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Colorado Heritage/Spring 2008 "AMoNG THE FevoRED MoRTALS oF EnnTH" The Press, State Pride, and the Eclipse of tBrS he year 2008 marks the 130th anniuersary of the total solar eclipse of L878. A closely watched euent, the eclipse beld significdnce to the science of astronomy, the American West, and Colorado in particular. Total solar eclipses dre extremely rare euents, and whereuer they occur they cause a sensation. In tbe nineteentb century astronomers chased these eclipses all ouer the world-to Asia, Africa, and the middle of the oceans. When it uas publicized tbat sucb an eclipse would Most Coloradans were probably unaware that they occur on July 29, 1.878, ouer the Rocky Mountains, would be hosting a major scientific event until the begin- Coloradans' excitement was unanimous. Just two years ning of 1878, when other Colorado papers began reporting old, tbe state would haue a chance to showcase itself as on the upcoming phenomenon. On January 26,the Siluer renowned scientists and hordes of tourists flocked to its \Xlorld of Lake City briefly noted that the eclipse would mountains and cities: The wbole world uould watch tbe occur over Colorado in July. By March, word was starting eclipse through Colorado's eyes. to spread. The Denuer Tribune ran a short piece noting the advantage that the state would afford observers: paper may n 1,876 a small news item in a Denver Colorado will have a special attraction the coming years hence have been the first indication that two summer in the eclipse that has been appointed for July an awesome natural spectacle would take place in the 29.ltl ought to attract hither large numbers of astrono- skies above Colorado. The March 27, 1876, Denuer mers. We don't know a great deal about eclipses; but Times reported that in July 1878 a total solar eclipse should suppose there would be special advantages in would pass over the state. The paper even claimed-with observing them from high altitudes. And Colorado will evident pride-that "it does not appear that [the eclipse] afford as high altitudes for observing . as the most will be total at any other city now existing in the United exacting astronomers could ask, and enough of them to accommodate all the astronomers in the country. Long's, States. " Ioun:;I-\'i'i','\r'. l-: f Gray's, Pike's and James' peaks will all be included in But within a few months, the Colorado press happily the total belt [i.e., the path of the eclipse]. And there are reported that Congress did in fact care about them. The within the same belt innumerable other peaks less noted Pueblo Chieftain of July 1 1 noted: " Congress has appro- but nearly as high. Each one of the rival astronomers can priated $8,000" for eclipse observations. This amount have a peak to himself. was given to the United States Naval Observatory to By April newspapers across the state were publishing administer and fund multiple eclipse expeditions to the the exact time that the eclipse would begin. Colorado Rocky Mountains. The Cbieftain went on to describe the was ready, and had promised each visiting astronomer a constitution of the various expeditions-their leaders, the private mountaintop. But would the astronomers come? astronomers who would be making observations, and Eclipse expeditions were not cheap, and the federal gov- the locations from which the eclipse would be observed: ernment had still not appropriated the funds necessary to Creston, Wyoming; Denver and Central City, Colorado; bring astronomers out west. and the summit of Pikes Peak, among others. Although an important expedition consisting of Simon 'rnJ,.ii-f,G1i6... Newcomb (then director of the Navy's Nautical Almanac 'lho trnrrslt of Morrury. whloh occura otr tho 0th of llrry, rvllt bogln, Douror tlmo, tt Office) and Thomas Edison went to Creston, Wyoming, llrlt r, rn., nrrd errrl rt 8r.16 p. p. Tho and other astronomers went to Texas, Colorado got the lulllruo ol' tlro mn. ooourrlng on July 20, Itlitt. wlll ho, by Dsnver tlnto, tE followe I lion's share of eclipse expeditions. One group made up liollprc bogiu. ,..,...!ll0 p. nr. of observers from the Naval Observatory, Hopkins 'lhlnllt.y b0g1nn...,..,...,.......,.,.....8:80 p. Johns 'lirtrllty or. 0nr1u.....,..,...,..,.....,....,.,111113 ir. rn. University, and \7est Point went to Central City and llollpro onrh.,. ..,......11t11 p. nr. observed the eclipse from the roof of the Teller House on April,o rr" r^rng call reported the hotel. Astronomers from New York and St. Louis went anticipated duration",,p)'ilt of the upcoming xtlar eclipse. to Idaho Springs. Charles Young, a proponent of high- The Tribune of April 20 complained loudly that the altitude astronomical observations, led the Princeton Uni- coming eclipse-perhaps one of the most significant scien- versity expedition that would observe near Cherry Creek, tific events in the country's history-was being overlooked while the budding astronomer William Henry Pickering in Washington because it was occurring in the western also observed nearby. Samuel Pierpont Langley, then with states and territories. TheTribune even suggested (rather the Allegheny Observatory, would scale Pikes Peak with snidely) that congressmen would rather ogle women than his brother Professor John Langley and the meteorologist help the scientific community observe an eclipse: Cleveland Abbe. Asaph Hall, the astronomer who had just discovered the moons of Mars in 1877, would take his Congress has as yet made no appropriation for the expedition to La Of course, all of these astronomers observation of the total eclipse of the sun . this seems Junta. brought a support crew to help equipment, to be another instance of unjust discrimination against transport their the far West . If the approaching total eclipse had set up instruments, and aid in other important technical been appointed for the White Mountains, for Boston, for aspects of the observations. New Orleans, for the peaks of the Virginia mountains, for Philadelphia, for Chicago . Congress would have total solar eclipse is a breathtaking sight: It lasts a treated it with proper respect and due consideration . few hours as the moon slowly crawls across the face and would have made ample provision for its observa- of the sun. The most spectacular part of the eclipse-the tion. In fact, Congressmen would no more have allowed brief period during which the sun is wholly obscured by go it to unobserved that they do the handsome female the moon-lasts only a few minutes. This short period is lobbyists that visit their hall. But as has been the eclipse called "totality": the temperature plummets as the disk appointed for Pike's, Long's and Gray's peaks, and for of the sun disappears completely; the stars become visible Denver, Colorado Springs and Greeley, Congress does in the middle of the day; and on the surface of the Earth not seem to care whether any observations are made a giant shadow over a hundred miles wide sweeps across of it. the land at speeds approaching 2,000 miles per hour. r {.+ar*^di /P.*r^ L\ Representatiues of the U.S. Naual Obseruatory, lohns Hopkins (lniuersity, and West Point monitored the eclipse from the Teller House ,oiltop in Central City. Colorado mining totans' high ahitude and thin atmospbere-combined with cooperatiue ueather-allouted for prime uiewing of the ecliPse. As beautiful as totality is to watch, however, scientists lished cities (Denver and Colorado Springs), known coming to Colorado to observe the eclipse had a specific mining communities (such as Central City and George- research agenda. During totality, with no direct sunlight town), and small plains towns along rail lines (such as Las to blind them, the observers would be able to study the Animas and La Junta). solar corona (the sun's "atmosphere"). From Colorado's The Pennsylvania Railroad Company gave profes- higher elevations-where Earth's own atmosphere is less sional astronomers from Europe and the United States dsnss-as11enomers also hoped to settle once and for all half-price fare from the East Coast to Denver, via Chicago speculation that there was an undiscovered planet (known or St. Louis. Other railroads offered similar discounts. by legend as "Vulcan") that many believed would be And so, as the eclipse approached, astronomers arrived found between Mercury and the sun, and which (if it even in Colorado by the dozens. existed) could only be observed during totality. Perhaps the biggest disappointment in the months Astronomers had calculated that the path of the leading up to the eclipse was that the renowned inventor eclipse would run down the spine of the Rocky Moun- Thomas Edison chose to observe the event from'Wyoming tains, from southern Wyoming Territory through much instead of somewhere in Colorado. Edison, who would be of central Colorado and south into Texas. In Colorado, measuring the corona with his newly invented tasimeter observers would be able to view the eclipse from estab- (a highly sensitive heat-measuring device), decided to join I Simon Newcomb's expedition to Creston. In a July 2l article bearing the headline "Edison's Go-By," the Denuer Tribune reported that "it has now been . confirmed that Professor Edison will not visit Colorado for the purpose of observing the coming solar eclipse. The Tribune regrets this as much as anyone can, because we were anxious that Denver should enjoy the distinction that such a visit would have given it." stronomers were not the only ones coming to Colorado to see the eclipse. Solar eclipses were hugely popular events, and in the nineteenth century non-scientists, especially those with financial means, would travel to locations within an eclipse path just for the sheer spectacle of watching (and being watched) during the event.
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