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Framework for Ria Formosa Water Quality, Aquaculture, and Resource Development

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Framework for Ria Formosa Water Quality, Aquaculture, and Resource Development Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 10, 2021 FORWARD - Framework for Ria Formosa Water Quality, Aquaculture, and Resource Development Ferreira, J.G.; Saurel, Camille; Nunes, J. P.; Ramos, L.; Lencart e Silva, J. D.; Vazquez, F.; Bergh, Øivind; Dewey, W.; Pacheco, A.; Pinchot, M. Total number of authors: 19 Publication date: 2013 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Ferreira, J. G., Saurel, C., Nunes, J. P., Ramos, L., Lencart e Silva, J. D., Vazquez, F., Bergh, Ø., Dewey, W., Pacheco, A., Pinchot, M., Ventura Soares, C., Taylor, N., Taylor, W., Verner-Jeffreys, D., Baas, J., Petersen, J. K., Wright, J., Calixto, V., & Rocha, M. (2013). FORWARD - Framework for Ria Formosa Water Quality, Aquaculture, and Resource Development. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. J.G. FERREIRA, C. SAUREL, J.P. NUNES, L. RAMOS, J.D. LENCART E SILVA, F. VAZQUEZ, Ø. BERGH, W. DEWEY, A. PACHECO, M. PINCHOT, C. VENTURA SOARES, N. TAYLOR, W. TAYLOR, D. VERNER-JEFFREYS, J. BAAS, J.K. PETERSEN, J. WRIGHT, V. CALIXTO, M. ROCHA 2012 http://polislitoralriaformosa.pt http://coexistproject.eu FRAMEWORK FOR RIA FORMOSA WATER QUALITY, AQUACULTURE, AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ISBN: 978-972-99923-3-9 AUTHORS: J.G. Ferreira, C. Saurel, J.P. Nunes, L. Ramos, J.D. Lencart e Silva, F. Vazquez, Ø. Bergh, W. Dewey, A. Pacheco, M. Pinchot, C. Ventura Soares, N. Taylor, W. Taylor, D. Verner-Jeff reys, J. Baas, J.K. Petersen, J. Wright, V. Calixto, M. Rocha PRINCIPAL PHOTOGRAPHY: Helen Mildmay-White, www.mildmayimages.com DESIGN & LAYOUT: Martin Rästa, www.baas.ee FOREWORD Over the last decade it has become appar- In addition, balanced aquaculture activities can ent that the sustainability of aquaculture is make an important contribution to integrated a multifaceted question, with aspects that coastal zone management; top-down control extend well beyond production, into the by cultivated shellfi sh such as clams, oysters, realms of ecology, governance, and social and mussels has a direct positive eff ect on the acceptance. symptoms of eutrophication, such as elevated algal biomass and low oxygen events. After sev- During the same period, there have been sig- eral decades, costly source control of nutrient nifi cant improvements in diff erent kinds of emissions is in some cases being shown to fall mathematical models used for the assess- short of the promise of ecosystem restoration. ment of some of the components of carrying capacity. Not only are the models themselves This book analyses these challenges for an eco- better, and easier to use, but the advent of system in southern Portugal, the Ria Formosa, distributed computing on mobile applications where old meets new. Cultivation of shellfi sh shows immense promise for broader access in has been practised for centuries, but a new the future. management paradigm that accommodates multiple uses is required. These uses include In parallel, Europe and North America have tourism and marine protected areas, as well taken stock of the fact that they now import as development of off shore aquaculture parks, the majority of their aquatic products from and many other activities. China, SE Asia, and South and Central America. A signifi cant proportion of those The POLIS LITORAL Ria Formosa P6 plan products are derived from aquaculture. With (contract nº 101/10/CN003) provided funding wild fi sheries fl at-lining or contracting, aqua- for the FORWARD (Framework for Ria Formosa culture holds the promise of providing the Water Quality, Aquaculture and Resource marine and freshwater foods required for an Development) project, and the outcomes of expanding world population, set to reach nine the work form the basis for this book. The work billion by the year 2050. described herein has a strong quantitative component, but it recognizes the limitations Like many other activities, aquaculture has of models in addressing a topic as complex as often developed unsustainably, to the extent sustainable carrying capacity for aquaculture. that in Western nations there is signifi cant pub- lic resistance to expansion. In many respects By comparison to ecosystems in the develop- these nations import the fi sh and export both ing world, where there is often a paucity of negative externalities and jobs—both exports the most basic data, the Ria Formosa may be are unsustainable. considered to be well studied. Nevertheless, FORWARD 3 FOREWORD data by itself is of little use—data is expensive, The road from data to knowledge is inextrica- information is valuable. bly linked to information, and the publication of the FORWARD book in both Portuguese Our aim was to use the range of tools at our and English makes this information more disposal, both quantitative and qualitative, to broadly accessible, for example in South and provide a comprehensive assessment of the Central America, and in large parts of sub- state and future of aquaculture in a very com- Saharan Africa. The tools of sustainability plex, fragile, and beautiful system. We hope assessment in aquaculture are not a posses- that some of the lessons we learnt will be of sion of wealthy nations, but a common good use in other parts of the world, where farmers that must be used for the benefi t of all, so that and managers struggle on a daily basis with the production divide is not accompanied by the challenges of sustainability. an ever-widening gap in information. CHAPTER HEADLINE 4 FORWARD FORWARD TEAM The FORWARD team, together with IPIMAR colleagues and stakeholder representatives. J.G. FERREIRA A. PACHECO Centre for Ocean and Environment (IMAR), University of the Algarve, Portugal Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New M. PINCHOT University of Lisbon, Portugal Taylor Shellfi sh Ltd, Washington, U.S.A. C. SAUREL C. VENTURA SOARES Centre for Ocean and Environment (IMAR), Hydrographic Institute, Portugal Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New N. TAYLOR University of Lisbon, Portugal CEFAS, United Kingdom J.P. NUNES W. TAYLOR CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal Taylor Shellfi sh Ltd, Washington, U.S.A. L. RAMOS D. VERNER-JEFFREYS Tagus Regional Hydrographic Administration, CEFAS, United Kingdom Portugal J. BAAS J.D. LENCART E SILVA Bangor University, United Kingdom CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal J.K. PETERSEN F. VAZQUEZ Danish Shellfi sh Centre, Denmark Centre for Ocean and Environment (IMAR), J. WRIGHT Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New Bangor University, United Kingdom University of Lisbon, Portugal V. CALIXTO Ø. BERGH POLIS Ria Formosa, Portugal Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway M. ROCHA W. DEWEY Formosa Shellfi sh Cooperative, Olhão, Taylor Shellfi sh Ltd, Washington, U.S.A. Portugal FORWARD 5 TEAM TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 FOREWORD 5 FORWARD TEAM 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 12 AQUACULTURE IN EUROPE AND THE WORLD 12 CARRYING CAPACITY AND THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH 13 MODELLING FRAMEWORK AND SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS 14 PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF AQUACULTURE 17 CULTURE PRACTICE 18 SEED, JUVENILES, AND DISEASE 19 CLAM MORTALITY 21 FIELD AND MODELLING STUDIES IN FORWARD 21 LOCAL SCALE PROCESSES 21 WATERSHED LOADS 22 WATER COLUMN TRANSPORT AND CONNECTIVITY 22 ECOLOGICAL MODELLING 25 SYSTEM-SCALE MODELS 27 LOCAL-SCALE MODELS 28 THE FORWARD PROJECT 29 AQUACULTURE IN EUROPE AND THE WORLD 30 CARRYING CAPACITY AND THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH 30 THE POLIS PROGRAMME 30 THE RIA FORMOSA 31 WATER RESOURCES AND AQUACULTURE IN PORTUGAL 32 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 33 KEY REFERENCES 34 AQUACULTURE IN THE RIA FORMOSA 35 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISATION 36 AQUACULTURE LICENCING 36 PRODUCTION 36 BIVALVE CULTURE PRACTICE 38 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH AQUACULTURE 38 PROBLEMS WITH CULTURE PRACTICE 38 NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES 40 MORTALITY OF THE GOOD CLAM 41 KEY REFERENCES FORWARD 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 42 TOOLS 43 SUPPORTING TOOLS 43 DATABASE 43 FIELDWORK AND LABORATORY 44 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS 44 MANAGEMENT TOOLS 44 MODELS 50 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS 50 KEY REFERENCES 51 SYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY 51 ECOLOGICAL BALANCE 52 FIELD EXPERIMENTS 53 INDIVIDUAL BIVALVE GROWTH 53 REFERENCE PERIOD FOR MODELLING 54 HYDROLOGY 59 CIRCULATION 62 UPSCALING 62 SYSTEM-SCALE CARRYING CAPACITY 64 LOCAL-SCALE CARRYING CAPACITY 64 OPEN WATER AQUACULTURE 65 ONSHORE AQUACULTURE 66 SOCIAL ASPECTS AND GOVERNANCE 66 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 67 BARRIERS TO ENTRY 67 PLOT SIZE AND NUMBER, GOVERNANCE, MECHANIZATION 68 LACK OF CERTIFICATION 68 SEED, JUVENILES AND DISEASE 69 HARMONISATION OF MULTIPLE USES 69 MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING 69 INTERACTION BETWEEN AQUACULTURE AND NATURE CONSERVATION 70 KEY REFERENCES 71 GOING FORWARD – PILLARS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 71 FARM-SCALE OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCTION 72 LINKS BETWEEN INSHORE AND OFFSHORE AQUACULTURE IN RIA FORMOSA 74 INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE (IMTA) IN ONSHORE PONDS 74 VERTICAL INTEGRATION OF
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