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The Jewish Origins of the Ordinances of Christianity: Worship Within

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The Jewish Origins of the Ordinances of Christianity: Worship Within THE JEWISH ORIGINS OF THE ORDINANCES OF CHRISTIANITY: WORSHIP WITHIN BAPTISM AND THE LORD’S SUPPER By John Edward Ross III Liberty University A THESIS PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OR WORSHIP STUDIES (Page Intentionally Left Blank) THE JEWISH ORIGINS OF THE ORDINANCES OF CHRISTIANITY: WORSHIP WITHIN BAPTISM AND THE LORD’S SUPPER by John Edward Ross III A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Worship Studies Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA August, 2020 APPROVED BY: Jerry L. Newman, DWS, Committee Chair Rodney D. Whaley, DMin, Committee Member Sean Beavers, PhD, Online Dean of the School of Music Table of Contents ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 1 DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ 2 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 3 Background ................................................................................................................................. 5 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................................ 7 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................................... 9 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 10 Hypotheses ................................................................................................................................ 10 Significance of the Study .......................................................................................................... 11 Definition of Terms .................................................................................................................. 18 Assumptions .............................................................................................................................. 21 Limitations ................................................................................................................................ 23 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 25 Section I: Literature Review Relating to Baptism .................................................................... 25 Fundamental Worship, Music, and Global Concepts Related to Baptism ............................ 25 Previous Research and Investigations Regarding Baptism and Its Origin ........................... 33 How Others Have Defined and Identified Key Concepts Regarding Baptism ..................... 36 Historical Sources Used in Developing Explanations of the Observance and Practice of Baptism ................................................................................................................................. 38 Section II : Literature Review Relating to the Lord’s Supper .................................................. 40 Fundamental Worship, Music, and Global Concepts Related to the Lord’s Supper ............ 40 Previous Research and Investigations on the Origin of the Lord’s Supper ......................... 51 How Others Have Defined and Identified Key Concepts Regarding the Lord’s Supper ..... 54 Historical Sources Used in Developing Explanations of the Observance of the Lord’s Supper ................................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODS ........................................................................... 58 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 58 Design ....................................................................................................................................... 59 Questions and Hypotheses ........................................................................................................ 60 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................................ 60 Methods .................................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH FINDINGS .............................................................................. 65 Introduction to the Qualitative Research Findings ................................................................... 65 The Positions of the Role of Mosaic Law in Christian Life and Worship................................ 66 The Baptism of John and the Baptism of Believers After the Resurrection ............................. 72 The Worship Purpose of the Passover Meal: The Last Supper ................................................ 79 The Contrasts Between Jewish Circumcision and Believer’s Baptism .................................... 91 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 99 Summary of Study .................................................................................................................... 99 Summary of Purpose ............................................................................................................... 101 Summary of Procedure ........................................................................................................... 102 Summary of Findings and Prior Research .............................................................................. 104 Limitations .............................................................................................................................. 107 Recommendations for Future Study ....................................................................................... 108 Implications for Practice ......................................................................................................... 110 The Implications for Believer’s Baptism ............................................................................ 110 The Implications for The Lord’s Supper ............................................................................ 112 Thesis Summary ..................................................................................................................... 114 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................... 115 ABSTRACT The modern evangelical denominations have worship services that include many forms of worship and functions to bring the worshiper into communion with the living God as a disciple of Christ. These worship forms include the two ordinances of baptism and the Lord’s Supper. Generations of denominational congregants have participated in these ordinances with little knowledge of the origin of these two rites. This qualitative historical study focuses on the roots of the ordinances of baptism and the Lord’s Supper formed within Christianity during the early church years. Using research from Christian and Messianic Jewish scholars along with Jewish sources, this study will strive to uncover the foundations of these ordinances within second-temple Judaism and discover how these rites find renewal and purpose in Christianity. This work will help form a foundation for the Church to gain a greater understanding of the Jewish roots of our faith as the study reveals why the Lord’s Table contains the elements present in Communion. This work will also reveal the original mode of baptism and practice based on Jewish practice and tradition used during the time of John the Baptist and Jesus. Finally, this research will exhort churches to explore deeper meanings found in the Gospels and Writings of the Apostles surrounding these festival and priestly practices from Judaism as the Body of Christ celebrate their renewal in Christ-centered worship. 1 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my wife, Becky, as well as my four supportive children: Rachel, Jacob, Sarah, and Johnathan. The many nights of encouraging me to finish my Doctorate were provided by the five of you when I was tired of working two jobs and attempting to be a decent worship leader, husband, and father. I especially want to thank my wife for her encouraging words, enthusiasm, and long talks to help me through some difficult times. I love you, most ardently, Mrs. Ross. I am thankful for our thirty-one years of marriage together, serving our Lord Jesus, and discipling our children. 2 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Christian tradition and liturgy are a part of all movements and denominations within those devoted to Jesus Christ. The New Testament indicates two ordinances that remain a part of the forms and functions of all Christian worship. These ordinances are Baptism and the Lord’s Supper—also known as Communion or the Eucharist. These two rites may take on various modes or forms. Evan Moffic explains, “Churchgoing Christians celebrate Jesus’ Passover seder when they take Communion, and many Christian communities specifically recall Jesus’ Last Supper on Holy Thursday before Easter.”1 In the case of Baptism, the initiate might be a baby or small child if pedobaptism is practiced; or the new disciple
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