201

Chapter 7 Stonefl ies () of the Canadian Prairie Provinces

Lloyd M. Dosdall Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of , Donna J. Giberson Department of Biology University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown

Abstract. Most Plecoptera (stonefl y) species require cool, well-oxygenated water and are therefore not as well represented in prairie grassland habitats as they are in steep mountain streams or forested habitats. One hundred thirty-one species of Plecoptera have been recorded from the Prairie Provinces of Alberta, , and , including 61 that occur in or border aquatic habitats in the Prairies Ecozone. Alberta has the highest stonefl y diversity because of its proximity to the mountains (108 species, 104 of which occur in the mountains), and the diversity in Saskatchewan is similar to that of Manitoba at 44 and 46 species, respectively. Only 2 of the 61 Prairies Ecozone species (Perlesta dakota and Pteronarcys pictetii) are restricted to this ecozone in , and most of the species that occur in the Prairies Ecozone also occur in the Boreal Shield and Boreal Plains ecozones (40 species) and/or in the Ecozone (42 species). A list of species collected for each province and ecozone is provided, with references and probable refugial origins. Information on stonefl y ecology, taxonomic works, zoogeography, and importance as monitoring tools pertinent to the region is also presented.

Résumé. La plupart des espèces de plécoptères (perles) ont besoin d’eau fraîche et bien oxygénée et ne sont donc pas aussi présentes dans les habitats des prairies qu’elles ne le sont dans les cours d’eau des habitats de montagne ou de forêt. On a recensé 131 espèces de plécoptères dans les provinces des prairies — Alberta, Saskatchewan et Manitoba —, y compris 61 vivant à l’intérieur ou à la périphérie d’habitats aquatiques de l’écozone des prairies. L’Alberta présente la plus grande diversité de plécoptères à cause de la proximité des Rocheuses (108 espèces, dont 104 se trouvent en montagne), tandis que la Saskatchewan et le Manitoba présentent des diversités semblables (44 et 46 espèces respectivement). Seules 2 des 61 espèces de l’écozone des prairies (Perlesta dakota et Pteronarcys pictetii) sont exclusives à cette écozone au Canada, la plupart des espèces observées dans l’écozone des prairies se trouvant également dans les écozones du bouclier boréal et des plaines boréales (40 espèces) ou dans l’écozone de la cordillère alpestre (42 espèces). Une liste des espèces prélevées dans chaque province et dans chaque écozone est fournie, accompagnée de références et d’informations sur les refuges d’où elles sont probablement issues. On présente enfi n des informations sur l’écologie des plécoptères, les études taxonomiques réalisées sur ces insectes, leur zoogéographie et leur importance en tant qu’outils de surveillance pertinents pour la région.

Introduction Stonefl ies (Plecoptera) (Fig. 1) spend most of their life cycles as aquatic larvae before emerging from the water as terrestrial adults. The majority of stonefl ies require well- oxygenated water and are found in clean, cool, fast-fl owing streams and rivers (Hynes 1976; Stewart and Harper 1996; Stewart and Stark 2002, 2008), although a few species are also known from cold boreal and alpine lakes (Harper 1979; Donald and Anderson 1980; Dosdall and Lehmkuhl 1987). This restricts most Canadian species to areas such as the

Dosdall, L. M. and D. J. Giberson. 2014. Stonefl ies (Plecoptera) of the Canadian Prairie Provinces. In of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 3): Biodiversity and Systematics Part 1. Edited by H. A.Cárcamo and D. J. Giberson. Biological Survey of Canada. pp. 201-229. © 2014 Biological Survey of Canada. ISBN 978-0-9689321-6-2 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3752/9780968932162.ch7 Species checklist available at http://dx.doi.org/10.5886/gaqds797 202 L. M. Dosdall and D. J. Giberson

western mountains and forested areas of the east and north (Harper 1979; Miyazaki and Lehmkuhl 2011). In the grassland portions of the Prairie Provinces (Mixed Grassland and Moist Mixed Grassland ecoregions; Shorthouse 2010), cool and well-oxygenated habitats (at least in summer) are relatively rare and few species have adapted to warm, slow-moving prairie waters; thus, stonefl y diversity is comparatively low (Harper 1979; Dosdall and Lehmkuhl 1987; Miyazaki and Lehmkuhl 2011). Adults are poor fl iers (Stewart and Stark 2002), and so the prairie landscape effectively acts as a dispersal barrier between eastern and western species.

A B C

D E

Fig. 1. Examples of Plecoptera from the Canadian Prairie Provinces. A, abnormis nymph, B, Claassenia sabulosa nymph, C, Perlesta dakota adult, D, adult, E, Winter stonefl y adult on snow. All photos by L. Dosdall except for C, Perlesta, which is by Dale Parker. Stonefl ies (Plecoptera) of the Canadian Prairie Provinces 203

Relatively little recent research has focused specifi cally on the Plecoptera of the Canadian Prairie Provinces. Early workers who contributed to the knowledge of the western Canadian fauna included Banks (1907), Neave (1929, 1933, 1934), and Ricker (1943, 1944, 1946). Ricker listed only 23 species from the and adjacent parkland (Ricker 1946) and an additional 11 species from the northern Prairie Provinces (Ricker 1944) on the basis of his collections and specimens from the Canadian National Collection. Ricker continued to work on the Canadian fauna for several years and made several important contributions to the knowledge of western Canadian stonefl ies (e.g., Ricker 1952, 1964; Ricker et al. 1968; Ross and Ricker 1971; Stewart and Ricker 1997). Regional taxonomic treatments with information on species from the Canadian Prairie Provinces followed (e.g., see list in Table 1), but no further attempts were made to provide a systematic list for this region until 1979, with the publication of “Stonefl ies (Plecoptera) of Saskatchewan” (Dosdall and Lehmkuhl 1979). That work increased the number of known Saskatchewan species from 11 to 41 (with two additions listed in Dosdall 1992), largely due to extensive new collecting in all areas of the province. Twenty-fi ve of these species were found in the Prairies Ecozone (as defi ned in Shorthouse 2010), though eight of these were restricted to the . Subsequently, Flannagan and Flannagan (1982) listed 38 species of stonefl ies and their postglacial distributions from Manitoba, and they identifi ed 21 species that were present in the Prairies Ecozone. Burton (1984) reported 44 species in Manitoba from a combination of historical records and new collecting, with 22 from Prairies Ecozone streams and rivers. There is no equivalent comprehensive published treatment of the Alberta stonefl ies except at the generic level (Clifford 1991), and so it

Table 1. References that provide identifi cation keys relevant to stonefl ies from the Canadian Prairies.

Family Reference

All Needham and Claassen 1925; Baumann et al. 1977; Stewart and Oswood 2006; Stewart and Stark 2008.

Capniidae Nebeker and Gaufi n 1965 (Capnia columbiana complex); Harper and Hynes 1971b; Nelson and Baumann 1987 (Capnura); Nelson and Baumann 1989 (Capnia); Stark and Baumann 2004 (Paracapnia); Zenger and Baumann 2004 (Isocapnia).

Nemouridae Harper and Hynes 1971d; Baumann 1975; Baumann and Kondratieff 2010 (Lednia).

Leuctridae Harper and Hynes 1971a; Stark and Kyzar 2001 (Paraleuctra); Baumann and Stark 2009 (Paraleuctra alta).

Taeniopterygidae Harper and Hynes 1971c; Fullington and Stewart 1980 (); Stanger and Baumann 1993 (); Stewart 2000.

Chloroperlidae Fiance 1977; Surdick 1985; Alexander and Stewart 1999 (Suwallia); Surdick 2004.

Peltoperlidae Stark 2000.

Perlidae Stark and Gaufi n 1976 (Acroneuria); Peckarsky 1979 (Acroneuria); Stark and Szczytko 1981 (Paragnetina); Stark 1989 (Perlesta placida complex); DeWalt et al. 2001 (Perlesta); Kondratieff and Baumann 1999 (Perlesta); Stark 2004.

Perlodidae Szczytko and Stewart 1979 (); Kondratieff 2004; Sandberg and Stewart 2005 ().

Pteronarcyidae Nelson 2000. 204 L. M. Dosdall and D. J. Giberson

is diffi cult to draw comparisons with the wide range of ecoregions and habitats found in the province. Information on the Alberta prairie fauna must be gleaned from regional taxonomic and ecological studies (e.g., Radford and Hartland-Rowe 1971; Donald and Anderson 1977, 1980; Barton 1980; Donald 1980; Donald and Mutch 1980; and see Table 1). For example, Donald and Anderson (1977) reported 74 species in the Waterton River drainage extending from the subalpine headwater zone in the to the grasslands of the Prairies Ecozone near , and Donald and Mutch (1980) found 59 species in their study of the Bow River. In both studies, the highest diversity was found in the mountain streams, with a sharp decline in diversity into the Prairies Ecozone. Overall, the of stonefl ies has improved dramatically during the last 25 years. A well-illustrated larval key to the North American genera was published in 1988 and updated in 2002 (Stewart and Stark 2002), and a generic key to the North American larvae and adults can be found in Stewart and Stark (2008) with an accompanying thorough list of ecological and taxonomic references. More recently, several attempts have been made to bring together distributional and taxonomic information on the stonefl y species in North America (Stark et al. 1986, 1998), including an updated searchable database for global nomenclature and distribution (DeWalt et al. 2013). Although these latter resources allow a researcher to construct a list of the stonefl ies from each jurisdiction fairly quickly, information on specifi c habitats or localities is much more diffi cult to obtain. The goal of this chapter is to provide an update to the Plecoptera species recorded from the three Prairie Provinces of Canada, with special reference to the Prairies Ecozone, through a review of the existing literature.

Ecology Stonefl y larvae fi ll a number of important niches in aquatic systems since they include herbivore/detrivores (algae/biofi lm scrapers, shredders of leaves and other organic particles, or collectors of fi ne material that has been deposited on the substrate) and predators (Stewart and Stark 2002). Some groups are dominated by members that feed mainly on one food source or another (e.g., many , , and Capniidae are shredders; some , , and Peltoperlidae are collectors or scrapers; and most , , and Chloroperlidae are predators). However, some species are omnivorous or show ontogenic shifts throughout their lives (e.g., several predatory species shift from herbivory/detritivory to carnivory as they grow; Stewart and Stark 2002). Stewart and Stark (2002) therefore caution against applying functional feeding group classifi cations (e.g., Merritt et al. 2008) too broadly and assuming that all species within a family or genus show the same feeding habits throughout their life cycles. Knowledge of feeding habits do, however, help to determine the habitats in which stonefl ies are found. The large Pteronarcyidae and Peltoperlidae are usually found in leaf packs, Leuctridae usually inhabit sandy or gravel substrates where they feed on fi ne organic detritus, and other families may be found over a range of habitats from erosional to depositional sites (Stewart and Stark 2008). The adults of a number of families feed on algae, lichens, pollen, and young leaves and buds of the vegetation adjacent to the larval habitat (Stewart and Stark 2008). Many plecopterans have specifi c environmental requirements with respect to stream or river size, substrate type, water temperature, and fl ow rate (Stewart and Stark 2002, 2008). A major habitat determinant for many species is their requirement for high oxygen levels, and oxygen concentrations in the water correlate with environmental variables such Stonefl ies (Plecoptera) of the Canadian Prairie Provinces 205

as water current, water temperature, and biological oxygen demand (Cole 1994). High water currents mix atmospheric oxygen into the water, and so swiftly moving streams are frequently well oxygenated. However, as water temperature increases, its ability to hold oxygen decreases; therefore, oxygen levels are usually low in warm streams. Bacterial decomposition of organic material also uses oxygen; as a result, high nutrient inputs (frequently associated with agricultural runoff) that result in algal blooms and subsequent decay of the organic material also cause declines in oxygen (Cole 1994). Therefore, stonefl ies are usually restricted to cool, clean streams. Within these types of streams, however, their specifi c microhabitats depend on both their feeding habits and their ability to withstand water currents; leaf-shredders are usually found in leaf packs, whereas fi ne detritus collectors are found in depositional areas, either within the substrate or in slower current. Predators may be found over a range of habitats. These requirements result in characteristic longitudinal faunal changes from headwaters to large rivers (Stewart and Stark 2002). For example, Plecoptera species composition changed and their diversity declined from the cool alpine and subalpine reaches to the warm prairies in the Waterton and Bow rivers (Alberta) (Donald and Anderson 1977; Donald and Mutch 1980). Similar patterns are found where cool boreal streams drain into prairie streams (Dosdall and Lehmkuhl 1979). Stonefl ies in relatively warm locations may seek out cooler spring-fed sections of streams to develop throughout the year (Stewart and Stark 2002), and several of the “grasslands” sites (within the Mixed Grassland or Moist Mixed Grassland ecoregions) with stonefl ies are from spring brooks originating in hilly outcrop areas (Dosdall and Lehmkuhl 1979; Burton 1984). Life cycles of North American stonefl ies are highly variable, both within genus and even within species, depending on habitat conditions. Life cycles vary from requiring one year (univoltine) to requiring two or more years (semivoltine), with some species in the north possibly requiring three to four years (Stewart and Stark 2002). In some cases, a larval or egg diapause allows species to withstand harsh conditions (such as drying or high summer temperatures) during the life cycle. Life cycles and developmental timing therefore vary from fi xed in some species to temperature-dependent in others. Stewart and Stark (2008) suggest that many species with restricted ranges have determinate (fi xed) life cycle patterns, whereas those that are more widespread may be more affected by water temperature. Once larval development is complete, fi nal-instar larvae move onto rocks or structures toward shore to emerge, with most North American species emerging between late winter and mid-summer and a few emerging in late summer or fall (Stewart and Stark 2002). The families Taeniopterygidae and Capniidae (the “winter stonefl ies”) avoid warm summer temperatures by growing (as larvae) during the fall and winter and emerging in early spring as the ice begins to break up (Fig. 1E) (Dosdall 1976; Flannagan 1978; Flannagan and Cobb 1983). Many species spend the warm summer months in egg or larval diapause or in the hyporheic zone (deep in the substrate) (Harper and Hynes 1970; Stanford and Gaufi n 1974; Dosdall 1976). These adaptations, along with choosing cool microhabitats such as spring outfl ows, likely allow these species to inhabit the prairie regions that would otherwise be too warm for them.

Postglacial Dispersal and Distributions In North America, Plecoptera diversity is relatively high to the east (where there is hilly terrain and broadleaf forest) and west (in the western mountains), but declines sharply in the (including the Prairies Ecozone in Canada) (Ricker 1964; Dosdall and 206 L. M. Dosdall and D. J. Giberson

Lehmkuhl 1979; Flannagan and Flannagan 1982). Adult Plecoptera are generally weak fl iers, usually dispersing along drainage networks and only short distances overland (Ricker 1964; Stewart and Stark 2008). However, some evidence of long-distance dispersal has been found in in western North America (Kauwe et al. 2004). Present stonefl y distribution patterns relate to the changes in postglacial drainage patterns (see below) that provided direct connections with glacial refugia and allowed the stonefl ies to disperse widely as the glaciers retreated. However, stonefl y distribution patterns in the Canadian Prairie Provinces have changed little since deglaciation because of the limited number of suitable habitats (cool streams and rivers) and the long distances between habitats acting as effective barriers for further dispersal within and through the region (Lehmkuhl 1980; Flannagan and Flannagan 1982). The Wisconsinan glaciation (100,000 to 17,000 years before present (bp)) destroyed much of the fl ora and fauna of Canada, with the exception of a few isolated refugia (Matthews 1979). In the north, parts of Yukon and Alaska (Beringia) were ice free, and smaller unglaciated areas may have existed on Banks Island, along the Anderson and Mackenzie rivers, in northern portions of Ellesmere and Baffi n islands, and in “Pearyland” (Northern Greenland) (Matthews 1979). The Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii) on the west coast and parts of the mouth of the St. Lawrence River and the Maritimes, Newfoundland, and Magdalen Islands on the east coast were likely unglaciated (Matthews 1979). The Cypress Hills of Saskatchewan and Alberta and a small area along the Saskatchewan–Montana border were likely also ice free and could have served as refugia (Christiansen 1979; Matthews 1979). Although these areas were apparently ice free, there is no direct evidence that, other than Beringia, they acted as refugia for stonefl ies. However, three areas to the south clearly acted as glacial refugia during this period: the temperate southeast from the east coast of North America west to the Appalachians and Mississippi River, the central Great Plains region between the Mississippi and the western montane region, and the Pacifi c mountain refugium in the southwest (Scudder 1978; Matthews 1979). As the glaciers began to retreat to the north, some of the fl ora and fauna that inhabited these refugia colonized the newly unglaciated areas. Thus, much of the fl ora and fauna of Canada, including the Plecoptera now inhabiting the prairie region, have southern origins (Ricker 1964; Stewart et al. 1973; Lehmkuhl 1980). As the ice sheet retreated between 17,000 and 10,000 years bp (Christiansen 1979), lakes and rivers formed and drained in different directions (Christiansen 1979; Pielou 2008), creating water linkages that signifi cantly affected stonefl y distributions (Dosdall and Lehmkuhl 1979; Flannagan and Flannagan 1982). During the initial phases, the ice retreated upslope, which allowed meltwater to fl ow away from the glacier face in southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba directly into the Missouri/Mississippi River system (Christiansen 1979), establishing a connection with the Central Great Plains refugium. As the ice retreated farther northeast, it retreated downslope and dammed the natural fl ow direction (Christiansen 1979; Pielou 2008), causing a number of meltwater lakes, including Lake Agassiz, to develop. The various lakes were connected by spillways and glacial streams, forming a continuous aquatic connection along the foot of the glacier from the mountains to eastern Canada (Christiansen 1979). This provided connections to the region with the refugia of eastern Canada and the southeastern United States, as well as with that of the western mountains. After the ice receded, water continued to fl ow eastward from the mountains into Lake Agassiz, strengthening the west–east connection. Periods of glacial advance followed by retreats severed and re-established the links with the Missouri/Mississippi drainage and the eastern refugia (Flannagan and Flannagan 1982). Stonefl ies (Plecoptera) of the Canadian Prairie Provinces 207

A late advance also established a corridor between Lake Agassiz and the Mackenzie River system (Christiansen 1979), thus connecting Beringia with the prairies. About 8,000 years bp, the ice retreated enough to open a corridor to Hudson Bay that drained Lake Agassiz (Flannagan and Flannagan 1982), establishing the present-day drainages.

Present-day Stonefl y Patterns in the Canadian Prairie Provinces One hundred thirty-one Plecoptera species are known from Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (Table 2); this represents nearly 20% of the approximately 675 known North American species and about half of the approximately 255 Canadian species (DeWalt et al. 2013). The species are listed in Table 3, along with information about distributions in North America and the Prairie Provinces, probable postglacial colonization routes, and locality notes. Nine families are recognized in the Nearctic, and all are represented in the Prairie Provinces (Tables 2 and 3). Four of the families are in the superfamily Nemouroidea Newman 1853 (Group Euholognatha): Capniidae (26 species in nine genera), Leuctridae (nine species in six genera), Nemouridae (19 species in 10 genera), and Taeniopterygidae (seven species in fi ve genera) (Table 2). The Group Systellognatha is represented by two superfamilies: Pteronarcyoidea Newman 1853 and Perloidea Latreille 1802. Pteronarcyoidea includes Pteronarcyidae (fi ve species in two genera) and Peltoperlidae

Table 2. Numbers of genera and species in each stonefl y family reported from the Prairie Provinces.

Prairie Provinces Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba

Genera spp. Genera spp. Genera spp. Genera spp.

Superfamily Group Euholognatha

Nemouroidea

Capniidae 9 26 6 21 4959

Leuctridae 69582211

Nemouridae 10 19 9 17 6657

Taeniopterygidae 57462234

Superfamily Group Systellognatha

Perloidea

Chloroperlidae 9 22 9 22 3422

Perlidae 8 10 555678

Perlodidae 9 31 9 23 4 13 4 13

Pteronarcyoidea

Peltoperlidae 12120000

Pteronarcyidae 25242212

Totals 59 131 50 108 28 44 28 46 208 L. M. Dosdall and D. J. Giberson

(two species in one genus). Perloidea includes Chloroperlidae (22 species in nine genera), Perlidae (10 species in eight genera), and Perlodidae (31 species in nine genera) (Table 2). The stonefl y fauna of the Prairie Provinces overwhelmingly consists of members with generally western distributions (based on the distribution classifi cations of Stark et al. 1998; see Table 3 for defi nitions). This pattern was evident for all families except for Perlidae, which has a number of widespread species spread over several geographical areas. Eighty- three species have western distributions, 26 species are midwestern, and 27 are in the northwest (note that there is some overlap since some species are found in more than one geographical area). Only 21 species in the three Prairie Provinces also occur in the east, and nine also occur in the northeast. Species patterns can be assessed for both ecological regions and political jurisdictions, and each type of assessment provides useful information. For example, species-at-risk programs under provincial jurisdiction require information about patterns within each province, but conservation efforts require ecological information that is not limited by political boundaries. Of the 131 Prairie Province stonefl y species reported in Table 3, only 61 are known from the Prairies Ecozone (Table 3, Fig. 2), including the Fescue Grassland, Mixed Grassland, and Moist Mixed Grassland ecoregions and the Cypress Upland and ecoregions. Many of these species are found in the downstream portions of rivers that originated in the mountains, or have dispersed across the northern boreal forest where

Fig. 2. Number of Plecoptera species and degree of species overlap for each province and habitat zone. Size of circles is proportional to the number of species. AB = Alberta; MB = Manitoba; SK = Saskatchewan; P = Prairies Ecozone; M = Montane Cordilleran Ecozone; B = Boreal, including the Boreal Plains and Boreal Shield ecozones. Stonefl ies (Plecoptera) of the Canadian Prairie Provinces 209

cool rivers, streams, and lakes provide numerous suitable habitats. A substantial proportion of the total (104 species) has been reported in mountain streams and lakes in the Montane Cordillera Ecozone, and 55 of these have been reported only in these habitats (Fig. 2). It is therefore not surprising that the majority of the prairie species have affi nities to the western mountains; nearly 70% (42 species) of the 61 species found in the Prairies Ecozone were also found in the mountain streams. There is also considerable overlap between the prairie and the boreal faunas, with 50 species occurring in boreal streams in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba; 40 of these also extend into rivers that fl ow into the Prairies (or 66% of the total prairie species). More than half (28 species) of the “boreal” species also occur in mountain streams, and 21 species occur in all three of the zones (Fig. 2). Provincially, the three Prairie Provinces show very different patterns. Alberta has the richest stonefl y fauna, with 108 species, refl ecting the large number of species found in the mountain streams and lakes (Table 2, Fig. 2). Forty-six of the Alberta species are found in the Prairies Ecozone (most of them in the grasslands sections of rivers such as the Bow or Waterton or in the Cypress Hills; Table 3). Saskatchewan and Manitoba have similar numbers of stonefl y species, both for total numbers (44 and 46 species, respectively) and for numbers found within grassland habitats of the Prairies Ecozone (36 and 38 species, respectively), sharing about two-thirds of their species (Fig. 2). Only 30% of the Alberta species are also found in Saskatchewan and 22% of the Alberta species are found in Manitoba (Fig. 2).

Origins of the Prairie Stonefl y Fauna The strong affi nity shown by the prairie grasslands Plecoptera to the boreal cordillera mountain fauna is due to the close proximity of the Alberta prairies to the mountains and foothills, the early postglacial drainage patterns, and the present-day direct drainage links (i.e., mainly the Saskatchewan River system; Flannagan and Flannagan 1982). This is particularly pronounced in Alberta, where 87% (40 of 46 species) of species in grassland habitats (including both the Moist Mixed Grassland and Mixed Grassland ecoregions) are also in the mountains (with the remaining six grasslands species also found in boreal streams). The overall mountain infl uence on the prairies fauna declines eastward. Close to 70% of species in grassland ecoregions in Saskatchewan are also found in the mountains (25 of 36 species, 18 of which are also in boreal streams), and only 45% of grassland ecoregions species in Manitoba are also found in the mountains (17 of 38 species, 15 of these also in boreal streams) (Table 3). Therefore, although the majority of the Prairies Ecozone species (36) are believed to have originated in the southwestern refugia (Ricker 1964; Dosdall and Lehmkuhl 1979; Flannagan and Flannagan 1982), other refugia also contributed to the Plecoptera of the Canadian Prairies. Three species are believed to have colonized from the Southern Great Plains refugium (SC in Table 3) and 21 from the east and southeastern refugia (SE in Table 3). Only one species, Isoperla decolorata, has reached the edge of the prairies in Saskatchewan from the Beringia refugium (B in Table 3). There appears to be no evidence at present for truly endemic species that may have survived the Ice Age in the Cypress Hills refugium. The Plecoptera fauna of the prairies is therefore entirely the result of immigration from glacial refugia (Lehmkuhl 1980). When considered at the provincial level, the patterns also vary with distance from the mountains. The Plecoptera fauna of Alberta is dominated by species from the southwestern and western mountains (95 of 108 total species, 40 of 46 prairie species; Table 3). Two Alberta species, Acroneuria abnormis and Isoperla longiseta, were reported (Dosdall 210 L. M. Dosdall and D. J. Giberson

and Lehmkhul 1979) to have colonized the Prairie Provinces from the south via rivers in the Central Plains refugium rather than through forested streams in the east (though A. abnormis is also widespread in the east and may be eastern in origin), but of these, only I. longiseta has been reported in the Alberta Prairies Ecozone. Seven species have reached Alberta from the eastern refugia, presumably via northern connections through the Boreal Shield and Boreal Plains ecozones. All seven of these species are also in boreal streams in Alberta (Barton 1980), and only is also found in the Prairies Ecozone (Table 3). Four Alberta species likely originated in the Beringia refugium (Table 3), but no species are known to have reached the Alberta prairies from Beringia. Dosdall and Lehmkuhl (1979) and Dosdall (1992) summarized the postglacial stonefl y colonization patterns in Saskatchewan. Twenty-three of the 44 species (25 of 36 of the prairie grasslands species) colonized the province from the southwest (Table 3), and eight of these species (Isocapnia missourii, Utacapnia trava, Podmosta delicatula, Paraleuctra vershina, Suwallia lineosa, Hesperoperla pacifi ca, Isoperla quinquepunctata, and americana) are restricted (or nearly so) to the Cypress Hills of southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan. Except for Isoperla quinquepunctata (found in the South Saskatchewan River, as I. patricia), these species have not yet colonized the prairie rivers and streams immediately surrounding the Cypress Hills. A number of montane species dispersed north and east into the boreal regions of Saskatchewan (Table 3). Four of these, Capnia gracilaria, Capnia vernalis, cinctipes, and Claassenia sabulosa, subsequently moved south into the prairies from the boreal forest. The fi rst two are also known from the Cypress Hills, but not from the surrounding prairies, and it is likely that the origins of the prairie populations for these species are from the boreal forest rather than the Cypress Hills population. Thirteen species have colonized Saskatchewan from the east/southeast, and four of these, Pteronarcys dorsata, Shipsa rotunda, Isoperla marlynia, and Taeniopteryx nivalis, have dispersed from the eastern refugia into the Saskatchewan prairies. Five species are believed to have colonized Saskatchewan from Beringia, but Isoperla decolorata is the only species from Beringia that inhabits the prairies, and it does so only in Saskatchewan. Three species, Isoperla longiseta, , and Acroneuria abnormis, likely moved into Saskatchewan from the south via the Southern Great Plains refugium, moving northward just after the glacier started receding and when the Saskatchewan River was connected with the Missouri drainage. Both I. bilineata and A. abnormis are also widespread in the east (DeWalt et al. 2013), and so postglacial recolonization patterns should be confi rmed through further study. Flannagan and Flannagan (1982) and Burton (1984) summarized postglacial movements of stonefl ies in Manitoba. In contrast to that of the western provinces, the Manitoba fauna is dominated by stonefl y species colonizing from southeastern refugia (24 of 46 species; 24 of 38 prairie species; Table 3), refl ecting the importance of glacial Lake Agassiz, the predominant aquatic glacial feature in Manitoba. Fourteen species have reached Manitoba from the western refugia, and of these, Capnia confusa, C. gracilaria, Megaleuctra stigmata, Zapada cinctipes, Isogenoides elongata, and Malenka californica have reached the Manitoba prairies. It is likely that they moved through boreal forest aquatic connections and then southward into the Manitoba prairies. Five species have colonized Manitoba from Beringia, and all fi ve are restricted to northern and boreal parts of the province (Table 3). Three species of the Manitoba Prairies (A. abnormis, I. bilineata, and I. longiseta) are thought to have survived the Ice Age in the eastern or Great Plains refugia and moved northward as rivers changed with the glacial retreat (Dosdall and Lehmkuhl 1979; Flannagan and Flannagan 1982). Stonefl ies (Plecoptera) of the Canadian Prairie Provinces 211

Role in Environmental Monitoring Plecoptera are generally intolerant to pollutants (Surdick and Gaufi n 1978; Stewart and Stark 2002), making the stonefl ies useful tools in the study of environmental impacts. Exposure to contaminants or organic enrichment have caused structural deformities (Donald 1980) or reductions in species diversity and abundance (e.g., Donald and Mutch 1980; Dosdall and Lehmkuhl 1989a, 1989b) in Plecoptera in prairie streams. Impoundments have also caused downstream reductions in the plecopteran fauna by altering water temperature regimes, nutrient sources, and fl ow rates (Donald and Mutch 1980). The main river systems of the prairies have been subjected to intense pollution through city sewage, industrial discharges, agricultural contaminants, pest control, and regulation for irrigation purposes, hydroelectric generation, or fl ood control (Rosenberg et al. 2005; Schindler and Donahue 2006). These developments have undoubtedly had an impact on the abundance and diversity of the plecopteran fauna and may have caused localized extinctions of some species. For example, DeWalt et al. (2005) noted dramatic declines in many Plecoptera species in Illinois, which they attributed to habitat disruption, mainly from agriculture and urban development. They compared stonefl y records (published and from museum specimens) before and after 1950, noting two extinctions and 20 extirpations of a total of 77 species. The greatest impacts were on large and long-lived predatory perlids and perlodids and in large rivers in prairie habitats. Fochetti and de Figueroa (2006) suggest that in Europe, the Plecoptera are one of the most endangered groups in running waters, again due to habitat alteration from human activities. The narrow ecological requirements of stonefl ies and their relatively poor dispersal abilities mean that they do not tolerate these changes. Therefore, conservation efforts that could improve and maintain the abundance and diversity of prairie Plecoptera, especially at the local stream level, include riparian (streamside) protection and livestock fencing to reduce erosion and manure runoff into water bodies. Current efforts in all three Prairie Provinces to enact wastewater guidelines and control nutrient inputs could also help enhance the habitat for the prairie stonefl y fauna. However, climate change and increased anthropogenic development are expected to continue altering temperatures, water volumes, and nutrient loads in western Canadian streams (Schindler and Donahue 2006; and see Rosenberg et al. 2005 for specifi c data on silt loads, water chemistry, contaminants, and water volumes for different sections of the major western Canadian prairie rivers). Assessing the long-term effects of habitat alterations in these aquatic habitats is diffi cult because with few exceptions (e.g., the long-term studies on the Saskatchewan River system in Saskatchewan, summarized in Miyazaki and Lehmkuhl 2011), long-term records do not exist anywhere in the Prairie Provinces. It would be useful to repeat the province-wide surveys that were carried out during the 1970s (Dosdall and Lehmkuhl 1979) and 1980s (Burton 1984) to determine whether the stonefl y fauna has changed over the past three decades. Such surveys would not answer questions about faunal changes that have occurred since European settlement of the prairies, but could identify current species extirpations or species at risk. These surveys would be especially useful for the large river predatory species, which have declined in other prairie regions (e.g., DeWalt et al. 2005). In addition, surveys should be conducted on spring-brook habitats that are critical for much of the Canadian prairie stonefl y fauna. Stonefl ies are well-known indicators of clean and unpolluted waters, but without ongoing surveys and baseline assessments, their utility in monitoring both long-term changes and short-term remediation efforts, for example, are limited. Such assessments are urgently needed. 212 L. M. Dosdall and D. J. Giberson = b m, b p, b p, m, b = WV/KY WV/KY = = Beringia = northern B

NW = montane; 14 13, 14, 16 14, 17 m Origins: --m --m 6, 10 3, 6, Mexico. except as noted. Numbers in the 6 - 6, 10 3, 6, 6, 8, 9, 30 Prairie Provinces Distribution Prairie Provinces 6, 30 -6, 9, -30 m - - 3, 6, 6, 8, 9, 25, 30 M: et al. and 10 Key: Distribution summaries: NE .

3 29 . drainages 9 from DeWalt from DeWalt , including the Western Western et al 30 = wider eastern, including NE and SE; : Includes species that have been recorded from aquatic E . 30--m 30 30 . 3 Red River tributaries in Remarks: Ecozone in southern Manitoba; , and Bow River 3,16 25 . 9 Mountain streams Remarks: http://dx.doi.org/10.5886/gaqds797 = wider western, including NW and SW; and SW; = wider western, including NW and Manitoba 10 W Northwestern Nearctic and Rocky , Kananaskis 8 Remarks: Northwestern Nearctic : AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, SD, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, NM, SD, UT, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, : . Near high mountain lakes 18 . = southeastern origins. 9 USA SE AK, CO, ID, MT, NM, WY. WY. NM, AK, CO, ID, MT, and Notes AB SK MB Zone ; Waterton Remarks:

30 YK.

Remarks: and Bow River drainages Remarks: AL, AR, DC, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MD, MI, MN, MO, AR, DC, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, AL, 8 : MT. USA: WA. WA. USA: : MT. : MT. : CO, ID, MT, NM. : CO, ID, MT, USA Species checklist available at: USA: USA USA and boreal streams bordering the prairies , and Prairies Ecozone in Manitoba (Stoney Creek, Minnedosa) = SC/NC/TN south and west to LA and eastern TX; and eastern = SC/NC/TN south and west to LA 9,3 ; Bow River in Alberta ; Bow River in and boreal zone in Saskatchewan , BC. 30 SE Western mountains Western 30 30 3,14,17 c records. c fi AB BC, MB, SK, YK. BC, MB, SK, MB, ON, PQ. AB, BC, YK. AB, BC. AB, BC. AB, BC, MB, NT, SK, AB, BC, MB, NT, CAN: CAN: small cobble bottom streams in Iowa mountains MS, NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA, TN, TX, VA, WI, WV. WI, VA, TX, TN, OH, OK, PA, MS, NJ, NY, Mountains CAN: Alberta, boreal zone in Saskatchewan (from the montane to grasslands zones) in CAN: Waterton mountain zone in CAN: prairies zone Manitoba CAN: CAN: Remarks: = Southern Great Plains origin; SC SE = extreme southern CA, eastward to NM, AZ west TX; AZ west = extreme southern CA, eastward to NM, SW WSW NW SW? WSW E, MW NW SW? NW SW? NW SW? = prairies (referring to the Prairies Ecozone, including Cypress Hills and streams within the Aspen Parkland Ecoregion); = prairies (referring to the Prairies Ecozone, including Cypress Hills and streams within p y. fl (Ricker y. (Ricker fl y. fl y. (Claassen fl (Nebeker Claassen y. fl y. Ricker 1965. fl Claassen 1936. y. = OH/IN/IL/IO/WI/MI and Great Plains states; fl = southwestern and montane origins; MW n 1967). Glacier snow fi SW Plecoptera recorded from the Canadian Prairie Provinces. Common names and distribution summaries are Stark Capnia confusa snow Widespread Bolshecapnia sasquatchi 1965). Sasquatch snow Species, Common NameCapniidae Distr.Allocapnia granulata Orig.American Distribution North Capnia cheama Cheama snow Capnia coloradensis 1937. Colorado snow 1924). Common snow Bolshecapnia spenceri 1965). Ice snow Bolshecapnia milami and Gau boreal zone in Canada, but may also include other forested streams in the east. The North American distribution information is The North boreal zone in Canada, but may also include other forested streams the east. origins; habitats in the ecozone Canada: California northward (along mountains); northward; distribution columns refer to the reference footnotes for speci Table 3. Table Stonefl ies (Plecoptera) of the Canadian Prairie Provinces 213 p, m, b m, b p, b 3, 6, 14, 16, 18, 24, 26 3 ,6 p, 23, 16, 26 --m 6, 10 - p, m 6, 10, 12 6, 10, 20 --m - - p, m 6, 8, 30 6, 10, 30 6, 8, 10, 30 6, 8, 9, 26, 30 - - 3, 6, - 11 3, 6 b 6, 8, 30 6, 8, 9, 25, 30 . 6, 30 - - m 30 . 3 . . 10 . 6, 30 - - m 3, 26 30 Western Western An eastern ; southern 12 Rocky . . Remarks: 8 8 Remarks: AK, CO, ID, MI, MN, Northern Central to northern Rocky Remarks: USA: ; in the northern boreal , and at Churchill, Manitoba ; Waterton drainage in Alberta drainage in Waterton ; 11 30 8,9,26 Remarks: Northwestern Nearctic Remarks: Central to northern Rocky Mountains AK. ; grassland to mountain zones in both the . 26 Remarks: USA: 25,30 streams in Manitoba. This species was streams in Manitoba. Northern transcontinental and south along 18,24 Remarks: and Saskatchewan (near ) and springs in the Prairies Ecozone in Alberta (Big and springs in the Prairies Ecozone and Ricker described it as a cordilleran species : CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, SD, UT, NM, NV, : CA, CO, ID, MT, 21 , YK. 10 Western mountains Western 11 ; montane species occurring in Cypress Hills 18,24 30 CT, MA, ME, MI, NY, VT, WI. VT, MA, ME, MI, NY, CT, . Described by Ricker as an eastern species which has USA 10 Remarks: and prairie drainages in southern Alberta. drainages in southern AK, CO, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA, WY. WA, OR, UT, AK, CO, ID, MT, AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WA, OR, SD, UT, NM, NV, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, AK, ID, MT, OR, UT, WY. WY. OR, UT, ID, MT, USA: : AK, OR, WA. : AK, OR, WA. 9 : AK, CO, ID, MT, NM, UT, WY. WY. NM, UT, AK, CO, ID, MT, : 3,14 Remarks: MT, OR, WA. WA. OR, MT, USA: USA: USA: USA USA ; boreal habitats near Lake Athabasca ; boreal habitats near Lake USA: 30 Northwestern mountains ). (there are also old records (1918 and 1940) from the Saskatchewan River 20 ; mountain zone in Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton ; mountain zone in ; mountain zone in Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton ; mountain zone in 26 30 30 and Saskatchewan and Bow River 3 ; into the grassland zone in southern Alberta ; into the grassland zone in southern 8 30 BC, MB, NT, NU, ON, SK BC, MB, NT, AB, BC. MB, NB, ON, PQ. AB, BC, YK. AB, BC, YK. AB, BC, YK. AB, BC, MB, SK, YK. AB, BC, MB, SK, AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, NF, NT, NU, ON, PQ, SK. NT, AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, NF, : Baja California. : AB, BC, YK. : AB, SK, YK. Remarks: species reported from small streams near Aweme in southwestern Manitoba Aweme species reported from small streams near CAN: CAN: CAN: Mountains and western Nearctic Manitoba Waterton CAN: mountains Hill Springs, northwest of ) spread west WY. WY. CAN: MEX CAN: Mountains CAN: transcontinental MT, NM, NV, UT, WI, WY. WY. WI, UT, NM, NV, MT, Rockies CAN: CAN boreal (Duck Mountain) at Saskatoon CAN described from Aweme Manitoba Aweme described from which has spread over most of the prairies and Cypress Hills in Saskatchewan SE B W SW? NE, MW NE, NW W SW? WSW W SW? WSW E,W SW NW SW? WSW y. fl y. fl

y. Jewett fl y. fl (Claassen Ricker 1943. y. Claassen (Needham and fl Banks 1918. Newport 1848. y. y. fl fl Jewett 1954. y. Claassen 1924. y. fl fl y. fl Capnia sextuberculata 1954. Six-knobbed snow Dwarf snow Capnia nana Capnura manitoba 1924). Manitoba snow Eucapnopsis brevicauda (Claassen 1924). Short-tailed snow Thin snow Capnia petila Capnia gracilaria 1924. Slender snow Nearctic snow Capnia nearctica Capnia vernalis Vernal snow Vernal Isocapnia agassizi Agassiz snow Isocapnia crinita Claassen 1925). Hooked snow 214 L. M. Dosdall and D. J. Giberson b p, m, b 3, 6, 14 14 --m --m 11 --m 6, 10 3, 6, - - p,m 10 - p, m --m 6, 9, 30 6, 25, 30 - 6, 10, 6, 22, 28 6, 9, 10, 30 6, 31 - - m 6, 7, 8, 9, 30 Prairie Provinces Distribution Prairie Provinces 8, 30 - - m 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 30 6, 8, 9, 25, 30 . 25 ; 30 ; 30 and Cold 8 and also 10 Rocky ; grassland to Western Western 30 Remarks:

. 8 Northern Rocky drainages, Alberta. Remarks: Northwestern North 7,9 . drainages, Alberta. drainages, Remarks: 9 9 : Northwestern Nearctic Northwestern mountains Range limited to Rocky Remarks: Remarks: Western mountains Western ; Cypress hills in Saskatchewan (as ; Kananaskis area in Alberta Rockies ; Kananaskis area in Remarks . 7,9 30 3,14 and Bow River Remarks: 8 and Bow River Remarks: 8 collected by Ricker near Lake Louise, . Remarks: 3,14 : AR, CO, CT, DE, IL, KY, MA, MD, ME, DE, IL, KY, AR, CO, CT, : , Alberta; present in the Cypress Hills , 9 , Waterton USA . 25 , and Manitoba 31 Remarks: and Notes AB SK MB Zone

AK, CA, MT, OR. AK, CA, MT, AK, ID, MT, SD, WY. WY. SD, AK, ID, MT, : ID, MT. : ID, MT. 10,11 AK, MT, OR, WA. WA. OR, AK, MT, : AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, UT, WA. WA. NM, UT, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, : USA USA: AK, CA, ID, MT, OR, WA. WA. OR, AK, CA, ID, MT, USA: and Manitoba : AK, CA, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, UT, AK, CA, ID, MT, : 10 USA: USA USA USA: : ID, MT, WY. WY. : ID, MT, : CO, ID, MT, OR, UT, WY. WY. OR, UT, : CO, ID, MT, , BC. ). ; in Alberta, found in the mountain zone in Waterton River drainage Waterton Alberta, found in the mountain zone ; in ; in the mountain zone Bow River drainage USA USA 10 30 30 8,30 ; mountain zone in the Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton ; mountain zone in the . 30 22 AB AB, BC, YK. AB, BC, NT, YK. AB, BC, NT, AB, BC, MB, SK. AB. AB, BC, YK. : AB, BC, SK, YK. AB, BC, SK, : : AB. : LB, MB, NF, PQ, ON, SK. : LB, MB, NF, : AB, BC, YK. CAN: CAN Mountains CAN CAN: CAN: CAN: Mountains from Utah to Alberta Mountains from Utah to Alberta CAN: mountain zones along the Bow River America I. missouri boreal in Saskatchewan CAN Nearctic, extending southward along the mountains the grasslands to mountains in Bow River mountain zone in the Kananaskis Mountains streams, e.g., spring-fed streams or cold lake outlets; boreal in Saskatchewan (including Athabasca) sites around Lake CAN: CAN WY. WV, WI, VA, TN, SD, OH, OK, PA, MI, MO, NC, NH, NJ, NY, from grassland to mountain zones in Waterton from grassland to mountain zones in SW SE? NW SW? W, NW W SW? NW SW WSW W SW? W SW? W SW? W SW? E, MW, W y. y. fl fl (Claassen (Ricker y. Hanson fl y. (Neave (Frison fl n 1965). n y. y. (Banks 1907). (Banks 1907). fi fl fl Hanson 1943. Ricker 1959. y. fl y. y. fl fl y. fl Mesocapnia oenone snow 1929). Wine Isocapnia hyalita Hyalite snow Utacapnia columbiana 1924). Columbian snow Utacapnia trava (Nebeker and Gau Leuctridae augusta Yellowstone snow Yellowstone Autumn needle Isocapnia integra Alberta snow Utacapnia distincta 1937). Distinctive snow Species, Common NameIsocapnia grandis Giant snow Distr. Orig.American Distribution North 1943). Vedder snow 1943). Vedder Isocapnia vedderensis Isocapnia vedderensis Paracapnia angulata 1961. Angulate snow Stonefl ies (Plecoptera) of the Canadian Prairie Provinces 215 p, m p, m, b p, m 16 3, 6, 17 - --m --m --m - 3, 6, --m 6, 10, 20 11, 6, 10 ---m p, m - - 6, 10 - b 6, 8, 9, 25, 30 6, 8, 30 5, 6 - - m 4, 6, 8, 30 6, 8, 30 6, 8, 25, 30 2, 6, 30 6, 8, 10, 30 6, 8, 25, 30 8, 21, 30 ; ; 30 30 ; 30 . 18 ; , and Western Western 30 25 . . 21 8,25 across

; mountain zone in Rocky Mountains Remarks: , but is generally Western mountains Western 30 Reaches western 3,6 , Kananaskis ) 8 ; mountain zone in the 30 Western mountains Western Remarks: Remarks: . Remarks: 8 AK, IA, MI, PA, SD, WI. SD, AK, IA, MI, PA, . 10 . 3 USA: Northern Rockies and east to MB ; mountain zone in the Waterton and Waterton ; mountain zone in the Remarks: 30 and Cypress Hills, Alberta and Cypress Hills, stigmata 8 , and in streams bordering the prairies ; widespread boreal species 3,17 . 30 5 . : AL, CT, DE, FL, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, DE, FL, KY, AL, CT, : . Northern Rocky Mountains Remarks: and Burton 4,8 8,25 26 USA and Cypress Hills 8 AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WA, OR, SD, UT, NM, NV, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, ; mountain zone in the Waterton ; mountain zone in the ) in the mountain zone in the Waterton River drainage, Waterton ) in the mountain zone 30 CA, CO, MT, NM, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, NM, OR, UT, CA, CO, MT, WY. OR, ID, MT, Remarks: AK, CA, ID, MT, OR, WA; WA; OR, AK, CA, ID, MT, MT, WA. WA. MT, , and Manitoba AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, UT, NM, NV, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, USA: . . 10 30 10,11 ) across northern North America and central Rocky Mountains, ) across northern North USA: USA: USA: Only recorded so far from a Malaise trap sample, collected near USA: . . . USA: : AZ, CO, ID, MT, NM, SD, UT, WY. WY. NM, SD, UT, AZ, CO, ID, MT, : 30 30 30 MT, WY. WY. MT, M. spectabilis Western mountains and east to great plains Western ; reported in large springbrook habitat in Iowa and South Dakota ; reported in large USA A. linda . 20 drainages, Alberta. drainages, USA: (as 9 Remarks: Western mountains Western 8,21,30 . It was described from (as Winnipeg . It was described from , Saskatchewan 8 2 AB. AB, BC, MB. AB, BC, LB, MB, NT, ON, PQ, SK, YK. ON, PQ, SK, AB, BC, LB, MB, NT, AB. AB, BC, YK. AB, BC, YK AB, BC, YK AB, BC, YK AB : AB, BC, SK, YK AB, BC, SK, : : NB, NF, NS, ON, PQ, SK. : NB, NF, Remarks: CAN: CAN: CAN: WY. WY. CAN CAN: Alberta River drainage, Waterton the Saskatchewan Kananaskis River drainages, Alberta Kananaskis River drainages, mountains, commonly associated with springs MN, MS, NC, NJ, NY, OH, PA, SC, TN, VA, WI, WV. WV. WI, VA, TN, SC, OH, PA, MN, MS, NC, NJ, NY, Alberta River drainages, Waterton mountain zone in the Kananaskis and CAN extent in SK boreal zone Bow River Alberta CAN: CAN: Remarks: River drainage Waterton mountain zone in the Hinton in northwestern Alberta foothills Hinton in northwestern CAN: Remarks: CAN: in small and medium sized clear streams CAN: Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton and reported (as Alberta mountain zone in the Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton mountain zone in the found in springfed streams the northwest, so its occurrence MB was questioned (as a possible labeling error) by Ricker SE SE NW SW W SW? E, MW WSW W SW? E, MW W SW? W SW? W SW? W SW? W SW? y. fl y. fl was y. n and n fl fi (Banks (Neave y. fl y. (Koponen (Banks y. (Frison fl y. fl Baumann Gau fl

y. fl (Walker (Walker A. linda y. Baumann and fl (Ricker 1952). y). y. fl fl n 1972. Rockies forest 1972. n fi 1900). Giant needle Megaleuctra stigmata Paraleuctra vershina Nemouridae Amphinemura banksi and Gau Ricker 1974. Summit needle Paraleuctra forcipata Paraleuctra forcipata 1937). Bullshorn needle 1852). Eastern needle Leuctra ferruginea Stark 2009. Alberta needle Stark 2009. Paraleuctra alta Paraleuctra occidentalis needle 1907). Western Lednia tumana Meltwater forest 1924). Purcell needle 1917) (no common name, but the common name for lovely forest Perlomyia utahensis Needham and Claassen 1925. Utah needle Pomoleuctra purcellana Amphinemura palmeni 216 L. M. Dosdall and D. J. Giberson m, b p, m, b 27 3, 6 p, b 3, 6, 17 --m - 3, 6, 6, 10, 20 11, 6, 10, 20 --m - - m, b 6, 10 - p, m - 6, 10 6 m, b 6, 8, 30 2, 6, 30 2, 6, 30 - - 6, 28 p, b Prairie Provinces Distribution Prairie Provinces 6, 8, 9, 21, 30 6, 8, 30 6, 8, 9, 25, 30 6, 8, 10, 30

10

. 9 8 ; ; . 30 30 18 and prairie Western Western 3,17 ; restricted to ; northern boreal and bordering the , and Bow River 28 30 10 25 Holarctic; northern ; mountain zone in the . Remarks: 30 19 Northwestern mountains . and the North Saskatchewan 3,27 Remarks: , Kananaskis 8 10,11 . Remarks: 3 AK, AL, AR, IA, IL, MD, ME, AL, AK, Far northwestern . 10 ; mountain zone in the Waterton River Waterton ; mountain zone in the drainages, as well Big Hill Springs 9 30 IA, IL, ME, MI, NY, OH, PA, SD, OH, PA, IA, IL, ME, MI, NY, USA: Widespread in the east and across Canada Widespread ; mountain zone in the Waterton River, Alberta River, Waterton ; mountain zone in the AK, SD, WY. AK, SD, WY. , and Manitoba 2 Remarks: , CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WA, OR, SD, UT, NM, NV, , CA, CO, ID, MT, 30 USA: 30 . Reported in the northern boreal USA: AK. AK , and Saskatchewan 21 ; Cypress Hills 2 8 Remarks: and Notes AB SK MB Zone CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, UT, NM, NV, CA, CO, ID, MT, and Bow River

AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, UT, NM, NV, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, 8 , ON, PQ, SK. 30 USA: . USA: . AK, CO, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, UT, AK, CO, ID, MT, 30 USA: 30 ; northern boreal and in forested streams bordering the prairies USA: and in the Black Hills of South Dakota

10,20 ; mountain zone in the Waterton ; mountain zone in the USA: , YK 18 , YK 30 . Labrador west to Manitoba and south Illinois 30 30 30 . CO, ID, MT, NM, OR, WA, WY. WY. WA, NM, OR, CO, ID, MT, 8 NT

Western mountains extending eastward, in lowland streams and rivers, Western ; northern boreal in Alberta ; northern boreal in , reported as uncommon in Iowa where it was in medium to large rivers , reported as uncommon in Iowa where it was medium to large 3 USA: 30 Northwestern mountains in low elevation or montane springs streams Intermountain areas in small, high elevation creeks Remarks: in Saskatchewan; and both the boreal (Duck Mountain Park) 20 MB, SK, AB. AB, BC, MB, SK. AB, BC, NT LB, MB, NB, NS, ON, PE, PQ. AB, BC, MB, NT, NU, PQ. AB, BC, MB, NT, AB, BC, SK, YK. AB, BC, SK, AB, NB, MB, NT, NU AB, NB, MB, NT, AB, BC, YK Remarks: in low elevation or montane springs streams Remarks: CAN: CAN: CAN: MI, MN, MS, NY, SC, VA, WI. VA, SC, MI, MN, MS, NY, WI, WY. WI, WY. CAN: or montane CAN: in Saskatchewan. (Stoney Creek near Minnedosa) zones in Manitoba CAN: River in Saskatchewan CAN: (northwest of Calgary) in Alberta (northwest of Calgary) in drainage, Alberta drainages, Alberta. CAN: CAN: Remarks: mountains in small, high elevation creeks WY. WY. springbrooks in Iowa usually in leaf packs mountain zone in the Waterton mountain zone in the prairies Alberta northern boreal streams in in Manitoba Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton SE? B SE W SW? W SW? W SW? NE, MW NE, NW NW B W SW? E, NW WSW y. fl y. fl y. y. y. fl (Claassen fl fl (Claassen (Ricker Claassen y. (Frison 1942). fl (Claassen Esben-Petersen Jewett 1971. (Claassen 1923). y. y. fl fl y. fl exura fl Nemoura trispinosa 1923. Three-spined forest Nemoura arctica 1910. Arctic forest Nemoura rickeri Nearctic forest Least forest Podmosta decepta Intrepid forest Species, Common NameMalenka californica 1923). California forest Distr. Orig.American Distribution North Malenka Podmosta delicatula 1923). Delicate forest Shipsa rotunda 1923). Twisted forest 1923). Twisted Prostoia besametsa Prostoia 1952). Banded forest Stonefl ies (Plecoptera) of the Canadian Prairie Provinces 217 p, m, b 3, 6, 17, 26 3, 6 p, b - - p, m --m --m --m 6, 10, 11 6, 10, 20, 26 6, 8, 9, 21, 25, 30 8, 30 -8, 30 - -6, 25, 30 - m m 8, 9, 30 6, 8, 30 6, 8, 9, 10, 25, 26, 30 - - 3, 6 p, b 8, 30 - - m 2, 6, 26, 30

. 8 . .

8 8 9

; .

30 9 25 Remarks: Remarks: ). ; mountain zone in ; northern boreal 26 9 30 , and Bow River 25 and Bow River 8 and Waterton River Waterton and 25 Western mountains in Western Southern boreal streams that Western North America North Western , Kananaskis 8 ; prairies to the southern boreal in Remarks: 10,26 Remarks: Remarks: , and in the Saskatchewan River , and in medium sized streams with abundant 3 AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, SD, UT, WA, WA, SD, UT, NM, NV, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, 3 Northern Rocky Mountains . 8 , CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, UT, NM, NV, , CA, CO, ID, MT, , CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA. WA. OR, UT, NM, NV, , CA, CO, ID, MT, USA: 30 30 AK, CA, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, UT, AK, CA, ID, MT, ; Cypress Hills ; mountain zone in the Waterton ; mountain zone in the ; mountain zone in Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton ; mountain zone in Alberta River drainage, Waterton ; mountain zone in AK 30 30 30 AK AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, NM, NV, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, 10,11 ; mountain zone in the Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton ; mountain zone in the in Alberta. in Remarks: 30 USA: 21 AL, AR, CT, DE, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, ME, MI, MN, MO, DE, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, AR, CT, AL, ; mountain zone in the Kananaskis . and Manitoba : CO, MT, ND, UT. ND, UT. : CO, MT, 2 30 30 USA: USA: USA: . . 30 AK, CA, ID, MT, OR, WA. WA. OR, AK, CA, ID, MT, described it as a cordilleran species now spread over most of the 30 USA: USA , YK ; mountain zone in the Waterton ; mountain zone in the 26 ; Emerged in April/May in Kananaskis area streams in Alberta April/May in Kananaskis area streams in ; Emerged ID, MT. ID, MT. 30 30 30 (the type locality is the South Saskatchewan River . USA: Western North America from mountains to great plains and found over North Western 18 10,20 USA: , BC. USA: AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, UT, NM, NV, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, , BC. USA: . , BC,YK , BC, YK , BC, . Ricker Western mountains Western and Saskatchewan Western mountains Western Western mountains Western , and upper grasslands to mountains along the Bow River 8,9,30 8,30 8,30 8,30 2 and Cypress Hills 8 3,17

AB AB, BC, MB, NT, SK, YK. SK, AB, BC, MB, NT, AB AB AB, MB, SK. AB, BC, NT AB, BC. MB, ON, PQ. AB, BC, YK, NT. YK, NT. AB, BC, : AB Remarks: CAN: Manitoba in Alberta CAN: Remarks: the Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton the mountains Western Remarks: drainages CAN CAN: drainages, Alberta. CAN: CAN: Western mountains Western CAN: WY. a wide temperature range prairies. Saskatchewan CAN: small cold torrential streams CAN: WV. WI, VA, SC, MS, NC, ND, OH, OK, PA, Remarks: CAN: drainages border the Prairies Ecozone in Manitoba cobble in Iowa northern boreal in Alberta northern boreal in SE? NW SW? W SW? W SW? W SW? W SW? WSW WSW W SW? W SW? E, MW y. y. fl fl y. fl (Banks y. fl (Claassen y. (Claassen (Ricker fl (Neave 1933). (Banks 1897). (Baumann and y. (Classen 1923). fl y. fl (Ricker 1952). y. fl y. fl y. fl n 1971). Rocky Mountain fi Zapada frigida Frigid forest Soyedina potteri Gau forest Zapada haysi Intermountain stone Zapada oregonensis 1923). Oregon forest Taeniopterygidae occidentalis willow 1900). Western fosketti 1965). Saskatoon willow Zapada cinctipes Common forest Zapada columbiana 1923). Columbian forest Visoka cataractae Visoka Cataract forest fasciata (Burmeister 1839). Mottled willow 218 L. M. Dosdall and D. J. Giberson p, b p, m, b p, b 3, 6, 13 3, 6, 15, 16, 17, 26 3, 6, 16, 13 6, 10, 20 --m --m --m - - p, m --m 6, 10, 20 11, - - p, m --m 2, 6, 9, 30 6, 5, 30 6, 8, 30 6, 8, 25, 30 6, 5, 9, 30 Prairie Provinces Distribution Prairie Provinces 6, 25, 30 2, 6, 30 6, 8, 9, 30 6, 5, 25, 30 2, 6, 30

8 . 3 ; ; 30 30 ; grasslands 30 and Cypress and prairie ; found in the 2 ; boreal zone in Western Western 30 30 12,20 drainages, Alberta. drainages, 9 . 8 Eastern North ; boreal 30 River drainage, Alberta. River drainage, Western mountains Western Western mountains Western Remarks: 25 AL, AR, CT, DE, FL, GA, AR, CT, AL, . It is common in small clean . Western mountains Western Remarks: ) mountain zone in the Waterton ) mountain zone in the 5 3,13 USA: Remarks: Western mountains Western and Bow River Remarks: 25 ; Saskatchewan River and southern boreal streams in Manitoba and Kananaskis Remarks: 2,10,11 5 3,13 T. nigripennis T. Remarks: and Manitoba Northern North America Northern North , Kananaskis 5 ; grasslands to the mountain zone in Waterton Waterton ; grasslands to the mountain zone in ; (as CA, CT, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, ME, MI, MN, NY, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, ME, MI, MN, NY, CA, CT, 10,20 30 30 Widespread in the east, with localized populations Widespread . and Notes AB SK MB Zone AR, CO, CT, GA, IL, IN, KY, ME, MI, MN, MO, GA, IL, IN, KY, AR, CO, CT,

AK, ID, MT. AK, ID, MT. USA: 3,17,26 AK, CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, WA. WA. OR, NV, AK, CA, ID, MT, Remarks: , CA, ID, MT, OR, WA. WA. OR, , CA, ID, MT, AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, NM, OR, UT, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, AK, AK, ID, MT, WA, WY. WY. WA, AK, ID, MT, ID, MT, WY. WY. ID, MT, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, UT, NM, NV, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, . 30 USA: USA: 25 Remarks: drainages, Alberta. drainages, USA: 9 AK . USA: USA: USA: USA: ; Red River tributaries , Saskatchewan 2 30 2,9 . River drainages, Alberta. River drainages, USA: 18 25 ; mountain zone in the Waterton ; mountain zone in the Western North America North Western Western North America North Western 30 ; including northern boreal streams 30 in Saskatchewan; boreal (Duck Mountains to Hudson Bay) and prairie (Aweme, in Saskatchewan; boreal (Duck Mountains to Hudson Bay) and prairie (Aweme, and Bow River AB, BC, YK. AB, BC, YK. AB, MB, ON, PQ, SK. AB, BC, MB, NB, NS, NT, ON, PE, PQ, SK. AB, BC, MB, NB, NS, NT, AB, BC, YK. AB, BC, YK AB, BC, YK. AB, BC. AB, MB, ON, PQ. YK. AB, BC, NT, 8 10 CAN: Remarks: habitats in Alberta habitats in CAN: CAN: MS, NM, NJ, NY, OH, PA, SC, TN, VA, WI, WV, WY. WY. WV, WI, VA, TN, SC, OH, PA, MS, NM, NJ, NY, America, extending west from New Mexico and northward into Alberta America, extending west from New Mexico and northward into CAN: Kananaskis area streams Hills sites in Manitoba Treesbank) mountains River CAN: WA. WI, UT, OH, OR, PA, CAN: SC, OH, OK, PA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, NH, NJ, NY, IL, IN, KY, WI, WV. VT, TN, VA, the NW CAN: Alberta River drainage in southern Waterton mountain zone in the and Kananaskis CAN: Remarks: CAN: northeastern Alberta to mountain zones in Waterton River Waterton to mountain zones in CAN: streams in Iowa mountain zone in the Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton mountain zone in the SE SE SE WSW E, MW, W WSW W SW? E, MW, W E, MW W SW? W SW? W SW? W SW? y. fl y. fl (Banks y. (Banks y. y. fl fl Banks fl (Fitch Banks 1920. Ricker 1952. (Banks 1895). Frison 1935. cum Needham and (Hagen 1861). fi y. y. fl fl y. y. fl fl c willow c fi y. fl Taeniopteryx 1918. Hooked willow Alloperla severa sall Western Alloperla serrata Claassen 1925. Sawtooth sall Taeniopteryx nivalis Taeniopteryx 1847). Boreal willow Haploperla brevis Least sall Species, Common Name paci Taenionema 1900). Paci Distr. Orig.American Distribution North Alloperla medveda Beartooth sall Kathroperla perdita Kathroperla Longhead sall Taenionema pallidum Taenionema 1902). Common willow Chloroperlidae Alloperla delicata Delicate sall Stonefl ies (Plecoptera) of the Canadian Prairie Provinces 219 m, b --m --m --m --m - - p, m 12 6, 17 p, --m 6, 10 - p, m --m 6, 5, 30 6, 8, 30 6, 8, 9, 25, 30 6, 8, 9, 25, 30 6, 5, 9, 25, 30 6, 7, 8, 9, 25, 30 6, 30 - - m 1, 6, 30 6, 30 - -1, 6, m 8, 10, 30 6, 8, 25, 30 .

17

;

; 25 30 30 ; River Western Western 30 25 . ; collected Triznaka Triznaka 9 Remarks: 30 , and Bow Remarks: 25 Remarks: . 10 and Kananaskis 8 drainages, Alberta. drainages, 9 Western mountains Western and Kananaskis 5 , Kananaskis 8 ) . . 5 8 ; prairie to mountain zones Northwestern mountains 30 and mountain zone in the Waterton Waterton and mountain zone in the Northern Rocky Mountains 1 Remarks: and Bow River 25 drainages, Alberta; southern boreal in drainages, ) 9 Remarks: Remarks: S. starki. Neaviperla forcipata AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, OR, WA, WY. WY. WA, NM, OR, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, , CA, CO, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, , CA, CO, ID, MT, , as well in the Cypress Hills AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WA, OR, UT, NM, NV, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, AK, 8 30 ; mountain zone of Waterton ; mountain zone of River (as Waterton ; mountain zone in the Waterton ; mountain zone in the AK, CO, ID, MT, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, SD, UT, AK, CO, ID, MT, 30 30 30 USA: indicate that records of this species in western Canada AK WY. WA, OR, UT, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, . USA: 30 CA, ID, MT, OR, WA. WA. OR, CA, ID, MT, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, UT, NM, NV, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, WY. WA, OR, SD, UT, NM, NV, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, NM, OR, SD, UT, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, AK, MT, WA. AK, WA. MT, , and Bow River . Alloperla diversa 30 . USA: 25 30 12 USA: USA: . CO, ID, MT, WY. WY. CO, ID, MT, 1 , YK . . USA: USA: USA: USA: USA: ; found in Banff National Park ; found in Banff 30 30 30 30 USA: Western, extending into SW Canada extending into SW Western, , and in cool spring-fed streams the Duck Mt. region of Manitoba 12 , Kananaskis . 8 Central and northern Rocky Mountains Coast Western mountains Western mountains Western Western mountains Western 30 , Kananaskis (as 8 drainages, Alberta. drainages, ) AB, BC, NT AB, BC, YK. AB, BC, YK AB, BC, YK. AB, BC, YK. AB, BC, SK, YK, AB, BC, SK, AB, BC, YK AB, BC, YK. AB, BC. AB, BC, YK. AB, BC, MB, SK 1,9 Remarks: CAN: CAN: CAN: WY. WY. mountains Remarks: Remarks: CAN: CAN: Western mountains Western CAN: mountain zone in the Waterton (as Waterton mountain zone in the CAN: Remarks: Northwestern mountains Alberta may refer to north of southern CAN: Alberta in near Banff diversa River drainage, southern Alberta River drainage, southern in Waterton Note: Stewart and Oswood CAN: mountain zone in the Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton mountain zone in the Remarks: CAN: CAN: Saskatchewan Alberta River drainage, Waterton mountain zone in the drainages and extending from montane to grasslands along the Bow River River River drainages, Alberta. River drainages, NW SW? NW SW? W SW? W SW? W SW? WSW W SW? WSW NW SW? NW SW? WSW y. fl y. fl y. fl (Frison (Banks (Neave 1929). (Banks 1904). (Hoppe 1938). Ricker 1965. (Banks 1918). (Banks 1895). y. (Frison 1935). Alexander and fl y. y. fl y. fl y. fl y. fl fl y. fl y. fl Plumaperla diversa sall 1935). Margined Sweltsa borealis Boreal sall Suwallia lineosa Lined sall Suwallia autumna Autumn sall Paraperla wilsoni Suwallia starki Stewart 1999. Gallatin sall Chilliwack sall 1902). Hyporheic sall Paraperla frontalis Paraperla frontalis Suwallia dubia Pale sall Sweltsa albertensis (Needham and Claassen 1925). Alberta sall Suwallia forcipata Suwallia forcipata Suwallia pallidula Forceps sall sall Yellow 220 L. M. Dosdall and D. J. Giberson m, b p, b, m p, b 3, 6, 26 3, 6, 15, 16, 26 --m 6, 10 ---m p, 6, 10, 20 --m 10, 11 - - p, m 6, 8, 30 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 26, 30 6, 8, 30 8, 30 -2, 6, -30 m - - 3, 6 p, b Prairie Provinces Distribution Prairie Provinces 6, 8, 9, 25, 30 - 2, 6, 6, 8, 9, 25, 30 ; 30

; ; 30 . 30 . It is . 6, 30 - - m 18 , 8 30 3,26 . . and Bow 8 10 8,26 Remarks: ; boreal habitats 10 c Northwest c fi Western mountains Western drainages, Alberta. drainages, ; Saskatchewan River in 9 2 to streams along the edge of Northwestern mountains 11 . . 8 8 Remarks: Northern Rocky Mountains Remarks: , and Bow River Mountains of the Paci AL, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, IA, IL, IN, AL, CO, CT, 25 Eastern North America extending across the Eastern North Widespread eastern species extending to Widespread Remarks: CT, FL, KY, IA, ME, MI, MN, NC, ND, NJ, FL, KY, CT, USA: reported from Churchill in the north to Souris ; boreal zone in Alberta ; boreal zone in . 30 ; grasslands to mountain zones in Waterton ; grasslands to mountain zones in 18 . 30 3 USA: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: ; grasslands to mountain zones in Waterton ; grasslands to mountain zones in and Notes AB SK MB Zone , Kananaskis

AK, CO, ID, MT, NM, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, NM, OR, SD, UT, AK, CO, ID, MT, 8 30 drainages, Alberta. drainages, 9 Remarks: AL, CT, GA, KY, MA, MD, ME, MS, NC, NH, NJ, NY, MA, MD, ME, MS, NC, NH, NJ, NY, GA, KY, AL, CT, AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WA, OR, SD, UT, NM, NV, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, AK, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, UT, NV, AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, AK, ID, MT, NV, UT, WY. WY. UT, NV, AK, ID, MT, USA: OR, WA. WA. OR, . It is reported in a wide range of streams Iowa, where it AK, MT, OR, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, AK, MT, WY. OR, ID, MT, USA: 3,26 USA: USA: USA: ; mountain zone in the Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton ; mountain zone in the 30 USA: ; widespread in southern Manitoba, including prairie streams and the USA: USA: Western mountains Western and Saskatchewan (from Lake Athabasca and Saskatchewan (from Lake 2 10,20 , and Bow River , BC. 25 Western mountains Western 8,30 drainages, Alberta; through the northern boreal zone to Saskatchewan drainages, AB, BC, YK. AB, BC, YK. AB, BC. AB, BC, YK. AB, BC. ON, PQ, SK. AB, MB, NB, NF, MB, ON, PQ. MB, NB, NS, ON, PQ, SK. AB, BC, SK, YK. AB, BC, SK, AB 9 Remarks: River in the southwest of Manitoba WY. WY. CAN: CAN: Western mountains Western OH, PA, SC, TN, VA, WV. WV. SC, TN, VA, OH, PA, CAN: CAN: CAN: CAN: SC, OH, PA, NC, ND, NE, NM, NY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MS, MT, KS, KY, WY. WI, WV, VA, SD, TN, UT, CAN: plains and into the Rocky Mountains reported from small cobble bottom creeks and upper parts of large rivers in Iowa reported from small cobble bottom creeks and upper parts of large River the prairie, where nymphs were often collected under rocks in rapids) apparently tolerant of mild pollution Aweme and Winnipeg in Manitoba, and prairies zone at Winnipeg east of Lake NY, OH, PA, TN, VA, WI, WV. WI, WV. TN, VA, OH, PA, NY, CAN: boreal Alberta southern boreal zone mountain zone in the Waterton mountain zone in the Alberta River drainage, Waterton mountain zone in the Saskatchewan Kananaskis mountain zone in the Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton mountain zone in the CAN: Remarks: CAN: SC or SE? SE WSW W SW? NW SW? WB W SW? E, MW, W E SE? E, MW WSW NW SW? (Banks (Newman (Banks y. y. (Newman fl fl Ricker 1952. (Jewett 1955). (Ricker, (Ricker, (Banks 1895). (Banks 1907). (Banks 1920). y. y. fl fl y. y. fl fl y. fl delis fi Mountain sall Sweltsa revelstoka Sweltsa revelstoka Canadian sall Utaperla sopladora Black sall Peltoperlidae brevis Yoraperla Least roach Perlidae abnormis Acroneuria 1838). Common stone (Fig. 1A). carolinensis Acroneuria 1905). Carolina stone. Acroneuria lycorias Acroneuria 1839). Boreal stone. Species, Common NameSweltsa coloradensis 1898). Colorado sall Distr. Orig.American Distribution North Triznaka signata Triznaka Striped sall Yoraperla mariana Yoraperla 1943). Brown roach Sweltsa Stonefl ies (Plecoptera) of the Canadian Prairie Provinces 221 p p, b m, b 3, 15, 26 16, 26 3, 6 p, 6, 26 p, b 6, 10 - p, m 10, 12, 20 6, 10, 20 11, --m 15 6, 8, 9, 10, 30 - - - 3, 6, 2, 6, 9, 30 6, 8, 9, 30 - 6, 10, , , . 10 and 10 3,10,15,20,26 P. dakota P. . 6, 30 - - m , and is ; mountain 30 26 30 rmed as rmed fi . 18 species are present in (R.E. DeWalt, Pers. (R.E. DeWalt, ; across the boreal zone 30 . 18 Western mountains Western AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, in a number of accounts Perlesta P. dakota P. USA: rmed for Saskatchewan (see below), ; prairie to the mountain zone in , is reported to be widely distributed fi , and in a number of prairie rivers 30 Northern Rocky Mountains Collected around Aweme in the Prairies Aweme Collected around Remarks: 10,12,20 ; prairie to the mountain zone along 3 Northern boreal region in Saskatchewan Perlesta placida P. decipiens P. drainages, Alberta. drainages, ; cool shaded streams in Iowa 9 Remarks: Remarks: AR, CT, DE, IA, IL, IN, KY, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, DE, IA, IL, IN, KY, AR, CT, 3,26 Northern and western NA was recently con drainages, Alberta; Cypress Hills in Saskatchewan drainages, 9 AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, OR, SD, UT, NM, NV, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, AK, Remarks: , ON, PQ, SK, YK. , ON, PQ, SK, tting the description of fi USA: 30 and Manitoba 10,11 USA: . , under stones in larger streams and lakes ponds , under stones in larger 20 Remarks: , so may occur in the Canadian Prairie Provinces as well. 6 CA, ID, MT, OR, WA. WA. OR, CA, ID, MT, ID, MT, WY. WY. ID, MT, and Bow River 3,26 Widespread in western NA Widespread 8 . It was recorded as and Prairies Ecozone (Lemsford Ferry on the South Saskatchewan 3 9 AL, AR, DC, FL, GA, IA, IL, IN, KS, MD, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, AL, Perlesta dakota USA: USA: and Bow River 8 USA: specimens from Saskatchewan (LMD, personal collection) and Manitoba Saskatchewan Specimens from this species complex have been collected from the Torch Torch Specimens from this species complex have been collected the Remarks: 2 in Manitoba

MB. AB, BC. AB, BC, SK, YK. AB, BC, SK, AB, BC. AB, BC, MB, NT, NU AB, BC, MB, NT, MB, NB, ON, PQ, SK. Perlesta southwest Manitoba Bow River, Alberta Bow River, in Alberta River Waterton CAN: WV. WI, VA, OH, PA, NH, NY, zone in the Waterton zone in the CAN: but but this is now known to be a large complex of several species (Stark 1989; Kondratieff complex of several species (Stark 1989; Kondratieff but this is now known to be a large and Myers 2011). reported from large slow rivers with woody debris in Iowa reported from large CAN: CAN: WY. WA, Remarks: Assiniboine River (southern prairie) Aspen Parkland Ecoregion), River (in Saskatchewan and edges of the boreal zone in Saskatchewan CAN: OR, SD, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, SD, UT, River) in Saskatchewan CAN: boreal and prairie rivers in Manitoba NE, NY, OH, PA, SC, TN, VA, WI. VA, TN, SC, OH, PA, NE, NY, (Wallace Roughley Museum, University of Manitoba) could not be con (Wallace Ecozone with at least one specimen not Comm.). Further collecting is needed to establish which the Canadian Prairies. Another species, the Canadian Prairies. in warm streams through the American midwest and in the larger rivers of the plains and American midwest and in the larger in warm streams through the foothills of the Rockies SE SE SE E, MW E, MW W SW? WSW E, MW, W W SW? WSW

(Banks complex) (Walker (Walker ca (Hagen 1861). fi (placida sp. 1852). Embossed stone. Paragnetina media Attaneuria ruralis Giant stone. Calineuria californica stone. Western (Banks 1905). 1900). Golden stone. Doroneuria theodora Doroneuria (Needham and Claassen 1922). Montana stone. paci Hesperoperla Perlesta Claassenia sabulosa (Banks 1900). Shortwing stone (Fig. 1B). 222 L. M. Dosdall and D. J. Giberson b p, b m, b p, b 3, 6, 10 3, 6, 17 3, 6 p, 3, 6, 16, 26 11 - 6 p, m - - p, m 11 6, 10, 20 20, 26 * - 6, 10, 6, 8, 9, 26, 30 Prairie Provinces Distribution Prairie Provinces 8, 9, 26 6, 30 6 - m, b - - 3, 6 p, b - 6, 10, 8, 9 - - p, m 2, 6, 9, 26, 30 - 6, 10,

8 ; 30

, Bow Western Western 8 Remarks: Boreal forest in Remarks: Remarks: ; prairie to mountain 30 . , Waterton River , Waterton 26 2008) were determined to 26 Remarks: . 3 Aweme and Assiniboine River and Aweme et al. ; prairie rivers in southern Circumpolar northern species 10 Prairies Ecozone in the Waterton Waterton Prairies Ecozone in the . 3 AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, OR, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, AK, ; Phillips . Remarks: 18 . Remarks: 3,17 USA: . AL, CO, CT, FL, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, MA, FL, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, AL, CO, CT, 3 Remarks: ) Specimens of this species from a prairie river in P. placida P. AK. ; North and South Saskatchewan Rivers in ME, MI, MN, NY, WI. ME, MI, MN, NY, 9 ; prairie to the mountain zone in the Waterton River Waterton ; prairie to the mountain zone in AZ, CO, ID, MT, NM, UT, WY. WY. NM, UT, AZ, CO, ID, MT, USA: 26 and Notes AB SK MB Zone

CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WY. WY. OR, UT, NM, NV, CA, CO, ID, MT, , SK, YK. , SK, USA: USA: ) in Manitoba. 30 krumholzi USA: 26 . Remarks: AZ, CO, ID, MT, NM, SD, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, NM, SD, UT, AZ, CO, ID, MT, I IA, MN, MI, NY. IA, MN, MI, NY. , and Manitoba USA: Rocky Mountains and across the north and near Churchill in Manitoba 10,11 drainages, Alberta. drainages, 9 10,11 USA: USA: ; described as a cordilleran species which has spread over most 30 ND, SD. and Manitoba (near The Pas) and Manitoba (near drainages in Alberta, as far east Lethbridge drainages in ; prairies to mountains in Alberta (Lethbridge ; prairies to mountains in 9 Remarks: 10,20 26 , BC, NT, YK. , BC, NT, . USA: by B. Kondratieff (*D. Parker, Pers. Comm.). (*D. Parker, by B. Kondratieff ; medium to large rivers in Iowa ; medium to large 30 Western mountains; only found above 1800 m elevation in the southern parts Western 8,9,26 3,26 SK*. and Bow River ) and prairies (Aweme AB, BC, MB, NT, NU AB, BC, MB, NT, AB, BC, SK, YK. AB, BC, SK, MB, NF, ON, PQ, SK. MB, NF, MB, NB NF, ON, PQ, SK. MB, NB NF, AB, BC, MB. MB, NT, NU, SK, YK. NU, SK, MB, NT, BC, MB, PQ. AB 8 9 , BC, CA, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, , BC, CA, ID, MT, 8,9 P. dakota P. CAN: CAN: Remarks: of the range CAN: northern Saskatchewan River species in and near the mountains southern Saskatchewan (reported as be Alberta zones along the Bow River, of the prairies CAN: ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, ND, NE, NY, OH, PA, SD, VA, WI, WV. WV. WI, VA, SD, OH, PA, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, ND, NE, NY, “northern Great Plains” species in Saskatchewan A and Bow River CAN: Manitoba CAN: River in southwest Manitoba (as CAN: CAN: northern boreal in SK Saskatchewan UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, UT, CAN: Western Mountains Western SE SC or SE? SE? WSW W SW? NE, MW MW ? WSWAB E, MW WSW NW B E, MW WSW y. fl y. (Hagen fl y. (Hagen y. fl y. fl (Newman fl (Frison (Say 1823). (Needham (Frison 1937). (Linnaeus (Ricker 1952). y. y. (Fig. 1C). Kondratieff and Kondratieff fl fl

y. fl Nearctic spring knowltoni 1838). Hudsonian spring Species, Common NamePerlesta dakota Baumann 1999 Distr. Orig.American Distribution North tostonus spring Toston Isogenoides colubrinus 1874). Blackfoot spring 1874). Elongate spring Two-lined stripetail. Two-lined Isogenoides elongatus Isoperla bilineata Diura bicaudata 1758). Lapland spring Isogenoides doratus 1942). Indiana spring Perlodidae Cultus aestivalis and Claassen 1925). Summer spring Stonefl ies (Plecoptera) of the Canadian Prairie Provinces 223 m, b m, b p, b p, m, b - p, 3, 6, 15, 16, 26 3, 6 p, b 3, 6, 16, 26 - -- p, - m, b 6, 10, 12 20 20 6, 10, 20, 26 - - p, m 2, 6, 8, 9, 30 2, 6, 8, 30 6, 9, 30 - 6, 10, 30 6, 10, 2, 6, 8, 9, 26, 30 - - 3, 6 b 6, 8, 26, 30 - - 3, 6 b .

20

10 . . 10,12 3 Rocky as far 8 ; prairie- 30 Remarks: and prairie to 8 Remarks: , Saskatchewan , but considered a . 2 26 and both northern 2 . Southern boreal in Baja California. ; prairie to mountain 18 8 10,20 Reported from large Reported from large Northwestern MEX: . 3, 26 Remarks: Remarks: A common eastern species; southern A Remarks: and boreal forest 26,30 AK. ; mountain zone in the Waterton River Waterton ; mountain zone in the 2 CO, IA, ID, IL, KS, MN, MO, MT, ND, NM, CO, IA, ID, IL, KS, MN, MO, MT, . ; northern boreal zone in Saskatchewan USA: 3 9 CO, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, ME, MI, MN, NE, CO, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, Remarks: CT, DE, IN, ME, MI, MN, NC, NY, PA, WI. PA, DE, IN, ME, MI, MN, NC, NY, CT, ; across the prairies in Alberta ; across the prairies in 9 AK, CO, ID, MT, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, UT, AK, CO, ID, MT, , where it is reported as a “rare northern species” USA: USA: USA: 10,20 AL, AR, CT, FL, IA, IN, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, FL, IA, IN, KY, AR, CT, AL, ; Prairies Ecozone in Waterton River drainage Waterton ; Prairies Ecozone in USA: , SK, YK. , SK, 30 . 30 26 , and boreal zone in northeastern Alberta , and boreal zone in northeastern ID, MT, OR, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, ID, MT, . 9 USA: , PQ, SK. 30 Prairies Ecozone in the Waterton River drainage Waterton Prairies Ecozone in the but is boreal in Saskatchewan and borders the Prairies Ecozone 10,18 30 CA, CO, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, UT, CA, CO, ID, MT, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, UT, NM, NV, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NT USA: , SK, YK. , SK, ; Prairies Ecozone in Waterton river drainage Waterton ; Prairies Ecozone in

y fl 30 30 . 8 USA: USA: . Described as a cordilleran species which has spread over most of the Remarks: 3 ; boreal in northeastern Alberta ; boreal in northeastern This species was reported from the southern boreal zone in Manitoba Western mountains Western 30 ; small to medium sized streams in Iowa and Wisconsin ; small to medium sized streams in Iowa and 3 ; Rocky Mountains to the Great Plains 26 AB, BC, MB, AB, BC, YK. AB, BC. MB, NB, ON, PQ. AB, BC, MB, NT, NU AB, BC, MB, NT, MB, NB, NS, ON, PQ, SK. AB, BC. MB, NB, NS, ON, PE, PQ. AB, BC, NT Western mountains Western mountains drainage, Alberta CAN: locations in Manitoba (Churchill) and southern (Aweme) CAN: CAN: Remarks: CAN: Manitoba MN, MO, MS, NC, NY, OH, PA, SC, TN, VA, WI, WV. WV. WI, VA, TN, SC, OH, PA, MN, MO, MS, NC, NY, CAN: It is reported from Churchill in Manitoba CAN: boreal and in the Saskatchewan River drainage and Manitoba WV. WI, VA, SC, OK, PA, NH, NJ, NY, CAN: edge to mountain zones along Bow River CAN: in the North Saskatchewan River CAN: Remarks: prairies typical prairie stone east as Lethbridge in Alberta east as Lethbridge in rivers in or near tundra zone along the Bow River mountain zones along the Bow River Mountain and northwest Canada in small mid-sized clear water streams SD, UT, WY. WY. SD, UT, SC SW SE? SE SE? MW, MW, W NW SW? Mex, W WSW E, MW NW B E, MW WSW NE, MW (Walker (Walker Needham Banks 1906.

Frison 1942. Illies 1966. Needham and Frison 1937. Claassen 1937. Plains stripetail. Isoperla fusca Isoperla longiseta Isoperla pinta Checkered stripetail. Claassen 1925. Waterton Waterton Claassen 1925. stripetail. Isoperla petersoni and Christenson 1928. Springs stripetail. Isoperla dicala Sable stripetail. Isoperla decolorata 1852). Bear Lake stripetail. Isoperla marlynia (Needham and Claassen 1925). Midwestern stripetail. Isoperla fulva stripetail. Western Wisconsin stripetail. Wisconsin Isoperla frisoni 224 L. M. Dosdall and D. J. Giberson p, b - p, m 3, 6, 16, 17, 26 --m --m --m 6, 10, 12, 20 --m 11, 20 11, 8, 9, 30 6, 8, 30 Prairie Provinces Distribution Prairie Provinces - -6, 8, 30 3, 6 p, b 6, 7, 8, 9, 26, 30 6, 30 - - m, b 8, 30 - -8, 9, 30 m 6, 30 6, 10, ; 20

; 30 I. . 6, 30- -. 6, m 30 Rivers, ; small cold- (as 9 3 Widespread Widespread . 30 and Bow 8 8 Western Western . 8 Widespread across Widespread and Bow 8 Northwestern Remarks: CT, DE, IA, KY, ME, DE, IA, KY, CT, drainages, Alberta. drainages, Western mountains Western 9 Remarks: . 18 USA: Western mountains Western Remarks: Remarks: . 18 Remarks: Remarks: and Bow River 8 , but also further south in or near the prairies Rocky Mountains (type locality is in ; mountain zone in the Waterton ; mountain zone in the 3,17,26 30 Widespread in western North America in western North Widespread ; mountain zone in the Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton ; mountain zone in the and Notes AB SK MB Zone AR, CT, IA, ME, MI, MN, MO, NY, OH, OK, PA, VA, VA, OH, OK, PA, IA, ME, MI, MN, MO, NY, AR, CT,

Remarks: 30 AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY. WA, OR, UT, NM, NV, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, AK, CA, CO, ID, KS, MT, NE, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WY. WY. OR, SD, UT, NE, NM, NV, CA, CO, ID, KS, MT, USA: AK, CA, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, AK, CA, ID, MT, WY. UT, NM, NV, AK, CO, ID, MT, uenced by groundwater in Iowa fl CO, ID, MT, NM, UT, WY. WY. NM, UT, CO, ID, MT, and Manitoba Remarks: . 2 AK, CA, ID, MT, OR, WA. WA. OR, AK, CA, ID, MT, ID, MT. . 10,11 ); medium sized rivers in Iowa USA: USA: Southern boreal streams near the prairies in Manitoba USA: USA: USA: 3,26 CA, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY. WY. WA, OR, CA, ID, MT, 10,12,20 ; mountain zone in the Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton ; mountain zone in the USA: USA: 30 , BC. , BC.

, BC. . ; mountain zone in the Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton ; mountain zone in the Waterton ; mountain zone in the 8 USA: ) Western mountains Western 30 30 8,30 8,9,30 8,9,30 Remarks: ); reported in the Prairies Ecozones of both the Waterton ); reported in the Prairies Ecozones of both Baja California. drainages, Alberta. drainages, AB AB. AB, BC, SK. AB, BC, YK. AB, BC. AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, NF, NS, ON, PE, PQ, SK. AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, NF, MB, NB, NS, PQ. AB AB, BC. AB 9 I. ebria in western North American Mountains in western North Waterton Park) Waterton mountains CAN: CAN: Alberta; Cypress Hills, South Saskatchewan River, and other streams in the southwest Alberta; Cypress Hills, South Saskatchewan River, in Saskatchewan patricia water streams that are in boreal forest in Alberta boreal forest in mountains (as CAN: MEX: Remarks: River CAN: CAN: WI, WV. WI, WV. CAN: CAN: CAN: CAN: CAN: zone in both provinces (Saskatchewan: North Saskatchewan River, Carrot River area zone in both provinces (Saskatchewan: North Saskatchewan River, Manitoba: Aweme MI, MN, NC, NJ, NY, OH, PA, SD, VA, WI, WV, WY. WY. WV, WI, VA, SD, OH, PA, MI, MN, NC, NJ, NY, boreal Saskatchewan SW SE SE? W SW? W SW? Mex, W W SW? NW SW? E, MW NE, MW W SW? NW SW? W SW? y. fl

y. (Newman fl (Ricker (Banks 1908). (Smith 1917). (Hagen 1874). (Banks 1902). y. Banks 1906. y. fl (Hagen 1874). fl (Needham and y. fl signata Megarcys Larimide spring Perlinodes aureus Perlinodes aureus Longgill spring (Banks 1902). Fivespot stripetail. Species, Common NameIsoperla quinquepunctata Distr. Orig.American Distribution North Isoperla sobria Isoperla sordida Notched stripetail. Colorado stripetail. 1838). Boreal stripetail. Isoperla signata Isoperla transmarina Kogotus nonus Claassen 1925). Smooth spring watertoni Megarcys 1952). Glacier spring Transverse stripetail. Transverse Sickle spring Kogotus modestus Stonefl ies (Plecoptera) of the Canadian Prairie Provinces 225 Stark 28 Donald p p, m, b p, m, b m, b 8 Mutch and 21 15, 16 14 3, 6, 16, 26 - m, b Ricker 1952; 27 Donald 1980; 7 - - m, b - - p, m 6, 10 3, 6, 6, 10, 20 11, --m 6, 10 - p, 6, 10, 11 Flannagan and Cobb 1983; 14 2013; 2, 6, 9, 30 8, 9, 30 - - 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 21, 30 2 ,6, 26, 30 6, 8, 30 6, 8, 9, 30 1a, 6, 30 Ricker 1946; et al. 26 . , 1 . 3,16 10 . 8 Dewalt Miyazaki and Lehmkuhl 2011; Miyazaki and Lehmkuhl 2011; 6 20 Flannagan 1978; 13 and into the 9,30 1999; et al. ; boreal in Alberta ; boreal in 30 ); Prairies Ecozones ; Boreal Plains Ecozone Dosdall 1992; ; both the Boreal Shield 30 AK, AL, GA, FL, KS, KY, AL, GA, FL, KS, KY, AK, 12 11 . Huntsman 3 19 ; prairie and mountain zones of USA: Baumann and Stark 2009; Western mountains Western 5 Radford and Hartland-Rowe 1971; S. parallela 25 8,9,30 2004; (as 30 . 10 et al. Rocky Mountains (type locality for this AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, SK, NM, NV, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, Remarks: AK, CO, ME, MI, MT, NH, NY, WY. WY. NH, NY, AK, CO, ME, MI, MT, , and may have been in Glacial Lake Agassiz , and may have been in Glacial Lake . 2 USA: AK, AZ, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WY. WY. OR, UT, NM, NV, AZ, CO, ID, MT, AK, , Alberta, Cypress Hills and boreal region in , USA: 10,11 9,21 and near Lake Athabasca and near Lake Heimdal ; Prairies Ecozone of the Waterton River drainage, Waterton ; Prairies Ecozone of the 18 Remarks: Western mountains Western 30 AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, OR, UT, WA, WY. WY. WA, NM, OR, UT, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, AK, USA: 10,20 Dosdall and Lehmkuhl 1987; 11 Western mountains Western ; mountain zone in the Waterton River drainage, Alberta River drainage, Waterton ; mountain zone in the USA: 1984; and widespread across north-central Saskatchewan, including 30 . 2 3 ID, MT. Nelson and Baumann 1989; 24 River drainages, Alberta. River drainages, 9 Remarks: et al. Baumann and Kondratieff 2010; Baumann and Kondratieff 4 AR, CO, CT, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, PA, SD, TN, SD, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, PA, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, AR, CO, CT, AK, CA, NV, OR, WA. OR, AK, CA, NV, and Bow Rivers USA: , BC, MB, SK, YK. , BC, MB, SK, Across eastern and northern North America Across eastern and northern North ; boreal (Duck Mountains) in Manitoba 8 in streams west and south of Winnipeg in the prairies zone Manitoba Winnipeg in streams west and south of 10 Remarks: , BC, YK. , BC, USA: USA: Frieson In cold streams and stony shores of lakes in the north Western mountains Western 8,9,21,30 8,9,30 and Bow 17 8 ; northern boreal in Saskatchewan Zenger and Baumann 2004. 8 Chihuahua? AB AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, ON, PQ, NT, SK, YK. SK, AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, ON, PQ, NT, AB, BC, NT, NU, SK, YK. NU, SK, AB, BC, NT, AB, BC. AB AB. AB, BC, NT, SK, YK. SK, AB, BC, NT, 31 MB. Remarks: Burton 1984; Remarks: 3 CAN: CAN: IN, LA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MS, MT, NC, NJ, NY, OH, PA, SC, TN, VA, WI, WV, WV, WI, VA, TN, SC, OH, PA, NC, NJ, NY, IN, LA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MS, MT, WY. species is Lake Louise) UT, WA, WY. WA, UT, Remarks: CAN: CAN: WI. CAN: Alberta MEX: Ecozone (Churchill and the southeastern Manitoba) Prairies (Winnipeg and west) in Manitoba Waterton CAN: CAN: and in Saskatchewan cold lakes CAN: Remarks: Alberta in northeastern Saskatchewan River drainage Saskatchewan boreal forest of northeastern Alberta boreal forest of northeastern of the Waterton of the Dosdall and Lehmkuhl 1979; 10 SE B SE Nelson and Baumann 1987; 23 Barton 1980; 2 WSW MW, MW, NE, NW W, NE W, E, MW NW SW? WSW WSW WSW n 1965; n fi Stewart and Oswood 2006; 30 Flannagan and 1982; 16 y. (Hagen y. fl Newport fl 1998; y. fl y. (Say 1823). (Hagen Donald and Mutch 1980; y y. fl fl 9 fl Hagen 1873. (Klapálek y (Fig. 1D). (McLachlan fl et al. (Smith 1917). Nebeker and Gau y. 22 fl Stark Alexander and Stewart 1999; 1 29 compacta

American spring

1986; 1848. Giant salmon Pteronarcys californica Pteronarcys Pteronarcys dorsata Pteronarcys American salmon Skwala 1872). Holarctic spring Pteronarcys pictetii Pteronarcys Midwestern salmon Alberta spring Setvena bradleyi Skwala americana 1912). regularis Pteronarcella 1874). Dwarf salmon Pteronarcyidae badia Pteronarcella 1874). Least salmon Flannagan and Cobb 1991; References: Pritchard 1986; 15 and Anderson 1977; et al. 226 L. M. Dosdall and D. J. Giberson

Acknowledgements We thank Terry Galloway for lending Perlesta specimens from the Wallis-Roughley Museum of Entomology at the University of Manitoba and R.E. DeWalt from the Illinois Natural History Society for examining the specimens to try to verify which species of Perlesta are present in the Canadian Prairies Ecozone. We thank Dale Parker for providing information about Perlesta dakota in Saskatchewan, for allowing us to use his photo of P. dakota, and for assistance with compiling some reference and distribution materials on Plecoptera. Héctor Cárcamo and two anonymous reviewers provided many useful suggestions and improved the manuscript greatly.

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