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An Indian Journal

FULL PAPER

BTAIJ, 10(6), 2014 [1472-1480] Biomechanics analysis-based technical quality evaluation indicators research

Bin Chi Institute of Physical Education, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412008, Hunan, (CHINA)

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS

Field-goal percentage is an important parameter that decides team is winning Motion trajectory; or losing in basketball contest, domestic and foreign scholars and basketball Physical factors; practitioners are very concerned about field-goal percentage influence Biomechanics; factors. The paper analyzes basketball field-goal percentage influential Force analysis; biomechanical factors from biomechanics, to better explore the Collision; relations between the two, in the paper, it firstly explores field-goal Hit rate. percentage influential physical factors, and then analyzes shooting process human body sports biomechanical features, and finally establishes coordinating connections between biomechanics and field-goal percentage, which provides theoretical references for basketball training. Research shows basketball player upper limbs each joint angle in basketball release instant decides basketball release angle, and basketball release angle is an important indicator to evaluate shooting technical quality, in order to create best mechanical conditions for shooting and releasing, it needs athlete to put special emphasis on body stability in shooting proves, shooting release point height gets bigger, then field-goal percentage will be higher.  2014 Trade Science Inc. - INDIA

INTRODUCTION ground, proposes field-goal percentage and athlete hu- man body sports biomechanics influence factors rela- Shooting is one of important techniques in basket- tive research issues, applies mathematical model method ball, is unique way to get scores, is a kind of most im- to analyze field-goal percentage influential physical fac- portant technique in basketball techniques, is also core tors, utilizes video image data collection method to ana- link in assigned basketball tactics, no matter which kind lyze sports biomechanical features in shooting process, of offensive tactics, it finally will be result in field goal, explores biomechanics and physical factors connecting and defensive purpose is to restrict, prevent opponent points, which provides theoretical basis for basketball shooting, so that create more scoring opportunities for shooting technical training. itself, therefore field-goal percentage is a technical indi- For basketball shooting technique and sports bio- cator of each basketball team concerns. The paper car- mechanics research, lots of scholars have successively ries out analysis of basketball development status and made researches on them, these scholar provided opin- shooting technical development orientations main back- ions and suggestions are of great help to improve ath- BTAIJ, 10(6) 2014 Bin Chi 1473 FULL PAPER lete field-goal percentage, from which Xu-Yan and oth- ing field-goal percentage and human body sports fea- ers (2012) made three-dimensional video analysis of tures relations, and provides theoretical basis for bas- basketball athlete shooting techniques, analyzed athlete ketball technical scientific development. In order to re- each main sports joints motion features, shooting hand flect historical background and basketball situation de- motions and ball motion features, got that only well mands, basketball technique should more based on mod- handled with upper and lower limbs exertion, release ern basketball development status and development ori- points height and angles as well as ball releasing instant entations, therefore the chapter starts from modern bas- motions relations when then could really improve ketball development status and its technical development shooting hit rate[1]; Wu Zhong-Yi and others (2012) orientations to make analysis, puts forward sports bio- applied human anatomy and sports biomechanics mechanics influential factors on basketball field-goal per- theory, analyzed basketball far distance single hand centage, which provides basis for human sports biome- above shoulder shot motion process and technical prin- chanics factors research in basketball shooting process. ciples, stated far distance single hand above shoulder Basketball development status and basketball shot motion mechanism and technical specification, pro- technical development orientations summary posed opposite views against classic theory, which was “aiming point” during shooting is hoop back the view as Modern basketball features mainly reflect in fast edge furthest point, shooting motion allowed elbow joint speed, high height, comprehensive technique and high to abduct to a certain degree[2];Liu Hao (2013) put for- accuracy these four aspects, in the following; it makes ward reasonable suggestions that it should focus on statements on above four aspects, in the hope of ex- basketball basic skills exercising, form into good tech- ploring basketball shooting technique development ori- nical motions, combine shooting exercise s with mis- entations. take correction, start from actual combat and combine 1) Fast speed with theory to gradually adapt to actual combat situa- Basketball confrontation process intensity is tions, strengthen application ability in confrontation, and highlight of audience, in order to reflect basketball high improve athlete catching and shooting joint ability, in- intensity, modern basketball player observation is more crease shooting training difficulties, make training in in- acute, reaction is more flexible, motion connecting is terference and high intensity fierce confrontation fast more compact, and reflection way in data is more quick moving, which provided experience guiding for bas- attacks, high scores and short time as well as other fea- ketball jump shot technique training[3]. ’ researches, tures. The paper on the basis of predecessors 2) High height carries out analysis of basketball shooting technical bio- Height here refers to basketball player height, in mechanical features, and starts from field-goal percent- world basketball top team, center height is between age influential physical factors perspective, explores each 2.10~2.20m, forward height is between 1.98~2.10m, physical factor and shooting process biomechanical guard athlete height also remains above 1.95m. connections, which provides feasible references for ’ training and field-goal per- Comprehensive technique: In the world, basketball broad basketball players top team athletes possess technology of adept in at- centage improvement. tacking and defense, athletes not only can play ball well in self advantageous planed positions, but also can pro- RESEARCH BACKGROUND AND PROB- cess with multiple positions interchanging in the field, LEM POSING which has already presented technique generalization, motion refined, attack and defense equilibration and Basketball is well received by people in the world, tactics systematization features, it can also provide con- the sports has numerous enthusiasts, which provides good ditions for game confrontation intensification. basis for basketball market more deeply development. 3) High accuracy The paper studies basketball shooting techniques from sports biomechanics perspective, in the hope of explor- Modern basketball accuracy BmaiinolTy erecflhecnto inllo pgayss An Indian Journal 1474 Biomechanics analysis-based basketball shooting technical quality evaluation BTAIJ, 10(6) 2014 FULL PAPER ’ and shooting two techniques, from each main technique and tactics technology, can reasonable change official data statistics, it is clear that modern basketball in passing, shooting and quick attacking process and pass is more accurate, hit rate is higher, athletes coor- give opponent sensation of overwhelming, so that can dination and cooperation are also more tacit. more effective get rid of opponent defense, and also Basket shooting process is the event game scoring create beneficial conditions for its own players effec- “change” main process, therefore athlete takes shooting technique tive ace, so basketball shooting technique as one of main training technology, in basketball con- word knack mainly reflects in passing, dribbling, break- test, to create proper shooting opportunities, athletes ing, defense, blocked shots timely transformation. apply each kind of tactics, on above, the paper states 5) Full modern basketball development status, the status is In basketball contest, athlete plays games with his striving around improving sports confrontation inten- own predetermined role, but combat opportunities is sity, then now basketball shooting technique develop- constantly changing, only athlete can play different roles ment orientations should also bases on this as back- in different opportunities, and carry out effective break- ground, in the following, it states basketball technique through shooting by players roles transformation in the development orientations from fast, high, far, change, field, but scientific and reasonable roles transformation full and accurate these six key points. is based on athlete each aspect technology firm grasp- “full” word knack 1)Fast ing, so basketball shooting technique Athlete should fast get rid of opponent defense be- mainly reflects in athlete effective breaking through po- fore shooting, and grasp opportunities to fast shoot, sition clear limitation. and shooting process divides into lifting ball, jumping 6) Accurate and releasing three links, so basketball shooting tech- “accurate” word knack then “quick” word knack mainly reflects in fast lifting Only athlete well grasp nique can effective get scores for its own team, quick, high, ball, fast jumping and fast releasing, it requires athlete far, change and full are all processes, accurate is the to coordinate apply the three links. purpose, field-goal percentage is an important factor 2) High that decides final game result, therefore basketball shoot- “accurate” word knack mainly reflects in In order to more effective get rid of opponent in- ing technique terference in shooting process, modern basketball player field-goal percentage. generally adopts jump shot way, applies high hand shot, –backward shot and slam dunk as well as other Basketball shooting technique and sports biome- leaning chanics problems posing motion techniques, so basketball shooting technique “high” word knack mainly reflects in high jumping and Basketball shooting technique executor is athlete, high releasing such two aspects. athlete ontology is human body, human body sports bio- mechanics features are shooting technique execution 3) Far merits main evaluation factors, in shooting process ath- In order to expand shooting releasing area, shoot- lete main sports links are lower limbs movement links ing in opponents weak defense zone, it tends to adopt and upper limbs movement links, and lower limbs move- three-point shot and two-point shot, shooting in the ment mainly reflects in knee joint, upper limbs move- ’s hand, as Figure 1 position far away from hoop, so that can effective pre- ment mainly reflects in holding ball vent opponent interference, and also shorten attack dis- shows before shooting athlete knee joint states, shoot- tance to make efforts to finally win the game, so bas- “far” word knack main re- ing releasing instant athlete knee joint state, shooting ketball shooting technique instant athlete holding motion and shooting releasing in- flects in athlete far away from hoop and basketball air stant holding hand motion state. motion far distance two aspects. Xu Yan and others(2012) pointed out field-goal per- 4) Change centage was the key factor to decide basketball game BiiIon Tbaesckhetnbaolll ocgonytest, athlete should flexible apply winning or losing, improved basketball technique was An Indian Journal BTAIJ, 10(6) 2014 Bin Chi 1475 FULL PAPER

Figure 1 : Basketball shooting process athlete upper limbs and lower limbs movement state crucial to athlete improve competitive level, and in cur- image control any one point round corresponding pa- ’s one three-dimensional conical surface, rent high level competitive sports training and contests, rameter space ’s all basketball gravity centers by Hough scientization degree became higher and higher, as com- obtained image petitive sports event, basketball competitive level im- transformation method, can get different time basket- provements also relied on relative advanced science ball flight corresponding pixel points, and finally gets and technology support to great extent, so closely con- basketball flight sports trajectory, as Figure 2 shows.   2    2  nected with sports practice, applied modern scientific x a y b r 2 (1) technological ways, deepen organized basketball teach- ’s scientific research and tack- ing and training process led the key research project was the only road to im- ’ competitive levels prove basketball players [1]. Shoot- ing technical motions are complex and asking for high, it suffered numerous aspect impacts, relative shooting education and training aspect researches mainly con- Figure 2 : Parameter image and flight trajectory centrated on technical motions specification analysis, motion teaching method, force analysis and FEATURES ANALYSIS AFTER technical evaluation as well as other fields. BASKETBALL RELEASING Shooting technique application effects mainly are up to holding athlete presented sports biomechanics Basketball flight mathematical model features in shooting process, shooting sports biome- chanics influential factors have mainly grasping on ball Well grasp basketball motion trajectory is an im- rotating sports features, scientific selection on aiming portant way to improve field-goal percentage, field-goal points, best shooting release angle grasping and rea- percentage influential physical factors are release height, release initial speed, release angle, entering angle, shoot- sonable motion application four aspects, in order to ’t consider bas- explore basketball field-goal percentage influential bio- ing distance and hoop height, if it doesn mechanics factors, analyzes from basketball flight math- ketball rotation and force status except for gravity, ematical model, basketball collision mechanical model motion trajectory after basketball releasing should be a and human body upper and lower limbs motion biome- parabola, as Figure 3 shows basketball motion trajec- chanics features, in the hope of providing reasonable tory space presentation way after releasing. suggestions for athlete field-goal percentage improve- According to Figure 3 basketball motion trajectory ments. space presentation schematic diagram, it is clear that ’s variables In order to do data collection for basketball trajec- basketball releases speed V0 and figure tory and human body each link sports features, the pa- mathematical relation is as formula (2) shows:  per adopts Hough transformation method to calculate    1     h   V2 2cos2 tan  gL basketball gravity in video images, finally gets basket- 0   L  (2) ball motion trajectory, known round mathematical equa-  ’s Basketball position decisive factor is sphere center tion is as formula (1)shows, transforms x y plane s horizontal speed and vertical direction speed, it is con-   round to a b r parameter space, it can arrive at stant motion in horizontal directiBon iiaonTd ceocnhstnaonltl ovgaryi- An Indian Journal 1476 Biomechanics analysis-based basketball shooting technical quality evaluation BTAIJ, 10(6) 2014 FULL PAPER

Basketball collision process mechanical analysis Except for hollow shot, basketball shooting also exists shooting form as basketball and hoop or rebound collide and rebound into hoop, which is also shooting process aiming points defining problem, the writer sum- marizes four aiming points except for hollow shot hoop Figure 3 : Center motion trajectory after basketball releas- ing central point, which are respectively hoop back edge, ’s hoop front edge, hoop right above 20cm area and whole able motion in vertical direction, so horizontal direction hoop.  speed V// is always equal to V0 cos , and vertical di- 1) When athlete aiming point is hoop back edge, it rection speed is accelerated speed as g , initial speed will appear following three cases:  2) When athlete shooting used force is smaller, it will as V0 sin constant variable linear motion, so when  appear basketball edge cannot contact to hoop enter into hoop, entering angle meets formula (3): back edge and lead to ball drop into hoop center   2   2    2 2  1 (3) tan tan 2gh V0 cos to make a goal. By formula (3), it is clear that in case shooting hori- When athlete shooting used force is proper and bas- zontal distance is certain, to ensure proper entering angle, ketball is back spinning, after basketball and hoop it should improve release height and meanwhile reduce back edge colliding and rebounding, it will just spring release angle and release speed. to hoop and make a goal. On the premise that basketball release height is cer- 3) Athlete shooting used strength is very small or big,  ’t contact with hoop back tain, which is also h is certain, entering angle and it leads to basketball doesn ’t been hit. horizontal distance L relation is as formula (4) shows: edge and cause ball hasn       1   tan Lg V0 cos tan (4) When athlete aiming point is hoop front edge, it will By formula (4), it is clear when shooting release also appear three cases as following shows: position and hoop horizontal distance gets further, it 1) When athlete shooting used force is smaller, it will needs to diminish release angle, in the hope of increas- appear basketball edge cannot contact with hoop ing horizontal speed. front edge and cause ball cannot be hit. Release angle and entering angle relation is as for- 2) When athlete shooting used strength is just proper mula (5) shows: that let ball to contact with hoop front edge, and       tan tan 2h L 1 (5) basketball motion is back spinning, after basketball By formula (5), it is clear that two angles changes and hoop back edge rebounding, it will cause bas- are in positive correlated change trend in case other ketball cannot make a goal. factors are fixed. 3) When athlete shooting used strength is slight big, it  will appear basketball and hoop back edge colli- When L,h is certain, minimum speed angle and m sion case, which lead to basketball to rebound and minimum speed V0 min can be got by extremum differ- enter into hoop. ential ways, as formula (6) shows: Take aiming point as hoop back edge as examples     to make spinning collision mechanical analysis, spinning    1  h   arctan  m 4 2  L  divides forward spinning and back spinning, after for-  (6)     0.5 ward spinning and barrier colliding, it will rush forward, V gh g h2 L2 0 min after back spinning and barrier colliding, it will rebound Adopt international standard basketball radius backwards, as Figure 4 showed forward spinning and 0.120m and hoop radius 0.225m, it can get hollow shot °, back spinning as well as basketball back edge collision expected basketball minimum entering angle is 32.29 °~90°. process basketball force analysis. and then entering angle range should be 32.29 When basketball and rebound occurs to non-spin- BiioTechnollogy An Indian Journal BTAIJ, 10(6) 2014 Bin Chi 1477 FULL PAPER

shooting motion dynamic starting point is originated from two legs pedaling, before two legs pedaling, two knees slightly bend such standing postures, let triceps surae, tibialis posterior, peroneus longus, flexor digitorum longus and other flexor ankle joint muscle group, quadriceps femoris and other extension knee Figure 4 : Spinning ball and hoop back edge collision force joint muscle group, quadriceps femoris muscle and analysis other extension knee joint muscle group, gluteus maxi- mus, biceps femoris muscle and other extension hip joint muscle group is in the state of lightly stretching, shooting hands, shoulders, elbow, wrist inflexional holding posture, let triceps brachii, anconeus and other elbow joint muscle group as well as flexor carpi ra- dialis, ulnar flexor of wrist, Palmaris longus as well as other flexion wrist joint muscle group to be in the state of stretching, when pedaling, bending ankle, stretch- Figure 5 : Basketball motion trajectory after non-spinning ing knees, extending hip muscle contraction generated lateral hitting board and front hitting board strength to transmit to trunk, drive body to move to- ning collision, it meets horizontal direction momentum ward upper front side in the synergistic effect of trunk conservation law and reflection law, basketball lateral muscle, form into shooting motion basic dynamic; hitting board shooting and front hitting board shooting Shooting technique functional dynamic is stretching process motion trajectory as Figure 5 shows, in Fig- arms, bending wrists and finger plucking generated ure6 it illustrates non-spinning front hitting board, back force acting on ball, when trunk gets basic dynamic, spinning front hitting board, non-spinning spring out by whole body moves upper front side, pectoralis major, rebound, forward spinning spring out by rebound, sphere coracobrachialis, deltoideus front part, biceps brachii non side spinning hitting board and hoop right side shoot- ’s bas- long head and others let shoulder joint flexion muscle ing sphere side spinning hitting board process and triceps brachii, anconeus and other elbow joint ketball force analysis schematic diagram. extension muscle to contract, big, small arms stretch, In Figure 6, F is bounce, f represents friction compound shooting motion generated strength into force, F represents resultant force. force towards upper front direction, concentrate on T acting on ball gravity center, and propel to sphere to move towards upper front side, and meanwhile, flexor carpi radialis, ulnar flexor of wrist, Palmaris longus as well as other flexion wrist muscle is contracted, let hand to bend in wrist joint, and form into hand (finger) to make circular motion in sagittal plane with wrist Figure 6 : Non-spinning and spinning as well as rebound joint as axis, and generated strength accordingly to colliding force analysis act on sphere gravity center, and further gradually transit to act on ball surface, let sphere to get dynamics of BASKETBALL ATHLETE SHOOTING PRO- flying in upper front direction and back spinning along CESS BIOMECHANICAL FEATURES self frontal axis[2]. In the following, it makes biome- ANALYSIS chanics analysis of basketball player shooting process lower limbs motion, upper limbs motion and whole In shooting process, basketball dynamic source body coordination motion, in the hope of providing can be divided into basic dynamic and functional dy- theoretical references for athlete field-goal percent- namic, Wu Zhong-Yi and others (2012) pointed out age improvement. BiioTechnollogy An Indian Journal 1478 Biomechanics analysis-based basketball shooting technical quality evaluation BTAIJ, 10(6) 2014 FULL PAPER

Shooting process athlete lower limbs joints bio- erated speed for upper limbs exertion and fulfilling mechanical features analysis shooting, according to collected video data, it is clear Correct basic standing posture is two legs left, right that in shooting process knee joint pedaling and stretch- or front and back open and stand, with the same width ing motion, athlete left knee joint and right knee joint of shoulder, right foot lies in the front, knee joint looses average angular speeds are 26.6rad/s and 94.7rad/s, their average pedaling and stretching range and slightly bends, upper body slightly leans forward, ° ° right hand palm center holds ball in upper front side, left are29.3 and76.2 , now it is athlete best exertion state, hand supports ball, right elbow joint naturally drops, let from data, it also presents left knee pedaling and stretch- arm stretching muscle to be stretched, stores elastic ing range and angular speed is one third of that in right potential energy, faces to hoop, neck muscle looses, knee, thereupon athlete pedaling and stretching exer- body gravity center lies between two feet, such basic tion is mainly implemented by relying on right leg exten- standing posture, every link upward stretching gener- sor muscle group fast contraction. ated inertia force will act on total gravity center dropped Combine biomechanical analysis basis with kine- supporting plane[4]. matics principle, it can get when athlete keeps same Athlete lower limbs joints motion in shooting pro- shooting motion rhythm, due to body only suffers grav- cess mainly reflects in bending knees squatting and knee ity external force impacts after leg pedaling and leaving joints pedaling and stretching such two aspects, from ground, body gravity center height when foot pedaling which bending knees squatting motion is with the help and leaving ground together with vertical rising speed of lower limbs muscle group eccentric contraction states can decide gravity center motion trajectory in vertical stretching, it can provides good body posture and ex- direction, which is also one of field-goal percentage main ertion posture for shooting motion, by Hough transfor- influence factors that discusses in the paper. mation method, it carries out data collection of video Shooting process athlete upper limbs motion bio- images and can get athlete left and right knee joint knee mechanical features analysis angle changing status, in the paper, it presents as TABLE 1 showed knee joint flexion angles status. In shooting process, upper limbs motion movement Use TABLE 1 data to make biomechanical analy- process can divide into holding stage and shooting re- sis of shooting process, it is clear that excessive knee leasing stage, Zhang Shu-An (2001) points out norma- joint flexion will give excessive loads on extension muscle tive shooting hand motion should stretch triceps brachii group, affect knee extension speed and body other links by elbow joint adduction, raising upper arm and stretch- cooperation, if knee flexions is too small and cannot ing elbows to shot, directly face to basket, hand holds fully stretch knee extension group, it will affect elastic ball on shoulder, elbow joint moving route should be potential energy storage, and further affect knee exten- vertical and upward, ball is in near supporting, shoul- sion strength, let body cannot get good vertical speed, der, elbow, wrist, finger and ball in the same plane, shoot- data shows when athlete left and right knee joint angle ing exertion order should be carried out from bottom to °  changing range are respectively as 34 ~163 and up in the form of successive transiting[5]. °  77 ~162 , human body can get best body exertion By Zhang Shu-An analysis, it is clear that when states, and meanwhile can make full preparation for pitching and releasing, athlete lower limbs pedaling cooperative fulfilling upper limbs motions. strength is generated by transiting with the help of hu- And knee joint pedaling and stretching effects are man body machine chain, wrist pressing down, and fi- letting body to accelerate upward, and provide accel- nally finger acting on sphere bottom front, in such bot- TABLE 1 : Shooting process athlete knee joint flexion angle data collection result

Parameter Knee joint angle when Minimum knee Knee joint flexion Knee joint Knee angle when human type ball is released joint angle time (s) flexion angle body gravity center is lowest ° ° ° ° Left knee joint 163.1 136.3 0.53s 34.1 130.6 ° ° ° ° BRighiito kTneee cjohinnt ollogy 161.8 91.8 0.61s 76.8 95.7 An Indian Journal BTAIJ, 10(6) 2014 Bin Chi 1479 FULL PAPER tom up transitive exertion process, it requires shooting ing angle, and basketball release angle is also an impor- arm to fast and sufficient stretch straightly, in the hope tant indicator to evaluate shooting technical quality, in of obtaining best shooting trajectory. Liu Lu-Jun (2007) order to create best mechanical conditions for shooting pointed out that sphere parabola composed plane was releasing, it needs athlete to pay special attentions to surely consistent to holding plane, the whole motion body stability in shooting process, according to practi- requires to fulfill in human body sagittal plane so that let cal shooting experiences, it is clear that shooting re- body each link motion unified flexing in sagittal plane, lease point height gets bigger, it will be of greater help and provide powerful conditions for every joint motion to field-goal percentage. prime moving muscle activities and joint motions con- sistency[6]. When releasing, basketball horizontal speed CONCLUSION size adjustment mainly relies on fingers tipping, if finger fitting towards basketball flight trajectory tangential di- The paper firstly states modern basketball devel- rection, it will generate back spinning, on the contrary it opment status and shooting technique development di- will generate forward spinning, and spinning can effec- rection, which provides basis for shooting technique bio- tive reduce air resistance impacts on basketball parabola mechanical analysis expectation defining, and on this trajectory, which is of great help to improve field-goal basis, it puts forward field-goal percentage and sports percentage. biomechanics relation, which builds basis for following In shooting process releasing stage, athlete needs analysis. From after basketball releasing sports trajec- to fully stretch shooting arms, stretching process is the tory mathematical model and mechanical analysis of bas- process to provide dynamics for basketball, according ketball and barriers colliding, it gets basketball field- ’s second law, it is clear that force is the to Newton goal percentage influential physical factors, which pro- cause of changing object original state, if athlete can vides theoretical basis for sports biomechanics and reasonable control ball before leaving hand, sphere cen- physical factors connection. Finally, the paper analyzes ter trajectory controlling will also relative perfect, which shooting process human body lower limbs each joint is key factor to improve field-goal percentage. movement status and upper limbs each joint movement In basketball game confrontation process, shoot- status from biomechanical perspective, and combines ing process needs to meet fast speed features, there is human body sports biomechanics features and kine- certain mathematical relation among speed, time and matics field-goal percentage influential physical factors, distance, if on the premise speed is improving, keep it explores biomechanics impacts on field-goal percent- arms working at ball, let it to generate larger dynamic age, which provides theoretical references for athlete energy, then it needs to extend arms to ball acting time teaching and training. and acting distance, which is also main cause of arms fully extension demands in shooting process, the paper REFERENCES collects as TABLE 2 showed basketball releasing in- stant human body upper limbs shoulder joint, elbow [1] Chen Jian, Yao Song-ping; Application of Connected joint and wrist joint angles status, in the hope of pro- Analysis to Analysis of Statistical Data of Basket- vides data references for basketball shooting. ball Technique. Journal of Shanghai Physical Edu- Basketball player upper limbs each joint angle in cation Institute, 33(5), (2009). basketball releasing instant decides basketball releas- [2] Wang Luning et al.; Development of a Computer- ized System for On-the-spot Technical Statistics in TABLE 2 : Basketball player upper limbs each joint angle Basketball Matches. China Science, 19(3), data in basketball releasing instant 37-40 (1999). Upper limbs joint angle type Left limb Right limb [3] Mao Jie, Shan Shuguang; Basketball Technology ° ° ° Statistical Software Development. Journal of Wuhan Shoulder joint angle ( ) 103.6 141.7 ° ° ° Institute of Physical Education, 46(2), 70-73, 87 Elbow joint angle( ) 127.2 176.0 (2012). ° ° ° ’s Basketball Wrist joint angle( ) 147.9 125.6 [4] Zhang Lei; Analysis on FouBl inii oMTanechnollogy An Indian Journal 1480 Biomechanics analysis-based basketball shooting technical quality evaluation BTAIJ, 10(6) 2014 FULL PAPER

Final Phase in 10th National Games. China Sport Science and Technology, 42(1), 0-52 (2006). [5] Fu Fan-fei, Yu Zhen-feng, Zhang Quan-ning; Analy- ’s basket- sis of offensive turnover in period of men ball final matches at 10th National Games. Shandong Sports Science & Technology, 28(2), 24-25 (2006). [6] Wang Luning et al.; Development of a Computer- ized System for On-the-spot Technical Statistics in Basketball Matches. China Sport Science, 19(3), 37-40 (1999). [7] Li Ji-hui; Research on the Current Situation and Developing Strategy of Chinese Track and Field Coaches. Journal of Shenyang Sport University, 25(2), 63-66 (2006). [8] Yang Yue-qing, Rao Han-fu, Len Ji-lan; A Study on the Improvement of Computer Statistic Software for Basketball Games. Journal of Hubei Sports Sci- ence, 22(2), 204-205(2003).

BiioTechnollogy An Indian Journal