas lice...... 4-21 execution...... 20-4 lifesaving steps planning phases. 20-2 " control bleeding 4-10 return to friendly control...... 20-9 open airway and maintain...... 4-9 mushrooms...... 9-3, 10-3 prevent and treat shock...... 4-14 natural shelters...... 5-15 linkup no-pole parachute tepee. 5-9 at the FEBA/FLOT ... 20-10 noosing wand...... 8-17 with friendly patrols...... 20-11 nuclear bursts, types of . .. 23-3 making improvised compasses...... 18-7 nuclear injuries, types of mammals, as food ...... 8-9 blast...... 23-4 Index-7 . radiation. . ... 23-4 poisonous plants thermal...... 23-4 how they poison nuclear radiation...... 23-2 by absorption or inhalation 10-1 Ojibwa bird pole 8-16 by contact 10-1 one-man shelter 5-10 by ingestion 10-1 one-pole parachute tepee...... 5-8 identifYing open wounds and their treatment. . . . 4-25 castor bean, castor-oil plant, palma cristi ...... C-l opossum...... 8-9 chinaberry C-2 owls...... 15-23 cowage, cowhage, cowitch C-3 oxalate compounds. . . .. 9-3 death camas, death lily. . C-4 Paiute deadfall...... 8-20 lantana...... C-5 panel signals. .. 19-10 manehineel ...... C-6 parachute hammock 5-11 oleander...... C-7 pig spear shaft . . 8-21 pangi .. . .. C-8 piranhas...... 11-9 physic nut...... C-9 plantain tree ...... 6-6 poison hemlock, fool's parsley. . C-I0 plant food ...... 4-4 poison ivy . C-11 plant food, preparation of...... 9-11 poison oak . C-11 plant identification by poison sumac . . C-12 leaf arrangements...... 9-4 renghas tree, rengas tree, marking nut, black-varnish tree. . C-13 leaf margins...... 9-4 rosary pea, crab's eye...... C-14 root structure...... 9-4 strychnine tree...... C-15 plan ts see also edible and medicinal plants trumpet vine, trumpet creeper. . C-16 drying of...... 4-5 water hemlock, spotted cowbane . C-17 learning about 10-2 edibility of...... 9-2 11\. ..., misconceptions about...... lV-';; for medicine .9-12 rules to avoid. . . . 10-3 use of as poisonous sea snakes dyes .9-14 banded sea snake . . E-92 fibers and cordage 9-14 yetlow.bellied sea snake...... E-94 fish poison 8-30,9-14 poisonous snakes insect repellents...... 9-14 identification of. . .11-6, App E insulation ...9-14 of Africa and Asia tinder...... 9-14 boomslang 11-7, E-40 platypus...... 8-9, 11-9 bush viper . E-42 poisonous animals to avoid eating common cobra...... 11-7, E-44 barracuda 11-13 Egyptian cobra...... E-46 blowfish 11-12 Gaboon viper 11-7, E-48 triggerfish 11-12 green mamba ... E-50 poisonous lizards green tree pit viper 11-7, E-52 Gila monster. . . . . E-96 habu pit viper 11-7, E-54 Mexican beaded lizard...... E-98 horned desert viper...... E-56 Index-8 . king cobra...... E-58 porcupines...... 15-23 krait 11-7, E-60 poultice 9-12 Levant viper...... E-62 preserving meat Malayan pit viper 11-7, E-64 by drying ..8-37 McMahon's viper...... E-66 by freezing...... 8-38 mole viper or burrowing viper. .. E-68 with brine and salt...... 8-38 Palestinian viper...... E-70 pressure dressing...... 4-11 puff adder 11-7, E-72 pressure point...... 4-11 rhinoceros viper or ptarmigans...... 15-23 river jack. . . . 11-7, E-74 rabbit stick...... 8-23, 12-8 Russell's viper. 11-7, E-i6 radiation sand viper...... 11-7, E-78 bodily reaction to ...... 23-5 saw-scaled viper. ...11-7, E-80 countermeasures against Wagler's pit viper ..11-7, E-82 distance. . .. 23-7 of Australasia shielding...... 23-7 Australian copperhead...... E-84 special medical aspects. . 23-8 death adder 11-8, E-86 time ..' .. 23-7 taipan ...... 11-8, E-88 nuclear...... 23-2 , 0 iiger snake...... 11-8, E-90 sheller against...... "-;)-0 of Europe thermal...... 23-2 common adder 11-7, E-32 radiation injuries, symptoms of ... . 23-6 long-nosed adder ...... E-34 raft procedures Pallas'viper .. 11-7, E-36 one-man raft... ..16-11 Ursini's viper...... E-38 sailing rafts ...... 16-19 of the Americas seven-man raft.. 16-14 American copperhead...... 11-7, E-lO twenty- to twenty-five-man rafts 16-16 bushmaster...... 11-7, E-12 rafting or beaching techniques. .16-30 coral snake . 11-7, E-14 rafts, building expedient cottonmouth .11-7, E-16 Australian poncho raft . 17-7 Eastern diamondback rattlesnake E-18 bmsh raft...... 17-6 eyelash pit viper...... E-20 log raft ...... 17-9 fer-de-lance 11-7, E-22 poncho donut raft...... 17-8 jumping viper...... E-24 rain forests...... 14-2 Mojave rattlesnake...... E-26 ravens...... 15-23 tropical rattlesnake...... E-28 reptiles, as food . . ... 8-6 Western diamondback rattlesnake E-30 residual radiation polar bear 8-9, 15-22 fallout ' . 23-5 political allegiance...... 22-4 induced radiation...... 23-5 poncho rucksack Australian poncho raft...... 17-7 constmction materials 12-12 donut raft...... 17-8 constmction techniques. . . . 12-12 lean-to...... 5-3 square pack...... 12-12 tent 5-5 horseshoe pack...... 12-12 '"'' Index-9 . saltwater sea urchins ...... 11-10, 16-36 dangers seal blubber...... 15-23 rabbitfish 11-11, F-4 seashore survival, hazards of scorpion fish 11-11, F-5 aggressive fish...... 16-35 shark... ..11-10, 16-27 coral 16-34 stonefish. 11-11, F-6 crocodiles 16-35 tang...... 11-11, F-6 poisonous fish ...... 16-34 toadfish 11-11, F-7 sea urchins, sea biscuits, sponges, anemones 16-35 weeverfish . 11-11, F-7 tides and undertow . . .. 16-35 sores. . . . . 16-26 seasickness. . 16-26 swamps. . 14-5 seaweeds . 9-10 savannas 14-5 secondary jungle. 14-4 scorpion stings...... 4-22 sedatives. . . 9-13 scorpions...... 4-22, 11-2, D-1 semievergreen seasonal and monsoon scrub and thorn forests...... 14-4 forests 14-4 sea creatures, other dangerous sharks. F-1 auger shell...... 11-14 shelter, site selection .5-2 blue-ringed octopus. . 11-13, F-8 shelters, types of and building cone shell 11-13, F-9 beach shade shelter. 5-17 jellyfish. . 11-13 debris hut. 5-15 sea survival desert shelters . 5-18 aircraft pickup or rescue. 16-33 field-expedient lean-to. 5-11 cold weather considerations. 16-10 natural shelters. . . . . 5-15 detecting land...... 16-29 no-pole parachute tepee .5-9 don'ts in. 16-23 one-man shelter. . 5-10 one-pole parachute tepee down at sea...... 16-2 ... 5-8 parachute hammock. hot weather considerations 16-11 5-11 poncho lean-to... .5-3 medical problems poncho tent...... 5-5 blindnesslheadache ..... 16-27 swamp bed...... 5-14 constipation...... 16-27 three-pole parachute tepee. .5-6 difficult urination...... 16-27 tree-pit snow shelter...... 5-16 immersion foot, frostbite, and shock...... 4-8 hypothermia...... 16-27 shock, prevention and treatment . 4-14 saltwater sores...... 16-26 short water rations . 16-21 seasickness...... 16-26 sidestroke...... 16-4 sunburn...... 16-27 sign language. . 22-3 precautionary measures...... 16-2 signaling techniques, application of. 19-1 raft procedures 16-11 simple club...... 12-2 rafting or beaching techniques. . . .. 16-30 simple snare. . . 8-12 rescue procedures...... 16-2 skin diseases/ailments, treatment of shark dangers 11-10, 16-27 boils...... 4-28 swimming ashore ...... 16-32 fungal infections. . 4-28 swimming strokes used in 16-4 rashes. 4-28 Index-IO . skinning game...... 8-34 standing operating sling...... 8-24 procedures (SOPs) 20-2 sling club...... 12-4 still, construetion of smoking meat...... 8-36 a belowground 6-11 "" snake fangs, types of E-l an aboveground...... 6.9 stingrays ...11-10 snake groups stress, need for...... 2-2 colubridae (opisthoglyphous) ...... E- 7 sunburn 15-11, 16-27 crotalidae (solenoglyphous) E-4 """"'" survival elapidae (proteroglyphous) E-6 """"" actions in ...... 1-1 laticaudinae and hydrophidae attitude, developing the (proteroglyphous) E-7 """""" adopt positive attitude. ... 2-10 trimeresurus (solenoglyphous) . E-6 anticipate fears...... 2-9 viperidae (solenoglyphous) E-3 "" be realistic. . . 2-10 snake venom, types of ...... E-2 know yourself...... 2.9 snakebite learn stress management symptoms of . .4-24 techniques...... 2.10 treatment of 4-23 remind yourself what is at stake .. 2-10 "" ways to avoid, , ,.:n . E-l 'lalll ',... . ,,-.tv"'I1f\ "'" snake-free areas .. . . 11-8 cold weather ...... 15-1 snakes desert see also desert poisonous versus nonpoisonous E-2 survival 13-1 through 13-8 preparing for cooking 8-33 in biological environments. .23-16 snow in chemical environments.. ...23-21 blindness 15-11 in the nuclear environment. . 23-2 block and parachute sheller. . .. 15-15 internal reactions to anger and frustration. 2-7 cave shelter...... 15-10 anxiety...... 2.6 house or igloo. . 15-11 depression. 2-7 trench shelter. 15-10 fear. 2-6 soap, making of ... .4-5 guilt 0 2-8 03p\",nno""..UI. O-.LJ"')'1 "" """""",.". loneliness and boredom. 2-8 spear blades. 12-7 '"'''''''''''''''''''''' keyword used in 1-1 spearfishing ...... 8-29 pattern for. 1-5 spider bites .4-17 kits... . . 3-2, A-I spiders 11-3 planning 3-1 sprains...... 4-20 in the tropics. . . . 14-1 squirrel pole ...... 8-15 movement in hostile areas . 20-1 stakeout...... 8-25 on open sea. . 16-1 stalking methods on seashores . 16-33 animal stalking. . .21-b psychology of. 2-1 crawling. 21.6 sl.ressorsin prone stalking. .21.6 environment 2.4 upright staiking 21-5 fatigue. 2-5 Index-II . hunger and thirst...... 2-5 noosing wand 8-17 injury, illness, or death...... 2-4 Ojibwa bird pole...... 8-16 isolation.. 2-5 Paiute deadfall...... 8-20 uncertainty and lack of control. . .. 2-4 pig spear shaft...... 8-21 use of plants in ...... 9-1 simple snare 8-12 tropical.. , . 14-1 squirrel pole 8-15 survival kits treadle spring snare 8-17 aviator's survival vest. .A-7 twitch-up...... 8-13 cold climate kit...... A-2 twitch-up snare...... 8-13 hot climate kit ..A-3 detennining if run or trail...... 8-10 individual kits...... A- 5 rerrwving or masking human scent.. 8-10 oveIWater kit. . . ..A-4 using bait with...... 8-11 rigid seat survival kits. ...A-7 travel swamp bed .5-14 in arctic and subarctic regions. . . 15-24 swimming ashore. 16-32 through jungle areas 14-6 tarantulas. 4-23, 11-3, D-4 treadle spring snare ... 8-17 tea ...... 9-12 tree-pit snow shelter. . 15-16 terms and definitions, medicinal trench foot. . 4-29, 15-10 plant use tropical decoction. 9-12 rain forests. 14-2 expressed juice .9-12 savannas. . . . . 14-5 infusion or tisane or tea .9-12 scrub and thorn forests 14-4 poultice...... 9-12 survival. . 14-1 thermal radiation...... 23-2 tropics, weather in . 14-2 three-pole parachute tepee...... 5-6 turtles. . . . 11-7 throwing stick. 12-8 twenty-man life raft shelter. 15-17 ticks .. 4-20, 11-4, D-9 twitch-up...... 8-13 tides and undertow 16-35 twitch-up snare. . 8-13 tinder...... 7-5 typhoid...... 6-13 tisane...... 9-12 underground fireplace. .7-4 1", r:",,1r1 "",,, ,,,,.-1:,,,,, + 1") 1 , 1.\..1\..11:), J.n;JU-~A~UI\";Ul ...... 1k-~ UUUl.'llvn,.1"",..+ ...... 16-35 tourniquet. 4-14 universal edibility test. . . . 9-2, 9-7 toxins...... 23-17 venous bleeding, control of . 4-10 traction splint...... 4-18 visual signals trading...... 22-3 rlrathino ...... 19-8 "'''''''''.'..''6 traps and snares fire ...... 19-2 channelization to ...... 8-11 flashlight or strobe light. 19-7 concealment of...... 8-10 mi"ors or shiny objects...... 19-6 construction of natural material. 19-8 bottle trap...... 8-22 pen flares...... 19-5 bow trap. .8-20 sea dye markers ... 19-9 drag noose. . . 8-13 srrwke .. .. . 19-4 figure 4 deadfall .8-19 srrwke grenades...... 19-5 Index-12 . star clusters 19-5 water sources star parachute flares 19-5 air plants...... 6-7 tracer ammunition 19-5 bamboo ...... 6-5 VS-17 panels 19-8 banana trees...... 6-6 wasps 4-21,11-4, D-8 baobab tree """ 6-9 "". water crossing locations cacti . 6-3 channels...... 17-2 coconuts 6-7 """""" "" hazards to condensation. . . . 6-4 '" eddies. 17-2 dew... 6-5 """"""""""""'" obstacles.. 17-2 ground...... 6-3 river estuary. . . . . 17-2 ice . 6-2 "" '" palm trees 6-8 rock ledge. . "...... 17-2 """" plantain trees " rocky places ...17-2 6-6 '" plants with moist pulpy centers . 6-8 waterfall or deep channel.. 17-2 ""'" ram rapids.. . 17-2 6-2 roots. 6-8 sandbars... .17-2 sea 6-2 water crossings,""""""rivers and streams... 17-1 sea ice. .6-2, 16-22 water filtration devices .6-14 snow 6-2 water from plants .14-8 traveler's tree of Madagascar. 6-8 water obstacles, other 17-11 umbrella tree. 6-9 water procurement in vines. . 6-6 arctic and subarctic regions. . . . 15-20 "" weapons, field-expedient biologically contaminated clubs...... 12-2 environments...... 23-20 edged weapons. .. 12-4 chemically contaminated other environments...... 23-23 12-8 weather and terrain, effects on fallout-contaminated areas. 23-12 ""'" biological agents . 23-18 sea survival weather signs from fish. . 16-22 birds and insects. . 15-26 using desalting kits. . . . 16-22 clouds. . 15-26, App G using sea ice. . . . 16-22 low-pressure front. . 15-26 using solar stills ...... 16-22 smoke . . 15-26 tropical areas wind...... 15-25 animals as signs of water. ..14-8 weighted club 12-2 water from condensation...... 14-9 wet cold weather environments. 15-2 water from plants whiteout conditions. . . . 15-25 palm trees. 14-9 windchill 15-2 roots .14-9 worms or intestinal parasites. .4-31,9-13 vines.. .14-8 worms, as food . . .8-3, 16-36 water purification.. . .6-11 wounds...... 4-25 Index-13