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Chlamydiosis in Pen-Raised Bobwhite Quail (Colinus Virginianus) and Chukar Partridge (Alectoris Chukar) with High Mortality Author(S): Douglas H

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Chlamydiosis in Pen-Raised Bobwhite Quail (Colinus Virginianus) and Chukar Partridge (Alectoris Chukar) with High Mortality Author(S): Douglas H Chlamydiosis in Pen-Raised Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) and Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) with High Mortality Author(s): Douglas H. Erbeck and Stacey A. Nunn Source: Avian Diseases, Vol. 43, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1999), pp. 798-803 Published by: American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1592752 . Accessed: 03/03/2011 11:19 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. 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American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Avian Diseases. http://www.jstor.org AVIAN DISEASES43:798-803, 1999 Case Report- Chlamydiosis in Pen-raised Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) and Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) with High Mortality DouglasH. Erbeckand StaceyA. Nunn MurrayState UniversityBreathitt Veterinary Center, 715 North Drive, P.O. Box 2000, Hopkinsville, KY 42241-2000 Received 23 February1999 SUMMARY. In a flock of 12,000 bobwhite quail (Colinusvirginianus) and 7200 chukar partridge (Alectorischukar), the owner had 100% morbidity and 40%-50% mortality in birds between the ages of 2 and 4 wk. Affected birds were stunted and anorexic and had yellow/green diarrhea.Two- and 4-wk-old birds submitted for necropsyall had slight nasal discharge.Histopathologic examinationrevealed mild (bobwhite) to severe (chukar)rhinitis. Immunohistochemistrywas positive for Chlamydiapsittaci in all birds. Chlamydiapsittaci organisms were demonstratedhistopathologically in hematoxylin and eosin and Gimenez- stained slides. Managementsanitation and treatmentwith chlortetracyclinestopped further excessive losses. The owners were also infected. Treatment by their local physician with tetracyclinealleviated symptoms. RESUMEN. Reportede Caso--Clamidiosis con alta mortalidad en codornices (Colinus virginianus)y en perdices indias (Alectorischukar) criadasen corralesde piso. En una parvadade 12000 codornices blancas (Colinusvirginianus) y 7200 perdicesindias (Alectorischukar), se observ6 una morbilidaddel 100% y una mortalidaddel 40%-50% en aves entre dos y cuatrosemanas de edad. Las aves afectadasmostraban enanismo, inapetencia y tenian diarreade color amarilloverdosa. Las aves de dos a cuatro semanas enviadaspara necropsiapresentaban ligera descarga nasal. El examenhistopatol6gico revel6 una rinitissuave en las codornicesy severaen las perdicesindias. El examen inmunohistoquimicofue positivo para Chlamydiapsittaci en todas las aves. La Chlamydiapsittaci fue observadahistopatol6gi- camente por medio de la tinci6n de Gimenezy de la hematoxilinaeosina. Medidasde manejo sanitario y el tratamiento con clortetraciclinaevitaron mayores perdidas. Los propietarios tambien se infectarony el tratamientocon tetraciclinaalivi6 los sintomas. Key words: Chlamydiapsittaci, chlamydiosisin bobwhite quail, zoonotic chlamydiosis Chlamydia psittaci is a bacteria that causes and eye discharges, depression, anorexia, respi- disease in birds and humans (1). The organism ratory distress, and yellow diarrhea (7,10). Psit- was originallyisolated from psittacinebirds and tacines, gulls, egrets, and turkeys generally har- the diseasewas called psittacosisor parrotfever bor the more virulent strains (10). Older birds (8). Later, C. psittaci was shown to infect tur- are often nonsymptomaticcarriers and shedders keys and other fowl, and the disease was called (1). Avian strains of C. psittaci can also infect ornithosis (5,6). The organism isolated from humans (1). Pathogenic strains of C. psittaci the different species of birds is currently con- causing clinical signs and mortality have not sidered the same, and the preferred term for the previously been reported in quail (Schwartz, disease in both birds and humans is chlamydio- pers. comm.). sis (9). This case report documents chlamydiosis in The disease is more severe in young birds a flock of bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) (10). Clinical signs can include lethargy, nasal and chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) experi- 798 Chlamydiosisin bobwhiteand chukar 799 encing severe disease with mortality.The own- the birds reported having stuffy head, cough, ers and their adult children who worked with sneezing, mild sore throat, tightness of the the birds were subsequently diagnosed with chest, and headachesof severalweeks' duration. Chlamydiapsittaci infection. A second adult son who worked sporadically with the birds had similar symptoms;however, CASE REPORT his 7-yr-old daughter, who often interacted with the birds, and his pregnantwife, who had History. Four 2-wk-old and four 4-wk-old infrequent contact with the birds, did not dis- bobwhitequail (virginianus)and six 4-wk-old play any symptoms. An adult daughter who chukar partridgewere submittedto Murray never went near the birds, but recalledprevious StateUniversity Breathitt Veterinary Center in contact with a normal-appearingparrot, had June 1998. The birdswere from a game bird the most severe respiratorysigns. When the farmhousing 12,000 bobwhitequail and 7200 owners learnedthat the birds had chlamydiosis, chukar partridgethat suddenly experienced they contacted their local and re- and in physician 100% morbidity 40%-50% mortality quested that the family be tested for the disease. birdsbetween the of 2 and4 wk. The farm ages Serologic results for chlamydia antibodies, im- incubatedand hatchedboth of birds. species munoglobulin G (positive, ?1.10) (LabCorp, The quail were hatchedfrom eggs purchased Louisville, KY), indicated the husband (1.92), from an egg suppliercertified clean for Salmo- his wife (1.33), both adult sons (2.06, 2.13), nella and The chukar Mycoplasma. partridge and adult daughter(3.00) tested positive. Titers were hatched from eggs of 300 breeder birds from the and her 7- maintained in facilities on the farm. pregnant daughter-in-law separate yr-old daughterwere negative (<0.91). Every 2 wk, 1500 quail eggs and 900 partridge in the 2- set Necropsy. Antemortem findings eggs were and incubated. Eggs were incu- wk-old included with bated and the were quail stunting ruffled together, species separated feathers, serous to nasal dis- for serosanguineous hatching. and with swollen Both and chicks were brood- charge, conjunctivitis eyelids partridge quail The 4-wk-old had feath- ed and started in a 32-ft 75-ft (Fig. 1). quail ruffled together by ers with featherloss over the dorsalhead house with six Chicks were brooded spotty partitions. and One chick had at one end of the house where the fresh air body. slight serosanguine- ous, at the nostrils. One chu- inlets were located. At 2-wk intervals, chicks crusty discharge were moved to the next fartherfrom kar was stunted and two had nasal discharge, partition one of which also had swollen the fresh air At 6 wk, both were eyelids. supply. species Postmortem in the 2-wk old moved to large ground flight pens. Chicks were findings quail included red, mucous fed crushed quail starter pellets, 28% protein, hyperemic conjunctival membranes; sinuses; and that contained virginiamycin(Pfizer, Lee's Sum- congested, hyperemic white urate and fibrinous streaked abdominal mit, MO), 20 g/ton. The first two hatches showed no clinical air sacs. The 4-wk-old quail had congested and nasal serous to signs of infection. During the next two hatches, hyperemic turbinates, clear fibrinous abdominal air and small birds displayed no signs nor symptoms of dis- cloudy sacs, in the femoral muscles. ease until about 2 wk of age. Anorexia,yellow/ streakinghemorrhages two of the 6-wk-old chukar vis- green diarrhea,respiratory discharge, and stunt- Only displayed ible lesions. ing would occur between 2 and 6 wk. Virtually Congested and hyperemicconjunc- 100% of the birds in the brood/starthouse old- tival membranesand nasal turbinateswere ob- er than 2 wk of age displayed clinical signs. served. Moderate numbers of Eimeria sp. oo- Mortality was between 40% and 50%. Birds cysts were present in pooled fecal samples from showing diarrheawere more severely affected. each group of birds. Cryptosporidialorganisms Four or 5 days after transferto flight pens, clin- were not observed. ical signs and mortality abated. There were no Toxicology. Analysis of the crushed starter sequella; those birds that survived would con- feed and pellets fed to the older birds indicated tinue to normal adulthood. that mycotoxinswere within safe limits. By thin Zoonosis. The owners, husband and wife, layer chromatography,aflatoxin B 1, ochratoxin and one adult son who regularlyworked with A, zearalenone, T-2,
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