Johdatus Sulautettuun Linuxiin

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Johdatus Sulautettuun Linuxiin 18 Johdatus sulautettuun Linuxiin Sulautetulla käyttöjärjestelmällä tarkoitetaan johonkin muuhun laitteeseen kuin varsinaiseen tietokoneeseen mukautettua käyttöjärjestelmää. Esimerkkejä tällaisista laitteista löytyy jokai- sesta kodista ja useista taskuista. Linux on tällä hetkellä yleisin sulautettu käyttöjärjestelmä. On hyvinkin mahdollista ja joidenkin laitetyyppien osalta erittäin todennäköistä, että jo omis- tat laitteen, johon on sulautettu Linux. Onko sinulla ADSL-modeemi, Sonyn taulu-T , verk- koliitäntäinen ulkoinen kiintolevy, navi!aattori tai "LAN-tukiasema$ #iistä todennäköisesti löytyy Linux. Sulautettu Linux voi äkkiseltään kuulostaa pelottavalta tai vaikealta, mutta jos Linux-koke- muksesi juontaa varhaisilta ajoilta, sulautettu Linux voi tuntua hyvinkin kodikkaalta. Laitteiden käyttöön se, että niiden käyttöjärjestelmä on Linux, ei tietenkään vaikuta. Lähes poikkeuksetta jo senkin selvittäminen, että Linux löytyy laitteesta, voi vaatia tietoa ja taitoa. Seuraava ja vielä suurempi vaikeus on päästä käyttämään suoraan näiden laitteiden Linuxia. 18.1 Ensimmäinen sulautetun Linuxin laite Tutustuminen sulautettuun Linuxiin kannattaa aloittaa laitteella, joka on mahdollisimman sa- mankaltainen kuin normaali tietokone. %seimmissa sulautetuissa laitteissa ei ole kiintolevyä ja useista puuttuu verkkoliitäntä. erkkoliitäntä on erityisen tärkeä, sillä sen avulla laitteeseen voidaan saada ssh-yhteys eikä laitteeseen tarvitse yrittää liittää minkäänlaista näyttölaitetta, 212 Johdatus sulautettuun Linuxiin joka useimmiten olisi mahdotontakin ilman kolvia ja laajaa elektroniikan tietämystä. &elppo laite on esimerkiksi verkkoliitäntäinen kiintolevy. #e ovat onneksi melko halpoja ja lisäksi varsin hyödyllisiä. 18.1.1 Western Digital My Book World Edition 'oissakin verkkokiintolevyissä käyttöjärjestelmä on (ash-muistilla, jolloin mm. ssh-palvelimen käynnistäminen voi olla hankalampaa. )y Bookissa Linux on asennettu kiintolevylle ja sen voi vaikka irrottaa, liittää tavalliseen tietokoneeseen, muokata käynnistysasetuksia, asentaa takai- sin ja sen jälkeen ohjata sitä ssh-yhteyden kautta. +irjoitushetkellä yhden teratavun )y Book maksaa noin ,-. Euroa ja pelkkä kiintolevy noin ,.- Euroa, joten uuden Linux-palvelimen saa /- Eurolla0. 'atkossa esitetyt tiedot koskevat vanhempaa -.. 1t mallia. Laitteen virrankulutus on vain ,2 " keskimäärin ja maksimissaan 3. ", joten se soveltuu varsin hyvin kotipalvelimeksi. )uut keskeiset laitteistotiedot ovat4 56% A7)839E', 3.. )&: 7AM ;3 )t Ethernet <A Net=orkin! elo>ity ?amily Gi!a@it Ethernet )uut liitännät %S* 3.., SATA sisäiselle kiintolevylle +iintolevy -.. 1* "D SATA SE A3.. 76), muita kokoja saatavilla )y *ookista on useita variaatioita. << mallinimen lopussa tarkoittaa kahden levyn mallia, 6ro Bre=ire-liitäntää ja "orld Ethernet-liitäntää. Levykapasiteetit vaihtelevat myös aina kahteen teraan asti. 18.1 Ensimmäinen sulautetun Linuxin laite 213 +uva ,2.,4 )y *ookin CemolevyD. +aksi suurinta piiriä ovat OEE2..SE, johon on mm. in- te!roitu 3.. )&: A7)8 -prosessori ja SATA-kontrolleri sekä <A T9,33 !i!a@itin Ether- net -piiri. Oikealla on kotelon ulkopuolelle tulevat liitännät, jotka ovat ylhäältä lukien4 %S*, Ethernet ja virta. Alhaalta vasemmalta lähtee SATA-kaapeli. My Book World Editionin komentoriville ääsy "estern Di!ital )y *ook "orld Editionissa on ssh asennettuna, mutta ei käynnistettynä. 'os et halua avata koteloa ja siirtää kiintolevyä tavalliseen tietokoneeseen, löytyy sivulta http://martin.hinner.info/mybook/sshaccess.php ohje, miten ssh käynnis- tetään. Toinen tapa on mielenkiintoisempi. Sivustolla http://mybookworld.wikidot.com/on paljon yhteisöllisesti tuotettua tietoa )y Boo- kista ja mm. ohjeet kuvineen kotelon avaamiseen tiedostossa http://geekoh.com/mybook/docs/Open and Remove Drive from MyBook WE.pdf. +un olet siirtänyt kiintolevyn tavalliseen tietokoneeseen ja liittänyt sen, avaa tiedos- to /etc/inetd.conf ja poista kommenttimerkki riviltä, jonka alussa on ssh stream tcp nowait... Samalla kannattaa poistaa mionetin käynnistyminen /etc/init.d/post network start.sh-skriptistä lisäämällä kommenttimerkki F!G rivin "#$R%&'# &(')/mionet.sh start alkuun. )ionet on hidas ja syö paljon muis- 21! Johdatus sulautettuun Linuxiin tia. +un olet käynnistänyt jälleen )y Bookin ja kirjautunut sisään ssh-yhteydellä, on aika hieman tutkia minkälainen laite se on. My Book World Editionin keskeiset tiedot root*MyBookWorld +,! df -ilesystem #i.e /sed (vail /se0 Mo1nted on rootfs 2.34 256M 2.74 660 / /dev/root 2.34 256M 2.74 660 / /dev/md8 59:M 65M 338M 80 /var /dev/md7 7994 ;94 85:4 690 /shares/internal <root*MyBookWorld +,! fdisk =l Disk /dev/sda: 9::.6 4B> 9::6:?3;2:6; bytes 299 heads> ;8 sectors/track> ;:3:6 cylinders /nits @ cylinders of 6;:;9 A 962 @ 322923: bytes Device Boot #tart End Blocks %d #ystem /dev/sda6 7 8;5 2585359 fd Bin1C raid a1todetect /dev/sda2 8?: 832 6:7722D fd Bin1C raid a1todetect /dev/sda8 838 9:9 53?55?D fd Bin1C raid a1todetect /dev/sda7 9:; ;:3:6 73782?;2: fd Bin1C raid a1todetect %SB-liitäntään kytketyt kiintolevyt ilmestyvät automaattisesti /shares/eCternal-hake- mistoon. &uomaa, että käyttöjärjestelmälle varatuilla osioilla on runsaasti vapaata tilaa lisäoh- jelmien asennukseen. root*MyBookWorld +,! free total 1sed free shared b1ffers cached Mem: 8::82 2337: 6652 : ;;3 ?973 =/D b1ffers/cache: 2:;27 57:3 #wap: 6:7862 6635; 5276; +eskusmuistia on hieman niukasti useiden palveluiden käynnistämiseen. Hlläoleva listaus si- sältää kuitenkin mionetin ja sen pysäyttäminen vapauttaa runsaasti muistia4 <root*MyBookWorld +,! /etc/init.d/mionet.sh stop #toping mionet #h1tting down monitor$EM: #h1tting down changeFotify#ocket: #h1tting down MioFet: Eerify: Fow monitor$EM is Fot r1nning Eerify: Fow changeFotify is Fot r1nning Eerify: Fow Mionet is Fot r1nning <root*MyBookWorld +,! free 18.1 Ensimmäinen sulautetun Linuxin laite 21" total 1sed free shared b1ffers cached Mem: 8::82 2::;3 55;7 : 333 ?93: =/D b1ffers/cache: 66;:: 63782 #wap: 6:7862 587: 575?2 #uorituskyky +iintolevyn lukunopeus saadaan selville vakiokomennolla4 ! hdparm ='t /dev/sda /dev/sda: 'iming cached reads: 2?2 MB in 2.:6 seconds @ 689.27 MB/sec 'iming b1ffered disk reads: 9; MB in 8.:5 seconds @ 63.67 MB/sec #opeus on pettymys. -.. 1t kiintolevyn lukunopeuden F@uIIered disk readsG pitäisi olla noin 9. )tJs. Entä sitten levyn nopeus verkon yli #?S4llä$ time dd if@'erraario=;.66.2::9.mp8 of@/dev/n1ll 798555D6 records in 798555D6 records o1t 28277??:9 bytes G282 MBH copied> 8:.6358 s> ?.? MB/s #äistä tuloksista voidaan päätellä, että laitteen prosessori on liian hidas verrattuna liitäntöihin FEthernet, SATA, %S*G. )uiden vastaavien laitteiden nopeustestejä löytyy osoitteesta b1ffalo.nas=central.org Fkaikki ovat BuIIalon valmistamia malleja, paitsi )SS << F )axtor Shared Stora!e <<GG. )alliJ56% LS, 665 LS3 &1 665 LS-GL +uro6ro )SS << )<6S A7) A7) A7) +ellotaajuus 3.. )h: /.. )h: 399 )h: /.. )h: -.. )h:$ -.. )&: ?irm=are ?reeLink OpenLink ?reeLink De@ian ?reeLink ;.,.32 ,., ..-3@ ,.,, ..,dev 7AM- ,/3,.. ,,A,/; 332,.. ;.9,.. ,/A,39 ,99,3; nopeus, )tJs Levyn no- ;.,9A ;-,,9 /;,A, ,A,8, /A,2/ //,A9 peus, )tJs #opeudet ovat hieman hämmentäviä. aikuttaa siltä, että joissakin laitteissa on liian hidasta muistia ja toisissa taas ehkä levyn liitäntä on hidaste, joten prosessorin nopeus ei aina ole määräävä tekijä. 21$ Johdatus sulautettuun Linuxiin %sennetut oh&elmat )y *ookissa on suuri 3,2 1t osio vain Linuxin käyttöön. Sinne on vakiona asennettu jo mel- koinen määrä keskeisiä palvelinohjelmia , kuten4 � #am'a &a s(at � )*# � lightt d (((+ alvelin � ssh � mionet +un painat sarkainnäppäintä kahdesti, bash kysyy haluatko nähdä kaikki mahdolliset komen- not tai ohjelmat. akiona niitä on lähes -.. mukaanlukien niinkin suuria kuin gcc ja perl. Lisäoh&elmien asentaminen Sivulla http://mybookworld.wikidot.com/first=steps=with=mbwe on oh- jeet ipkg-nimisen pakettienhallintaohjelman asennukseen. Se on samantapainen kuin y1m eli toimii komentoriviltä ja selvittää riippuvuudet automaattisesti. Se ei kuitenkaan ole aivan on!elmaton ja usein uuden paketin asennuksen jälkeen on erikseen ajettava ldconfig. +un seuraat ohjeita ipkg4n asentamiseksi, huomaat varmaan, että se käyttää Opt=aren pa- kettivarastoja ja niitä ylläpitää NSL%3-projekti. #SL%3-projektiin tutustumme myöhemmin tarkemmin. Edustava valikoima käyttökelpoisimpia lisäohjelmia löytyy esimerkiksi sivulta http://mybookworld.wikidot.com/hacks=and=howtootsikon Tips K )odiB>a- tions alta. Osa ohjelmista kuuluu vakioasennukseen, mutta sivulla on linkit ohjeisiin, miten ne otetaan käyttöön ja konB!uroidaan. )elko monet niistä ovat vähemmän tunnettuja vähäisillä resursseilla, etupäässä muistilla, toimeen tulevia ohjelmia. %seissa ohjeissa neuvotaan kääntä- mään ohjelma lähdekoodista, mutta vähemmällä vaivalla pääsee asentamalla Opt=aren paketti ipkg-ohjelmalla. Sivun lista ohjelmista on kuitenkin hyvä katsaus ohjelmiin, jotka ovat mui- den käyttäjien mielestä hyödyllisiä ja sopivia )y *ookille. +un olet asentanut ipkg4n, näet tarjolla olevat ohjelmapaketit komennollaipkg list. +un lisäät vielä loppuunI wc =l, näet, että niiden lukum äärä on yli tuhat. ipgk install JpackageK asentaa paketin ja ipgk list installed listaa jo asennetut. &uomaa kui- tenkin, että vakioasennuksen ohjelmat eivät ole pakettienhallinnan piirissä. 18.1 Ensimmäinen sulautetun Linuxin laite 21, -leisvaikutelma My Bookista uodesta ,882 alkaen minulla oli palvelimena kahdella ,3. )&: 6entiumilla varustettu kone. )uistia siinäkin oli ;3 )t, vaikka muistikampojen paikkoja oli ,9 kpl ja / )t S<)-kampojen
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