Legitimising AIDS Literature : the Case for Establishing AIDS Writing As a Literary Genre
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Legitimising AIDS literature : The case for establishing AIDS writing as a literary genre. LYDON, Elizabeth. Available from the Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20749/ A Sheffield Hallam University thesis This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Please visit http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20749/ and http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html for further details about copyright and re-use permissions. 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Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Legitimising AIDS Literature: the Case for Establishing AIDS Writing as a Literary Genre Elizabeth Lydon A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Master of Philosophy July 2001 Contents Abstract p. 2 Acknowledgements p. 3 Introduction p. 4 Chapter One p. 25 Genre Chapter Two p. 53 AIDS Writing as a Genre Chapter Three: p. 81 AIDS Writing: Authorship and Legitimacy Conclusion p. 104 Bibliography p. I l l 1 Abstract The subject of this thesis is AIDS writing, broadly defined as British and American novels that are concerned with the medical conditions known as HIV and AIDS. These novels are mostly, although not exclusively, by and aimed at, gay men. My aim is to legitimise AIDS literature as an area of literary study through the use of genre theory. The writers and readers of AIDS writing have tended to come from marginalised groups and this has led, in part, to the critical silence that surrounds these texts. My aim is to challenge this neglect of a substantial body of writing and to present AIDS writing as a subject for serious literary consideration. The thesis begins with an examination of the meaning of literary legitimacy and the ways in which previously marginalised texts have achieved literary status. I argue that being considered a literary genre is one way in which a group of texts can be seen to be worthy of literary study. The first chapter explores theories of genre to arrive at a useful working definition for this study. The second chapter examines the concept of AIDS writing as a genre and explores the main aspects of that genre. The third chapter moves on to discuss issues of authorship and legitimacy that have characterised the few previous studies of AIDS writing. The main conclusion is that the connections between these texts, including subject matter and imagery, substantiate the consideration of AIDS writing as a literary genre. The establishment of AIDS writing as a genre is a means of legitimising it as an area for literary study and thus allowing that writing to gain literary status. As a consequence, the subject area of literary studies is broadened, and AIDS writing, and implicitly the ideologies contained within it, is afforded the importance conferred by having literary status. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisory team at Sheffield Hallam University, Professor Sara Mills and Dr Jill LeBihan for their support and advice. I would also like to thank Dr Patricia Duncker at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, for her initial support and supervision. I would also like to thank the library staff of the Collegiate Crescent Learning Centre. Finally, I must thank my family, without whose support, both financial and emotional, this dissertation would never have been completed. 3 Introduction In 1981, clusters of gay men in New York and San Francisco began to be diagnosed with rare diseases. These diseases were usually found only in those with suppressed immune systems, for example, chemotherapy patients. Young men were falling ill and dying while the medical profession looked on helplessly. In 1982, the phenomenon was given a name by the scientists studying it, GRID - Gay Related Immune Deficiency (Shilts 1987, 121). Cases were reported from around the USA and also from Europe. Intravenous drug users were also dying in large numbers but still the syndrome remained associated with gay men. In July 1982, it was recognised that growing numbers of people were dying from an epidemic which was given the name AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. The acronym was decided upon by a meeting in Washington of various involved groups, including representatives from the Food and Drug Administration, the Centre for Disease Control, the blood transfusion industry and gay community groups (Shilts 1987, 171). This gave a cause of death, but it was not until the spring of 1984 that the virus that brought on the syndrome was officially recognised. HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus - transmitted through blood, semen and vaginal fluid and with an incubation period of usually 5 to 10 years was found to be the cause of AIDS (Shilts 1987, 593)1. In 1986, American president Ronald Reagan made his first speech on the subject of AIDS. By this time, 36,058 Americans had been diagnosed and 20,849 had died of the disease (Shilts 1987, 596). At the time of writing (2000), even though with drug therapy it can be a manageable condition, there is still no cure for AIDS. AIDS has had such a devastating effect on gay men that it has irrevocably changed gay communities and cultures. Gay men have used creative writing to explore their anger, their suffering and their loss and it is this writing that will be the focus of this study. My study has one major objective: to demonstrate that AIDS literature, broadly defined as prose fiction exploring the subject of AIDS, is a legitimate area for literary study. Although in these necessarily careful politically-correct times, it is rare to find a 1 Although commonly accepted, there is some doubt about the causative link between HIV and AIDS. 4 critic who openly refuses to consider AIDS writing as a literary genre in its own right, here I will be discussing the implicit assumptions that AIDS writing is by its very nature marginal, documentary and of special interest only: in short, not open to literary analysis. This thesis aims to focus on precisely those literary properties implicitly ignored by critics. It seems to me that there is an implicit homophobia in much criticism which ignores AIDS writing or segregates it in a ‘gay writing’ compound. This ghettoisation of AIDS writing constitutes a critical silence in many surveys of current literary trends and new writing. It is my aim in this thesis to discuss this critical silence and perform an ‘archaeology’ of the ways in which writings are marginalised. My aim is thus to argue for AIDS writing to be considered as a literary genre in its own right. In order to achieve this aim, I will first briefly explore how texts are legitimised as literary works, drawing on feminist literary theory, including theoretical works by Elaine Showalter (1982, 1988), Virginia Woolf (1929) and Judith Fetterley (1978). I will then go on to examine the concept of genre as it has been used in literary study. This is because of the use of genre as a tool for the establishment of literary status. Then, through close reading, I will endeavour to establish AIDS literature as a literary genre and therefore as a candidate for serious study. In this introductory chapter, I will investigate the concept of literary legitimisation and how claims for legitimacy may be made for particular writing. I will do this by firstly discussing the notion of the canon and literary value. I will then show how certain feminist literary theories have challenged these ideas and brought changes to literary study. Finally, I will discuss gay and lesbian literary theory and the ways in which it has been influenced by feminist literary theories. I will conclude the introduction by detailing the structure of the thesis. (i) Legitimacy, the Canon and Literary Value There are several meanings for ‘legitimate’, including ‘bom in lawful wedlock; based in correct or acceptable principles of reasoning; ruling by hereditary right; in accordance with law’ but also, ‘conforming to established standards of usage; of or relating to serious drama as distinct from films, television, vaudeville’ (Collins Dictionary o f the English Language, 1986) and it is the latter definitions that I will be concentrating on in their relation to literary study, although the former definitions inflect the latter to some degree. From these definitions then, for a literary text to be legitimate, it must conform to a particular standard and/or be considered serious, as distinct from more populist or light- 5 hearted forms of writing. This notion of legitimacy is closely linked to the theories of the canon that have been so important to literary study. Works of literature included in the canon are legitimised for study and in order to explore this process of legitimisation, it is necessary to understand what the canon is.