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Five Withanolides from the Leaves of Datura Metel L. and Their Inhibitory Effects on Nitric Oxide Production

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Five Withanolides from the Leaves of Datura Metel L. and Their Inhibitory Effects on Nitric Oxide Production Molecules 2014, 19, 4548-4559; doi:10.3390/molecules19044548 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Article Five Withanolides from the Leaves of Datura metel L. and Their Inhibitory Effects on Nitric Oxide Production Bing-You Yang †, Rui Guo †, Ting Li, Yan Liu, Chang-Fu Wang, Zun-Peng Shu, Zhi-Bin Wang, Jing Zhang, Yong-Gang Xia, Hai Jiang, Qiu-Hong Wang * and Hai-Xue Kuang * Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China † These authors contributed equally to this work. * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [email protected] (Q.-H.W.); [email protected] (H.-X.K.); Tel.: +86-451-8219-3001 (Q.-H.W. & H.-X.K.); Fax: +86-451-8211-0803 (Q.-H.W. & H.-X.K.). Received: 7 March 2014; in revised form: 4 April 2014 / Accepted: 8 April 2014 / Published: 11 April 2014 Abstract: Four new withanolides named dmetelins A–D (compounds 1–4), along with the known compound 7α,27-dihydroxy-1-oxo-witha-2,5,24-trienolide (5) were isolated from the leaves of Datura metel L. (Solanaceae). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry data. All the compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells. Compounds 1, 4 and 5 showed significant inhibitory activities, and compounds 2 and 3 showed moderate inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 17.8, 11.6, 14.9, 33.3 and 28.6 μM, respectively. Keywords: Datura metel L.; withanolides; dmetelins; NO inhibition 1. Introduction Withasteroids are a group of structurally diverse steroidal compounds with a C28 steroidal lactone skeleton, in which a characteristic feature is the presence of an α,β-unsaturated δ lactone ring in the side chain. They are presented primarily in the Solanaceae family, which includes Datura, Acnistus, Dunalia, Jaborosa, Physalis and Withania [1]. The isolation and synthesis of withanolides have Molecules 2014, 19 4549 received considerable attention due to their significant biological activities, which include antitumor [2], cytotoxic [3,4], immunosuppressive [4], anti-inflammatory [5,6], and chemoprevention properties [7]. Flos daturae (baimantuoluo in Chinese), the dry flowers of Datura metel L. (Solanaceae), known as “Yangjinhua”, have been widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of coughs, asthma, rheumatism, pain, and convulsions for centuries [8]. It has also been reported that it displayed the most promising effects in treatment of psoriasis and were used in a clinical application at the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine (Heilongjiang, China) [9,10]. Withanolides have been studied for treating psoriasis as the main constituents of the effective part of flowers of D. metel [11,12]. Baimantuoluolines A–J, and baimantuoluosides A–H were also isolated and reported [8,13–18]. However, the dry flowers of D. metel have the disadvantages of long florescence and low yield in comparison to its leaves. At the same time, the leaves of this herb, which can be regenerated every year, were typically discarded. In order to expand the available resources, our group found that the leaves of D. metel have some similarities in chemical constituents with its flowers and significant advantages in terms of high and stable yield. As a result, four new withanolides were isolated and named dmetelins A–D (compounds 1–4), together with one known withanolide, 7α,27-dihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,5,24-trienolide (5) [19] (Figure 1). The structures of compounds 1–5 were determined by the interpretation of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. All isolates were identified as major active constituents having inhibitory effects of NO production in LPS-activated macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Herein, we report the isolation, structural elucidation, and NO inhibitory effects of these isolates. Figure 1. Structures of compounds 1–5. 2. Results and Discussion Compound 1 was isolated as a white amorphous powder, and its molecular formula was determined + to be C28H40O5 by HRESIMS (m/z 479.2779 [M+Na] ). The UV spectrum showed an absorption maximum at 224 nm, suggesting the presence of an α,β-unsaturated δ lactone, and carbonyl groups, respectively [20]. The 1H-NMR spectrum of 1 (Table 1) displayed the characteristic signals of the common withanolide steroid. Three tertiary methyl groups at δ 0.78 (3H, s), 1.28 (3H, s), 2.10 (3H, s), and a secondary methyl group at 1.04 (3H, d, J = 6.6 Hz) were attributed to Me-18, Me-19, Me-28, and Me-21, respectively. The Me-27 signal was replaced by one set of oxygen-bearing methylene protons δ Molecules 2014, 19 4550 4.37 (1H, d, J = 11.7 Hz) and 4.29 (1H, d, J = 11.7 Hz). An olefinic proton at δ 5.70 (1H, dd, J = 5.3, 1.2 Hz) showed 1H-1H COSY correlation peaks with H-7 δ 3.77 (1H, t, J = 3.8 Hz) (Figure 2), which was assigned to the vinylic protons H-6. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 1 (Table 2) revealed 28 carbons. It was composed of four methyl groups at δ 12.1 (C-18), 18.7 (C-19), 13.8 (C-21), and 20.2 (C-28). The presence of four olefin carbons at δ 146.6, 125.9, 157.9, and 126.4 were attributed to C-5, C-6, C-24, and C-25, respectively. The characteristic downfield at δ 215.9 and 168.6 were due to a carbonyl group C-1 and a lactone carbonyl group C-26. The signals at δ 65.1, 80.2, and 56.4 were assigned to the three oxygen-bearing carbons at C-7, C-22, and C-27. Assignments of all function groups of 1 were achieved by 1H-1HCOSY, HMBC and HSQC (Figure 2). Thus, the planar structure of 1 was determined as shown. 1 Table 1. H-NMR data (400 MHz) of the aglycones of 1–4 (in CD3OD, δ in ppm). No. 1 2 3 4 1 3.88 br s 2 2.32 m, 2.67 m 1.85 m, 2.24 m 5.86 dd (10.0, 2.4) 5.84 dd (10.0, 2.5) 3 2.00 m, 1.62 m 4.11 t (7.4) 6.93 ddd (10.0, 4.8, 2.4) 6.91 ddd (10.0, 4.8, 2.5) 4 2.22 m, 2.63 m 5.48 br s 3.44 m 3.40 m 2.96 dd (21.5, 4.8) 2.93 dd (21.4, 4.8) 6 5.70 dd (5.3, 1.2) 5.98 dd (10.0, 2.3) 5.80 dd (5.8, 1.5) 5.48 br s 7 3.77 t (3.8) 5.63 br d (10.0) 3.80 t (5.5) 3.71 d (8.4) 8 1.43 m 2.07 m 1.46 m 1.42 m 9 1.99 m 1.54 m 2.00 m 1.68 m 11 1.50 m, 1.73 m 1.44 m, 1.66 m 1.59 m, 2.23 m 1.53 m, 2.24 m 12 1.29 m, 1.97 m 1.32 m, 2.03 m 1.34 m, 2.03 m 1.32 m, 2.04 m 14 1.54 m 1.24 m 1.32 m 1.24 m 15 1.78 m, 1.19 m 1.85 m, 1.37 m 1.84 m, 1.22 m 1.92 m, 1.53 m 16 1.79 m, 1.41 m 1.83 m, 1.43 m 1.83 m, 1.41 m 1.78 m, 1.37 m 17 1.24 m 1.30 m 1.28 m 1.22 m 18 0.78 s 0.82 s 0.79 s 0.80 s 19 1.28 s 1.00 s 1.24 s 1.28 s 20 1.95 m 1.98 m 1.98 m 1.94 m 21 1.04 d (6.6) 1.03 d (6.7) 1.05 d (6.6) 1.04 d (6.6) 22 4.47 dt (13.2, 3.4) 4.47 dt (13.3, 3.4) 4.50 dt (13.5, 3.6) 4.48 dt (13.2, 3.4) 23 2.56 dd (17.8, 13.7) 2.54 dd (18.0, 13.4) 2.58 dd (17.9, 13.6) 2.54 dd (18.0, 13.5) 2.18 dd (17.8, 3.4) 2.21 dd (18.0, 3.3) 2.22 dd (17.9, 3.0) 2.20 dd (18.0, 3.1) 27 4.29 d (11.7) 4.36 d (11.7) 4.47 d (11.2) 4.37 d (11.7) 4.37 d (11.7) 4.29 d (11.7) 4.62 d (11.2) 4.29 d (11.7) 28 2.10 s 2.10 s 2.14 s 2.10 s OCH3 3.38 s Molecules 2014, 19 4551 Figure 2. 1H, 1H-COSY and Selected HMBC correlations of compounds 1–4. 13 Table 2. C-NMR (100 MHz) data of the aglycones of 1–4 (in CD3OD, δ in ppm). No. 1 2 3 4 1 215.9 72.5 205.7 205.9 2 39.0 33.0 128.4 128.4 3 26.2 75.4 147.7 147.6 4 31.9 123.4 34.4 33.8 5 146.6 143.3 141.7 138.2 6 125.9 130.1 127.5 130.8 7 65.1 132.1 64.8 72.1 8 38.6 38.5 39.5 42.2 9 36.2 45.3 36.4 42.6 10 55.5 40.4 52.3 51.4 11 23.3 21.4 24.6 24.9 12 40.5 40.9 40.8 41.0 13 43.7 45.1 43.6 44.4 14 50.7 55.2 51.0 57.4 15 25.1 25.0 25.0 27.7 16 28.3 28.3 28.2 28.5 17 53.2 53.2 53.2 52.7 18 12.1 12.2 12.2 12.4 19 18.7 19.9 18.8 19.2 20 40.5 40.4 40.5 40.4 21 13.8 13.7 13.8 13.8 22 80.2 80.1 80.2 80.2 23 30.7 30.7 30.8 30.7 24 157.9 157.9 160.4 157.9 25 126.4 126.4 123.6 126.4 26 168.6 168.5 168.6 168.6 27 56.4 56.4 63.6 56.4 28 20.2 20.2 20.9 20.2 OCH3 55.8 Molecules 2014, 19 4552 The configuration of compound 1 (Figure 3) was established by NOE correlations.
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