Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan 2, 3741–3767, 2014

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This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Natural Hazards and Earth Survey of the 2013 System Sciences (NHESS). Please refer to the corresponding ﬁnal paper in NHESS if available. Super Typhoon Haiyan

Field survey report and satellite image E. Mas et al. interpretation of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines Title Page Abstract Introduction E. Mas, J. Bricker, S. Kure, B. Adriano, C. Yi, A. Suppasri, and S. Koshimura Conclusions References International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, Japan Tables Figures Received: 16 April 2014 – Accepted: 9 May 2014 – Published: 27 May 2014 Correspondence to: E. Mas ([email protected]) J I

Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. J I

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3741 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion Abstract NHESSD Three weeks after the deadly Bohol earthquake of magnitude Mw 7.2, which claimed at least 222 victims; another disaster struck the Philippines. This time, Super Typhoon 2, 3741–3767, 2014 Haiyan, also known as Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines, devastated the Eastern 5 Visayas islands on 8 November 2013. Its classification as a Super Typhoon was based Survey of the 2013 −1 on its maximum sustained 1 min surface wind speed of 315 km h , which is equiva- Super Typhoon lent to a strong Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Scale. This was one of Haiyan the deadliest typhoon events in the Philippines’ history, after the 1897 and 1912 tropical cyclones. At least 6268 individuals have been reported dead and 1061 people are E. Mas et al. 10 missing. In addition, a wide area of destruction was observed in the Eastern Visayas, on Samar and Leyte Islands. The International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS) at Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan has deployed several teams for dam- Title Page age recognition, relief support and collaboration with regard to this disaster event. One Abstract Introduction of the teams, the hazard and damage evaluation team, visited the affected areas in the Conclusions References 15 Eastern Visayas in mid-January 2014. In this paper, we summarize the rapid damage assessment conducted days after the event and report on the inundation measure- Tables Figures ments and the damage surveyed in the field. Damage interpretation results by satellite

images were qualitatively conﬁrmed for the Tacloban city area on Leyte Island, the J I most populated city in the Eastern Visayas. During the survey, signiﬁcant damage was 20 observed from wind and storm surges on poorly designed housing on the east coast J I of Leyte Island. Damage, mainly from surface waves and winds was observed on the Back Close east coast of Samar Island. Full Screen / Esc

1 Introduction Printer-friendly Version

Typhoons are tropical cyclone systems with high-intensity of wind speeds. According to Interactive Discussion 25 the intensity scale used by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), a tropical cyclone is designated as a typhoon when the sustained wind speed exceeds the 118 km h−1, 3742 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion and a Super Typhoon has winds of at least 190 km h−1. Typhoon Haiyan traveled at 30– 40 km h−1 with a maximum 1 min sustained wind speed of 315 km h−1 (Daniell et al., NHESSD 2013), reaching Category 5 on the Saffir–Simpson Scale. Typhoon Haiyan hit the small 2, 3741–3767, 2014 nation of Palau causing some damage, but its maximum intensity was felt by the East- 5 ern Visayas of the Philippines. Eight regions – IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, X, XI, XIII – were affected by the winds. The most impacted areas were the Samar and Leyte Islands Survey of the 2013 including the highly populated capital city of Tacloban. As of 14 March 2014, 6268 fa- Super Typhoon talities have been reported, 28 689 persons were injured and 1061 are still missing. Haiyan A total of 3 424 593 families were affected in 44 provinces with 1 140 332 houses either E. Mas et al. 10 entirely or partially collapsed (NDRRMC, 2014). In addition, the Tacloban port and airport were affected by Super Typhoon Haiyan. On 11 November 2013, the president of

the Philippines declared a state of national calamity. A rapid assessment of the event Title Page using satellite images for damage interpretation was conducted immediately by the au- thors and a post-event survey of Super Typhoon Haiyan’s impact on the Philippines Abstract Introduction

15 was carried out by the International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS) Conclusions References team in mid-January 2014. The results of this survey are presented in this paper. Tables Figures

2 Overview of the Typhoon Haiyan J I

Super Typhoon Haiyan, known as Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines, formed in an J I

area of low pressure at low latitudes in the West Paciﬁc Ocean near Pohnpei in the Back Close 20 Caroline Islands group in the Federated States of Micronesia. It was 3 November 2013 when the system developed into a tropical depression and later into a tropical storm Full Screen / Esc with the name Haiyan given at 00:00 UTC on 4 November. By 5 November, the intensity of the tropical storm had increased rapidly to the typhoon category, and on Printer-friendly Version

6 November, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) classified it as Category 5 on Interactive Discussion 25 the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale; later that day, it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) (NDRRMC, 2014). On 8 November, Super Typhoon Haiyan achieved landfall in the Philippines at Guiuan, Eastern Samar and continued its way 3743 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion west-northwest across the Eastern Visayas (Fig. 1). The second landfall occured over Tolosa in the Leyte Island at 07:00 LT. According to survivors interviewed at Tacloban, NHESSD north of Tolosa, 07:00 is also the time when the surge began to inundate and washed 2, 3741–3767, 2014 away houses on the coast near the city. A third landfall happened over Daanbantayan 5 in Cebu at approximately 09:40. By the end of the day and into the next afternoon, the typhoon weakened towards the West Philippine Sea, and, finally, it was reported Survey of the 2013 to be outside the PAR. Details of the event can be seen online in survivor videos, in Super Typhoon particular those from cyclone hunters such as the iCyclone group (Morgerman et al., Haiyan 2014). Here, we quote some of Morgerman et al. (2014)’s observations of the event E. Mas et al. 10 experienced by his team in the Tacloban city downtown area, "Haiyan was a small, fast-moving, extremely violent cyclone that made a direct hit on Tacloban City". Ac- cording to this chase report Haiyan presented destructive winds starting at 6:45, with Title Page the highest winds and heaviest rain occurring at approximately 7:25. Their estimations suggest a storm surge of 20 to 30 ft (6 to 9 m), observed as a sudden rise of the sea Abstract Introduction 15 at 7:30, which reached its highest peak between approximately 8:00 and 8:15 with Conclusions References lightning and thunder occurring during this interval. A storm surge inundation and destructive winds were observed from 6:45 to 8:45, a short-duration event compared with Tables Figures other tropical cyclones. Nevertheless, Typhoon Haiyan was one of the strongest and deadliest typhoons in the Philippine history. As of 14 March 2014, 6268 fatalities have J I 20 been reported, 28 689 persons have been injured and 1061 are still missing due to the typhoon’s aftermath (NDRRMC, 2014; Tajima et al., 2014; Mas et al., 2014). J I Back Close

3 Damage interpretation from satellite images Full Screen / Esc

After disasters with wide areas of impact, information related to the extent of damage Printer-friendly Version and the areas in need of assistance and relief is often limited. Satellite imagery can Interactive Discussion 25 provide disaster information, including the extent and level of damage in areas with limited accessibility, used to support emergency response (Wegscheider et al., 2013). Such eﬀorts have been conducted after earthquakes, tsunamis and hurricanes (e.g 3744 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion Hurricane Katrina and the East Japan Earthquake, Tsunami and Nuclear Accident) (Ramírez-Herrera and Navarrete-Pacheco, 2012; Gokon and Koshimura, 2012). This NHESSD paper describes IRIDeS’ initial eﬀorts using satellite imagery to map the damage in 2, 3741–3767, 2014 the Tacloban area from Super Typhoon Haiyan. The damage assessment approach 5 used for this event was the manual visual interpretation method. Visual interpretation is one of the most straightforward methods to assess damage in a wide area, and it Survey of the 2013 is the most accurate (Koshimura et al., 2009; Suppasri et al., 2011; Mas et al., 2012; Super Typhoon Wegscheider et al., 2013) when using very-high-resolution imagery. Some limitations Haiyan to this method are its use of subjective interpretation, which can vary from user to E. Mas et al. 10 user; that the availability of satellite images of the impacted area depends on weather conditions; and that it is time consuming.

3.1 Data description Title Page Abstract Introduction This study uses pre- and post-event satellite images to identify damage to building roofs. Pre-event satellite imagery of Tacloban city was readily accessible through Conclusions References

15 Google Earth, while post-event remote sensing data of the damaged area was ob- Tables Figures tained on 13 November 2013 through Digital Globe in Google Earth and through CNES Pleiades/Astrium imagery from the ArcGIS Map Service. The two images are shown in J I Fig. 2. J I 3.2 Damage visual inspection and mapping Back Close

20 A visual comparison of the pre- and post-event images was conducted with a house-by- Full Screen / Esc house assessment of the damage due to Super Typhoon Haiyan. A house or structured

was considered damaged if it had a partially or entirely damaged roof or, in extreme Printer-friendly Version cases, if it had been washed or blown away. The damage assessment was classiﬁed into only two categories to accelerate interpretation, as rapid assessment of the event Interactive Discussion 25 was necessary. The categories are:

3745 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion – High damage or destruction. For this classiﬁcation, the interpretation focused on the roofs that had been reduced by more than 50 % between pre- and post-event NHESSD images. In addition, when the structure had been washed or blown away, it was 2, 3741–3767, 2014 deﬁned as destroyed.

5 – Low damage or survival. For this classification, the visual interpretation focused Survey of the 2013 on the structures with only small variations in geometry or roof shape. In addition, Super Typhoon when there was no visual variation but the structure was near an expected flooded Haiyan area, the level was classified as low damage or survival. E. Mas et al. The results of this assessment are shown in Fig. 3. Significant damage was interpreted 10 in the coasts to the north and south of downtown Tacloban. During our field survey, we

visually confirmed the extensive damage in these areas. The verification of our inter- Title Page pretation is, at this moment, qualitative due to the difficulties experienced during the field survey in gathering detailed information at a house-by-house resolution (Fig. 4). Abstract Introduction

The extensive damage interpreted to the north and south of the downtown was con- Conclusions References 15 ﬁrmed to be due to the high vulnerability of the structures in these areas and to the presence of stranded ships, which caused most of the damage near the Anibong area Tables Figures (Fig. 5). J I

4 Field survey of the Super Typhoon Haiyan aﬀected areas J I Back Close 4.1 Dispatch of IRIDeS survey team Full Screen / Esc

20 In mid-January, the IRIDeS of Tohoku University deployed a second group to coordinate field survey efforts in the affected areas in the Eastern Visayas. The field survey Printer-friendly Version team inspected the affected areas to determine the extent of inundation extent and to comprehend the mechanisms of the structural and building damage through inspection Interactive Discussion and measurement of inundation heights. Observations and measurements of the storm 25 surge inundation and the ongoing recovery of Tacloban and the surrounding affected 3746 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion areas are reported in this paper. The team was dispatched on 14 January 2014, and they surveyed the areas shown in Fig. 6. NHESSD

4.2 Objectives of the survey 2, 3741–3767, 2014

1. Gather the available data to verify the rapid damage assessment conducted using Survey of the 2013 5 satellite image analysis, as explained in the previous section. Super Typhoon 2. Measure inundation heights from storm surges and surface waves to verify the Haiyan numerical models-the outputs of the numerical simulation are presented in Bricker E. Mas et al. et al. (2014). 3. Establish a collaborative partnership to evaluate the impacts on the mental health Title Page 10 of the people affected by the disaster. Abstract Introduction 4.3 Overview of the survey Conclusions References The team was divided at Tacloban city into two groups, the hazard and damage evaluation group and the disaster medicine group. The first group focused on the first two Tables Figures objectives of the mission, while the second group was in charge of the third objec- J I 15 tive. Local counterparts joined both groups for support and for future collaboration.

The locations of the storm surge and wave inundation measurements in the visited J I areas are shown in Fig. 7. These measurements were conducted using portable laser rangefinders referenced to the sea level at the time of the survey. A supplement related Back Close to this article with the table of measurements is available online. Extensive damage Full Screen / Esc 20 to buildings from wind and surges was observed in the Tacloban city coastal area. In particular, houses made of rafters with corrugated galvanized iron (CGI) sheets on the Printer-friendly Version roof were blown or washed away. Storm surge heights of up to 6 m were measured near the shoreline. Moreover, survivors reported waves over the surge, which could Interactive Discussion have been nearly 4 m high. Damage was also observed from ships carried by waves 25 to inland areas. In downtown Tacloban, buildings are made of masonry or reinforced 3747 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion concrete and suffered slight damage from wind and first floor inundation, however, significant structural damage was not observed to most of the buildings. In contrast, areas NHESSD to the north-west and south-east of downtown Tacloban were highly impacted due to 2, 3741–3767, 2014 the lightweight materials used for construction and the non-engineered characteristics 5 of the houses. Conversely, the Daniel Z. Romualdez (DZR) Airport at Tacloban was heavily damaged by winds of 300 km h−1 and surges from 4 to 6 m in height. The air- Survey of the 2013 port was reopened for humanitarian aid three days after the disaster, and, by the time of Super Typhoon our field survey, it had reopened for domestic flights. Survivors were interviewed during Haiyan the field survey, and they reported having resisted the surge by clinging to palm trees E. Mas et al. 10 or staying on rooftops. Most of the local residents did not evacuate rapidly because they overlooked storm warnings as their previous experiences had not been as critical as Typhoon Haiyan. In addition, to protect their assets and belongings, some of them Title Page stayed at home instead of looking for high ground or refuge. Abstract Introduction 4.4 Damage observed in Leyte Island Conclusions References

15 The Leyte Island is in the Visayas group of islands in the Philippines. It is located in the Tables Figures Eastern Visayas, and its capital city is Tacloban on the eastern shore at the northwest of Leyte Gulf. The City of Tacloban has suﬀered previous destruction and loss of life J I during the typhoon of 1897 and the 1912 tropical storms. This time, Super Typhoon Haiyan struck the city of more than two hundred thousand inhabitants causing massive J I

20 destruction and death. The storm surge was measured to be between 4 and 6 m in the Back Close downtown area, 6 m to the south and up to 8 m to the north of downtown Tacloban, in the Anibong area. Damage due to wind was present throughout the survey area. Full Screen / Esc The major mechanism of wind damage was the ripping of the roofing materials off the frames of structures. The most common roofing material is CGI sheets, which are Printer-friendly Version

25 popular because of their low cost and ease of installation. They are attached to the Interactive Discussion roofing frame/rafters (usually wooden, though sometimes metal) by nails. A common mechanism of failure is the nails ripping through the CGI sheet. Sometimes the sheets and the nails are different metals, which can accelerate corrosion of both the nail and 3748 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion the sheet, further weakening the attachment. Once a structures roof was destroyed, rain poured into the structure, ruining the architectural elements, equipment, furniture, NHESSD and other items inside. 2, 3741–3767, 2014 4.4.1 Municipality of Palo Survey of the 2013 5 Palo is a neighbor to Tacloban city, in the south of Leyte, the Philippines. It was also Super Typhoon heavily damaged with several residents killed during the typhoon. The survey team vis- Haiyan ited the School of Health Science at the University of the Philippines, Manila and found extensive damage to their infrastructure. In addition, hospitals in the area suffered from E. Mas et al. winds and the surge. Significant structural damage was not observed other than to 10 roofs, however, equipment, medical supplies and windows were destroyed (Fig. 8). Title Page 4.4.2 Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport in Tacloban Abstract Introduction

The DZR Airport is located on the edge of the eastern peninsula of the Tacloban city Conclusions References area. This is a domestic airport with flights from Manila and Cebu. It was effectively destroyed by winds and storm surge inundations of, at most, 6 m in height. Walls, the Tables Figures 15 roof and equipment were damaged. It was reopened for emergency relief three days after the disaster and, later, for limited commercial flights. At the time of the field survey, J I no electricity, water, walls or baggage claim belts were available, as shown in Fig. 9. J I

4.4.3 Downtown Tacloban Back Close

Downtown Tacloban, as recognized by the survey team, comprises the area located at Full Screen / Esc 20 the head of the second peninsula to the west of the DZR Airport. In downtown Tacloban, buildings were dirtied by the storm surge and by rain falling in through roofs that had Printer-friendly Version

been blown away. Some soft walls and windows were broken, and equipment, furni- Interactive Discussion ture, and architectural elements inside these buildings were ruined. However, structural damage (other than to roofs) was not severe (Fig. 10). Conversely, the coastal areas 25 of Tacloban, some near downtown, were struck by wind, the storm surge and surface 3749 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion waves on top of the surge. The complete collapse of lightweight-material houses was observed. Residents have reconstructed temporary private refuges with debris from NHESSD the disaster. 2, 3741–3767, 2014 4.4.4 Anibong area Survey of the 2013 5 The Anibong area is located immediately to the north of downtown Tacloban, in the Super Typhoon coastal area of the Panalaron bay. The Anibong and neighboring barangays (villages) Haiyan were intensely damaged by the storm surge, the winds and the waves. Ships stranded here were the main cause of damage in the area (Fig. 5). Behind Anibong, a steep E. Mas et al. hill functioned as a barrier to the surge; however, the hill remains unstable due to the 10 erosion of its slopes. Figure 11 shows the damage to frame concrete structures; a local landslide and soil erosion were deep enough to uncover house foundations and tree Title Page roots. Pile dwellings, or palaﬁttes, are the main type of house found in this area. Due Abstract Introduction to these houses’ lightweight building materials and their wooden piles not being deep enough in the sandy soil, this was one of the most vulnerable places in the Tacloban Conclusions References

15 city area. Tables Figures 4.4.5 Northern areas of Leyte Island J I Driving north from Tacloban city, Leyte Island is connected to Samar Island by the San J I Juanico Bridge. We surveyed the area and found flooding heights up to 5.9 m with damage to equipment and furniture inside concrete structures. No significant structural Back Close 20 damage was reported in these areas. Farther to the north, along the San Juanico Full Screen / Esc strait, villages such as Old Kauayan and Tagpuro were affected by surge inundations between 4 m and 6 m high and by a measured runup on the hill of Tagpuro of 6.9 m in Printer-friendly Version height. In Old Kauayan, there was extensive damage to coastal wooden houses and to the community school. A seawall of 3 m was overtopped, and the flow generated Interactive Discussion 25 scour at the wall’s landward side. The northern part of the area visited by the team was Barangay Rosal, where the local mayor described the event and reported heights up 3750 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion to 5 m. Significant damage was observed to pile dwellings located behind a 3 m-high seawall, which was overtopped by the storm surge, and roofs were ripped off by the NHESSD winds. The storm surge mainly affected the west side of the San Juanico strait, from 2, 3741–3767, 2014 the bridge up to the north (Fig. 12).

5 4.5 Damage observed in Samar Island Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Little damage from the storm surge was observed on the northern side of the San Haiyan Juanico strait on West Samar Island. The team visited three locations here, and only one small village next to the San Juanico Bridge presented houses affected by the E. Mas et al. surge. However, wind did rip off many lightweight roofs in the villages of West Samar 10 Island. Most of these houses were already reconstructed using the same corrugated galvanized iron blown off by the wind. Most of the damage at Samar Island was ob- Title Page served on the east coast, facing the Pacific Ocean. Here, debris and witness accounts Abstract Introduction indicate inundation and runup to 11 m a.s.l. (Fig. 13). Many coastal, concrete-based structures were entirely destroyed, with concrete blocks from walls and foundations Conclusions References

15 deposited up to 30 m inland by the wave force. The coral-ﬁlled seawall in Hernani was Tables Figures breached in multiple locations, and substantial scour existed on the beach. Coral boulders were found on the beach at an elevation of 5 m a.s.l., possibly transported there J I by Haiyans waves (Fig. 14). Most witnesses reported a typical wave attack, with water approaching and then retreating over a period of 10–20 s. However, in one low- J I

20 lying area in Hernani-recorded on video by a member of the NGO Plan Philippines-the Back Close wave runup approached for over 1 min before receding. Another low-lying area south of Guiuan, located approximately 1 km from the coast, reported long-duration ﬂooding as Full Screen / Esc waves ran overland to the area. In both cases, a localized dip in topography prevented the water from receding quickly. Printer-friendly Version

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3751 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion 5 Conclusions NHESSD This paper reports on two response activities conducted by IRIDeS after the impact of Super Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. First, a rapid damage assessment was 2, 3741–3767, 2014 conducted through satellite visual images, and then, the damage was confirmed quali- 5 tatively through field survey observations. The results of the interpretation and the find- Survey of the 2013 ings of the field survey observations were presented in this paper. Based on our field Super Typhoon survey data, Super Typhoon Haiyan affected the Eastern Visayas with storm surge Haiyan heights from 4 m to 8 m at Leyte Island, with an average inundation height of approximately 6 m. Moreover, surface waves were predominant on the east side of Samar E. Mas et al. 10 Island, with a maximum height of 11 m observed at Guiuan. More significant damage was observed in the coastal areas to the north and south of Tacloban city compared to the downtown area. Several ships were taken inland by the surge, causing damage Title Page to houses in the Anibong area. Details of the survey point data are appended to this Abstract Introduction publication. Conclusions References 15 The Supplement related to this article is available online at doi:10.5194/nhessd-2-3741-2014-supplement. Tables Figures

Acknowledgements. We thank our counterparts in the Philippines for their support before and J I during the ﬁeld survey. This ﬁeld survey was sponsored by the International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS) and the Discretional Budget of Tohoku University’s president. J I Back Close

20 References Full Screen / Esc

Bricker, J., Takagi, H., Mas, E., Kure, S., Adriano, B., Yi, C., and Roeber, V.: Spatial variation Printer-friendly Version of damage due to storm surge and waves during Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering), Vol. 70, No. 2. (Abstract Interactive Discussion accepted), 2014. 3747 25 Daniell, J., Mühr, B., Girard, T., Dittrich, A., Fohringer, J., Lucas, C., and Kunz-Plapp, T.: Super Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda – Report No. 2, Tech. Rep. 2, CEDIM FDA, 2013. 3743 3752 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion Gokon, H. and Koshimura, S.: Mapping of building damage of the 2011 To- hoku earthquake tsunami in Miyagi prefecture, Coast. Eng. J., 54, 1250006-1, NHESSD doi:10.1142/S0578563412500064, 2012. 3745 Koshimura, S., Oie, T., Yanagisawa, H., and Imamura, F.: Developing fragility functions for 2, 3741–3767, 2014 5 tsunami damage estimation using numerical model and post-tsunami data from Banda Aceh, Indonesia, Coast. Eng. J., 51, 243–273, doi:10.1142/S0578563409002004, 2009. 3745 Mas, E., Koshimura, S., Suppasri, A., Matsuoka, M., Matsuyama, M., Yoshii, T., Jimenez, C., Survey of the 2013 Yamazaki, F., and Imamura, F.: Developing Tsunami fragility curves using remote sensing Super Typhoon and survey data of the 2010 Chilean Tsunami in Dichato, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, Haiyan 10 2689–2697, doi:10.5194/nhess-12-2689-2012, 2012. 3745 Mas, E., Kure, S., Bricker, J., Adriano, B., Yi, C., Suppasri, A., and Koshimura, S., Field survey E. Mas et al. and damage inspection after the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan in The Philippines, Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering), Vol. 70, No. 2. (Abstract accepted), 2014. 3744 Title Page 15 Morgerman, J., Reynolds, J., and Thomas, M.: iCyclone Chase Report – Final, Tech. rep., iCy- clone, available at: http://www.icyclone.com/upload/now/feb2014/iCyclone_Chase_Report_ Abstract Introduction HAIYAN2013_FINAL.pdf, 2014. 3744 Conclusions References NDRRMC: SitRep No 107 Eﬀects of Typhoon “YOLANDA” (HAIYAN), Tech. rep., National Dis- aster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), 2014. 3743, 3744 Tables Figures 20 Ramírez-Herrera, M. T. and Navarrete-Pacheco, J. A.: Satellite data for a rapid assessment of tsunami inundation areas after the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami, Pure Appl. Geophys., 170, 1067– 1080, doi:10.1007/s00024-012-0537-x, 2012. 3745 J I Suppasri, A., Koshimura, S., and Imamura, F.: Developing tsunami fragility curves based on J I the satellite remote sensing and the numerical modeling of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 25 in Thailand, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 173–189, doi:10.5194/nhess-11-173-2011, Back Close 2011. 3745 Full Screen / Esc Tajima, Y., Yasuda, T., Pacheco, B. M., Cruz, E. C., Kawasaki, K., Nobuoka, H., Miyamoto, M, Asano, Y., Arikawa, T., Ortigas, N., Aquino, R., Mata, W., Valdez, J., Briones, F.: Initial report of JSCE-PICE joint survey on the storm surge disaster caused by Typhoon Haiyan, Coast. Printer-friendly Version 30 Eng. J., 56, 1450006, doi:10.1142/S0578563414500065, 2014. 3744 Interactive Discussion Wegscheider, S., Schneiderhan, T., Mager, A., Zwenzner, H., Post, J., and Strunz, G.: Rapid mapping in support of emergency response after earthquake events, Nat. Hazards, 68, 181– 195, doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0589-y, 2013. 3744, 3745 3753 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion NHESSD 2 E. Mas et al.: Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan 2, 3741–3767, 2014

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120°E 121°E 122°E 123°E 124°E 125°E 126°E 127°E 128°E Back Close

Figure 1. Track of the Super Typhoon Haiyan through the Philippines Area of Responsibility Full Screen / Esc Fig. 1. Track(PAR) of the overlaidSuper Typhoon on the Haiyan LandScan through populationthe Philippines data. Area Almost of Responsibility 4 million (PAR) families overlaid were on atheﬀected LandScan across population data. Almost 4 million44 provinces families were of theaffected Eastern across Visayas. 44 provinces of the Eastern Visayas. Printer-friendly Version

Interactive Discussion Islands group in the Federated States of Micronesia. It was at 6:45, with the highest winds and heaviest rain occurring November 3, 2013 when the system developed into a tropical 95 at approximately 7:25. Their estimations suggest a storm depression and later into a tropical storm with the name surge of 20 to 30 ft (6 to 9 m), observed as a sudden rise Haiyan given at 00:00 UTC on November 4. By November3754of the sea at 7:30, which reached its highest peak between 70 5, the intensity of the tropical storm had increased rapidly to approximately 8:00 and 8:15 with lightning and thunder the typhoon category, and on November 6, the Joint Typhoon occurring during this interval. A storm surge inundation Warning Center (JTWC) classified it as Category 5 on the 100 and destructive winds were observed from 6:45 to 8:45, a Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale; later that day, it entered short-duration event compared with other tropical cyclones. the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) (NDRRMC, Nevertheless, Typhoon Haiyan was one of the strongest and 75 2014). On November 8, Super Typhoon Haiyan achieved deadliest typhoons in the Philippine history. As of March landfall in the Philippines at Guiuan, Eastern Samar and 14, 2014, 6,268 fatalities have been reported, 28,689 persons continued its way west-northwest across the Eastern Visayas. 105 have been injured and 1,061 are still missing due to the The second landfall occured over Tolosa in the Leyte Island typhoon’s aftermath (NDRRMC, 2014). at 7:00 local time. According to survivors interviewed at 80 Tacloban, north of Tolosa, 7:00 is also the time when the surge began to inundate and washed away houses on the coast 3 Damage interpretation from satellite images near the city. A third landfall happened over Daanbantayan After disasters with wide areas of impact, information in Cebu at approximately 9:40. By the end of the day and into related to the extent of damage and the areas in need of the next afternoon, the typhoon weakened towards the West 110 assistance and relief is often limited. Satellite imagery 85 Philippine Sea, and, finally, it was reported to be outside can provide disaster information, including the extent the PAR. Details of the event can be seen online in survivor and level of damage in areas with limited accessibility, videos, in particular those from cyclone hunters such as the used to support emergency response (Wegscheider et al., iCyclone group (Morgerman et al., 2014). Here, we quote 2013). Such efforts have been conducted after earthquakes, some of Morgerman et al. (2014)’s observations of the event 115 tsunamis and hurricanes (e.g Hurricane Katrina and the 90 experienced by his team in the Tacloban city downtown area, East Japan Earthquake, Tsunami and Nuclear Accident) ”Haiyan was a small, fast-moving, extremely violent cyclone (Ram´ırez-Herrera and Navarrete-Pacheco, 2012; Gokon and that made a direct hit on Tacloban City”. According to Koshimura, 2012). This paper describes IRIDeS’ initial this chase report Haiyan presented destructive winds starting efforts using satellite imagery to map the damage in the icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion NHESSD 2, 3741–3767, 2014 E. Mas et al.: Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan 3 Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan

E. Mas et al.

Title Page

Abstract Introduction

Conclusions References

Tables Figures

J I

Back Close Fig.Figure 2. (A): Pre-event2. (A) Pre-event satellite image obtainedsatellite from image a mosaic obtained of Google Earth from snapshots. a mosaic (B): Post-event of Google Pleiades/Astrium Earth snapshots. service satellite image.(B) Post-event In addition, a Digital Pleiades/Astrium Globe image in Google service Earth was satellite used for areas image. in the northern In addition, part of study a Digital area. Globe image in Full Screen / Esc Google Earth was used for areas in the northern part of the study area. Printer-friendly Version 120 Tacloban area from Super Typhoon Haiyan. The damage 145 roof or, in extreme cases, if it had been washed or blown assessment approach used for this event was the manual away. The damage assessment was classified into only two visual interpretation method. Visual interpretation is one categories to accelerate interpretation, as rapid assessment of Interactive Discussion of the most straightforward methods to assess damage in the event was necessary. The categories are: a wide area, and it is the most accurate (Koshimura et al., – High damage or destruction. For this classification, 125 2009; Suppasri et al., 2011; Mas et al., 2012; Wegscheider 150 the interpretation focused on the roofs that had been et al., 2013) when using very-high-resolution imagery. reduced by more than 50% between pre- and post-event Some limitations to this method are its use of subjective3755 images. In addition, when the structure had been interpretation, which can vary from user to user; that the washed or blown away, it was defined as destroyed. availability of satellite images of the impacted area depends 130 on weather conditions; and that it is time consuming. – Low damage or survival. For this classification, the 155 visual interpretation focused on the structures with only 3.1 Data description small variations in geometry or roof shape. In addition, when there was no visual variation but the structure was This study uses pre- and post-event satellite images to near an expected flooded area, the level was classified identify damage to building roofs. Pre-event satellite as low damage or survival. imagery of Tacloban city was readily accessible through 160 The results of this assessment are shown in Figure 3. 135 Google Earth, while post-event remote sensing data of the damaged area was obtained on November 13, 2013 Significant damage was interpreted in the coasts to the north through Digital Globe in Google Earth and through CNES and south of downtown Tacloban. During our field survey, Pleiades/Astrium imagery from the ArcGIS Map Service. we visually confirmed the extensive damage in these areas. The two images are shown in Figure 2. The verification of our interpretation is, at this moment, 165 qualitative due to the difficulties experienced during the field

140 3.2 Damage visual inspection and mapping survey in gathering detailed information at a house-by-house resolution (Figure 4). The extensive damage interpreted to A visual comparison of the pre- and post-event images was the north and south of the downtown was conﬁrmed to be conducted with a house-by-house assessment of the damage due to the high vulnerability of the structures in these areas due to Super Typhoon Haiyan. A house or structured was 170 and to the presence of stranded ships, which caused most of considered damaged if it had a partially or entirely damaged the damage near the Anibong area (Figure 5). 4 E. Mas et al.: Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion explained in the previous section;

Tacloban City - Damage Interpretation NHESSD 190 2. Measure inundation heights from storm surges and !! Tacloban !!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!! 2, 3741–3767, 2014 !! !!!!!!! (! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! surface waves to verify the numerical models-the ! !!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!! Bogo !!!!!! !!!!! " Ormoc City !!!!!! !!!!!!! " !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Cadiz City ! !!!! 11°N " !!! !!!! ! !! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! outputs of the numerical simulation are presented in 11°15'30"N !!!!!! !!! !!!! !!!!! !! !!!!!!! ! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!! !!!! !!!!! Danao City Bricker (2014). !! ! !!!!!! " !!!!! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!! Survey of the 2013 !!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!! " !!!!!!!!!!!! " !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! " !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! 124°E" 125°E ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!! !!!!!!! Super Typhoon ! ! !! !!!!!! ! ! !! !!!! !! ! ! !!!!! !!!!!!! !!!! !!! ! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! 3. Establish a collaborative partnership to evaluate the ! !! !! !! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!! ! ! !!!!!!! !!!! ! !!!!!!!!! !! ! !!! !! !!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!! !! !! !! !! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! ! !!! !!!!!!! !!! ! ! !!!!! ! !! ! !! !!! ! !! ! ! !!!!! !!!!!!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! ! !!! ! ! !! Haiyan !!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!! ! ! ! !!! ! 11°15'N !!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!! !! !!!! 195 ! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ! ! impacts on the mental health of the people affected by ! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! ! ! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!! !! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! the disaster. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! E. Mas et al. !! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!! !! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!! !!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !! ! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!! ! !! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! 4.3 Overview of the survey !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! 11°14'30"N ! !!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! !! !!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!! !! !! !! !! !!!!!!!! !!!!! ! !! ! !!! ! !!!!!!!! ! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! Title Page ! !!! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!! ! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The team was divided at Tacloban city into two groups, !!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !! ! !! !!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! the hazard and damage evaluation group and the disaster !!!! !! !!!! ! !!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Abstract Introduction !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!! 200 medicine group. The ﬁrst group focused on the ﬁrst !!!!!! ! !!!!!! !!! !! !!!!!!! ! !!!!! !!!!!! 11°14'N !!!! !! !! !!! ! ! !!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!! Conclusions References !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! two objectives of the mission, while the second group !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!! ! !!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!! !!!! !!! was in charge of the third objective. Local counterparts !!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! Tables Figures !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! joined both groups for support and for future collaboration. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!! !! !!! Damage Interpretation !!!!!!!!!!!!! The locations of the storm surge and wave inundation !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 11°13'30"N !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! High damage or destroyed !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! J I !!! ! (! !!!! 205 measurements in the visited areas are shown in Figure 7. Low damage or survived !! !! !

!!!!!! Note: Building damage interpretation is based on satellite images !!!!! These measurements were conducted using portable laser !!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !! J I !!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !! rangefinders referenced to the sea level at the time of the !!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!! ! !! ! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! Back Close 11°13'N !!! !! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! survey. Extensive damage to buildings from wind and surges !!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!! !!!!!! !! !!!! ! ! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! ! !!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! was observed in the Tacloban city coastal area. In particular, !!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! ! Full Screen / Esc !!! ! Sources: Maps are prepared by IRIDeS and Tokyo Tech. NOAA, NWC, GEBCO, Esri, LandScan 2011, 210 houses made of rafters with corrugated galvanized iron (CGI) S. Koshimura , E. Mas, B. Adriano and H. Gokon (IRIDeS, Tohoku Univ.) Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Google Earth M. Matsuoka and W. Liu (Tokyo Tech) © CNES 2013. Distribution Astrium Services sheets on the roof were blown or washed away. Storm surge 124°59'E 124°59'30"E 125°E 125°0'30"E 125°1'E Printer-friendly Version heights of up to 6 m were measured near the shoreline. Figure 3. The results of the visual damage assessment using pre- and post-eventMoreover, satellite survivors reportedInteractive waves Discussion over the surge, which images and two classification criteria. (i) High damage or destruction in red and (ii)could low damage have been nearly 4m high. Damage was also observed Fig. 3. The results of the visual damage assessment using pre- and or survival in orange. 215 from ships carried by waves to inland areas. In downtown post-event satellite images and two classification criteria. (i) High damage or destruction in red and (ii) Low damage or survival in Tacloban, buildings are made of masonry or reinforced orange. 3756 concrete and suffered slight damage from wind and first floor inundation, however, significant structural damage was not observed to most of the buildings. In contrast, areas to 4 Field survey of the Super Typhoon Haiyan affected 220 the north-west and south-east of downtown Tacloban were areas highly impacted due to the lightweight materials used for construction and the non-engineered characteristics of the 4.1 Dispatch of IRIDeS survey team houses. Conversely, the Daniel Z. Romualdez (DZR) Airport at Tacloban was heavily damaged by winds of 300 km/h and 175 In mid-January, the IRIDeS of Tohoku University deployed a 225 surges from 4 to 6 m in height. The airport was reopened second group to coordinate field survey efforts in the affected for humanitarian aid three days after the disaster, and, by the areas in the Eastern Visayas. The field survey team inspected time of our field survey, it had reopened for domestic flights. the affected areas to determine the extent of inundation extent Survivors were interviewed during the field survey, and they and to comprehend the mechanisms of the structural and reported having resisted the surge by clinging to palm trees 180 building damage through inspection and measurement of 230 or staying on rooftops. Most of the local residents did not inundation heights. Observations and measurements of the evacuate rapidly because they overlooked storm warnings storm surge inundation and the ongoing recovery of Tacloban as their previous experiences had not been as critical as and the surrounding affected areas are reported in this paper. Typhoon Haiyan. In addition, to protect their assets and The team was dispatched on January 14, 2013, and they belongings, some of them stayed at home instead of looking 185 surveyed the areas shown in Figure 6. 235 for high ground or refuge.

4.2 Objectives of the survey 4.4 Damage observed in Leyte Island

1. Gather the available data to verify the rapid damage The Leyte Island is in the Visayas group of islands in the assessment conducted using satellite image analysis, as Philippines. It is located in the Eastern Visayas, and its icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion NHESSD E. Mas et al.: Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan 5 2, 3741–3767, 2014

Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan

E. Mas et al.

Title Page

Abstract Introduction

Conclusions References

Tables Figures

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Fig.Figure 4. Photos 4. takenPhotos during taken the field during survey at the the areas field assessed survey through at the visual areas inspection assessed of satellite through images. The visual damage inspec- conditions Full Screen / Esc andtion distribution of satellite confirm images. the interpretation The damage that higher damages conditions existed and to the distribution north and south confirm of the downtown the interpretation area in Tacloban city, that the Philippines.higher damages existed to the north and south of the downtown area in Tacloban city, the Printer-friendly Version Philippines. Interactive Discussion

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Fig. 5. Stranded ships near the coast of Anibong to the north of the Tacloban downtown area. The storm surge was measured at approximately 6 m, and extensive damage was conﬁrmed.

capital city is Tacloban on the eastern shore at the northwest 250 roofing materials off the frames of structures. The most 240 of Leyte Gulf. The City of Tacloban has suffered previous common roofing material is CGI sheets, which are popular destruction and loss of life during the typhoon of 1897 because of their low cost and ease of installation. They are and the 1912 tropical storms. This time, Super Typhoon attached to the roofing frame/rafters (usually wooden, though Haiyan struck the city of more than two hundred thousand sometimes metal) by nails. A common mechanism of failure inhabitants causing massive destruction and death. The 255 is the nails ripping through the CGI sheet. Sometimes the 245 storm surge was measured to be between 4 and 6 m in the sheets and the nails are different metals, which can accelerate downtown area, 6 m to the south and up to 8 m to the corrosion of both the nail and the sheet, further weakening north of downtown Tacloban, in the Anibong area. Damage the attachment. Once a structures roof was destroyed, rain due to wind was present throughout the survey area. The poured into the structure, ruining the architectural elements, major mechanism of wind damage was the ripping of the 260 equipment, furniture, and other items inside. E. Mas et al.: Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan 5 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion NHESSD 2, 3741–3767, 2014

Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Fig. 4. Photos taken during the ﬁeld survey at the areas assessed through visual inspection of satellite images. The damage conditions Haiyan and distribution conﬁrm the interpretation that higher damages existed to the north and south of the downtown area in Tacloban city, the Philippines. E. Mas et al.

Title Page

Abstract Introduction

Conclusions References

Tables Figures

Figure 5. Stranded ships near the coast of Anibong to the north of the Tacloban downtown area. Fig. 5. Stranded ships near the coast of Anibong to the north of the Tacloban downtown area. The storm surge was measured at approximately J I 6 m,The and extensive storm surge damage was conﬁrmed. measured at approximately 6 m, and extensive damage was conﬁrmed. J I

capital city is Tacloban on the eastern shore at the northwest 250 roofing materials off the frames of structures. The most Back Close 240 of Leyte Gulf. The City of Tacloban has suffered previous common roofing material is CGI sheets, which are popular destruction and loss of life during the typhoon of 1897 because of their low cost and ease of installation. They are Full Screen / Esc and the 1912 tropical storms. This time, Super Typhoon attached to the roofing frame/rafters (usually wooden, though Haiyan struck the city of more than two hundred thousand sometimes metal) by nails. A common mechanism of failure inhabitants causing massive destruction and death. The 255 is the nails ripping through the CGI sheet. Sometimes the Printer-friendly Version 245 storm surge was measured to be between 4 and 6 m in the sheets and the nails are different metals, which can accelerate downtown area, 6 m to the south and up to 8 m to the corrosion of both the nail and the sheet, further weakening Interactive Discussion north of downtown Tacloban, in the Anibong area. Damage the attachment. Once a structures roof was destroyed, rain due to wind was present throughout the survey area. The poured into the structure, ruining the architectural elements, major mechanism of wind damage was the ripping of the 260 equipment, furniture, and other items inside. 3758 6 E. Mas et al.: Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion NHESSD 11°16'30"N 11°18'0"N 2, 3741–3767, 2014 11°16'0"N 11°17'0"N Survey of the 2013

National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, HERE, UNEP- Super Typhoon 0 1020 Km WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, increment P Corp. HaiyanNational Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, HERE, UNEP- 11°15'30"N 0 1020 Km 11°16'0"N WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, increment P Corp. E. Mas et al. 11°15'0"N 11°15'0"N

Title Page 11°14'30"N 11°14'0"N Abstract Introduction

Conclusions References 11°14'0"N 11°13'0"N

Tables Figures 11°13'30"N 11°12'0"N J I

Route_Jan23

Route_Jan22 11°13'0"N J I 11°11'0"N Route_Jan21 Route_Jan20 Height (m) Back Close Route_Jan19 0.00 - 2.00 Route_Jan18 11°12'30"N 2.01 - 3.00 11°10'0"N Route_Jan17 Full Screen / Esc 3.01 - 4.00 Route to Samar 0 21Km 4.01 - 5.00 5.01 - 6.00 124°57'0"E 124°58'0"E 124°59'0"E 125°0'0"E 125°1'0"E 125°2'0"E Printer-friendly Version 11°12'0"N 6.01 - 8.00 8.01 - 10.00 Figure 6. The coloured lines show the daily survey routes of the team. Areas surveyed: Palo,10.01 - 12.00 Interactive Discussion0 1 2 Km Candahug (McArthur Park), Tacloban Airport, Magallanes, Downtown Tacloban (green route), 124°59'0"E 124°59'30"E 125°0'0"E 125°0'30"E 125°1'0"E 125°1'30"E 125°2'0"E 125°2'30"E Anibong, North Leyte,Fig. 6. WestThe and coloured East Samar, lines show Guiuan the daily and Hernani.survey routes of the team. Areas surveyed: Palo, Candahug (McArthur Park), Tacloban Airport, Magallanes, Downtown Tacloban (green route), Anibong, 3759 North Leyte, West and East Samar, Guiuan and Hernani. Fig. 7. Level of storm surge inundation (Leyte Is. and West Samar Is.) and surface wave heights (East Samar Is.) with respect to the local mean sea level. 4.4.1 Municipality of Palo

Palo is a neighbor to Tacloban city, in the south of Leyte, of the field survey, no electricity, water, walls or baggage the Philippines. It was also heavily damaged with several 280 claim belts were available, as shown in Figure 9. residents killed during the typhoon. The survey team 265 visited the School of Health Science at the University of 4.4.3 Downtown Tacloban the Philippines, Manila and found extensive damage to their infrastructure. In addition, hospitals in the area suffered from Downtown Tacloban, as recognized by the survey team, winds and the surge. Significant structural damage was not comprises the area located at the head of the second observed other than to roofs, however, equipment, medical peninsula to the west of the DZR Airport. In downtown 285 Tacloban, buildings were dirtied by the storm surge and 270 supplies and windows were destroyed (Figure 8). by rain falling in through roofs that had been blown away. 4.4.2 Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport in Tacloban Some soft walls and windows were broken, and equipment, furniture, and architectural elements inside these buildings The DZR Airport is located on the edge of the eastern were ruined. However, structural damage (other than to peninsula of the Tacloban city area. This is a domestic 290 roofs) was not severe (Figure 10). Conversely, the coastal airport with flights from Manila and Cebu. It was effectively areas of Tacloban, some near downtown, were struck by 275 destroyed by winds and storm surge inundations of, at most, wind, the storm surge and surface waves on top of the surge. 6 m in height. Walls, the roof and equipment were damaged. The complete collapse of lightweight-material houses was It was reopened for emergency relief three days after the observed. Residents have reconstructed temporary private disaster and, later, for limited commercial flights. At the time 295 refuges with debris from the disaster. 6 E. Mas et al.: Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion NHESSD 11°16'30"N

11°18'0"N 2, 3741–3767, 2014 11°16'0"N 11°17'0"N Survey of the 2013

National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, HERE, UNEP- Super Typhoon 0 1020 Km WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, increment P Corp. National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, HERE, UNEP- 11°15'30"N 0 1020 Km 11°16'0"N WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, Haiyan NOAA, increment P Corp. E. Mas et al. 11°15'0"N 11°15'0"N 11°14'30"N

11°14'0"N Title Page

Abstract Introduction 11°14'0"N 11°13'0"N Conclusions References 11°13'30"N

11°12'0"N Tables Figures

Route_Jan23

Route_Jan22 11°13'0"N 11°11'0"N J I Route_Jan21 Route_Jan20 Height (m) Route_Jan19 0.00 - 2.00 J I Route_Jan18 11°12'30"N 2.01 - 3.00 11°10'0"N Route_Jan17 3.01 - 4.00 Route to Samar 0 21Km Back Close 4.01 - 5.00 5.01 - 6.00 124°57'0"E 124°58'0"E 124°59'0"E 125°0'0"E 125°1'0"E 125°2'0"E 11°12'0"N 6.01 - 8.00 Full Screen / Esc 8.01 - 10.00 10.01 - 12.00 0 1 2 Km Printer-friendly Version Fig. 6. The coloured lines show the daily survey routes of the 124°59'0"E 124°59'30"E 125°0'0"E 125°0'30"E 125°1'0"E 125°1'30"E 125°2'0"E 125°2'30"E team. Areas surveyed: Palo, Candahug (McArthur Park), Tacloban Interactive Discussion Airport, Magallanes, Downtown Tacloban (greenFigure route), 7. Anibong,Level of storm surge inundation (Leyte Is. and West Samar Is.) and surface wave North Leyte, West and East Samar, Guiuan andheights Hernani. (East SamarFig. Is.) 7. withLevel respect of storm surgeto the inundation local mean (Leyte sea Is. and level. West Samar Is.) and surface wave heights (East Samar Is.) with respect to the local mean sea level. 4.4.1 Municipality of Palo 3760 Palo is a neighbor to Tacloban city, in the south of Leyte, of the field survey, no electricity, water, walls or baggage the Philippines. It was also heavily damaged with several 280 claim belts were available, as shown in Figure 9. residents killed during the typhoon. The survey team 265 visited the School of Health Science at the University of 4.4.3 Downtown Tacloban the Philippines, Manila and found extensive damage to their infrastructure. In addition, hospitals in the area suffered from Downtown Tacloban, as recognized by the survey team, winds and the surge. Significant structural damage was not comprises the area located at the head of the second observed other than to roofs, however, equipment, medical peninsula to the west of the DZR Airport. In downtown 285 Tacloban, buildings were dirtied by the storm surge and 270 supplies and windows were destroyed (Figure 8). by rain falling in through roofs that had been blown away. 4.4.2 Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport in Tacloban Some soft walls and windows were broken, and equipment, furniture, and architectural elements inside these buildings The DZR Airport is located on the edge of the eastern were ruined. However, structural damage (other than to peninsula of the Tacloban city area. This is a domestic 290 roofs) was not severe (Figure 10). Conversely, the coastal airport with flights from Manila and Cebu. It was effectively areas of Tacloban, some near downtown, were struck by 275 destroyed by winds and storm surge inundations of, at most, wind, the storm surge and surface waves on top of the surge. 6 m in height. Walls, the roof and equipment were damaged. The complete collapse of lightweight-material houses was It was reopened for emergency relief three days after the observed. Residents have reconstructed temporary private disaster and, later, for limited commercial flights. At the time 295 refuges with debris from the disaster. icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion

E. Mas et al.: Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan 7NHESSD 2, 3741–3767, 2014

Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan

E. Mas et al.

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Conclusions References

Tables Figures

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Full Screen / Esc Figure 8. (A, B) Damage observed at the School of Health Science at the University of the Fig. 8. (A)-(B): DamagePhilippines, observed Manila. at the(C) SchoolDamage of Health to the Science Provincial at the University Health Oﬃ ofce the building Philippines, in Palo. Manila.(D) The (C): Damage South to the ProvincialPrinter-friendly Version Health Ofﬁce buildingKorean in Palo. army (D): helping the South with Korean the restoration army helping of a withlocal the hospital restoration in Palo. of a local hospital in Palo. Interactive Discussion

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Fig. 9. (A)-(B): Damage to the walls and roof of a gate to the side of the runway. (C): Passengers arriving and baggage claim belt out of service due to damage.

4.4.4 Anibong area bay. The Anibong and neighboring barangays (villages) 300 were intensely damaged by the storm surge, the winds and the waves. Ships stranded here were the main cause of The Anibong area is located immediately to the north of damage in the area (Figure 5). Behind Anibong, a steep hill downtown Tacloban, in the coastal area of the Panalaron E. Mas et al.: Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan 7 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion Fig. 8. (A)-(B): Damage observed at the School of Health Science at the University of the Philippines, Manila. (C): Damage to the Provincial Health Ofﬁce building in Palo. (D): the South Korean army helping with the restoration of a local hospital in Palo. NHESSD 2, 3741–3767, 2014

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Figure 9. (A, B) Damage to the walls and roof of a gate to the side of the runway. (C) Passen- Printer-friendly Version Fig. 9. (A)-(B): Damagegers arriving to the walls and baggage and roof ofclaim a gate belt to out the of side service of the due runway. to damage. (C): Passengers arriving and baggage claim belt out of service due to damage. Interactive Discussion

4.4.4 Anibong area bay. The Anibong and neighboring barangays (villages) 3762300 were intensely damaged by the storm surge, the winds and the waves. Ships stranded here were the main cause of The Anibong area is located immediately to the north of damage in the area (Figure 5). Behind Anibong, a steep hill downtown Tacloban, in the coastal area of the Panalaron icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion NHESSD 2, 3741–3767, 2014

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Fig. 10.Figure(A): Watermark 10. (A) inWatermark the inland downtown in the area, inland where downtown no structural area,damage where was observed. no structural (B): Inland downtown,damage damage was ob- to doors Back Close due toserved. ﬂooding. (C)-(D):(B) Inland Extensive downtown, damage at the damage coastline near to doors downtown due Tacloban. to ﬂooding. (C, D) Extensive damage at the coastline near downtown Tacloban. Full Screen / Esc

functioned as a barrier to the surge; however, the hill remains 4.5 Damage observed in Samar Island Printer-friendly Version unstable due to the erosion of its slopes. Figure 11 shows the 305 damage to frame concrete structures; a local landslide and Interactive Discussion soil erosion were deep enough to uncover house foundations and tree roots. Pile dwellings, or palafittes, are the main type Little damage from the storm surge was observed on the of house found in this area. Due to these houses’ lightweight 335 northern side of the San Juanico strait on West Samar Island. building materials and their wooden piles not being deep The team visited three locations here, and only one small 310 enough in the sandy soil, this was one of the most vulnerable3763village next to the San Juanico Bridge presented houses places in the Tacloban city area. affected by the surge. However, wind did rip off many lightweight roofs in the villages of West Samar Island. Most 4.4.5 Northern areas of Leyte Island 340 of these houses were already reconstructed using the same corrugated galvanized iron blown off by the wind. Most Driving north from Tacloban city, Leyte Island is connected of the damage at Samar Island was observed on the east to Samar Island by the San Juanico Bridge. We surveyed the coast, facing the Pacific Ocean. Here, debris and witness 315 area and found flooding heights up to 5.9 m with damage accounts indicate inundation and runup to 11 m above sea to equipment and furniture inside concrete structures. No 345 level (Figure 13). Many coastal, concrete-based structures significant structural damage was reported in these areas. were entirely destroyed, with concrete blocks from walls Farther to the north, along the San Juanico strait, villages and foundations deposited up to 30 m inland by the wave such as Old Kauayan and Tagpuro were affected by surge force. The coral-filled seawall in Hernani was breached 320 inundations between 4 m and 6 m high and by a measured in multiple locations, and substantial scour existed on the runup on the hill of Tagpuro of 6.9 m in height. In Old 350 beach. Coral boulders were found on the beach at an Kauayan, there was extensive damage to coastal wooden elevation of 5 m above sea level, possibly transported there houses and to the community school. A seawall of 3 m by Haiyans waves (Figure 14). Most witnesses reported was overtopped, and the flow generated scour at the wall’s a typical wave attack, with water approaching and then 325 landward side. The northern part of the area visited by the retreating over a period of 10-20 seconds. However, in one team was Barangay Rosal, where the local mayor described 355 low-lying area in Hernani-recorded on video by a member the event and reported heights up to 5 m. Significant damage of the NGO Plan Philippines-the wave runup approached was observed to pile dwellings located behind a 3-m-high for over 1 minute before receding. Another low-lying area seawall, which was overtopped by the storm surge, and roofs south of Guiuan, located approximately 1 km from the coast, 330 were ripped off by the winds. The storm surge mainly reported long-duration flooding as waves ran overland to the affected the west side of the San Juanico strait, from the 360 area. In both cases, a localized dip in topography prevented bridge up to the north (Figure 12). the water from receding quickly. icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion NHESSD 2, 3741–3767, 2014

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Fig.Figure 11. Damage 11. observedDamage at the observed Anibong area, at north the Anibongof downtown area, Tacloban. north Destruction of downtown of wooden Tacloban. pile dwellings, Destruction erosion and local Back Close instabilityof wooden of slopes. pile dwellings, erosion and local instability of slopes. Full Screen / Esc

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Fig. 12. Damage at the northern part of Leyte Island. (A): Structure near the San Juanico Bridge. Inundation height was measured at 5.9 m. (B)-(C): Coastal village of Old Kauayan, a small sea wall was overtopped and damaged. Surge ﬂooding of 4.4 m was measured here. (D): Sea wall damage at Tagpuro. The runup height was 6.9 m. (E): Barangay Rosal area with a 5.0 m storm surge inundation and damage to houses behind the 3.0 m sea wall. E. Mas et al.: Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan 9 icsinPpr|Dsuso ae icsinPpr|Dsuso ae | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion | Paper Discussion Fig. 11. Damage observed at the Anibong area, north of downtown Tacloban. Destruction of wooden pile dwellings, erosion and local instability of slopes. NHESSD 2, 3741–3767, 2014

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Full Screen / Esc FigFigure. 12. Damage 12. atDamage the northern partat the of Leyte northern Island. (A): part Structure of Leyte near the Island. San Juanico(A) Bridge.Structure Inundation near height the was San measured Juanico at 5.9 m. (B)-(C):Bridge. Coastal Inundation village of Old height Kauayan, was a small measured sea wall was at overtopped 5.9 m. (B, and C) damaged.Coastal Surge village ﬂooding of of Old 4.4 mKauayan, was measured a small here. (D): Seasea wall walldamage was at Tagpuro. overtopped The runup and height damaged. was 6.9 m. (E):Surge Barangay ﬂooding Rosal area of 4.4 with m a 5.0 was m storm measured surge inundation here. and(D) damageSea to Printer-friendly Version houseswall behind damage the 3.0 mat sea Tagpuro. wall. The runup height was 6.9 m. (E) Barangay Rosal area with a 5.0 m Interactive Discussion storm surge inundation and damage to houses behind the 3.0 m sea wall.

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Figure 13. Guiuan village, one of the areas most aﬀected by surface waves. Sand erosion, Printer-friendly Version Fig. 13. Guiuanvegetation village, one damage of the areas and most concrete affected structures by surface waves. destroyed. Sand erosion, vegetation damage and concrete structures destroyed. Interactive Discussion

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Fig. 14. Jagnaya Beach area, east of Salcedo village. Extensive sand erosion and deposition to inland was observed. In addition, coral boulders were observed on the beach, which were possibly carried inland by the waves.

5 Conclusions 365 Philippines. First, a rapid damage assessment was conducted through satellite visual images, and then, the damage was This paper reports on two response activities conducted by IRIDeS after the impact of Super Typhoon Haiyan in the 10 E. Mas et al.: Survey of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan

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Interactive Discussion Figure 14. Jagnaya Beach area, east of Salcedo village. Extensive sand erosion and deposition Fig. 14. Jagnaya Beach area,to inland east was of Salcedo observed. village. In addition, Extensive coral boulders sand erosion were observed and deposition on the beach, to inland which was were observed. In addition, coral possibly carried inland by the waves. boulders were observed on the beach, which were possibly carried inland by the waves. 3767