Le Livre Noir Du Terrorisme

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LE LIVRE NOIR DU TERRORISME Ce livre est dédié à nos familles et nos amis, il l’est aussi à toutes ces victimes innocentes du terrorisme fanatique et aveugle. Des travaux dédiés à tous ceux qui combattent le terrorisme au prix de leur vie. Jean-Paul Ney & Laurent Touchard « Ce ne sont pas ceux qui font le mal qui rendent le mal insupportable, mais ceux qui regardent et laissent faire ». Albert Einstein I ) COMPRENDRE LA MENACE TERRORISTE « Celui qui aura fait des oeuvres pleines dans la balance aura pour demeure le paradis. Mais, celui qui aura fait de moins bonnes oeuvres aura pour demeure le fossé. Le fossé est un feu ardent » 101e sourate du Coran. DEFINIR LE TERRORISME Le terrorisme et ses origines Le Département de la Défense américain définit le terrorisme comme étant « L’utilisation calculée de la violence ou de la menace de violence afin de susciter la peur, dans des buts généralement politiques, religieux ou idéologiques ». Pour le Département d‟Etat, le terrorisme est « un acte violent prémédité, commis à des fins politiques contre des cibles non combattantes (civils, personnels militaires non armés et/ou pas en service, attaques contre les personnels armés et les installations militaires n’étant pas en situation d’hostilité militaire) par des groupes sous-nationaux ou des agents clandestins, et dont le but est généralement d’influencer une population ; quant au terrorisme international, il représente un terrorisme impliquant les citoyens ou le territoire de plus d’un pays ; on appelle groupe terroriste tout groupe recourant ou ayant des sous-groupes significatifs recourant au terrorisme international ». Enfin, la France a établi sa propre définition, indiquant qu‟il s‟agit d‟une « entreprise délibérée tendant, par l’intimidation ou la violence, à renverser les institutions démocratiques ou à soustraire une partie du territoire national à l’autorité de l’Etat ». Jacques Baud, dans son ouvrage l‟Encyclopédie des Terrorismes1, distingue différentes formes de terrorismes. Du terrorisme de droit commun - tels que les réseaux de criminalité organisée : Organizatsiya en Russie, mafias italiennes, narcotrafiquants de Colombie, du Mexique - en passant par le terrorisme politique - avec par exemple, l‟IRA -, par le terrorisme à cause unique - dont les actions violentes sont menées au nom d‟une idée plutôt que de convictions politiques, à l‟image de certains groupes anti-avortements, racistes, écologistes -, jusqu‟au terrorisme religieux. Il précise également la définition du Département de la Défense, indiquant que le terrorisme « n’est ni une idéologie, ni un objectif politique, ni une fatalité. C’est une méthode de combat. Une méthode que l’on peut réprouver, et dont la légitimité se trouve davantage dans les objectifs politiques que dans les objectifs opérationnels. » 1 Encyclopédie des Terrorismes, Jacques Baud, éditions Lavauzelle 1999 et 2003 pour la dernière édition. Le terrorisme est à la fois un mode d‟expression et un mode d‟action au service d‟une cause. Mode d‟expression sans dialogue possible et mode d‟action aveugle selon les uns, rhétorique d‟une justice pour laquelle les dommages collatéraux sont inévitables selon les autres… Abdul Rahman Khader, fils d‟un lieutenant de Ben Laden rapporte l‟ambiance et les propos de son père suite aux tragédies du 11 septembre 2001 : « Quand on a découvert les images, tout le monde riait. (…) Il me disait qu’ils devaient frapper l’Amérique. (…) Il répondait alors : ces innocents paient des impôts et le gouvernement, avec, achète des armes pour tuer des musulmans. Nous frappons l’économie américaine et il y a des dommages collatéraux.»2 Les premiers assassinats politiques et religieux se sont certainement produits dès l‟instant ou l‟homme s‟est organisé en société, avec une hiérarchie. Probablement bien avant la sédentarisation de ces sociétés. Jean-Marie Pelt analyse parfaitement le mécanisme du pouvoir : « La prééminence du chef est une donnée très forte, qui se manifeste à partir de l’organisation des animaux supérieurs. Dès que la collectivité est structurée et organisée, se dégagent des chefs, généralement au cours de combats (…) Dans la plupart des cas cependant, le chef s’impose surtout par la force de son poing ou des ses arguments »3. Mécanisme qui conduit souvent à utiliser le terrorisme pour régner ou contrer l‟influence de rivaux. Dans l‟Antiquité, les Zélotes - juifs opposés à l‟occupation romaine en Palestine - recourent à ce qu‟il conviendrait d‟appeler aujourd‟hui du terrorisme. La secte des Assassins musulmans emploie aussi de telles méthodes, notamment contre les Croisés, au Moyen-Age. Mais c‟est en pleine Russie tsariste que se développe le terrorisme moderne, dans la seconde moitié du XIXe Siècle. Les actions menées par les nihilistes, ainsi que se désignent les premiers révolutionnaires russes, aboutissent à la révolution de 1905. Netchaïev, le premier chef des nihilistes, estime que tout est permis pour atteindre les buts fixés. Il va jusqu‟à assassiner un de ses complices qui le suspecte d‟être davantage un mythomane qu‟un chef de valeur. Netchaïev meurt finalement en prison en 1882. Toutefois, sa relève est assurée. Véra Zassoulitch commet certainement le premier acte terroriste moderne, en tirant sur le général Trepov, préfet de police de Saint-Pétersbourg, le 5 février 1878. Ainsi débute la longue et sanglante chronologie des attentats. De 1878 à nos jours. Des balbutiements des nihilistes à l‟hyperterrorisme de la mouvance al-Qaïda. Durant toutes ces années, des noms comme Ravachol - anarchiste français -, Gavrilo Princip - assassin de l‟archiduc d‟Autriche-Hongrie François-Ferdinand, dont la mort aura pour conséquence le déclenchement de la Première Guerre Mondiale -, Vlada - meurtrier du roi Alexandre de Yougoslavie, à Marseille le 9 octobre 1934 - … Puis, survient la Seconde Guerre Mondiale… 2 Envoyé Spécial du 18/03/2004. 3 Diplomatie Magazine n°7, février-mars 2004, voir aussi La Loi de la jungle, par Jean-Marie PELT, éditions Fayard, 2003. Le terrorisme pendant la Guerre Froide Afin de combattre le nazisme depuis les pays occupés, la Grande-Bretagne, et dans une moindre mesure les Etats-Unis, soutiennent différentes organisations politico- militaires. Dans toute l‟Europe occupée, en Chine, aux Philippines. Pour former ces combattants civils, Britanniques et Américains engagent des unités spéciales : Special Air Service (SAS), commandos de l‟Office of Strategic Service (OSS), ancêtres plus ou moins directs des SOG et autres Special Forces modernes. Ils parachutent également des armes, des moyens de transmissions, de l‟argent… Ces alliés majeurs s‟efforcent, avec des fortunes diverses, de prendre le contrôle politique des mouvements qui se développent. Le mot d‟ordre de l‟organisme britannique chargé d‟organiser la subversion, le Special Operation Executive (SOE) est alors « Set Europe ablaze4 ». Lorsque s‟effondre le régime nazi, puis l‟hégémonie japonaise en Asie du Sud-Est, nombre de ces mouvements refuse d‟accepter les autorités d‟après-guerre. Au contraire, ils leur disputent le pouvoir. Dès la fin 1944, les Britanniques sont confrontés aux partisans communistes en Grèce. Les partisans de Tito en Yougoslavie prennent le pouvoir. En Italie, les mafias, soutenues par les Américains, contre Mussolini, se développent comme jamais auparavant. De la chute des Philippines - début 1942, plusieurs semaines après l‟invasion nippone - jusqu‟en 1945, les Huk livrent un combat sans merci aux Japonais. En 1948 ils entrent en lutte armée contre les autorités de Manille appuyées par Washington. Ces confrontations entre guérillas et gouvernements légaux sont renforcées par l‟antagonisme Est-Ouest, né de la Guerre Froide. L‟Union Soviétique entreprend de soutenir plus ou moins activement - selon l‟éloignement géographique - les partis communistes locaux, tandis que Washington, timidement secondé par la Grande-Bretagne en plein marasme économique, fournit un appui aux groupes et mouvements de droite et d‟extrême droite. L‟Ukrains’ka Povstans’ka Armiia (UPA) combat les communistes en Ukraine et Pologne jusqu‟en 1950. A l‟autre bout de la planète, la guérilla communiste de Mao écrase les forces du Kuomintang. Plus le monde s‟enfonce dans la Guerre Froide, plus les grandes puissances s‟affrontent par pays et par guérillas interposées. Et souvent, Etats et guérillas du Tiers Monde n‟hésitent pas à user du terrorisme. Celui-ci s‟institutionnalise d‟ailleurs. Comme méthode de combat non conventionnelle, il s‟inscrit dans la panoplie de moyens utilisables en cas de guerre. Le KGB dispose de ses services spéciaux. Les Spetsial’novo Naznatcheniya – Spetsnaz, ou Troupes à Usage Spécial - qui dépendent de la 5e Direction du service de renseignement militaire soviétique, le Glavonoe Razvedivatel’noe Upravlenie (GRU) peuvent mener de véritables actions terroristes. Vladimir Rezun, alias Viktor Suvarov, transfuge du GRU en 1978, détaille cette menace5. Même s‟il l‟exagère, elle est toutefois réelle. 4 Mettez l’Europe à feu. 5 Soviet military intelligence, par Viktor Souvorov, Londres 1984. L‟OTAN et les Etats-Unis ne sont pas en reste. Ils organisent des réseaux « stay- behind », en l‟occurrence des structures clandestines maintenues en sommeil. Des militaires de réserve constituent le noyau de ces organisations. Il est prévu de les activer en cas d‟invasion du pays par les forces de l‟Armée Rouge, ou bien de coup d‟état communiste. Outre une mission de renseignement, ces réseaux doivent organiser la résistance derrière les lignes ennemies et initier de véritables campagnes terroristes contre l‟occupant et les sympathisants locaux. Les réseaux stay behind se développent également en dehors de l‟espace géographique de l‟Alliance Atlantique : en Autriche, en Suède et en Suisse. En Corée du Sud, en réponse à la tentative d‟assassinat du président Park Chung-hee par un groupe de 31 Nord- Coréens, les services de renseignement sud-coréens constituent leur propre commando, également de 31 hommes, avec la mission de tuer Kim Il-sung dans des attentats suicides à la bombe.
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  • Pistole Statement

    Pistole Statement

    Statement of John S. Pistole Executive Assistant Director for Counterterrorism/Counterintelligence Federal Bureau of Investigation before the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States April 14, 2004 Chairman Kean, Vice Chairman Hamilton, and members of the Commission, thank you for this opportunity to appear before you and the American people today to discuss the FBI’s Counterterrorism mission. I am honored today to speak to you on behalf of the dedicated men and women of the FBI who are working around the clock and all over the globe to combat terrorism. The FBI remains committed to fighting the threats posed by terrorism. But by no means do we fight this battle alone. I want to take a moment to thank our law enforcement and Intelligence Community partners, both domestic and international, for their invaluable assistance and support. I also thank this Commission. The FBI appreciates your tremendous efforts to make recommendations that will help the FBI evolve to meet and defeat terrorist threats. We will continue to work closely with you and your staff to provide access to FBI personnel and information, for the purpose of ultimately strengthening the security of our Nation. To the victims and family members that suffer as a result of the horrific attacks of September 11, 2001--and all acts of terrorism--the FBI has been heartened by your gratitude and mindful of your criticism. Under Director Mueller's leadership, the FBI has not merely begun a process of considered review--it has engaged in an unprecedented transformation. Today, the FBI is better positioned to fulfill its highest priority: “to Protect the United States from Terrorist attack.” The FBI employs a multifaceted approach in order to accomplish its mission.