White Book on Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) in Europe

Anno: 2018 Lavoro: 5147-WB-EJPRM Mese: April titolo breve: History of the specialty: where PRM comes from Volume: 54 primo autore: European Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Bodies Alliance No: 2 pagine: 186-97 Rivista: European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine citazione: Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2018;54:186-97 Cod Rivista: Eur J Phys Rehabil Med , © COPYRIGHT 2018 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2018 April;54(2):186-97 Online version at http://www.minervamedica.it DOI: 10.23736/S1973-9087.18.05147-X ORGANIZATION OF PHYSICAL AND REHABILITATION MEDICINE IN EUROPE White Book on Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) in Europe. Chapter 4. History of the specialty: where PRM comes from European Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Bodies Alliance ABSTRACT In the context of the White Book of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) in Europe, this paper deals with the history of the PRM medical specialty. The specialty evolved in different European countries, and sometimes also into the single countries, from different medical streams that finally joined. These included among others: balneology, gymnastic, use of physical agents (water, heat, cold, massage, joint manipula- tions, physical exercise, etc.). Another important role has been played by the increasing number of people experiencing or likely to experience disability due to improvement of medicine and consequent survivals from wars, accidents and/or big infective epidemics (like polio); these evolutions happened in strict relationship with other specialties like cardiology, neurology, orthopaedics, pneumology, rheumatology, traumatol- ogy, creating a knowledge transversal to all of them. Consequently, the PRM specialty has been gradually introduced in the different European countries, however with no uniformity. Subsequently, European Organizations were created for its diffusion and coordination at the level of medical competences and patient care as well as medical teaching and research: The European Federation of Physical Medicine and Rehabili- tation - later European Society (ESPRM), The Académie Médicale Européenne de Médecine de Réadaptation (EARME), The PRM Section of the European Union of Medical Specialists and the European College of PRM (served by the UEMS-PRM Board), were created and work today regarding these general aims. Nowadays a uniform definition of the specialty exists in Europe, which is concordant with the internation- ally accepted description of PRM (based on the ICF-model). Moreover, research in PRM has been mainly improved during recent decades in Europe due to some external as well as internal scientific influences, thus increasing its scientific importance, together with a parallel increase in rehabilitation journals, many of them indexed and some with impact factor (Cr, EJPRM, JRM, among others), as well as a parallel increase in scientific congresses and courses. Last but not least, the recent creation of the Cochrane Rehabilitation field will also give a great boost to this primary medical specialty, as well as the discovery on new physical agents and technologies that diminish activity limitation and participation restriction of disable persons. (Cite this article as: European Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Bodies Alliance. White Book on Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) in Europe. Chapter 4. History of the specialty: where PRM comes from. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2018;54:186-97. DOI: 10.23736/S1973- 9087.18.05147-X) Key words: Physical and rehabilitation medicine - Europe - History, Research - Scientific journals. Introduction PRM, why rehabilitation is needed by individuals and society, the fundamentals of PRM, history of PRM spe- he White Book (WB) of Physical and Rehabilita- cialty, structure and activities of PRM organizations in Ttion Medicine (PRM) in Europe is produced by the Europe, knowledge and skills of PRM physicians, the 4 European PRM Bodies and constitutes the reference clinical field of competence of PRM, the place of PRM book for PRM physicians in Europe. It has multiple specialty in the healthcare system and society, educa- values, including to provide a unifying framework for tion and continuous professional development of PRM the European Countries, to inform decision-makers at physicians, specificities and challenges of science and the European and national level, to offer educational research in PRM and challenges and perspectives for material for PRM trainees and physicians and informa- the future of PRM. tion about PRM to the medical community, other reha- This Chapter deals with the history of PRM in Europe. bilitation professionals and the public. The WB states It has been introduced for the first time in the WB because the importance of PRM, that is a primary medical spe- the present of the specialty is heavily conditioned in many cialty. The contents include definitions and concepts of respect by its historical growth. Moreover, an overall 186 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND REHABILITATION MEDICINE April 2018 This document is protected by international laws.This document is protected by copyright No additional reproduction is authorized. of this Article. only one file and print only one copy and save use to download personal It is permitted for It is not permitted additional copies to make either printed purpose. or electronic) of the Article any for or systematically, (either sporadically of the article It is not permitted the electronic copy to distribute through online internetother file sharingelectronic mailing or any and/or intranet systems, access to the Article. allow means which may part The use of all or any Commercial Use is not permitted. of the Article any for works from the Article The creation of derivative is not permitted. personal or commercial use is The production of reprints for post on the Article. notices or terms may copyright the Publisher of use which or change any block, obscure, not permitted. trademark, overlay, logo It is not permitted techniques to enclose any or use framing to frame cover, It is not permitted to remove, or other proprietary of the Publisher. information Lavoro: 5147-WB-EJPRM titolo breve: History of the specialty: where PRM comes from primo autore: European Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Bodies Alliance pagine: 186-97 citazione: Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2018;54:186-97 , © COPYRIGHT 2018 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA HISTORY OF THE SPECIALTY: WHERE PRM COMES FROM EUROPEAN PHYSICAL AND REHABILITATION MEDICINE BODIES ALLIANCE understanding of what happened all over Europe is still hygiene for treatment of different processes. missing, and its understanding opens new perspectives to During the following centuries, physical agents con- the national histories that are sometimes highly different tinued to be used as a therapeutic modality and this from what happened in other European Countries. In fact, included aquatic therapy, creating in the 17th and 18th the specialty includes today all these streams, and it is century multitude of thermal establishments for rest and part of the unification of European practices understand- medical cures (Richard Russell, Vicente Pérez, Sieg- ing the history and where national practices are to be col- mund Hahn, etc.).3, 4 located in comparison with other countries. In the 19th century, electricity began to be used also In this Chapter also the evolution of the European Or- as diagnosis and treatment modality thanks to Dr. Duch- ganizations is presented, including the European Bod- enne de Boulogne, considered the father of the electro- ies, other Scientific Societies, and the journals that are therapy and electrodiagnosis;5 although previously, dur- in the field of PRM. ing the 17th century, the Royal Academy of Sciences of France had begun to publish annual reports on medical Historical notes electrotherapy. In the same century, a great push was on the evolution of the specialty given to physical exercise as a therapeutic modality for musculoskeletal disorders thanks to dr. Pier Henrich The PRM medical specialty has gone through different Ling, creator with his disciples, of Swedish Medical phases until its consolidation in the last century. In differ- Gymnastics.3 Later, other medical gymnastic modalities ent periods of history, both concepts of, physical medicine were also described in Europe. In that same century, an- and rehabilitation have undergone changes in the interpre- other doctor, Sebastian Busqué y Torró (Spain),6 follow- tation of its meaning overall the second one. There have er of Ling, was the first to use the word “rehabilitation” also been changes in the praxis of its clinical activity.1 in the medical literature. Somewhat later, Dr. Zander The use of physical agents by physicians and above (Sweden) created what we now know as mechanothera- all centered in the European region, began in the remote py. In this last way, at the end of that century there were antiquity. Approximately 100,000 years BC in Gánovce already in some European hospitals and clinics, mecha- in Slovakia Neanderthal woman sinks her body to ther- notherapy institutes that functioned as really rehabilita- mal mineral springs.2 Greeks and later the Romans, ad- tion cabinets as well as in some factories where physical vocating in such practice: aquatic therapy, massage and treatments were provided to their own workers. other manual medicine modalities, heat and cold pro- Also in 19th century, the concept of locomotive re- cedures as well as physical exercise.

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