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Dr. N. P. Tale Prof. P. S. Shimbre Prof. S. R. Nagmote Dr. V. R. Panse
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Prof. A. G. Kulkarni Prof. R. V. Popalghat
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Impact Factor – 6.261 ISSN – 2348-7143
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH FELLOWS ASSOCIATION’S RESEARCH JOURNEY International E-Research Journal
PEER REFREED & INDEXED JOURNAL
April -2019 Special Issue – 182 (A)
Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature
Guest Editor: Dr. Nilesh N. Gawande Principal, Late B. S. Arts, Prof. N. G. Science & A. G. Commerce College, Sakharkherda Tq. Sindkhed Raja, Dist. Buldhana
Chief Editor:
Dr. Dhanraj Dhangar (Yeola)
Local Organising Committee
Dr. R. P. Zanke Dr. M. N. Gawande Prof. S. V. Jaunjal Dr. S. R. Dutonde Prof. P. S. Kolhe Prof. S. R. Gawai Dr. P. R. Gaikwad Prof. G. D. Kakade Prof. P. P. Thakare Prof. S. S. Gawai Dr. R. P. Kitke Prof. A. G. Barde Dr. P. R. Mahalle Prof. A.S. Ghayal Dr. C. S. Khodre Dr. R. V. Chaurpagar Dr. N. P. Tale Prof. P. S. Shimbre Prof. S. R. Nagmote Dr. V. R. Panse Prof. A. G. Kulkarni Prof. R. V. Popalghat
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‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN :
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‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN :
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‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN :
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From the Guest Editor’s Desk…..
Dr. Nilesh N. Gawande Principal, Late B. S. Arts, Prof. N. G. Science & A. G. Commerce College, Sakharkherda Tq. Sindkhed Raja, Dist. Buldhana
It gives me immense pleasure and satisfaction to welcome for National Conference on “Contemporary Innovations in Library & Information Science, Social Science and technology for virtual World” It is an era of knowledge and technology. Library science and Information Technology plays vital role for the field. To share spread and develop branches of knowledge social Interaction is Important. This conference is going to be milestone for the development of knowledge as well as technology. I enjoy interacting with scholars from different parts and looking forward for fourth coming great experience. The conference is bound to provide platform to present various problems in education era and at the same time will find solutions with the help of learned discussions. We will have a great time with fellow colleagues from all around the country. I also take this opportunity to thanks all the delegates whose support has been important for the success of conference. The college was started with B.A. as the main stream in the year 2000.The competence and Science stream introduced in 2008. And had 2F and 12B status by UGC in the year 2009. The college has a promising infrastructure and natural atmosphere. We have near about 1,50,000 sq .ft. construction and availability of play ground and indoor stadium and central library having an on line access of knowledge. Our college is running courses; B.Voc. courses at UG and Carrier Oriented courses;Touriasm,Translation Proficiency,Information and Computer Technology. We have facilities for certificate courses and foundation courses in Human rights education provided by Sant.Gadage BaBa Amravati University. Under distance education we have B.A ,M.A by Y.C.M.O.U. Nasik are available . The college library has modest collection of books on various subjects. Being spacious, it is also well ventilated and equipped with ultra modern facilities having separate section for boys, girls and staff, stacking, journals and magazines, serve OPAC terminals. The library has subscribed to NLIST consortia where various e-journals and e-books are freely accessible. To communicate character education has always been an important objective of our education. We constantly endeavor to teach moral values and citizenship to the students. Quality education is about developing virtues and good habits which lead students to responsible and mature adulthood. We believe education is not just a process of giving knowledge for future job but also a life long process, which creates an understanding of moral and ethical values. According to S.R. Rangaanathan, a “Contact between the right reader and right book, at the right time and in the right personal way is essential”.
Thanks…….yours ever. - Guest Editor
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‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN :
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INDEX
Page No. Title of the Paper Author’s Name No 1 Maratha Mural or Wall Painting in Maharashtra Dr. Ashwinkumar Rathod 07 A Comparative Study of Awareness of the Female and Male Students 2 Studying at Under Graduate Level Regarding the Environmental Crisis 10 Dr. Balaji Lahorkar 3 Human Values in Pali & Buddhism Dr. Rajesh V. Chaurpagar 15 4 Cultural Diplomacy and Regional Studies Pravin R. Alshi 18 5 Barrier’s of Healthy Nutritional Lifestyle Prof. Vaishali R. More 25 Buddhist Approach to Solve Global Ecological Crisis 6 28 Sandeep Mahadeorao Hadole Condition of English in Rural Colleges : Practical Steps to Improve 7 31 Conditions Dr. Abhay M. Patil 8 A Perspective on Indian Diaspora and Bharati Mukherjee Dr. B. W. Somtkar 34 9 Personality Correlates of Career Maturity Dr. Nilesh Kumbhakarn 37 The Skills of Teaching English Language are Urgent for the Emerging 10 38 Educators in India Dr. Nitin R. Jadhao 11 Suicides of Farmers : Death Call Developing India Dr. S. M. Kalakhe 41 12 Buddhist Pilgrimage: A Path towards Spirituality Mr. Rahul Rao 46 13 Motivation and Second Language Acquisition Mr.Pundlik Nalinde 49 Difficulties Faced while Learning English as A Second language 14 52 Prashant N. Kamble The Study of Feminism in the Selected Novels of Shobha De 15 57 Mr. Pravin Sopan Shimbre 16 Religious Influence on the Indian Literature Prof. Shashikant B. Sirsat 58 Romanticism Reflected in George Bernard Shaw’s plays with Special 17 63 Reference to the Pygmalion and Candida. Satish Meratkar Relevance of Foreign Policy Stated by Kau ṭilya with Special Reference to 18 68 Role of Envoy (D ta) Satish Kulkarni 19 The Yogic Experience of K vyaka ṇṭ ha Ga ṇapatimuni Prof. Roshan Bhagat 73 20 Status of Women through Taddhita Affixes in A ṣṭ dhy y Sharduli Joshi 76
21 ƚहदी कथा सािहय मĞ Ɠी िवमशϕ डॉ.डॉ.डॉ.गडॉ. गगगजाननजानन वानखेडे 81
22 अमृतलाल नागर के उपयास : सामािजक चेतना Ƙक अिभƆŎƙ डॉ.Oवीण देशमुख 83
23 नागाजुϕन कƙ काƆगत िवशेषताएँ डॉ.शेखर खडसे 88
24 सािहय कƙ सामािजक साथϕकता Oा.आर.ही.पोपळघट 90
25 मानवता के संदेश वाहक तथागत बुद डॉडॉडॉ.राजेशडॉ .राजेश चौरपगार 93
26 भारती य सािहय मĞ ऐितहािसक उपयास का रĪ मĞ िů वेदीजी का थान 96
Oा. भरत जवजाले ––– 27 ताराबाई ƚशदे के Ɠी पुďष तुलना =ंथ का अययन Oा. दीपक लहासे 98
28 मानवाचे मागϕदशϕक भगवान बुद अिनल खंडारे 101
29 आणाभाऊ साठे यांϢया कादंबरीतील Ɠी दीपक हके 103
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डॉ.डॉ.डॉ. Ƙदपक आनंदराव चौरपगाचौरपगारररर 30 भारतीय समाज व जागितकƙकरण 106
31 आƘदवासी Ɠी आिण कुपोषण अचϕना भैसारे 109
32 बालमजुरी व मानव अिधकार एक अययन डॉ.बळीराम अवचार 112
33 =ामीण भागातील मिहलांचे आरोϟय व पोषण दजाϕ डॉ. Ƙदनकर उबकर 116
34 =ामीण िवकासात =ामसभांचे योगदान डॉ. दीपक देशमाने 119
35 अपृयांϢया उŔ िशϓणाबŶलचे डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकरांचे िवचा र व कायϕ 124
गजानन िहवराळे
36 िविवध िवचारवतांϢया दृƍीकोनातून मानवािधकार डॉ.गणेश पोटे 129
37 लोणार सरोवर एक जगातील पयϕटन कĞL जगžाथ ढाकढाकणेणेणेणे 132
38 भारतातील दाƗरLय िनमुϕलन कायϕ;माचे वĐप व समया डॉ.मंगेश आचायϕ 134
39 भारतीय Ɠी ला OाƁ झालेला अिधकार आिण हō एक िवƋेषणामक अययन 143
डॉ. माधुरी देशमुख
40 गभाϕवथेतील मिहलांचा पोषण आहार Oा.मीनल गावंडे 149 - 41 गाव खेťातील लोकांϢया शैϓिणक िवकासात िजहा िनयोजन सिमतीचे योगदान 152
डॉ. एन. एन. धĪधĪधĪडगेधĪ डगे ––– 42 १६२९ नंतरचे राजमाता िजजाऊ जाधव घराणे संबंध Oा.राजĞLƚसग देवरे 156
43 बुलडाणा िजƕातील शहरी व =ामीण दाƗरLयाचे वातव डॉ.राजĞL बोरसे 161
44 दुकाळ=त मराठवाťातील पाणी Oƌ : एक अ यास डॉ.रामदास मुϝटे 164
45 आंबेडकरी चळवळीत शांताबाई दाणĕचे योगदान डॉ.रामधन िहरे 167
46 लोकसंϞया िशϓणाची गरज आिण नागƗरकांची भूिमका डॉ.रमेश मोरे 169
47 भारताϢया िवदेशी ƆापाराϢया आयात िनयाϕत संरचनेचा िवƋेषणामक अ यास 173
डॉ.संजय दांदडे
48 jkt"khZ शाĈ माहाराजांचे Ɠी िशϓण िवषयक िवचार डॉ.शाम दुतĪतĪतĪ डे 177
49 बौद धमϕ व िƓया डॉ.बी.डॉ.बी.आर.तनपुरेआर.तनपुरे 180 50 १९६२ Ϣया भारत चीन युŵकाळातील राजनैितक ϓेJातील महĔव पूणϕ घटनांचे 184
अवलोकन डॉ. िवणू पडवाल
51 उमाताई वसू 188 वातंय चळवळीत राƎमाता िजजाऊंचे थान उमाताई वसू
Our Editors have reviewed papers with experts’ committee, and they have checked the papers on their level best to stop furtive literature. Except it, the respective authors of the papers are responsible for originality of the papers and intensive thoughts in the papers. Nobody can republish these papers without pre-permission of the publisher. - Chief & Executive Editor
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Maratha Mural or Wall Painting in Maharashtra
Dr. Ashwinkumar R. Rathod Assistant Professor Bhagwanbaba Arts and Commerce College, Lonar.
Abstract: The History of art of painting in India can be traced back to pre historic and proto historic times. The earliest specimen was found in caves and rocks shelter found admits rocky hills. Wall paintings have been cultural expression of human creation throughout history, from the earliest beginnings, such as rocks art, extending up to present day murals. In eighteenth century when Maratha power was increasing princes and nobleman had time and money to spare for fine art. When Maratha contacts with Mughals, the rulers of Rajputana and Deccan they had developed a test for fine art. This paper discuss about Maratha wall painting in the Maratha period, presented from the historical point of view.
Keywords - Indian painting, Rock painting, Ajanta, Deccan painting, Maratha painting, wall painting.
Introduction: Murals are paintings made on walls of caves and palaces while miniatures are small- sized, colorful, intricate handmade illumination. Murals are considered to be the earliest evidence of Indian paintings, which are unearthed as the symbol of ancient civilization. The term mural is derived from the Latin word “murus” which means wall. The paintings carried out on the walls are known as mural paintings. Mural paintings reflect the feelings of Indian spirituality primed through the age-old mythologies and spirituality (Nath,1983:10). We are very well aware that there are thousands of wall paintings existing in various part of India dating from the prehistoric times to the present date. Wall paintings of Ajanta, Ellora and Bagh are world famous. Besides these well known examples, there are thousands of other mural paintings which are extremely important but are less known (Chakravarty,1984:36). The history of art of painting in India can be traced back to pre historic and proto historic times. The earliest specimen was found in caves and rock shelters found admits rocky hills. These paintings are dated from 1200 BC to the tenth century AD. Artifacts found at Mohenjodaro and Harappa has traces of natural pigments suggestive of the use of colors in pre- Aryan art. These cave paintings has quite a wide distribution though all the paintings do not belong to one period. Rock shelter paintings are usually seen on back walls arranged in horizontal lines and often with many super impositions of successive styles. The earliest paintings go back to at least 550 BC. Ajantan art, the tradition of which extends more than two millennia from the second century BC to the present, represents the flowering of Indian mural paintings. History of wall paintings in India is studied through its evolution from Ajanta to Kerala (Nath,1983:13,14).
Technique of the mural or Wall painting : The Indian painters have worked on wall and panel as suitable carries for the delineation of painting. And it is also corroborated by the ‘Shilpa text’. Numerous reference to ‘Bhiticitra’ or mural are scattered in Sanskrit and pali literature of the ancient and medieval times. The painting
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of India can be divided according to their technique in three border group Fresco, Tempera, Oil Painting and if we take the forth separately, it is the paintings on wex. These techniques when used on wall, pillar or ceiling, the painting is known as ‘mural’or wall painting (Nath,1983:36).
History of wall painting in India: The earliest Archaeological reference to the wall painting art goes back to the prehistoric period. The rock paintings in India are the best specimens. The primitive paintings were first traced by Carlizyle and Cockburn in the Kaimur range near Mirzapur in 1880.The famous centers are Admamgarh quarry shelter near Hoshangabad, Panchmarhi, Sluganapur, Kabrapathar, Bhimbaithaka, Bijayagarh, and at Manikpur (Chaitanya,1976:22-23). The earliest evidence of wall painting is the beautiful Tempera painted on the caves of Ajanta and Ellora, also on the Bagh caves and Sittanvasal. Ajanta is known to be the founten head inspiration of Buddist paintings across the whole of Asia. There are fragment of paintings, of the time of Ajanta, which survive at many Buddhist caves sites,including Pitalkhora near Ellora,in Maharashtra. The magnificent Kailashnath temple had been hewn out mounten at Ellora.
Maratha Wall Painting: Around 1650’s Maratha established themselves in western India or Deccan. An independent culture or Maratha Darma was developed in this region which eventually led to the development of separate art from. This evoled in independent artistic tradition of its won in Maharashtra in the mid-eighteenth century. At times it is considered that Maratha do not have their independent school or tradition like Mughal or Rajput’s but fact remains that Maratha did had their own painters (Zebrowski,1983:7). A number of painters have come forth showing their self-determining examples, although inherited from Rajput and Mughal traditions of Jaipur and Delhi. Under the royal patronage of Chhatrapati Shahu of Satara and king Sarfoji of Tanjore in South India. Maratha painters developed its own individually and attended the zenith of glory (Jagtap,2015,9). From the time the wall paintings at Ajanta and Ellora went out of vogue without leaving their traces in Maharashtra, to the Peshwa period late eighteenth century there is a long gap of several centuries devoted of wall paintings. However literary references in ancient Maharashtra, fires in Maharashtri Prakrit and then in Marathi testify to the existence of Wall paintings. About the second century B.C., the Gathasaptashati and the Lilawai A.D. 800, both in Maharashtra Prakriti refer to wall- painting. Later, in the Maharashtra Literature, there are references to wall- paintings. Then the work Ushaharana (A.D. 1378 to 1428) by post Chobha, and Rukmini Swayamvara of Krishnamuni (A.D. 1602) are important landmarks so far as mural paintings are concerned. There are details regarding the techniques of preparation of the wall, colours and the themes to be painted etc. All this has been carefully brought out by Dr. Kamal K. Chavan in her introduction to Maratha Murals, 1983. This proves beyond doubt the existence of the art of wall- painting in Maharashtra in ancient and medieval period. But one does not know anything about its style or the artistic heights it had reached to claim an independent school of its own, comparable in any way to the mural paintings at Ajanta or Ellora(Apate,1983:viii). Extant wall painting of the Maratha is available from the Peshwa period. The first Peshwa Baliji Vishvnath, helped to Shahu Maharaj for installing the Chhatripati of the Marathas, and brought for him the Chauthai and Sardeshmukhi of the Mughal emperor. After balaji death,
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his son bajirao I, became the Peshwa. Under his able leadership the Maratha power expended in every direction with Poona as centre. He transformed the Swarjya of Chhatrapati Shivaji into a Samrajya for all practical purpose. Hi was welcomed at the courts of Rajastan-Udaypur and jaipur as the leader of Marathas. Ujjain, Indore, Gwalior,Jhansi soon became centre of Maratha power. A new era was ushered in, not only the sphere of politics but also in the domain of culture. Riches followed power and Peshwa and their courtiers developed a new test for art object, icon, architecture, paintings, decoration, illustrated Pothis. (Manuscript) etc (Apate,1988:vii). The contacts of Pashwas with Rajput houses were close. They therefore chose the Rajput style of Painting then in fashion, in their palace. It is recored fact that for delineating paintings on the wall of Shaniwarwada, Bhojraj, a renowed artist from jaipur was invited. He might have brought with him a few artists to help him. A class of artists known as Chitaris in Maharashtra executed paintings on wall. Ragho, Tanhaji and Anuprao were proficient painters and decoraters. The portraits of Madavrao Peshwa, Nana Phadnis and Mahadji Shinde were prepared by an English painter named Wales. Gangaram Tambet trained in his school (Apate, 1988:x). All this mean that there were capable Maratha artists, but they do not seem to have the of bhojraj or Wales because they had no school or tradition of their own as high as the Rajput. On the other hand Rajput school of painting whether on or on paper held its own position inspire of Mughal influence. The Peshwas therefore naturally turned to Jaipur and Udaipur for wall painting and illustrated books, as they had close relation with them. In the Maratha wall-painting at Wai, in the Motigagh palace of Rastes, Rajastani influence is supreme. The paintings of Menavali in the Wada of Nana Phadnis are Maratha in character. The Belbag paintings in Pune where descendents of Nana Phadnis stay at present show Deccani influence. The paintings in The Shaniwar Wada of the Peshwas were done by Bhojraj of Jaipur. The few specimens of wall paintings from the wada of Jairam Swami of Vadgaon, of the late seventeenth century, are purely of Maratha Style uninfluenced either by the Muslim or Rajastani style. The Vadgaon Maratha style could not develop to its full stature. The Satara painting which belong to the nineteenth century are again free from Rajput or Mushlim Influence (Apate, 1988: xi).
References: 1. Chaitanya,Krishna.(1976). A History of Indian painting: The mural tradition. New Delhi, Abhinav publication. 2. Chakarvarty, K.K.(1984). Rock art of India. New Delhi, Arnold- Heinemann. 3. Nath, Birendra.(1983). Nalanda Murals. New Delhi, Cosmo publication. 4. Zebrowski,Mark (1983). Deccani Painting. New Delhi,Roli Books International. 5. Apate,B.K.(1988). Maratha Wall Paintings. Bomby State board for literature and culture Mantralya Maharashtra. 6. Jagtap Neelambari ( 2015). Princely State Musums: A Reflection of Colonial and Postcolonial Ideology. Concept Note For Dissrtation, Chh.Shivaji Maharaj Museum Mumbai.
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A Comparative Study of Awareness of the Female and Male Students studying at Under Graduate Level Regarding the Environmental Crisis
Dr. Balaji Rangnathrao Lahorkar M.Sc.(Phy), M.A.(Mar), M.Ed., SET(Edu), Ph.D.(Edu) Principal Smt. Sindhutai Jadhao Arts & Science College Mehkar Dist. Buldana [email protected]; 9882361469
Introduction: Most of us live in landscapes that have been heavily modified by human beings, in villages, towns or cities. Our daily lives are linked with our surroundings and inevitably affects them. Everything around us forms our environment and our lives depend on keeping its vital systems as intact as possible. The industrial development and intensive agriculture that provides the goods for our increasingly consumer oriented society uses up large amounts of natural resources. Our natural resources can be compared with money in a bank. If we use it rapidly, the capital will be reduced to zero. On the other hand, if we use only the interest, it can sustain us over the longer term. Understanding and making ourselves more aware of our environmental assets and problems is not enough. We, each one of us, must become increasingly concerned about our environment and change the way in which we use every resource. If we begin to ask questions of ourselves, we will begin to live lifestyles that are more sustainable and will support our environment. Individually we can play a major role in environment management. This can only be made possible through the awareness. Thus the need of this study is to go for examination and comparison of the awareness of female and male students studying at UG level.
Meaning of environmental crisis: The world is heading for an "ecological credit crunch" far worse than the current financial crisis because humans are over-using the natural resources of the planet, an international study warns today. The Living Planet report calculates that humans are using 30% more resources than the Earth can replenish each year, which is leading to deforestation, degraded soils, polluted air and water. The problem is also getting worse as populations and consumption keep growing faster than technology finds new ways of expanding what can be produced from the natural world. Based on figures from 2005, the index indicates global biodiversity has declined by nearly a third since 1970. Breakdowns of the overall figure show the tropical species index fell by half. Over the same period the ecological footprint of the human population has nearly doubled. If population levels continue to rise at the current rate, our grandchildren will see the Earth plunged into an unprecedented environmental crisis.
Importance of Study: The environment functions best when it's in balance. Unfortunately, we're not quite there. Issues like pollution, depletion of resources, the rise of consumerism, and the "throw away" culture have led to serious issues. That being said, the fight is not over yet, and more people than ever are both aware of and active in the protection of the environment needed for the task. There have been a number of individuals who have been instrumental in shaping the environmental history in our country and at International level too. The only solution left to us is to change our
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behaviour, radically and globally, on every level. In short, we urgently need to consume less. A lot less. Radically less. And we need to conserve more. A lot more. To accomplish such a radical change in behaviour would also need radical government action. As a part of this Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati passed an Ordinance for Examination in Environmental Studies leading to Bachelor Degree in all faculties. Traditional education has role of transforming existing knowledge of society to individuals and also to promote young people’s competencies for critically analyzing and reflecting the environmental awareness. People must be aware about the visible disturbances in environment. Without awareness it is not possible to enjoy a quality life on earth. This study is carried out on the female and male students of B.Sc. degree studying in Smt. Sindhutai Jadhao Arts & Science College, Mehkar Dist. Buldana in 2018-19 as an awareness drive. Environmental awareness is to understand the fragility of our environment and the importance of its protection. Promoting environmental awareness is an easy way to become an environmental steward and participate in creating a brighter future. And the comparison is to find the degree of variation in awareness to minimize the same through teaching learning process. It is commonly observed that in our society, females take significant role in nurturing and caring of children and family, because of such natural tendencies they have great concern for environment in terms of higher awareness than males. Keeping this in mind the present study is initiated.
Objectives of the Study : 1. To check and compare whether the female and male students are aware of present status of environment. 2. To check and compare whether the female and male students are aware of what is the worst environmental problem faced by the planet. 3. To check and compare whether the female and male students are aware of who are the worst polluters. 4. To check and compare whether the female and male students are aware of who should be responsible for making sure we have a healthy environment 5. To check and compare whether the female and male students are aware of what will make sure the environment is healthy for future generations. 6. To check and compare whether the female and male students are aware of what does Sustainable development means
Sample of Study: The second year B.Sc. female and male students studying in Smt. Sindhutai Jadhao Arts & Science College, Mehkar Dist. Buldana in the year 2018-19 are the respondents for this study, because they perform “Environmental Studies” as a part of their curriculum. The responses are gathered from male students by random sampling method.
Methodology of Study: In the present study, normative survey method has been adopted as it is most appropriate method for such types of studies. The present study was a questionnaire-based survey conducted in Smt. Sindhutai Jadhao Arts & Science College, Mehkar Dist. Buldana.
Tool used for the Study:
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The questionnaire used for Environmental Awareness Survey by Bob Simpson, from Green Teacher Magazine is used for this study. The responses given by the respondents were tabulated and were analyzed using the simple statistical tool percentage.
Delimitation: The present study is delimited to the female and male students of second year B.Sc. studying in Smt. Sindhutai Jadhao Arts & Science College, Mehkar Dist. Buldana in the year 2018-19.
Findings : 1. The percentage of female student respondents preferred to reply about the present status of environment- in good shape is 20%; in some trouble but can be saved with a little effort is 20%; in bad shape but a lot of effort might save it is 60% and in such bad shape little can be done about it 00%. Whereas the percentage of male student respondents preferred to reply about the present status of environment- in good shape is 40%; in some trouble but can be saved with a little effort is 20%; in bad shape but a lot of effort might save it is 30% and in such bad shape little can be done about it 10%. 2. The percentage of female student respondents preferred to reply about what is the worst environmental problem faced by the planet- ozone depletion is 10%; toxic waste is 20%; global warming is 20%; water pollution is 00%; air pollution is 30% and deforestation is zero. Whereas the percentage of male student respondents preferred to reply about what the worst environmental problem is faced by the planet- ozone depletion is 30%; toxic waste is 10%; global warming is 10%; water pollution is 40%; air pollution is 10% and deforestation is zero. 3. The percentage of female student respondents preferred to reply about who are the worst polluters- industries is 70%; governments is 00% and individual people is 30%. Whereas the percentage of male student respondents preferred to reply about who are the worst polluters- industries is 50%; governments is 30% and individual people is 20%. 4. The percentage of female student respondents preferred to reply about who should be responsible for making sure we have a healthy environment- industry is 00%; government is 00%; environmental groups is 100% and individuals is 00%. Whereas the percentage of male student respondents preferred to reply about who should be responsible for making sure we have a healthy environment- industry is 30%; government is 20%; environmental groups is 40% and individuals is 10%. 5. The percentage of female student respondents preferred to reply about Is the current concern over the state of the environment justified - yes is 20%; no is 00% and not sure is 80%. Whereas the percentage of male student respondents preferred to reply about Is the current concern over the state of the environment justified - yes is 40%; no is 20% and not sure is 40%. 6. The percentage of female student respondents preferred to reply about how would you describe your future in the current concern about the environment- bright and hopeful is 30%; challenging is 50%; depressing is 20% and uncertain is zero%. Whereas the percentage of male student respondents preferred to reply about how would you describe your future in the current concern about the environment- bright and hopeful is 40%; challenging is 50%; depressing is 10% and uncertain is zero%.
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7. The percentage o female student f respondents preferred to reply about what is the single most important thing that will make sure the environment is healthy for future generations- the polluting industries shut down, even if people lose their jobs is 20%; new technologies can be found to solve our problems is 20%; people learn to live with less and be more efficient users of energy and materials is 00% and we find a way to have economic development continue in a way that minimizes pollution is 60%. Whereas the percentage of male student respondents preferred to reply about what is the single most important thing that will make sure the environment is healthy for future generations- the polluting industries shut down, even if people lose their jobs is 10%; new technologies can be found to solve our problems is 50%; people learn to live with less and be more efficient users of energy and materials is 30% and we find a way to have economic development continue in a way that minimizes pollution is 10%. 8. The percentage of female student respondents preferred to reply about do you believe your health has already been affected by pollution- yes is 10%; no is 00%; maybe is 90% and haven't thought about it is 00%. Whereas the percentage of male student respondents preferred to reply about do you believe your health has already been affected by pollution- yes is 30%; no is zero%; maybe is 60% and haven't thought about it is 10%. 9. The percentage of female student respondents preferred to reply about By the time you are 30 years old, how the environment will be- destroyed is 00%; better than it is now is 60%; worse than it is now is 00% and about the same as it is now is 40%. Whereas the percentage of male student respondents preferred to reply about By the time you are 30 years old, how the environment will be- destroyed is 20%; better than it is now is 50%; worse than it is now is 20% and about the same as it is now is 10%. 10. The percentage of female student respondents preferred to reply about what does Sustainable development means- development that provides the most jobs is 00%; development that will save the environment even if it means lots of people will lose their jobs is 20% and development that takes into consideration the economic and environmental needs of future generations is 80%. Whereas the percentage of male student respondents preferred to reply about what does Sustainable development means- development that provides the most jobs is 30%; development that will save the environment even if it means lots of people will lose their jobs is 20% and development that takes into consideration the economic and environmental needs of future generations is 50%.
Conclusions : 1. Most of the female students are aware of the present status of environment and feel that it is in bad shape but a lot of effort might save it. Whereas Most of the male students are aware of the present status of environment and feel that it is in some trouble. 2. Most of the female and male students are aware of the various worst environmental problem faced by the planet. 3. Most of the female as well as male students are aware of fact that the industries are the worst polluters.
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4. Most of the female students feel that the environmental groups can make sure we have a healthy environment. Whereas Most of the male students feel that the industries can make sure we have a healthy environment. 5. Regarding the awareness about whether the current concern over the state of the environment justified found to be a matter of concern as all of the female and male students are not sure about it. 6. Most of the female and male students are aware of their challenging future in the current concern about the environment. 7. Most of the female students are aware of they find a way to have economic development continue in a way that minimizes pollution is the single most important thing that will make sure the environment is healthy for future generations. Whereas Most of the female students are aware of they find a way new technologies can be found to solve our problems is the single most important thing that will make sure the environment is healthy for future generations. 8. Most of the female and male students are not aware of their health has already been affected by pollution. 9. Most of the female and male students are aware of about by the time they are 30 years old the environment will be better than it is now. 10. Most of the female and male students are aware of the development that takes into consideration the economic and environmental needs of future generations is Sustainable development. 11. It emerged from the study that when the educational courses are held constant the gender has no significant effect on awareness regarding environmental crisis.
Recommendations: By increasing awareness and concern, education can encourage people to reduce their impact on the environment through more efficient behavior. For this it is essential that special practical activities should be included in the University curriculum in order to bring out the desirable attitudinal changes among students.
References: 1. Convery, F., McDonnell, S., Ferreira, S. 2007. The Most Popular Tax in Europe? Lessons from the Irish Plastic Bags Levy. Environmental Resource Economics 38(1). doi:10.1007/s10640-006-9059-2 2. https://www.theguardian.com/environment 3. Environmental Awareness Survey by Bob Simpson, Global Issues in Language Education: Issue 30. March 1998. (p. 12 - 14) reprinted by permission from Green Teacher Magazine, Issue 27 (p. 10) http://gilesig.org/30Sur.htm 4. Vipinder Nagra. Environmental education awareness among school teachers. Environmentalist. 2010;30:153-162. 5. Rou S. A study of the awareness and attitude of teachers and students of high schools toward environmental education in Jabalpur district. Ph.D. Thesis, aniDurgavati Vishwavidyalaya, Indian Educational Abstract. 1995;1(24):62.
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Human Values in Pali & Buddhism
Dr. Rajesh V. Chaurpagar Late.B.S.Art’s,Prof.N.G.Sci. &A.G.Comm. College, S.Kherda,Ta.S. Raja, Dist. Buldhana.
The Doctrine is preserved in the scriptures called Tipitaka.Inpali is means three baskets. 1. Baskets of Discourses: (SuttaPitaka) which contains the discourses delivered by he Buddha to individuals or assemblies of different ranks in the course of his ministry. 2. Baskets of Discipline: (Vinayapitaka) which deals mainly with the rules and regulations of the order of monks and nuns. 3. Basket of ultimate things: (Abhidhammapitaka) which consists of the four ultimate things, Mind, Matter and Nibbana.
Why Learn Pali ? 1. One of the ancient languages of India, still internationally known today. 2. Teachings of the Buddha with treasure of knowledge is in the Pali language. 3. Earlier Brahmi inscriptions are in Pali language. 4. Vippassana Meditation is given by Buddha in Pali language. 5. Pali language and literature is the source of ancient Indian History & Culture. 6. Source of Buddhist Psychology, Buddhist Economy, Buddhist Medicine, Buddhist Management, Buddhist Art & Architecture, Buddhist Ecology Etc. is Pali language. 7. How to face death, How to live peacefully, How to overcome the fear, How to forgive Enemy, is taught by the Buddha in Pali language. 8. Who are you, Why you get angry, Why you hate somebody, Why are we born, What are we made up of , All the questions in your mind, The answers are given by the Buddha in Pali language. 9. Palilanguage teach us Art of leaving &Developed Your mind. The Buddha’s main concern was to eliminate suffering, to find a cure for the pain ofhuman existence. In this respect he has been compared to a physician, and his teaching hascompared to a medical or psychological prescription, like a physician, he observed thesymptoms – the disease that human kind was suffering from next he gave a diagnosis – thecauses of the disease, then he gave the prognosis – it could be cured; finally he gave theprescription – the method by which the condition could be cured.
The Four Noble Truths:- Buddha elucidated the Four Noble Truths in his very first sermon given at ‘Banaras’or ‘Varanasi’ as it is known today. These were…‘ Suffering is common to all of mankind. This can either be at the time of birth,sickness, old edge or even death. Every human is subject to some sort of suffering duringtheir lifetime. Suffering has a cause . Buddha believed that people primarily suffered due togreed and ignorance suffering can cease by trying to change one’s views and living a morepeaceful life.This can be done by the path to end suffering known as the ‘Eight - Fold Path.’ This isbelieved to help a person attain the highest level of bliss and the end of all suffering known as‘Nirvana.’
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The Eight – Fold Path :- When Buddha delivered his first sermon on the ‘Eight – Fold Path,’ he demonstratedthe eight spokes on a large wheel to represent the path. It is said that Buddha teaching goes round like a great wheel & never steps leading the centre point of the wheel which is fixed, which in this case is “Nirvana” the eight steps to follow the path are:-
Following the ‘Eight – Fold’ Path is believed to cultivate wisdom in one’s minds, which canhelp achieve real and everlasting happiness. Pratityasamutapada :- (Dependent Origination) With Ignorance as a condition Mental formations arises With Mental formation as a condition Consciousness arises With Consciousness as a condition Name and form arise With Name and form as a condition Sense gates arises With Sense gates as a condition Contact arises With Contact as a condition Feeling arises With Feeling as a condition Craving arises With Craving as a condition Clinging arises With Clinging as a condition Becoming arises With Becoming as a condition Birth arises With Birth as a condition Aging And Death arises The Trust of the formula is such that when certain conditions are present, they give rise to subsequent condition, which in turn give rise to other conditions and the cyclical nature of life in samsara can be seen. This is graphically illustrated in the wheel of life. (Bhavachakra)
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Sources of Unhappiness :- According to Gautam Buddha and his teachings, these are the causes for unwholesome states also known as the sources of unhappiness. a. Ignorance b. Carving c. Hatred, jealousy, envy. d. Egoism. e. Identification with possession. f. Impermanence. g. Spiritual Materialism. h. Belief in ceremonies to ‘wash away sins’ i. Misfortune of means and end.
Sources of Happiness :- Gautam Buddha also mentioned that the ten parameter that could lead to wholesome states,also known as the source of happiness, should be encouraged. They are : Morality. Generosity. Wisdom. Truthfulness. Equality. Kindness. Determination. Patience. Renunciation. Energy.
The Five Percepts:- The ‘Five Percepts’ are the vows taken by Buddhist nuns and monks, framed in such a manner, that it can apply to anyone of the Buddhist or Non-Buddhist faith. They are: 1. A Promise to refrain from harming living beings. 2. A Promise to not misuse the body, senses and bodily sensations. 3. A Promise to refrain from wrong speech. 4. A Promise to refrain from alcoholism and doing that might intoxicate the mind. The term Bodhi in Buddhism refers to a full awakening or full awareness of the operation of pratiyasamutpada, the law of dependent origination, the mental and physical corporeality on which the life of a human being is developed. Based upon this capability of full awareness, the individual is able to overcome all afflictions, delusions, and impurities and create a true life of peace and happiness. In addition the capability of awareness is reality divided into various levels from low to high therefor you should keep in mind that spending a whole life practicing the Dhamma does not always mean that you will obtain full awareness (realization of the absolute truth). Although you havethe ability to become enlightened. Your level of enlightened always depends on your individual karmic force, which is a personal current of mental cohesion of your own lives in the past. “Not doing anything evil, undertaking to do what is ethically skillful and complete purification of the mind this is the ordinance of the Enlightened ones.” Buddhism taught to us to develop our intellectuality and wisdom.so you go to the people and develop their intellectually and wisdom.
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Cultural Diplomacy and Regional Studies
Pravin R. Alshi Assist. Prof. Smt. S. R. Mohata Mahila Mahavidyalaya Khamgaon Dist. Buldana Maharashtra. 444303. [email protected] 9403872390, 9370272662
Abstract: Cultural Diplomacy is an important instrument of foreign policy. It helps in promoting international links with countries and people around the globe. Though it is a newly coined term, it has existed as a practice over centuries. In the globalized and interdependent world, cultural diplomacy is critical to national interest as a part of foreign policy of the countries all over the world. India has recognized the importance of Cultural Diplomacy as a part of its soft power strategy in promoting its national interest and establishing itself as a dominant regional and global power. India’s move in this direction can be seen in the celebration of International Buddha Poornima Divas, opening of cultural centers in different countries, signing of cultural agreements and exchange programs with neighboring countries. The basic principal of Cultural Diplomacy is to support foreign policy by the deployment of culture to pursue national interest. It is in this context that an attempt is made in this article to trace the history of the use of culture as a diplomatic tool by independent India in order to analyze its present dynamics and the extent of its success followed by upcoming challenges that India has to face in making its cultural diplomacy a primary diplomatic tool for further diplomatic practice.
Keywords: Cultural Diplomacy; Foreign Policy; Indian Council for Cultural Relations; International Relations.
Introduction: Diplomacy means by which States throughout the world conduct their affairs in ways to ensure peaceful relations. It is not a new concept. It existed even in the ancient period as it helped kingdoms to forge and strengthen relations with other kingdoms. All were to be accorded special international protection. Apart from this, the “Mandala Theory” of Kautilya advised the king on the nature of his diplomatic relations with his neighbors. In the modern era due to several changes in the international scenario various changes have also taken place in the practice of diplomacy. Earlier the focus was on hard power as a means of diplomatic practice. But with the introduction of the concept of soft power the diplomatic practice became modernized because the concept of soft power provides an alternative to the diplomatic envoys to conduct diplomatic practice without applying the carrot and stick approach. The term soft power was coined by Joseph Nye during the debate on whether the US was declining in the late 1980s or not. Nye defined soft power as “the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion.” It arises as a result of the attractiveness of a nation’s ideals, culture, and policies. Nye stated “when you can get others to admire your ideals and to want what you want, you do not have to spend as much as on sticks and carrot to move them in your direction.”8 Seduction is more effective than coercion and this seduction is provided by soft power. Since its inception, the
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concept of soft power has quickly become accepted by a wide range of intellectuals as well as the statesmen becoming embedded thoroughly in the conversation about international diplomacy. Since soft power involves role of a country’s culture, ideals and policies we can say that public diplomacy, summit diplomacy, digital diplomacy cultural diplomacy etc are all the different variants of soft power. But before going any further it is imperative to understand what does the word cultural diplomacy stand for and why it is important.
Cultural Diplomacy- What And Why: Cultural Diplomacy is the deployment of a state’s culture in support of its foreign policy goals. According to Fox Cultural Diplomacy implies “the involvement of government „to whatever extent ‟ in the business of projecting the nation’s image abroad is persuasive.”Cultural diplomacy is based on the premise that “good relations can take root in the fertile ground of understanding and respect.” Cultural Diplomacy is important for a variety of reasons. It involves an attempt to promote values and image of a country amongst other foreign audiences as well as try to understand values, culture and image of other countries and their people. Through Cultural diplomacy governments of various countries can increase their respect and understanding amongst other countries of the world. There are many benefits of cultural diplomacy programs. For e.g. Cultural diplomacy programs can create forums for interaction between people of different countries, thus laying the ground for the forging friendships and strong connections between people of different nationalities. Cultural diplomacy helps create a “foundation of trust” with other peoples. Policy makers can build on this trust to create political, economic, and military agreements. Cultural Diplomacy programs can also act as a deterrent against ignorance and baseless hatred that people in other countries may bear towards a certain country. Cultural diplomacy can also help to advance the interests of other countries, not just the interests of the country carrying out the diplomacy. The cultural diplomacy of India, for instance, “with its heavy focus on providing scholarships to students from neighboring countries to study in India, serves to advance India’s interests and those of its neighbors, as well as the interests of the students themselves. Cultural diplomacy incorporates activities undertaken by, or involving, a wide range of participants such as artists, singers and so on, but also the manifestations of their artistry (such as a film), the promotion of aspects of the culture of a state (language, for instance), and the exchange of people, such as academics. Activities which falls within the ambit of cultural diplomacy displays an aspect of the culture of the polity, the government represents. According to Simon Mark the range of activities is wide and is no longer limited to „high culture; cultural activity is viewed less as being produced for, and viewed by, elites. It now more often includes cultural activity targeted at the wider population. Examples of this broader scope of cultural diplomacy includes educational scholarships, visits of scholars, intellectuals, academics and artists both domestically and abroad, cultural group performances, artist performances and exhibitions, seminars and conferences, the operation of libraries, festivals abroad and support for festivals of other countries held domestically, establishing and maintaining professorships and chairs in universities abroad, the commissioning of busts, statues and portraits of national leaders, the presentation of books and musical instruments to visiting dignitaries and diplomatic missions abroad, an essay award and an annual lecture and sports.
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Backgroud To India’s Use Of Cultural Diplomacy: India is not new to cultural diplomacy. Though as a sub variant of soft power Cultural Diplomacy became popular later but India had its encounter with cultural diplomacy long before the word was coined. According to C. Raja Mohan, India’s self discovery of its rich cultural heritage and its global reach played an important role in shaping its modern nationalism. Its civilization riches attracted artists, writers and philosophers from far and wide. After Independence “The Indian Council of World Affairs” was established in 1943 as a think tank. It is devoted exclusively for the study of international relations and foreign affairs. Its primary aim is to promote India’s relations with other countries through study, research, discussion, lectures, exchange of ideas and information with other organizations within and outside India engaged in similar activities. The historic Asian Relations Conference was held under the auspices of the ICWA in March 1947 under the leadership of Sarojini Naidu and was addressed by Mahatma Gandhi. In 2009 an initiative was taken to commemorate the Asian Relations Conference under the aegis of ICWA. Another major step towards this direction was taken by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. As the first Prime Minister of India Nehru was quick to quick to recognize the value of cultural diplomacy. He and Abul Kalam Azad, who was minister of education in Nehru ‟s first cabinet, set up the Indian Council for Cultural Relations in 1950. Since then the ICCR has then much to showcase India’s civilization heritage. It has presence in 35 countries in the form of cultural centers established in the various regions of those countries. In later years Rajiv Gandhi gave a new momentum to India’s cultural diplomacy when he launched the Indian festivals around the world. C. Raja Mohan has stated that “amidst India’s globalization and the intensification of its global footprint since the 1990s, there has been growing popular interest in India’s culture — from yoga to cuisine and from Bollywood to contemporary art. The economic success of the Indian Diaspora, especially in the developed Western world, has tended to boost India’s soft power. An important part of India’s Cultural Diplomacy has been the cultivation of Indian Diaspora living in various parts of the world. The Indian government has taken a number of policy initiatives in order to engage this Diaspora. Take for e.g. the Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas which is held in the month of January every year since 2003. Apart from this India has also signed formal cultural agreements with various countries. For example India has signed cultural agreements with Malaysia in 1978, with Philippines in 1969, with Vietnam in 1976, with Laos in 1994 and with Myanmar in 2001; with U.K in 2010 etc. These agreements have provided a basis to officially pursue cultural diplomacy through exchange programmes, performances and several other cultural activities. Another major step towards engaging the Indian Diaspora in different countries of the world is the Know India Programme. It is a three week orientation programme under the Ministry of Overseas Affairs for the Diaspora youth conducted with the view to promote awareness on different facets of life in India and the progress made by the country in various field. It provides a forum for students and young professionals of Indian origin to visit India share their views, expectations and experiences to develop closer bond with contemporary India. In the light of the above discussion, the detailed analysis of the present dynamics of India’s cultural diplomacy will further help us in understanding its current role as a tool of diplomatic practice and whether its role in India’s foreign policy will increase in future or not.
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Present Scenario: With the passing of the baton of power from UPA to NDA in 2014 Lok Sabha elections in India the use of culture as a tool of soft power has intensified. Under the banner of India’s ‘Look East’ / ‘Act East’ policy, P.M Modi saw 'culture' as a window in order to appeal people of southeast Asia in particular and Asia in general. One of the best cultural traits which Modi projected was Buddhism during his visits to different south and East Asian countries. Buddhism has its roots in India and spread across the Asia in ancient and early medieval times. India hosted International Buddha Purnima Divas on 4th May 2015 to commemorate the birth, enlightenment and mahaparinirvana of Lord Buddha. The decision to host the International Buddha Purnima Diwas was initiated by Modi who led the prayers on the day. Modi stated “without Buddha this century cannot be Asia’s century”. The government also plans to establish a centre for Buddhist worship and learning in New Delhi. Thus, Modi’s government is trying to promote India as the spiritual birthplace of Buddhism and home of the Buddha, though he was born in present day Nepal. New Delhi aims to use Buddhism to neutralize any Chinese soft power advantage. But it is not going to be a cake walk for India as China ‟s attitude towards Buddhism as a diplomatic tool is under transformation. Recently China ‟s Foreign Ministry has elevated the Buddhism ‟s role as a foreign policy tool. Beijing has the advantage of having the world ‟s largest Buddhist population and is believed to be undergoing a Buddhist renaissance under President Xi Jinping while India only has a small number of Buddhists, many from poorer sections of society. India has deployed cultural diplomacy in its own neighborhood. Buddhism is used to appeal to Bhutan and Nepal. In Kathmandu, one of the four ,Cs’ of Modi’s Nepal visit was culture. In recent year there has been a great emphasis on the use of India’s cultural heritage of the past to build strong relations with the neighbors. For example the use of Nalanda University as centre piece of India's cultural diplomacy to act as a bridge between the past and the future. The decision was taken in the first meeting of the Parliamentary Consultative Committee on External Affairs for 2013 at Rajgir on 12th February, hosted by then External Affairs Minister Mr. Salman Khurshid. According to an MEA release the meeting deliberated upon India ‟s cultural diplomacy and the role envisaged in this regard of Nalanda University. As cultural diplomacy also includes giving scholarship to study in the donor country, the role played by Nalanda University in this regard can be significant especially to students from countries where Buddhist population is in majority. It will help in developing a positive image of India and will further boost up bilateral and multilateral agreements between India and those countries. Another example of the practical use of ancient Indian cultural heritage as a tool of cultural diplomacy is the use of ancient Indo-Lankan Buddhist ties, dating back to the Mauryan Empire, under Ashoka to further strengthen its relations with Srilanka. For e.g. during his visit to Jaffna, P.M. Modi inaugurated the Jaffna cultural centre funded by India. The contemporary era of globalization has given utmost prominence to popular culture. According to Schneider “popular culture is the greatest untapped resource in the cultural diplomacy arsenal.” In the above statement she is talking about America as she states “products of popular culture- films, TV, music-are America’s largest export”. In the Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy Patricia M. Goff states that “America is not alone as Japan, Brazil and France are some of the countries that export cultural products in great number and thus have the
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‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN :
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potential to use popular culture to their advantage.” In case of India, Bollywood’s more exotic charms have proved exportable to many countries. The specific themes incorporated in the Bollywood films have led to their tremendous popularity. In contrast with the American themes of melodrama and individualism, “the promotion of family and community oriented value has made audiences more receptive to Indians films in many other developing countries”. Important themes such as modesty, collectivism and religiosity are prevalent and can be considered as a contributing factor to the growth of Bollywood . Bollywood as a part of cultural diplomacy which itself is a sub-variant of soft power is swiftly making inroads in Poland. An article on the online page “theindiandiaspora.com” under the heading “Bollywoo’s soft power visible all over Poland” stated that “Bollywood films have made inroads in Polish society and the soft power of bollywood is visible all over Poland.” According to this article the song “Dola Re Dola from „Devdas prompted many Polish girls to choreograph this number for their dance presentations. In the last eight years many dance groups like Warsaw ‟s Mohini, Krakow ‟s Chamelietc have become very popular and successful. Newly appointed Indian ambassador to Poland, Ajay Bisaria has requested the Indian Council for Cultural Relations to give these dancers more facilities to learn and master their art in India for few more months. According to Bisaria “they should be encouraged in their pursuit as they have become our envoys of Indian culture in Poland.” In South East Asian region the greatest influence of Bollywood is in Indonesia. Seeing the increasing popularity of Bollywood in Indonesia, the Zee Entertainment Enterprises has debuted a general entertainment channel in Indonesia to woo the local Indonesian audience with popular Indian daily soaps. Apart from this, the craze of Bollywood and Shah Rukh Khan Movie in Pakistan is well known. According to an article published in “The National” Newspaper in 2010, “Pakistanis want bollywood style wedding. This shows even though the diplomatic relations between India and Pakistan has hit a sour note, the influence of Indian culture is growing.” Besides this, India has also used other forms of popular culture as a diplomatic tool. For e.g during X visit to India, China and India signed a memorandum of understanding to coproduce films, the first of which looks set to be the recently announced Kung Fu Yoga, starring Jackie Chan. India has also signed an agreement with Vietnam on broadcasting cooperation between India’s ‘Prasar Bharti’ and the ‘Voice of Vietnam.’ Moreover, in the recent years; there has been an attempt to enlist India ‟s philosophical and religious traditions in the service of its foreign policy with Yoga at the forefront of this effort. Speaking at the UN General Assembly in September; Modi described yoga as “India ‟s gift to the world” and successfully lobbied the forum to declare June 21 as World Yoga Day. Around 177 nations supported the proposal, including the United States and China. Thus the celebration of International Yoga day and its links with ancient Indian philosophy and religion will help India to use it as a tool of diplomacy to gain popularity and legitimacy amongst the people of foreign countries. It will improve the image of India before the world as a country with rich cultural, philosophical and religious practices which could be assimilated by the whole mankind for their betterment both spiritually and physically. Apart from Yoga, Mr Narendra Modi the current Prime Minister of India has also made similar arguments about Ayurveda, which he aims to establish at par with traditional Chinese
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‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN :
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medicine. Apart from this, Modi alos expounded the importance of packaging and preserving Ayurveda to the world more effectively in a briefing with Foreign Service Officers in June 2015.
Challenges And Future Prospects: Though, the use of Culture as a diplomatic tool by India is on the rise but it has serious challenges before itself to deal with in order to further use culture as a dominant diplomatic tool to gain legitimacy in the international arena. The first challenge is the accessibility- India which boasts of its rising power, has its presence in the form of established cultural centers in just 35 countries, not even near to U.S.A and U.K who have established cultural centers in more than 100 countries. Apart from this, the effort to improve India’s image as a country of rich spiritual and cultural practices and esteemed philosophy through Yoga, is marred my constant cases of rape and other crime related to women. Moreover, the some extremists are undermining Prime Minister Narendra Modi ‟s cultural diplomacy which is a sub-variant of Modi’s soft power strategy with their aggressive promotion of culture of intolerance and politics of hate. The Modi government should distance itself from the efforts of extremist groups at home and at abroad that want to “take back yoga”. The attempt to claim exclusive ownership will only invite a black lash, from state and non state actors, elsewhere in the world and it may also cause severe damage to India ‟s image in the international arena. India ‟s plan to use the its ancient links with Buddhism to use it as a part of cultural diplomacy to strengthen its relation with Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Myanmar is also facing challenge from China. For e.g. in December 2013 India and Myanmar co-sponsored a three day conference of Buddhist scholars at the Sitagu International Buddhist Academy in Yangoon. In Nepal China is financing a $ 3 billion project to develop Lumbini the birth place of Buddha with a new airport, a connecting highway, hotels, convention centres, temples and a Buddhist University. Thus, India needs to have a well laid out plan to highjack and outrun China in the use of Buddhism as a tool of Cultural Diplomacy in the International arena. Moreover the success of India ‟s popular culture as a tool of diplomatic practice is overshadowed by the macdonalization of the world and the success, wide reach and popularity of Hollywood movies. Apart from this, in celebrating India’s cultural and historical achievements, some right winger parties risk stretching the limits of credibility. For e.g. claims regarding Hindu god, Ganesh— who sports an elephant’s head on a human body— as the evidence that ancient Indians practiced plastic surgery or the claims of nuclear tests in the 2 century BC in India will back fire as there is no scientific proof of the above mentioned claims. Thus, the current Prime Minister of India and his party need to be careful so that they don ‟t let efforts to promote Indian soft power degenerate into farce. India’s ancient links with Buddhism, its ancient philosophical and religious tradition in the form of Yoga, its popular culture etc can be vigorously used as a part of Cultural diplomacy programme to gain legitimacy in the international arena. If the above mentioned challenges are dealt with, then India can further intensify the use of its various tools of cultural diplomacy to strengthen its relation with other countries. The main catalyst in the further intensification of the use of cultural diplomacy is the Indian Diaspora present in various countries which will indirectly be our cultural envoys in their resident countries.
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‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN :
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Conclusion: Cultural diplomacy “creates an additional space which softens the sharp edges of foreign policy thus fostering a favorable public opinion impacting foreign policy”. In light of above discussion, it can be said that the use of culture as a diplomatic tool by India does not have a bleak future, but India has to face challenges and solve them in order to make intensified use of cultural diplomacy which is a sub-variant of soft power, as unlike hard power even intensified use of soft power will not spur the anger of other powerful countries because it does not involve coercion or the use of military arsenal to get other countries to move them in the direction of its interest. It simply involves exporting the products of popular culture in the form of music, art, cinema as well as other tools of cultural diplomacy to create favorable public opinion in other countries in advance of its national interest. In the coming years, it will be interesting to see how the Indian Government will use Culture as a diplomatic tool to influence other countries in order to have an edge over the bargain to demand what is in India’s best interest.
References: 1) Cultural diplomacy as an instrument of projecting India's foreign policy”, Observer Research ,Foundation, 23 May 2013,http://orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/report/ReportDetail.html?cmaid=5 2343mmacmaid=52344 , (accessed 24 June 2015) 2) Mohan.C. Raja, “Modi’s Diplomacy: Yoga, Democracy and India’s Soft Power”, Indian Express, 15 December 2014, http://indianexpress..com/articleopinion/columns/modisdiplomacy-yoga-democracy-and- indias-soft-power/ , (accessed 25 June 2015) 3) Kumar. Pranav, “Contours of India ‟s Cultural Diplomacy In South East Asia”, Institute of Peace And Conflict Studies, 6 May 2008,http://www.ipcs.org/article/southeastasia/contours-of-indias-cultural-diplomacy-in- southeast-asia-2559.html ,(accessed 24 June 2015) 4) Cooper. Andrew. F, Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur , “The Challenges of 21stCentuary Diplomacy” in Andrew Cooper, Jorge Heine & Ramesh Thakur ed. The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, Oxford University Press,1st Edition, 2013, p.3-4
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‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN :
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Barrier’s of Healthy Nutritional Lifestyle
Prof. Vaishali R. More Department of Home-Economics Smt. Sindhutai Jadhao Art and Science College, Mehkar Email:- [email protected]
Abstract :- The general public’s view of modern diet and human health has undergone drastic changes in recent years. There is general harmony that many chronic health problems. First noted in Western countries but progressively flourished worldwide, relate mainly to diet. There is far less consensus, however, about the dietary factors implicated in such health problems. The present review of studies aims to strengthen our knowledge regarding the dietary requirements, food sources, and potential benefits. Modern food and its impact on human health. Practical suggestions for incorporating healthy fats will be made. Both food-source and supplemental intakes will be addressed with interrelationships to health throughout.
Introduction : A healthy lifestyle is a valuable resource for reducing the incidence and impact of health problems, for recovery, for coping with life stressors, and for improving quality of life. The increasing prevalence of chronic illness and disabling conditions, along with greater life expectancy and the rising average age of the population are substantive contributors to the rising burden of illness. Conditions such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, joint disease, and mental illness are responsible for the vast majority of death and disability. Many health problems can be prevented or at least their occurrence postponed (U.S. Dept. Of Health & Human Services, 1999; IUPHE, 1999; Stroebe&Stroebe, 1995). We have known for the last 20 years that a sizable proportion of the 10 leading causes of death is due to potentially modifiable social and lifestyle factors (US Dept. Of Health & Human Services, 1999). Exercise, Nutrition, smoking, and Substance abuse are integrally linked to culture and to socioeconomic status are much more difficult to address. The term “ healthy lifestyle” evolved from the idea that people’s daily pattern of activities can be judged as healthy or unhealthy. A healthy lifestyle is generally characterized as a balanced life. In which one makes wise choices.. However, the array of choices is influenced by many factors.
Geographic : Early man ate whatever food he could get to satisy his hunger. The food he could get consisted of what he could cultivated in the locality. Soul, climate, water and local agricultural practices determined the types of foods that can be grown in the locality. Consumption of diets based predominantly on these staple foods has given rise to large scale incidence of protein- calorie malnutrition among preschool children in these regions. Pellagra was also widely prevalent among poor maize eaters. Rice is the main food crop in the tropical countries where rainfall is high and water is available for irrigation, while millets are cultivated in areas of low rainfall. Incidence of beriberi was high among the population consuming highly milled raw rice. Wheat is mainly cultivated in temperate regions.
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Religious beliefs : The various religions of the world have hard some influence on the food habits. For example, Muslims are forbidden from eating pork and Hindus from eating beef. Such religious beliefs have been practiced over the past several hundred years.
Traditional beliefs : Traditional beliefs in food habits are still prevalent with a large majority of the population who are illiterate or ignorant regarding the nutritive value of foods. These beliefs influence profoundly the pattern of food eaten. It is believed that certain shell fish eaten during pregnancy will cause the child to be born with scales on its head. In India, consumption of papaya fruit by pregnant women is believed to lead to abortion, and consumption of garlic by lactating women will incrases milk production. Milk which is an essential protective food in Western countries is disliked in many Asian and African countries and not even fed to weaned infants and preschool children. In some parts of India ( West Bengal ), it was believed that consumption of milk and fish at the same meal will lead to the development of leprosy and leucoderma.
Changing food habits : Food fads and faulty food habits are the important contributory causes for the wide prevalence of malnutrition among preschool children, expectant and nursing mothers in developing countries. These can be overcome only by education in nutrition. The guiding principles in the educational process are : (1) Change cannot be superimposed but must be integrated into the existing cultural pattern, (2) proposed changes should be acceptable to the individuals concerned, (3) the changes should be minimal and use such foods which are familiar to the people concerned. (4) Participation of representatives of the group in implementing the proposed change is essential and (5) the individuals should be satisfied that the changes in food habits have improved their health.
Stress : Stress is nothing new, it was a part of the lives since prehistoric ancestors and has continued throughout evolution. But the type of stress now experienced has changed. In the fast paced technology driven, do- things to the extreme culture, persistently increasing pressure and demands are part of everyday life. Unfortunately hearty health has taken a beating trying to keep up with what our brain think and are capable of handling. Living with chronic stress is toxic to most of body’s system. It often results in poor nutrition, weight problem, physical exhaustion, hostility and reliance on caffeine, nicotine and alcohol. Not surprisingly these are risk factor for heart disease. Stress causes physiological reaction that negatively affects both physical and psychological health. When under chronic stress bodies maintain a high level of the stress hormone called cortisol. Sustained high levels of cortisol can have dangerous even life threatening effect on body system. It also triggers appetite, therefore chronic stress results in increased appetite which causes stress eating and weight gain. Stressful daily life situation have been associated with Ischemia or lack of blood and oxygen to the heart. Stress has also been shown to constrict or narrow blood vessels to alter lipid levels in the blood and to result in irregular heart rhythms.
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‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN :
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The Facts about Healthy Lifestyles : Lifestyle change, more than any other factor, is considered to be the best way of preventing illness and early death in our society. When people in Western Society die before the age of 65, it is considered to be early or premature death. Many factors contribute to early death in Western culture. By far the most important is unhealthy lifestyles that contribute to more than one-half of all early deaths. Eleven and increased have been identified that are associated with reduced disease risk and increased wellness. The lifestyles affects health, wellness and physical fitness. The double-headed arrow between health and wellness and physical fitness illustrate the interaction between these factors.
Reference :- 1. Women’s health in India – From Wikipedia 2. Dr. Janki Rajgopalan –Indian women, Relationship and Mental Health 2017 3. https://www.medifee.com 4. https://en.wikipedia.org
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‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN :
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Buddhist Approach to Solve Global Ecological Crisis
Sandeep Mahadeorao Hadole Assist. Prof. in Sociology Ramkrushna Mahavidyalaya Darapur Mobile No. 9975413058 / 9834438832
Environmental protection is one of the urgent problems facing mankind today. All scientists, Economist, Philosophers, Researchers through news papers, television, radio etc. analyzed and were alarmed and the serious adverse impact of toxic substances on the living environment of human, animal and vegetation. It is ironic that man is the one who pollutes his own health, and kill the life are all beings in this Earth. The risk threatening our ecology is not minor. It leads to many measures to prevent the minimise the pollution, of world – wide scale, including the important international Convention to protect the Environment. With the increased industrialization and scientific approach to our life. The natural recourses and rich natural heritage which were being preserved for centuries have begun dwindling greatly. Any kind of imbalance in nature results into severe danger to our ecosystem, resulting into severe ecological degradation.
Need to restore and conserve the biodiversity in ecosystem:- Restoring the ecosystem by establishing the finer balance between organism and environment is the best way that being a responsible human we can do. Until and unless, the step to preserve the decaying charm of our ecosystem is not initiated, our ecosystem is not going to support us having a better and healthy environment. There is stark need today to assist nature not disturbing its integrity, and help it gaining its lost delicacy. By protecting our native natural recourses like wildlife, rivers, forests, etc, one can contribute greatly in preservation of our ecosystem. The radical changes have to be born in our thoughts to save and accumulate the natural recourses – the very root of our life. Increase the human population, deforestation, change in climate and overexploitation of economically important plant specious along with medicinal ones growing to diverse habitats, several species, in this age of ecological crisis are on the verge of extinction. It indicates that many species may become extinct even before they come to the light. Besides this, there are several hundreds of species which are yet to be studied with respect to their potential economic values. Conservation and sustainable utilization of biological resources and prevention of intra specific genetic erosion is urgent necessicity of the day. The biodiversity may be defined in terms of genes, species and ecosystem (Khoshoo- 1986). The diversity within species is essential for their survival in the nature, such balanced ecosystems are valuable should not be disturbed. It is necessary to focus efforts of undertaking species on group of plants and area endowed with greatest diversity. Such complete inventory is basic requirement not only for academic and aesthetic pursuits but also for improving human life and civilization. It is not enough that maximum amount of biodiversity is preserved, it is equally important for us to know them well. The biodiversity provides many economic, social and aesthetic benefits to mankind.
Today’s Major Global Ecological Crisis:-
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In this beautiful vision we can begin to connect imaginatively with the mutual interdependence of all processes. Bringing this inside down to earth it becomes clear that by harming nature we are in fact harming ourselves. There are plenty of examples to demonstrate this in the current media: acid rain, the green house effect, the ozone hole, radioactive contamination, to name but a few. These reactions to nature to our carelessness harm us not only physical but also psychologically, as we face the threat of our environment becoming increasingly inimical to health human life. Wars, population explosion, desertification, deforestation, etc also make environmental crisis. To get sustainable environment for Indian conditions, the following environmental problems should be solved immediately: 1. Population explosion 2. Land degradation 3. Wealth of country 4. Destruction of forest vegetation 5. Depletion of biodiversity 6. Pollution 7. Hazards of fossil fuels and fuel wood 8. Deposition of solid and liquid wastage in the environments 9. Contamination in human settlement areas 10. Lack of enough environmental knowledge among people 11. Nuclear war
Ecosystem Management and Buddhist Philosophy:- The resource management approach leads us in to difficulties on a more personal level though. In seeing over selves as the managers, and therefore above nature, we can easily lose those very qualities which gives us our humanity. This is particularly noticeable source. Whether it is the immeasurable brutality involved in the slaughter of animals to keep the kitchen of the world constantly supplied with meat, or the killing of the peaceful giants of sea by wealthy countries such as Japan, these acts degrade the human race as a whole. So this is the vision, but how do we put into practice? Here we find Buddhist ethics come to our aid, with the basic principal of none violence or harmlessness. In the statement of the first precept, abstention from harming living beings, we can see how much of the industrial use of resources contravenes the principle, in chopping down a rain forest we destroy a habitat for other creatures and set up the condition for top soil erosion, which is turn leads to floods and femine there by incurring untold suffering on others. So to put this principle into practice we also need a high degree of awareness of the consequences of our action – this is a prerequisite for any truly skilful action. Often the actions that we commit in relation to the environment also contravene the second precept, abstention from taking what is not given. This can happen in quite a crude sense are in a very subtle one. How many of us have, while wandering through a field of flowers, plucked sum up more than we needed as if they belonged to us and without a thought that others will be deprived of the pleasure of appreciating them? The principle of none violence should not be taken to mean that people should absolutely abandon their use of the earth’s recourse for fare of harming living beings whatsoever. After all, we are also part of nature, and need to maintain a healthy concern for our own welfare and that of fellow human beings. We need to us the
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recourses available to free over selves from the clutches of nature destructiveness: storms floods, and famines. However, with the awareness of the consequences of our actions, we have a great responsibility to use the recourses in as harm free and useful a way as possible. As Sangharakshita has said, ‘Right use of nature is part of the spiritual life. This again leads us to consider the possibility of vegetarianism. At a rough estimate takes ten times as much vegetable matter as it does to feed that person on a vegetarian diet. In a world with an ever increasing strain on the food supply the luxury of eating meat seems more and more unethical, quite apart from the slaughter of the animal involved. There are many examples of the fruits of inspiration that come from humankind’s experience of the beauty and splendor of nature, especially the widest places. From the scientist to the mystic, individuals have found the mysteries and complexities of nature to be a source insight and uplift. We must beware of over – sentimentalizing nature though, the cycle of life in the natural world can be at times a very harsh one. Our technological development has to some extent freed us from this and a back to nature movement will certainly not solve humanities problems. With so much at stake change every little action counts. Hopeful enough people will wake up to the fact that we urgently need to change our attitudes to nature so that we and future generations may continue to be inspired by the process that is life on earth.
Conclusion:- As many religious people view it, Buddhist reality is profoundly ecological, and Buddhism itself is an ecological religion. It powerful expresses human identification with nature. Buddhist believe that all things, including humans, exits by their interrelationship with all other parts of nature. To think of one’s self as isolated from the rest of nature is be unrealistic. Culture place vital role in development and conservation of traditional society and biological recourses. To live in harmony with nature is a crucial Buddhist culture. I think it is still not too late for all religious, all strata of the society and all nations to come together, jointly participate in the protection of the environment for all living specious and solving ecological crisis based on the harmonious model which Buddhist always advocates. Dharma of Buddhist, is the sacred law, morality and the teachings of the Buddha. It is also all things in nature. Cats, Dogs, Penguins, Trees, Human, Mosquitoes, Sunlight, leaf dew are all Dharma’s. So at its very essence, Buddhism can be described as an ecological religion or a religious ecology, which would solve ecological imbalance in this modern era.
References:- 1. Cohn J.P. :- Culture and Conservation, Bio Science 2. Davis S.H. and Wali :- Indigenous Land Tenure and Tropical Forest Management in Latin America 3. Dr. Gharpure Vitthal :- Environment Study 4. Jose Kalapura :- Science – Religion Dialogue and Ecology, & Asian Perspective 5. Khoshoo T.N. :- Environment Priorities in India & Sustainable Development 6. Michael Schut & Tannya Microna Barnett :- The Cry of Creation Earth Ministry 7. Pernetta J.C. & Hill H. Traditional Use & Conservation of Recourses in the Pacific Basin 8. Robert A. White :- Spiritual Foundation Of An Ecological Sustainable Society 9. Sean McDonagh :- The Care of The Earth 10. Shirajan V.V. :- Introduction to Principle of Plant Taxonomy
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‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN :
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Condition of English in Rural Colleges : Practical Steps to Improve Conditions
Dr. Abhay M. Patil Head dept of English M.E.S. Arts and Commerce College, Mehkar 9420704561,7249833491
Abstract : There is a persistent cry that the standard of the English is falling in our country. What are the main causes of falling of this standard ? What efforts should be made to improve these standards ? are being discussed here.
Introduction : Prof. V. K. Gokak says, " The teaching of English is in chaotic state today. Pupils are taught English for about five to six periods per week...... they do not know how to use the commonest structure of English." 1 The condition of teaching and learning English as a language and as a literature is vary from state to state and even from place to place. By and large performance of students in urban colleges is better than that of the students of rural colleges. Some of the shortcomings in our programme of teaching English are as follows.
1) Lack of clear cut policy : The policy regarding place of English in India has been changing from time to time. In certain studies of India it is no longer essential for students to pass English to set through the High School exams. The result is that the students are not serious about the study of English.
2) Little understanding of aims of teaching English : The average teacher of English has little understanding of the aims of the teaching of English as a language as well as literature. The only aim that he knows of is to enable his students to set through examination. In this he makes them cram things rather than to master the skills of the language.
3) Dearth of competent teacher : All teachers of English are not fully competent to do full justice to their assignments. The English review committee appointed by the UGC in 1965 remarked," There is a shortage of teachers..... They have little idea of correct usage and name at all of correct pronunciation. Their vocabulary is limited as is their reading." Unfortunately this condition has not changed very much today. A majority of the students teaching English are not conversant with the new developments in the T-L process of English.
4) Wrong methods of teaching : A majority of teacher's skill use the translation method which has been universally strictly condemned as wasteful. The result is that speech which is so important in language learning is neglected. Students cannot converse in English. They are unable to form any language habits. Even teacher who wants to make any innovation by using other methods can't get accepted by the students.
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5) Faulty system of examination : Generally examinations are set in testing the cramming power of students. They fail to test the student's real appraisement in language skills. It is possible for students to get through the examination just by the memorizing answers to certain set questions. Moreover there are no proper exam for testing and speaking ability of pupils. At certain places students indulge in copying specially in the case objectives type questions.
6) Non availability of Audio visual Aids: Most of the colleges functions without audio visual aids. Some colleges have separate sections for audio visual aids but it remained only as a show piece and students are rarely allowed to use that.
7) Less attendance in class : It was the condition for few years back that the English class was over flowing with students but now a day's only 20 to 30 % of admitted students are learning to class. They are also not regular to classes so teacher cannot maintain consistency in teaching.
8) Other : Drastic change in technology has brought a revolution in world as well as in India. In rural colleges students also have a smart phones and source of technology on their palms but they do not how to use this technology for academic development. Rather than becoming help desk this technology moving them away from academic purpose. However some suggestions to improve standard are being discussed that are as follows I) The policy regarding the place of English in our education system should be well determined keeping view national and international importance of English for making rural students globally competent. II) Teacher must keep these things in his mind i) To enable the students to understand English whom spoken. ii) To enable him to write English. iii) To enable him to speak. iv) To enable him to read. Students must attend class regularly. III) Special efforts should be made to ensure that the teacher of English themselves passes a good command on English by maintaining various language activities IV) Teachers should be encouraged to read good English journal. He must be associated with global English society. V) The importance should be given to pattern practice, drill work and situational approaches in their teaching. VI) The English Readers prepared by the CIEFL Hyderabad and published by the NCERY should be introduced in all colleges. VII) The examination of English need to improve. Aim of test should be mastering of students on language skills. Cramming should be discharged. Oral test should be introduced. VIII) Easy access to A/V Aids should be made. IX) ICT tools must be used in teaching and learning methods.
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X) Special motivational speeches and orientations should be conducted for sweeping out inferiority from minds of rural students. XI) Stress should be given no sense expression rather than cramming of these. XII) For implementation of above college campus and classroom must have free and friendly academic atmosphere to nourishment of students.
Conclusion : It is true to say that English has become one of the major language of the world and Indians can neglect its stand at their own risk our more than two hundred years association with English language is an acquisition of great value to us. There has been heated controversy regarding the medium of instruction. But now a day's controversy is over. The day belongs to the regional languages. It does not mean that our university graduates should not have functional knowledge of English. They should be able to use English as language for all purpose of local to global.
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A Perspective on Indian Diaspora and Bharati Mukherjee
Dr. B. W. Somtkar HoD in English Smt.S.J.Arts and Sci. College, Mehkar Dist-Buldana
Abstract ; The present paper throws light on the identity crisis in the novels of Bharati Mukherjee’s major novels. We know that we are living in the age of globalization. There is a tremendous progress in each and every field. The internet facility is helping a lot to the entire world. Hence migration is taking place at large. Characters are always engaged in the nostalgia of their culture and daily life. This paper points out the identity crisis in the light of Bharati Mukherjee’s novels Identity crisis ia a period of uncertainty and confusion in which a person’s sense of identity becomes insecure, typically due to a change in their expected aims or role in society. There are various causes of identity crisis including improper upbringing, lack of affirmation and unpleasant past experiences. Other factors as stress, tension, troubles and social demands. A number of women novelists have made their debut in the 90’s . The first novels are much effective in revealing the true state of Indian society when it comes to the treatment of women. There is completed authentic presentation of contemporary India, with all its regional varieties. It is only from the last two decades, several writers make it possible to speak of a new generation of Indian English novel. Among those are Salmon Rushdie, Amitav Ghosh, Rohinton Mistry, Shashi Tharoor, Namita Gokhale, Shashi Deshpande and so on. Most of these novelists are either temporary or permanent immigrants. These women writers‘s commitment lies majorly on tracing out the ‘Immigrant Women’s problem, which is the currently significant topic in literary canon. Bharati Mukherjee was born in 1940 in Calcutta. She married a Canadian fellow student, Clark Blaise, at the University of Lowa, in 1963. She became a naturalized Canadian, got Canadian citizenship and lived in Toronto and then in Montreal and held teaching positions at McGill University and Concordia University. She migrated to the to the U.S.A. in 1980 with her family and became a U.S.A. Citizen in 1988 . Her remarkable works are The Tiger’s Daughter (1972) Wife (1975) Days and Nights in Calcutta Darkness ( 1985) The Middleman and other stories (1988) The Sorrow and the Terror (1987), Jasmine (1989), The Holder of the world (1993), Bharati Mukherjee’s novels and short stories often reveal contemporary themes and concerns. One of these is the emotional and psychic consequences of search for on self identity and immigrancy psyche. In the novel Jasmine the main protagonist Jasmine’ search for identity and her true self began from the day she was born . As a girl child she was almost strangled to death so that her parents might free her from the problems of marriage . But she survived that attack . In fact , her childhood memories became the instrument in her fight against fate and her search for self identity . She was predicted of widowhood and separate by an astrologer when she was seven years old. She was not troubled down by fate . She always tried to raise herself above blind beliefs and fallacy . “Fate is Fate , When Beulah Bridegroom was fated to die to snakebite on their wedding night , did building as still fortress prevent his death ? A magic snake will penetrate solid walls when necessary”.
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Mukherjee’s works focus on the phenomenon of migration , the status of new immigrants, and the feeling of alienation often experienced by expatriates as well as on Indian women and their struggle. Her own struggle with identity first as an exile from india, then an Indian expatriate in Canada, and finally as a immigrant in the United States has lead to her current contentment of being an immigrant , Mukherjee’s works correspond with biographer Fakrul Alma’s categorization of Mukherjee’s life into three phases. Her earlier works. Such as the The Tiger’s Daughter and parts of days and Night in Calcutta, are her attempts to find her identity in her Indian heritage. Mukherjee continues writing about the immigrant experience in most of the stories in The Middle Man and Other Stories , a collection of short stories which won her the National Book Critics Circle Award for Best Fiction, Jasmine, and essays. These stories explore the meeting of East and West through immigrant experiences in the U.S. and Canada along with further describing the idea of the great melting pot of culture in the United In her first novel, The Tiger’s Daughter (1972) “The new structure of thought” which Mukherjee tries to express in her novels arises from the tension between basically recognizable situations and emotions. To be more explicit, the situations in Mukherjee’s novels do have surface identity with motif’s already part of the Indo-English fictional syndromes: Tradition /modernity Conflict-East confrontation-Rural/ Urban dichotomy. In the second novel Wife ,Mukherjee writes to be the ideal Bengali wife, but not of fear and personal instability murders her husband. Mukherjee’s novel Leave it to Me is completely American. The only Indian touch is the prologue, which retells the mythological story of Mahishasuramardhani, the Devi, who killed the buffalo Demon. The book is soaked in blood and reeks in violence. Mukherjee’s The Tiger’s daughter is a very fine manifestation of this inner conflict of an immigrant. This is an interesting study of upper class Bengali Buhamin girl, named Tara Banerjee Cartwright, who goes to America for higher studies. The n ovel pursues an opposite direction with return of Tara to India. Tara has married an American and has been away from home for seven years. Although she has regarded herself an Indian, she discovers that she is more an outsider than a native, concerned with the complex and confusing web of politics, poverty privilege, and hierarchies of power and class in India. She has dreamt for years of this return, but now finds herself, imbued with the foreigness of spirit. Her seven years stya at Vassar changed her outllok in life , though America did not fascinate her. When she comes in terms with American life her reactions are one of fear and anger. The new culture and identity in which and immigrant has imbibed himself hardly gets accepted by the people of his land . He becomes a stranger when he went abroad and when he come back , he becomes a stranger once again . such a person may enjoy material prosperity , but the loss that has occurred for him irreparable in the form loss original identity and a family tie . Thus Bharati Mukherjee always focuses upon immigrant women’s experiences, opportunities and their quest for Identity. Her immigrant narratives consists a fresh perspective to bear on immigrant’s experience of India. The west and the world. It is apt when Bharati Mukherjee has claimed: “ we immigrants have fascinating tales to relate……..My aim is to expose American to the energetic voices of new settlers in this country”. She describes the American experience as one of “ fusion” and immigration a “two –way p[rocess” in which both the whites and the immigrants grow by the interchange and experience. The issues of Diaspora, globalization consumerism, transnationalism, cultural hybridity, alienation and identity crisis
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have become the prime-motif of most post –colonial literatures. The self, dislocated in space and time from its roots has a homing instinct- the desire to discover its “in betweenness” in a transnational and trans – cultural space. Problems of identity figure more prominently in the novels of Salman Rushdie, V.S.Naipaul, Caryl Phillips, Bharati Mukherjee and Anita Desai. In these writers the quest for identity is not tagged to the self alone . It goes beyond the self to issues of culture and linguistics ( as in Desai’s Baumgartner’s Bombay in relation to Hugo’s Teutonic background) . All these factors give rise to emergent trends and tendencies like hybrid cultural forms among the migrants. These migrant writings deal with issues like home self and identity.
Works Cited ; 1. Kumar Nagendra. The Fiction of Bharati Mukherjee : A Cultural Perspective. New Delhi :Atlantic Pub , 2001 print. 2. Mukherjee, Bharati : The Tiger’s Daughter. New Delhi : Penguine Books, 1990 print
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Personality Correlates of Career Maturity
Dr. Nilesh Kumbhakarn Jr. Lecturer in Psychology MSS Ankushrao Tope College, Jalna Email: [email protected], [email protected]
A research paper to be presented at the National Conference on Contemporary Innovations in Library & Information Science, Social Science and Virtual World held on 24 th April 2019 organised by Late Bhaskarrao Shingane Arts, Prof. Narayanrao Gawande Science & Ashalata Gawande Commerce College, Sakharkherda, Dist. – Buldhana
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between Personality traits as measured by the 16PF Questionnaire and Career Maturity Variables as measured by the Indian Adaptation of Crites’s Career Maturity Inventory by Dr. Nirmala Gupta. The participants (sample) were 158 (104 male & 54 female) first year engineering college students of an engineering college in Jalna city of Marathwada region of Maharashtra state. To study the relationship between personality traits and career maturity the Pearson’s Correlation Coefficients were calculated. The Findings: (1) Overall it could be concluded that most of the personality traits were found not to be correlated with career maturity variables. Only five personality traits correlated significantly with some of the career maturity variable and they
were: Intelligence (B), Dominance (E), Guiltproneness (O), Rebelliousness (Q 1), and Compulsivity (Q 3). Of these Rebelliousness and Compulsivity correlated significantly with most of the aspects of career maturity. (2) Personality Traits that correlated significantly with Attitudinal Career Maturity or Career Choice Attitudes aspect of CM were Dominance (E-),
Guiltproneness (O-) and Compulsivity (Q 3+). (3) Personality trait that correlated significantly with Self-Appraisal (SA) competency was Rebelliousness (Q 1+). (4) Personality trait that correlated significantly with Occupational Information (OI) competency was Rebelliousness
(Q 1+). (5) No Personality trait correlated significantly with Goal Setting (GS) competency. (6) Personality traits that correlated significantly with Planning (PL) competency were Intelligence
(B+), Rebelliousness (Q 1+) and Compulsivity (Q 3+). (7) Personality traits that correlated significantly with Problem Solving (PS) competency were Boldness (H+) and Rebelliousness
(Q 1+). (8) Personality traits that correlated significantly with Total Competency and Overall Career Maturity were Rebelliousness ((Q 1+) and Compulsivity (Q 3+).
Key words: Personality, Trait, Career Maturity, Career Choice Attitudes, Competency, Self- Appraisal, Occupational Information, Goal Setting, Planning, Problem Solving
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The Skills of Teaching English Language are Urgent for the Emerging Educators in India
Dr. Nitin R. Jadhao Assistant Professor in English, Dept. of English Raje Chhatrapati Kala Mahavidyalaya, Dhamangaon Badhe. Mob. No. 9881803128 Email: [email protected]
As everybody knows the importance of the English language in each and every sector of the human understanding. Particularly, the educational field has to possess the most possible facts about teaching and learning aspects of the language. Suppose an engineerdevelops a very useful machine or mechanism for the welfare of the society, he wants to explain each and every part as well as the function of the machine or mechanism in his language. If he wants to make it global he must to speak in English. English language and its skills are very urgent for the emerging educators in India.
Basic Functions Of Language There are at least three different basic functions of language 1. Informative – words can be used to pass on information. 2. Expressive – words can be used to evoke an emotion that is not a direct result of their meaning. 3. Performatory – words can be as akind of symbol or action in and of themselves. Language functions in many different ways.Its most familiar function is informative,i.e.it transmits information. But it also operates expressively, when we attend to the feeling evoked by the words rather than just their meaning. Poetry often combines the informative and the expressive • The fair breeze blew ,the white foam flew • The furrow followed free • We were the first that ever burst • Into that silent sea. • Samuel Taylor Coleridge,”Rime of the ancient Mariner” • When Ajax strives some rock’s vast weight to throw, • The line too, labours and the words move slow, • Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain,
English Language • Flies o’erth’ unbending corn,and skims along the main. • Alexander Pope , “Eassy on Criticism” • I sprang to the stirup,and Joris andhe; • I galloped, Dirck Galloped, we galloped all three. • Robert Browning, : How They Brought The Good News from Ghent to Aix” In these verses the rhythm and sound of the words are expressive in themselves. Language is also used expressively in prayer;and when a man whispers “sweet nothings’ into his wife’s ear or tell her she looks assumptions:. And in such sounds as “wow”! and “scram!” and when a politician
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or preacher or salesman uses words to evoke emotional responses. A third area of language is the ceremonial. Here the words are not necessarily either informative or expressive, but performatory, they are an action in themselves. Examples are “I thank you, apologize, warn, greet guarantee promise welcome etc. These words are complete speech acts they do not describe the acts of thanking apologizing warning etc but instead are those very acts. They are not propositions which can be true or false. if a man says I bid you good morning that does it even thought he may hate you .the use of language solely to establish social relations is called phatic communion by Malinowski in our culture have done exemplifies this .In all of these performatory utterances, as in oaths incantations passwords and rituals there must be no change in the exact words If you are asked whether you take this woman to be your lawful wedded wife and you answer yes instead of I do you may turn out not to be married In its performatory sense language is like any other gesture or symbol the handshake the military salute or the gestures of the baseball umpire . Austin estimates that there are over a thousand performatory verbs in English. Language also functions to tell a story to declaim to hypnotize to play a part to imagine to soothe to ask o deceive to demonstrate ones feelings and in endless other ways So when it comes to talking about what language does as a TOK student you need to be aware that language actually functions in a variety of ways each of which may have slightly different rules of behaviour.
Common Forms and Functions of Language The informative Expressive and directive purposes of language are distinguished from the types of English sentences. Three Basic Functions are generally noted there is perhaps nothing more subtle than language is and nothing has as many different uses. A. Without a doubt identifying just these three basic functions is an oversimplification but an awareness of these functions is a good introduction to the complexity of language. B. The Functions of Language I e its purpose what it does its uses
Informative language function essentially the communication of information. A. Informative function affirms or denies propositions as in science or the statement of a fact. B. This function is used to describe the world or reason about it e g whether a state of affairs has occurred or not or what might have led to it These sentences have a truth value; that is, the sentences are either true or false. Hence, they are important for logic.
Expressive language functions; reports feelings or attitudes of the writer or speaker, or of the subject, or evokes feelings in the reader or listener. Poetry and literature are among the best examples, but much of perhaps most of, ordinary language discourse is the expression of emotions, feelings or attitudes. Two main aspects of this function are generally noted: 1) Evoking certain feelings and 2) Expressing feelings. Expressive discourse, qua expressive discourse, is best regarded as neither true nor false. E.g., Shakespeare’s King Lear’s lament, “Ripeness is all!” or Dickens’ “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom; it was the age of foolishness…” Even so, the “logic” of “fictional statements” is an interesting area of inquiry. A. Directive language function: language used for the purpose of causing overt action. B. The directive function is most commonly found in commands and requests.
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C. Directive language is not normally considered true or false. D. Example of this function: “Close the windows.” The sentence “You’re smoking in a nonsmoking area,” although declarative, can be used to mean “Do not smoke in this area.” It is rare for discourse just to serve only one function; even in a scientific treatise, discursive clarity is required’ but’ at the same time, ease of expression often demands some presentation of attitude or feeling-otherwise the work might be dull.. Most ordinary kinds of discourse are mixed. Consider the following example. Suppose you want your listeners to contribute to the Multiple Sclerosis Society. A. There are several possible approaches: 1. Explain the recent breakthroughs in the scientist’s understanding of the disease and then ask for the contribution. 2. Make a moving appeal and then ask for a contribution. 3. Command it. 4. Explain the good results, make a moving appeal, and then ask. 5. Generally speaking, step 3 is the least effective means. Usually, just making a moving appeal is most effective for the general population; explaining the most recent research is the most effective for an educated audience. Asking for the contribution is often not necessary, since the prospective contributors surmise this step. B. Several other uses of language deserve mention. 1. The ceremonial language probably something quite different from simply mixing the expressive and directive language functions because performative aspects are included as well. Example: ‘Dearly beloved, we are gathered here together to witness the holy matrimony of….’ 2. Performative utterances language which performs the action it reports. For example, ‘I do’ in the marriage ceremony and the use of performative verbs such as ‘accept’, ‘apologize’, ‘congratulate’ and ‘promise.’ These words denote an action which is performed by using the verb in the first person-nothing more need be done to accomplish the action. 3. Phatic language or Elevator talk and street corner conversations accomplishing a social task. Note the subtle transition from vocal behavior to body language from saying for example, ‘Hi’ or ‘How are you?’ to a nod or a wave of the hand. 4. Most of the example we have been talking about are not merely of academic interest, even though we cannot take time out to trace the far reaching consequences. Thus, the speakers, users as well as teachers of English language must know the skills of English language. The researchers have explained basic functions of language with the help of various examples from literature. We have also observed the society and the behaviour of the users of the language, to give them directions we have common forms and functions of language as well.
Refernces: 1. Downing, J.E: Teaching Communication Skills to students with Disabilities, Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company,2005. 2. Juliet, K.: Communication and Interpersonal Skills in Social Work, Tucson: University of Arizona Press,1999. 3. Vivian, Cook: Second Language Learning and Language Teaching, London: Arnold.2008.
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Suicides of Farmers : Death Call Developing India
Dr. S.M.Kalakhe, Shri Shivaji Science and Arts College, Chikhli-443201 Dist.Buldana.M.S. Email :[email protected]
Abstract: In this paper author present study the causes of the farmers suicides in Vidharbha and Maharashtra and also focus on India. Farmer suicides in India refers to the national catastrophe of farmers being forced to commit suicide since the 1990s, often by drinking pesticides, due to their inability to repay loans mostly taken from banks and NBFCs to purchase expensive seeds and fertilizers, often marketed by foreign MNCs.As of 2018, and suggested the remedies to reduce farmers suicide rates.
KeyWords: Agriculture, Farmer Suicides, Indian development, Rural India.
Introduction: “Jay Jawan Jay Kishan” this slogan of a visionary prime minister had lost its potential over the time. After the independence, according to Gandhiji's vision of Gram-Swaraj, villages and specially farmers were to be the main focus of any development plan of India. As years passed, by agriculture as an industry lost its importance for policy makers of India. This over the time caused severe distress among the farmers leading to recent dramatic rise in the number of suicides among farmer community. Every day in national newspaper invariably there is news related to farmers' suicides. 1 Farmer suicides is death call for developing India. India consisting of 16% of world's population sustains only on 2.4% of land resource. Agriculture sector is the only livelihood to the two-third of its population which gives employment to the 57% of work force and is a raw material source to large number of industries. Despite of portrayal of farming as a healthy and happy way of life, agriculture sector experiences one of the highest number of suicides than any other industry. Farmers' suicide is not only reported in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, but also from Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, and Karnataka. Many enquiry commissions were formed and recommendations were implemented especially in Punjab. 2 The problem of suicide is not only reported in India, but also reported in different parts of the world like England and Wales. 1,3
Objectives of Study:- 1) To study the causes of the farmers suicides. 2) To study the effects of farmers’ suicides. 3) To study the remedies to reduce farmers suicide rates.
Research Methodology: In the present research paper, the researcher is entirely exhausting the secondary. sources including various books of economics, references books, newspapers, various reports, monthly, weekly and annual magazines etc. are used as its resources, and the data of agriculture is taken various sources like monthly and newspapers.
Reasons of farmers suicides: 1. Loans from private money lenders
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2. Excessive Reliance on Monsoon 3. Increasing Production Cost and proportionate Prices is low 4. Family Responsibilities and Social Customs 5. Insufficient Irrigation Facilities 6. Population Explosion 7. Absence of Sidelines Facilities 8. Natural Calamities 9. Faulty Marketing System 10. Instant need of Money 11. Price Hike in Service Sector and Cash based Society 12. Capital Unavailability - Due to less Investment in Agriculture Sector 13. Low Subsidies for fertilizer 14. Low production capacity of Indian agriculture 15. The tiny share of agriculture sector in GDP 16. Low Literacy Rate 17. High Unemployment rate 18. Agriculture Insurance 19. Trader centered Agricultural Marketing 20. Insufficient Agriculture Research
Farmer suicides in India : Farmer suicides in India refers to the national catastrophe of farmers being forced to commit suicide since the 1990s, often by drinking pesticides, due to their inability to repay loans mostly taken from banks and NBFCs to purchase expensive seeds and fertilizers, often marketed by foreign MNCs.4As of 2018, in Maharashtra alone, more than 60,000 suicides had taken place, with an average of 10 suicides every day. 5 The National Crime Records Bureau of India reported that a total 296,438 Indian farmers had committed suicide since 1995. Of these, 60,750 farmer suicides were in the state of Maharashtra since 1995, with the remainder spread out in Odisha, Telengana, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Chhattisgarh, all states with loose financial and entry regulations. 6,7 Earlier, governments had reported varying figures, from 5,650 farmer suicides in 2014 5 to the highest number of farmer suicides in 2004 of 18,241. 6 The farmers suicide rate in India had ranged between 1.4 and 1.8 per 100,000 total population, over a 10-year period through 2005, however the figures in 2017 and 2018 showed an average of more than 10 suicides daily. 7 There are accusations of states manipulating the data on farmer suicides, hence the real figures could be even higher. 8 India is an agrarian country with around 70% of its people depending directly or indirectly upon agriculture. Farmer suicides account for 11.2% of all suicides in India. 9 Activists and scholars have offered a number of conflicting reasons for farmer suicides, such as high debtburdens, poor government policies, corruption in subsidies, monsoon failure, public mental health, personal issues and family problems. 10
Farmers suicides in Maharashtra: Maharashtra saw 12,006 farmer suicides between January 2015 and December 2018, the tenure of the current state government, according to the data compiled by the relief and
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rehabilitation department. While the National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB) states the total number of suicides in the state in 2015 was 16,970, the data for the entire four-year period is unavailable. From 2010 to 2014, NCRB recorded 80,904 suicides in the state, of which 8,009 were farmers. The state reported 2,761 farmer suicides in 2018, compared to 2,917 in 2017. The number stood at 3,063 in 2016 and 3,263 in 2015. Although not satisfactory, the officials attributed the dip to loan waiver, which was announced in 2017, but implemented in 2018. “The numbers for 2018 and 2017 seem high, despite satisfactory rain in both these years, after three consecutive years of drought. In 2018, the state started to credit the waiver amount to the accounts of farmers. With more than Rs16,000crore released, farmers should have got relief. Although 2017 saw a dip compared to 2016, it can’t be attributed to the loan waiver announced in June that year, as the entire year still saw at least 240 suicides a month,” said a senior official from the relief and rehabilitation department. Farmer suicides are not linked to the party in power, claim experts. “The situation wouldn’t have changed even if any other party was at the helm. The agrarian policies of all governments have gone wrong. Farmers need to get cash subsidy, like the one given in Telangana. Farmers’ distress is owing to high input cost and low price for produce, despite high production,” said Vijay Jawandhia of ShetkariSanghatana. In 2018, the spate of farmer suicides continued in drought-prone backward districts of Vidarbha (1,297 cases in 11 districts) and Marathwada (947 cases in 8 districts). Of the 2,761 cases, 1,330 were eligible for ex gratia of ₹1 lakh, while 1,050 were held ineligible. The remaining cases are awaiting decision by the district administration. Ex gratia is granted only for reasons related to the agrarian crisis, including indebtedness. While 1,638 farmers were paid ex gratia in 2017, 987 claims were rejected in 2017. 12
Farmers Suicide in Vidharbha : The combined rural suicide tally of six cotton-producing districts in Vidarbha, officially called as ‘farmers’ suicides’, has continually declined since 2015 when it had suddenly jumped to 1,348 from 805 in 2013. Till December 29 this year, 1,102 suicides have been registered officially as per figures tabulated by the state government task force VasantraoNaikShetiSwawlamban Mission. The six districts known for farmers’ suicide are Wardha, Yavatmal, Amravati, Akola, Washim and Buldana. The only district which is an exception to this downward trend is Buldana, whose tally has gone up successively since 2013. From 111 that year, it touched its highest peak of 312 in 2017. This year, so far, it recorded 304 suicides. It is relevant to note here that Buldana sits next door to the drought-prone Marathwada 13
Suggestions: 1. Production cost based guaranteed price, should be given by government same should be made mandatory for private agencies. 2. Agro based industry should be strictly allocated to small scale industries. Mega companies should be banned in this area. These industries should be employment generating.
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3. Government should implement its policy to give loan on lesser and lesser interest loan to farmers. Aim should be 0% interest rate for small farmers. 4. Farmers should be given nil loan reports at one stroke. Their 7/12 form should be made blank. 5. Subsidy policy should continue even developed countries give subsidy to farmers in America in 2005 subsidy has been increased by 68% whereas by 48.6% in 2007 in China. 6. A clear and straight Government Policy especially about co-operative and other banks is the need of the time. 7. Stop water, save water i.e. water conservation and then irrigation be made a thrust point. 8. Monopolistic scheme from cotton to cloth production be started foreign companies be charged heavy import, excise duty. 9. Insurance policy be generalized for all crops. Paisewari/Anewari calculation be made reasonable. Natural calamities should be compensated. 10. Pension scheme for farmers an farmer workers be started. 11. Macaulay’s education system be changed students should be taught more, practical skills in schools and colleges. 12. Irrigation backlog be abridged. 13. Credit limit of farmers and repayment limit be extended. 14. Agriculture guidance framework specially land study guidance be strengthened. 15. God owns be made available at reasonable rates. for grains be properly conserved. 16. Natural farming, bio-farming, be encouraged farmers should try to change the chemical farming to bio-farming. 17. Farmers should try to avoid expensive social and religious customs. Dowry system be opposed by farmers. 18. Import of agricultural products by government be made more sensible and when only seriously and genuinely needed.
Conclusion: Minimum support price should be changed or made changes in relation to inflation rate so that farmers are perused from suicide. The government should purchase the agriculture product from the farmer and then to be sold to the trades, in this way the frames’ deceit can be avoided. A great amount of grant of be given for agriculture research. To use the water resources effectively and to increase in catchment area.Providing monetary aids in due course.Making use of natural resources effectively.Giving importance to increase in agriculture production.Limited use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides.To develop the quality of agriculture research and to bring this now research in contact with framers and villagers.Using new technology irrigation in agriculture sector.To make available the markets where farmer can easily get fix prizes for their product.To built new godouns and cold storage in big numbers so that the product from the field can be stored in it until the appropriate prizes farmer gets.The fundamental facilities are made available for exporting the agriculture production.Co-op. Apex Bank Ltd Department of Co- Operation, Government of Punjab. Suicides in Rural Punjab. 1998.
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References: 1. Behare, P.B. and A. P. Behere (2008). Farmers Sucide in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra State : A myth or Reality? Indian J Psychiatry. 2008 Apr-Jun; 50(2): 124–12 access on https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2738339/ 2. Suicides in Rural Punjab.(1998).The Punjab State Co-op Apex Bank Ltd Department of Co-operation, Government o Punjab. 3. HawtonK, Fagg J, Simkin S, Harris L, Aslog M. Methods used for suicide by farmers in England and Wales. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;173:320–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 4. "In 80% farmer-suicides due to debt, loans from banks, not moneylenders". The Indian Express. Retrieved 25 March 2019. 5. "Maharashtra crosses 60,000 farm suicides". www.ruralindiaonline.org. Peoples archive of rural India(PARI). Retrieved 25 March 2019. 6. [ncrb.gov.in "NCRB"] Official website. Government of India. Retrieved 25 March 2019. 7. NCRB report - farmers suicides (PDF). NCRB / Government of India. Retrieved 25 March 2019. 8. National Crime Reports Bureau, ADSI Report Annual – 2014 Government of India, p. 242, table 2.11 9. "NDA, UPA failed to curb farmer suicides". 10. Gruère, G. &Sengupta, D. (2011), Bt cotton and farmer suicides in India: an evidence- based assessment, The Journal of Development Studies, 47(2), pp. 316–337 11. Sainath,P: How states fudge the data on declining farmer suicides". 12. Gruère, G. &Sengupta, D. (2011), Bt cotton and farmer suicides in India: an evidence- based assessment, The Journal of Development Studies, 47(2), 316–337 13. Schurman, R. (2013), Shadow space: suicides and the predicament of rural India, Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(3), 597–601 14. Das, A. (2011), Farmers’ suicide in India: implications for public mental health, International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57(1), 21–29 15. Gangan, Surendra P.(2019) Maharashtra saw 12,006 farmer suicides from 2015 to 2018.Hindustan Times, Mumbai Jan 23, 16. Bhatia, B.M. (1963), Famines in India 1850-1945, Asia Publishing House, London. 17. Mahajan, D.P. and S. M. Kalakhe (2019). Suicides farmers in India paper presented in National Conference at Siddharth College Jafrabad Dist. Jalna.
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Buddhist Pilgrimage: A Path towards Spirituality
Mr. Rahul Rao M.Phil. (Pali) Departmnet of Pali University of Mumbai 400050 +919920059856 [email protected]
Introduction: Pilgrimage meaning as per Oxford Dictionary is a journey to a place of particular interest or significance and a pilgrim’s journey. Pilgrimage is both a personal and communal journey reinforcing the believer’s search for spiritual fulfilment and keeping in physical contact as well with their religion’s physical manifestations of faith. The pilgrim makes a commitment to undertake a conscious physical journey along a path which is also temporal in that the sites to be visited are rooted in time and have special significance for the religion: places that mark important points in the founder’s life, miracles and martyrdoms of the believers and saints. While on pilgrimage, the pilgrim removes himself from daily life, its worries and comforts, to become detached and focused on the spiritual. The believer is thus somewhere between the ordinary and sacred planes during the time spent on pilgrimage. 1 The physical element in pilgrimage is pervasive, there is a constant interaction between the pilgrim’s wish to connect the inner process with the external physical surroundings: the path itself, sacred buildings, relics, ritual activities, partaking in charity and interacting with fellow pilgrims because you are separate, yet part of a greater whole. You are expected to walk long distances over difficult terrain to reach the holy sites which are usually found in high places i.e. tops of mountains to illustrate the closeness to the sacred. In addition to walking, the pilgrim will need to ascend (on foot) and once reaching the goal there is further circumambulation of the sacred site. The pilgrim is also expected to concentrate on the spiritual continually throughout the pilgrimage which may last for many days. 2
References form Tipitaka Buddhist Pilgrimage specially means places directly associated with the life of Buddha has we come across in the Mahaparinibbana Sutta “ gamissantikho, nanda, saddh bhikkh bhikkhuniyoup sak up sik yo — ‘IdhaTath gatoj to’tipi, ‘IdhaTath gatoanuttara ṃsamm sambodhi ṃabhisambuddho’tipi, ‘IdhaTath gatenaanuttara ṃdhammacakka ṃpavattita’ntipi, ‘IdhaTath gatoanup dises yanibb nadh tuy parinibbuto’tipi. Ye hi keci, nanda, cetiyac rika ṃ hi ṇḍ ant pasannacitt k la ṅkarissanti, sabbetek yassabhed para ṃmara ṇ sugati ṃsagga ṃloka ṃupapajjissant ”ti. 3
1https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/path-of-the-pilgrim-manifesting-the-spiritual 2https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/path-of-the-pilgrim-manifesting-the-spiritual 3An Exposition of Mahaparinibbana Sutta pg no 93-98 by BhikkhuPesala
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4. 3. 2. 8.(Sa ṃvejan yasutta ṃ) 18. Catt rim nibhikkhavesaddhassakulaputtassadassan y nisa ṃvejan y ni ṭh n ni.Katam nicatt ri? Idhatath gatoj totibhikkhavesaddhassakulaputtassadassan ya ṃsa ṃvejan ya ṃṭ h na ṃ. Idhatath gatoanuttara ṃsamm sambodhi ṃabhisambuddhotibhikkhavesaddhassakulaputtassadass an ya ṃsa ṃvejan ya ṃṭ h na ṃ. Idhatath gatoanuttara ṃdhammacakka ṃpavattes tibhikkhavesaddhassakulaputtassadassan ya ṃsa ṃvejan ya ṃṭ h na ṃ. Idhatath gatoanup dises yanibb nadh tuy parinibbutotibhikkhavesaddhassakulaputtassadassan ya ṃsa ṃvejan ya ṃṭ h na ṃ. im nikhobhikkhavecatt risaddhassakulaputtassadassan y nisa ṃvejan y ni ṭh n n ti. 4
The above two references from Tipitaka in Roman Script, one in Mahaparinibbana Sutta of DighNikaya from Sutta Pitaka, Here Buddha informs VenAnanada about Pilgrimage to four places, Construction of Stupa, Veneration of Stupa and Person worthy of Stupa. Second reference is from Samvejaniya Sutta of AnguttaraNikaya from Sutta Pitaka mentions about the four places of pilgrimage. Here I want to add this four holy places as Buddha informed Lumbini, Bodhgaya, Sarnath and Kusinara. With the spread of Buddhist teachings at northern part of India more four places were added during the reign of Emperor Asoka they were Rajgir, Vaishali, Sravasthi and Sankissa later known has The Eight Great Sites of Wonder (Astamahapratiharya).
Ancient Accounts of Buddhist Pilgrims During the course of time monks from far countries visited India for pilgrimage, they were keen in visiting Buddhist sites which were directly connected with Buddha and his disciples. We find from history and ancient recordsthat the Chinese pilgrim’s stayed in India, visited the places, learn the Buddhists texts and later went to their respective country and preach Buddhism and also translated the books in their language. Pilgrims such has Fa Hein, Xuanzang and I-Tsing from 4 th century to 7 th century travelled across India.
Path onwards Spirituality Just going on Buddhist Pilgrimagewithoutunderstanding the importance will neither help any upasaka or upasika as this Pilgrimage is beneficial for Bhikkhu, bhikkuni ,upasaka and upasika. As how it will help in spiritual development is only through Saddha, Dana, Sila, Khanti and Bhavana. When these five steps are completed or practice religiously and wholeheartedly during the pilgrimage and also later in life will certainly lead towards the path of liberation. Example : When a Stupa, Cetiyagraha, Vihara or an Arama is taken for construction it requires people to build them termed has manpower, for building such a huge heritage the person who has taken initiative will have Saddha or he has come into contact with the teachings of Dhamma. Later Dana or offerings is collected and given for the construction in the form of Money, voluntary contribution involving physical effort, food for workers, development of place through tree plantations, digging wells and so forth. Once the construction is completed at that place it is donated to the Sangha where bhikkhu, bhikkuni, upasaka and upasika follow Sila precepts here we can take five, eight, and ten and so forth and learn the teachings of Dhamma under the
4https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sltp/AN_II_utf8.html#pts.118
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guidance of Sangha. Such places known has stupa, cetiyagraha, vihara is the place for developing Bhavana known has Samadhi for concentration and eradication of own defilement to develop insight. For the above four f actors Khanti known has patience is essential which helps human beings to achieve each step slowly and gradually to fulfil with his effort own Parmitta. This entire process goes through a learning centre under the observation of Buddha himself today we term has pilgrimage. Buddhist Sites shows the path for developing inner and outer pilgrimage.
Conclusion In India every states has some important Buddhist sites which are been adding up by tourism ministry to develop them so that more people from different countries along with that Indian pilgrims to can visit these sites and walk on the footsteps of Buddha. Buddhist pilgrimage was first ever coined by Buddha that to in 6 th BCE. This is the earliest evidence from literary sources where monks,nuns,and laypeople visited on pilgrimage it was called has Cetiya Carika, Dhamma Carika, Dhammayatra. Apart from them the earliest contribution through archaeological sources we come across about pilgrimage it is through the records of Emperor Asoka he himself been on pilgrimage and develop those sites religiously and spread the Dhamma under Buddhist missionaries across world we get this both referencesthrough his Inscriptions on Rocks and Pillars.A historical record as regards Buddhist pilgrimage comes from Rock Edict VIII of Asoka, the Maurya Emperor. Dated in the third century BCE, this inscription states, “In the past kings or Devanampriyas went on pleasure tours(Viharayatam). Then there was hunting and such other pastimes. King DevanampriyaPiyadassi who was consecrated for ten years went to Sambodhi. With that commenced these pilgrimages (Dhammayata).” (Guruge 1993 564) 5 Pilgrimage is only completedwherein the five factors are taken into consideration that is Sadda, Dana, Sila, Khanti and Bhavana which will essentially help to develop and lead towards spirituality and further towards liberation.
References 1. Mahaparinibbana Sutta, DighNikaya, Tipitaka 2. The Geography of Buddhist Pilgrimage in Asia by Robert Stoddard 3. “A guide to Bodh Gaya” – Maha Bodhi Society of India, Bodh Gaya -2006 by Ven.S.Dhammika 4. Si-Yu-Ki Buddhist Records of the Western World, reprint. New Delhi: MunshiramManoharlal 1983 by Samuel Beal 5. Dana: The Practice of Giving. By Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed. 6. Analysis of Perfections, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, 2003 by VenRerukaneChandavimalaMahathera 7. Where the Buddha Walked: A companion to the Buddhist Places of India, Indica Publications, 2003 by Rana. P. B. Singh 8. Middle Land Middle Way: A Pilgrim’s Guide to the Buddha’s India, Buddhist Publication Society,Kandy, 1992 by VenShravastiDhammika 9. Along the Buddhist Path: The Mediator’s Companion to the Sacred Sites in India and Nepal,New Age Books,New Delhi, 2015 by Kory Goldberg and Michelle Decary 10. Dana: Giving and Getting in Pali Buddhism,MotilalBanarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd, Delhi, 2003 by Ellison Banks Findly 11. Ananda W.P. Guruge, Asoka- A Definitive Biography, Central Cultural Fund, Colombo, 1993
5Ananda W.P. Guruge, Asoka- A Definitive Biography, Central Cultural Fund, Colombo, 1993
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Motivation and Second Language Acquisition
Mr.Pundlik Nalinde Assistant Professor Department of English Bhagwan Baba College, Lonar. [email protected] 9765026853
Abstract: The paper deals with the second language acquisition and role of motivation. It is an attempt to focus on the complex relationship between second language learning and motivation. It develops some common theories in SLA and tries to show the difficulties L2 learners in learning a new language, the difficulties in relation to language and motivation. How our understanding of motivation can lead us to better equip the learner’s success. It is findings of various opinions of researchers and scholars, about language learning and their theories about language acquisition.
Key Words : Motivation, Second language, Acquisition. The field of education is wonderful and the profession of teaching challenges. It also considered as a noble profession from time immemorial. Newer and modern tools are used to make teaching impressive, effective and result oriented. How to teach is really difficult. Good and effective teaching needs a special mindset with different dimensions of education. Language is a means of expressing ideas and emotions in the form of signs and symbols. These signs and symbols are used to encode and decode the information. There are many languages spoken in the world. The first language learned by a baby is his or her mother tongue. It is the language which is he or she listen to from his or her birth. Any other language learned or acquired is known as the second language. The definition of second language acquisition and learning describes the process of understanding speaking and writing another language fluently. The ability to communicate in the second language is becoming an essential skill in today’s world. A person’s second language is a language that is not the native language of the speaker, but is learned later. Usually a foreign language, but can be another language used in the speaker’s home country. Motivation is the reason for peoples’ actions willingness and goals. Motivation has been considered as one of the most important reason that inspires a person to move forward. In a second language learning Prinzi explained the importance of motivation. He pointed out that there is a very close relationship between motivation and second language learning. There are many views among researchers with the second language learning. The Cognitive social theory focuses on behavior and methods that stimulated behavioral change. The theory has three principals; understanding and predict individual and group behavior, identification of methods where behaviors can be modified or changed, and development of personality, behavior, and health promotion. In the field of education the students require high motivation. If the motivation is low, the students may sit idly and miss valuable learning experience. This may limit their success and that can lead to increased frustration and in a loss of even more motivation. Motivation in second language learning was defined by Gadner as “ referring to the extent to which the individual works or strives to learn the language because of a desire to do so and satisfaction experienced in this activity” Motivation is not a simple concept to
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explain. Motivated second language learners exhibit many other qualities in addition to effort, desire and positive effects. On the other hand, second language learning requires the formal instruction of language, and is comprised of a conscious process of factual knowledge about the language. Learning differs from acquisition in the individual makes a deliberate and conscious effort, focusing on the correctness and accuracy, to speak the language. Acquisition of a second language requires an individual to process subconsciously the sounds and utterances of the target language. In second language acquisition, the learner concentrates on the communicative act and not on the form of correctness. According to Krashen, acquisition of a language is very similar to the way children learn their first language and constitutes a simple but natural way of language acquisition. There are many factors that influence performance in the second language learning. Gardner found motivational components such as attitudes towards learning language, motivational intensity and desire to learn the language had positive influence on performance in the language learning classroom. Scholars have confirmed motivation as an influence on performance in the second language or foreign language learning classroom, with attitude as a situational support. The motivational construct, which is derived from the two types of motivation, are intensity, the desire to learn a language and the attitude one has towards learning the language. The motivational model of Gardner, which is comprised of intergrativeness, attitude towards learning the language, and desire to learning the language, instrumental orientation, refers to an interest in language learning for pragmatic reasons, and language anxiety. These propositions have been shown to have an effect on second language learning. The model described by Gardner was seen as a good start to understanding motivation within the second language acquisition classroom. Although Gardner’s propositions have been used, cited an extensively supported, it has practically gone unchallenged until the 1990s. In addition, the many facets of motivations within a second language acquisition classroom was suggested to be very robust to be limited to just intergrativeness and instrumentation. Since students need to learn to manage the knowledge they receive, it has been noted that students should learn become more aware of their cognitive learning and processes and strategies in order to use and apply metacognitive strategies. Metacognitive strategies aid in providing the learner with self-guidance towards the learning process. It requires manipulation of the cognitive aspect of learning. Second language acquisition or SLA is the process of learning other languages in addition to the native language. For example, a child who speaks Hindi as the mother tongue starts learning English when he starts going to school. The child starts learning English as a second language. A young child can learn a second language faster than an adult can learn the same language. Second language acquisition, or sequential language acquisition, is learning a second language after a first language is already established. Many times this happens when a child who speaks a language other than his mother tongue, goes to school for the first time. Children have an easier time learning a second language, but anyone can do it any age. It takes a lot of practice. Most scholars use the term “language learning” and “language acquisition” interchangeably. These terms differs from each others. Language learning refers to the formal learning of a language in the classroom. On the other hand, language acquisition means acquiring the language with little or no formal training or learning. If you go to a foreign land where
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people speak a different language from your native language, you need to acquire that foreign language. It can be done with little formal learning of the language through your every day interaction with the native speakers in the market place, work place, parks or anywhere else. This is true for learning spoken language. There are many ways of teaching a person second language including the following: 1.Language spoken in the home. 2.Amount of opportunities to practice the second language. 3.Internal motivation of the learner. 4.Reasons that the second language is needed. There are several things to consideration when teaching a second language. These factors may include the language spoken at home, the willingness of the learner, the reason to learn the second language, means learning at school, for work, to talk to friends or others.
References: 1. Pathak, R. S. Teaching English in India. Creative Books, New Delhi. 2. Cater R & Long, M. Teaching Literature, Longman. 3. Haynes, Judy, Stages of Second Language Acquisition” 4. K. Sudesh. Development of Generic Skills. Mumbai: Nanda Publication.
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Difficulties Faced while Learning English as A Second Language
Prashant N. Kamble Asst. Professor Department of English M.S.P.Arts, Sci. & K.P.T. Comm. College Manora Mobile 9405972728 Email:- [email protected]
Abstract: English as a second or foreign language is the use of English by speakers with different native languages. Methods of learning English are highly variable depending on the student's level of English proficiency and the manner and setting in which they are taught, which can range from required classes in school to self-directed study at home. In some programs, educational materials are provided in a mixture of English and the student's native language. In other programs, educational materials are always in English, but the vocabulary, grammar, and context clues may be modified to be more easily understood by students with varying levels of comprehension .The English language has great reach and influence, and English is taught all over the world. In countries where English is not usually a native language, it is taught to them who want to understand English content for the purposes of education, entertainment.
Keywords, : English, Language, difficulties Learners, Teachers
Difficulties for learners Untrained Teachers. ... This is the most significant and the most overlooked problem. What makes this problem so difficult to solve is that, since many communities are English language learners, they cannot determine who is a good English teacher and who isn't. Whatever the teacher says, whether correct or incorrect, will be taken as correct by the learner. This has led to a lot of confusion among learners because different teachers tell them different things. One of the main causes of this problem is the difficulty teachers have translating from their native languages
Limited Learning Exposure. ... When I talk about limited learning environments, I'm not referring to the weather, the availability of furniture in the classrooms, or the location of the school. While all of these factors can affect learning, in learning English, what happens outside of class matters the most. In most cases, students only make an effort to speak proper English in the classroom when they are with their supervisor . Moreover, students don’t always hear people around them speaking proper English. As a result, it becomes more difficult to learn correct English. Learning materials refer to items that aid in the learning process. Books may be a necessary material, but books are not enough by themselves. Audio tools are also needed. As observed above, if a student sees a sound symbol in a book, how does he/she know how to pronounce it? The fact is, students of English Language graduate into teachers of the English language without ever getting to hear the correct pronunciation by a native speaker. Students also study haphazardly. They have books to read but they can’t tell how certain words are said. How would a student know how to pronounce the word ‘ewe’? He/she must hear
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the right pronunciation from his/her teacher or from a native speaker of English. Students tend to learn from movies they watch but they often learn the wrong things because movies contain slang and dialects that are not appropriate in many forms of communication
Students Don't Take Their learning Seriously. ... In this case, students often think that the same English they speak at home or on the street is the same they will write in their exams. However, because communication doesn't have to be grammatically correct in order to be intelligible, students don’t always abide by the rules they learned in school and therefore do not get fully educated and/or pass their tests. It is also the case that students don’t study English as much as they study other subjects. In most cases, students study English only in the classroom when the teacher is teaching. After the class, they drop their books and wait for the next class. They don’t study pronunciation, they don’t study essay writing, and they don’t make an effort to learn new words. They bring every little problem to the teacher during classes, even things they could just look it up in the dictionary. When learners make mistakes and are corrected, they often say “It is not my language after all.” This greatly affects their ability to learn English.
Over-Use of Native Language in the Classroom. Students learn another language best when they're forced to use it. Teachers must be alert about requiring students to communicate in English and only in English—even if they're just talking to each other. If you know the students' native language, pretend in the classroom that you don't—as that will force them to make requests and respond to questions in English.
Students Dependent too much on the Teacher Part of learning anything means figuring out how to solve problems on your own. If a student goes to the teacher with every little problem he/she runs into, then the student will never be able to learn the language on their own. If students insist that they don't know how to say or do something on their own, they need to be reassured that they actually can with positive feedback and encouragement
Strong Students Dominate the Class. No matter how well students are sorted, there will still be differences in how much students know and how quickly they can learn. Setting the pace of the class to keep up with the strongest students will leave the weaker ones behind. Weaker students shouldn't be forgotten in classroom discussions and activities Even for those of us whose first language is English, the language can be confusing. There are so many exceptions to a seemingly endless number of rules! You must use appropriate punctuation, the subject and verb must agree, commas are only used in certain instances, you cannot use more than one negative in a sentence…it goes on and on. Thankfully, learning to speak English is step one, and learning to write and spell correctly is step two. You are not alone. Learning a new language can be difficult, but studying as you are immersed in the language and the culture can make the process a bit easier. These are the most common challenges students face when learning English as a second language.Some students may have problems due to the incoherence in rules like were, a noun is a noun and a verb is a verb because grammarians say they are. For e.g. In "I am suffering terribly" suffering is the verb,
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but in "My suffering is terrible", it is a noun. But both sentences expresses the same idea using the same words..
Pronunciation English is not a phonetic language, meaning we often do not say a word the same way it is spelled. For example, “I will read the book today,” and “I read the book yesterday,” are spelled the same way but pronounced differently. There are numerous words like this that can be confusing to English learners. These words are known as heteronyms, words with different sounds but the same spelling. Another example is the word “tear.” You could say “I have a tear in my pants,” or “There is a tear in my eye.
Spelling Many words sound the same but have vastly different spellings. There can be a “pair” of people or a “pear” like the fruit. They are pronounced the same, but have different spellings and different meanings. Going further, individual letter sounds can be spelled many different ways. Take for example the sound of the letter “f.” It can be spelled as a “gh” like “enough, or tough,” with a “ph” as in the word “phone,” or spelled with a double “f” as in “stuff.” Whew! Thankfully you only have to worry about spelling when writing English, but these are crucial differentiators that you’ll need to master to be an effective written communicator.
Grammar Tense, aspect, and mood – English has a relatively large number of tense–aspect–mood forms with some quite subtle differences, such as the difference between the simple past "I ate" and the present perfect "I have eaten". Progressive and perfect progressive forms add complexity.
Functions of auxiliaries – Learners of English tend to find it difficult to manipulate the various ways in which English uses auxiliary verbs. These include negation (e.g. He hasn't been sleeping.), inversion with the subject to form a question (e.g. Has he been sleeping?), short answers (e.g. Yes, he has.) and tag questions (has he?). A further complication is that the dummy auxiliary verb do/does/did is added to fulfill these functions in the simple present and simple past, but not to replace the verb to be (He drinks too much./Does he? but He is an addict/Is he?).
Modal verbs – English has several modal auxiliary verbs, which each has a number of uses. These verbs convey a special sense or mood such as obligation, necessity, ability, probability, permission, possibility, prohibition, intention etc. These include "must", "can", "have to", "need to", "will", "shall", "ought to", "will have to", "may", and "might". For example, the opposite of "You must be here at 8" (obligation) is usually "You don't have to be here at 8" (lack of obligation, choice). "Must" in "You must not drink the water" (prohibition) has a different meaning from "must" in "You must have eaten the chocolate" (deduction). This complexity takes considerable work for most English language learners to master. All these modal verbs or "modals" take the first form of the verb after them. These modals do not have past or future inflection, i.e. they do not have past or future tense Idiomatic usage – English is reputed to have a relatively high degree of idiomatic usage.[15] For example, the use of different main verb forms in such apparently parallel constructions as "try to learn", "help learn", and "avoid learning" pose difficulty for learners. Another example is the idiomatic distinction between "make" and "do": "make a mistake", not "do a mistake"; and "do a favor", not "make a favor".
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Articles – English has two forms of article: the (the definite article) and a and an (the indefinite article). In addition, at times English nouns can or indeed must be used without an article; this is called the zero article. Some of the differences between definite, indefinite and zero article are fairly easy to learn, but others are not, particularly since a learner's native language may lack articles, have only one form, or use them differently from English. Although the information conveyed by articles is rarely essential for communication, English uses them frequently (several times in the average sentence) so that they require some effort from the learner.
Vocabulary Phrasal verbs – Phrasal verbs (also known as multiple-word verbs) in English can cause difficulties for many learners because of their syntactic pattern and because they often have several meanings. There are also a number of phrasal verb differences between American and British English.
Prepositions – As with many other languages, the correct use of prepositions in the English language is difficult to learn, and it can turn out to be quite a frustrating learning experience for ESL/EFL learners. For example, the prepositions "on" (rely on, fall on), "of" (think of, because of, in the vicinity of), and "at" (turn at, meet at, start at) are used in so many different ways and contexts, it is very difficult to remember the exact meaning for each one. Furthermore, the same words are often used as adverbs (come in, press on, listen in, step in) as part of a compound verb (make up, give up, get up, give in, turn in, put on), or in more than one way with different functions and meanings (look up, look on, give in)
Size of lexicon – The history of English has resulted in a very large vocabulary, including one stream from Old English and one from the Norman infusion of Latin-derived terms.One estimate of the lexicon puts English at around 250,000 unique words. This requires more work for a learner to master the language.
Collocations – Collocation in English refers to the tendency for words to occur together with others. For example, nouns and verbs that go together (ride a bike/drive a car). Native speakers tend to use chunksof collocations and ESL learners make mistakes with collocations.
Slang and colloquialisms – In most native English-speaking countries, large numbers of slang and colloquial terms are used in everyday speech. Many learners may find that classroom based English is significantly different from how English is usually spoken in practice. This can often be difficult and confusing for learners with little experience of using English in Anglophone countries. Also, slang terms differ greatly between different regions and can change quickly in response to popular culture. Some phrases can become unintentionally rude if misused. This is one particular area that is challenging to teach in the classroom. Slang refers to casual language more commonly used in day-to-day conversation. By taking advantage of pop culture like radio shows or television, non-native speakers can help gain an understanding of conversations by picking up cues like the tone of voice or nonverbal clues. Here are a few examples of common English slang phrases.
Silent letters - Within English, almost every letter has the 'opportunity' to be silent in a word, except F, J, Q, R, V, and Y. The most common is e, usually at the end of the word and is used to elongate the previous vowel(s). The common usage of silent letters can throw off how ESL
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learners interpret the language . Words such as Queue, Colonel, Knight and Wednesday tend to throw off the learner, since they contain large amounts of silent letters.
Conclusion: The above mentioned obstacles make it difficult for the learners of English as a foreign or second language. Constant exposure to English through various means can change the picture of English language learners. Students must be forced to acquire the four basic skills for learning a foreign language . If possible hands on training from native speaker be arranged for the English language learners through various means available.
References: 1) www.https://wikipedia.org 2) www.https://owlcation/academia/amaado 3) "The Phrasal Verbs Machine". thephrasalverbsmachine.org. 4) Using a dictionary. Esl.fis.edu. Retrieved on 2014-06-17 5) Silent Letters in English from A-Z".
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The Study of Feminism in the Selected Novels of Shobha De
Mr. Pravin Sopan Shimbre Asst. Prof, LBS Arts, Prof. N G Science And A G Commerce College, Sakharkherda. E-mail- [email protected] , Cont- 7588846860
Abstract: Shobha De is a celebrated feminist novelist in India. It is an attempt to make critical comment on Shobha De’s woman centric novels. It shows women predicament, her suffocation in male dominated society but come out and raised herself from suppressed woman to new woman. De’s women are free, ready to face difficult situation and create their own identity.
Keywords: feminist, patriarchal society, identity, sex, freedom, new woman.
Introduction: Shobha De is an eminent Indian feminist novelist in English literature. De is a very special and different novelist from other Indian novelist. She is a very free in her expression and narration of personal incident with open heartedness. Shobha De represents her women protagonist as a ‘new woman’. Her heroines are not helpless or love slaves. Her woman resists old image of woman in society and try to achieve her own class. De’s women are sensible, educated, sexually liberated and free thinking woman. De’s women are not facing the problems like dowery system or poverty but these women want more something than the suppress lives. Her many women, initially exploited, subjugated, suppressed in patriarchal society but these educated women understood the emptiness of bore dome lives. They tried to make their own identity and started their education and set career. Some divorced to their husband and chose their own way. ‘The Socialite Evening’ (1989), the first novel of Shobha De, is about Karuna. This novel is a journey of a middle class girl to self-sufficient woman. Karuna, her name means ‘pity’. Her condition became much pitiful in male dominated society. Karuna suffers due to the insensitive and non responsive attitude of her husband. Socialite Evening is a novel that presents the institutions of family and marriage existing in the wealthy class of the Indian Society. Theme of the novel is the search for identity and self assertion. Her husband treats her as a mere object subjected to his will as a result there is a complete loss of her identity. In such a boredom life Anjali suggests some changes and she entered in the glamorous world of modeling and friendship with Bunty are the act of rebellion. After marriage she established extra martial relationship. Karuna spent much time with Krish, her husband’s friend. When both of them were in Venice, their extra marital affair was disclosed. Her husband accused her for being low moral woman. He was expecting her plead full response but Karuna darely confess: “I love this friend of yours and I want to be with him Venice There is good change” (Socialite Evening) Here, Karuna’s rebel shows how she suffered and now she was seeking revenge against men dominated society. She suffers much because of her unsuited marriage and her husband’s oppressive attitude. Here, Shobha De’s attack is not against the individuals, it is against the system that favors men and causes womens exploitation and marginalization.
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In the novel ‘Second Thought’ (1996), is a story of Maya, she was also an oppressed wife. She suffers due to husband’s orthodox behavior. Ranjan was orthodox husband, reminds Maya about tradition. Being an engineer Maya is not allowed to do the job. He considers her mere object, not human. Ranjan thought that providing meals and shelter that is more than enough for Maya. Maya doesn’t accept Ranjan’s ‘house’ as her ‘home’ for the lack of love, affection. She says: “The house that was now I always referred to this place, even myself. I was never had a home. My home, our home, Always ‘the house’-impersonal,distant,cold.” (Second Thought, 227, p.) The lack of belongingness, physical dissatisfaction, emptiness in married life and impact of Mumbai’s monotonous life forces Maya to think new decision in life. Ranjan doesn’t give her proper time but ignores her. Even in bed he neglected her and told sex is not so important thing. But entry of Nikhil in Maya’s life brought new meaning. Nikhil, a college going youth, filled Maya with power of bed happiness that she was desperate from long time. Here, Shobha De, brought out the aspect of sex because according to her sexually dissatisfied woman has authority to enjoy her sex life even with another man. In this way, she attacked on marriage system. Shobha De’s women are finding various ways of pleasure, don’t feel awkward. These are urban women who don’t give importance to the morality and spirituality. They consider themselves free to live life same as men do. These women don’t adjust their nature as per the need of their husband and family like traditional Indian women deed. These women are independent and free from social and moral restrictions. Women can find her alternatives where she can leave a man out of her life as she achieved success and economic independence. There is a great deal of self assertion and sexual liberalization in De’s women. Even social taboos, family, and marriage don’t restrict their decision, not only this but when their marriages fail, her woman try to deal with new way of life. Through her novels, De point out the fact that woman has the same emotions, ambitions, aspirations and values as a man and she is determined to face any danger to fulfill her desire. De has tried to represent ambition is not the monopoly of the patriarchal society. Even women can be ambitious and they have their dream to reach that heights which they decide to assert themselves. The woman wants to control their life and to create her identity, but her woman always ready to face difficulty. In such way, the characteristics of Shobha De’s women are a better control and balance in their nature and ready to counter the male. The ‘New Woman’ of today is no longer a puppet in the hands of a man. Women of modern India, try to break conventional sexual behaviors to oppose and reject male domination. Initially, these women become surrender to the males, but in the end they raised from submissive to a new woman. Thus, Shobha De’s woman spoils all the social norms, taboos and restrictions.
References: 1. De, Shobha: Socialite Evenings: Penguin Books India, New Delhi, 1989. 2. De, Shobha: Second Thoughts: Penguin Books India, New Delhi, 1996. 3. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, ed. H.M. Parshley London: Jonathan Cape, 1983.
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Religious Influence on the Indian Literature
Prof. Shashikant B. Sirsat Assistant Professor, Dept. of English Raje Chhatrapati Kala Mahavidyalaya, Dhamangaon Badhe. Mob. No. 9850489421 Email: [email protected]
Indian literature, when accumulating the most ancient to the still metamorphosing present and the yet to be gauged future, is truly unimaginable and inconceivable to the normal eye and the average brain. Indian literature that has been penned since has been a masterwork of unrelenting geniuses. Literature in India is indeed a production which has reproduced tons and tons of useful and unforgettable materials, borrowing practically from every aspect of Indian indigenous life, both rural and urban. However, when wanting to delineate more and more over the aspect of religious influence on Indian literature, there does not remain any room for describing the domain of Indian Literature' into a separate genre; it does not need any more introduction. The point that needs very much to be established is the fact that literature in the Indian context, beginning from the ancient times, would never have been possible had it not been for the fact that religion and spiritual aspects had impressed upon it most profoundly. Indeed, such has been the impact of religion on Indian literature, that there today does exist a separate genre, 'Indian religious literature', rooted from the period of the Vedic era. Literature in India is always incomplete without its portrayal of history, which does overlap over and over, in the long run, creating a massive concept to make one comprehend that religious influence is of course one that holds considerable significance. Religious influence upon Indian literature can be mostly counted into that historical period, which had made a transition from oral literature in India into written literature. Indian literature comprises everything which is included in the word 'literature' in the broadest sense of the term: religious and mundane, epic and lyric, dramatic and didactic poetry, as well as narrative and scientific prose. However, in the forefront can be found religious influence in Indian literature, from the Vedic Period. Not only the Brahmins in their Veda and the Buddhists in their Tipitaka, but also, numerous religious sects that have appeared in India have on record plenty of literary works-hymns, sacrificial songs, magic songs, myths and legends, sermons, theological treatises and polemic writings, text books of rituals and of religious order. In this literature, is found heaped up material of inestimable value, which cannot be overlooked by any scholar of religion. In addition to activity in the field of influence of religion in Indian literature, which had begun thousands of years ago and being continued even till the present day, there have been in India even in ancient times songs of heroes which in the course of centuries got condensed into two great popular epics-the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. These sagas were the sources, which had supplied material for centuries to the poets of India in the middle Ages and works of epic poetry were thus born which termed artistic epics in contrast to those popular epics. The aspect can never be ignored that all sorts of religious influence of Indian literature begins and literally ends in Sanskrit literature. It was Sanskrit literature and its umpteen divisions from pre-Vedic age, Vedic Sanskrit, Epic Sanskrit and
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Classical Sanskrit literature, which had virtually circularized all the kinds of religious aspects which could have been held from such ancient tirr.es. However, it needs to be noted that Sanskrit literature was an out and out Hindu attempt, with Brahmin rishis and learned men or sages trying to propagate religious doctrines or theories through word of mouth or penning scriptural masterpieces. The branching out of religious influence upon Indian literature into the likes of Buddhism or Jainism is a much later concept, let alone Islamic religious authority into medieval times. However, whatever might have been the case of Sanskrit, it was never for once asserted a fact that spiritual or religious bigotry or forceful and wishful thinking and fantastic impressions were created upon the minds of men; the very real and valid facts had been passed around with Almightiest as the mouthpieces. Be it in the sphere of poetry, prose, drama or short story, Sanskrit literature has done it all. The basic religious influential texts of Sanskrit in India literature would comprise-the four Vedas, each of these Vedas is again divided into four parts- Samhitas, Brahman as, Aranyakas and lastly, the Upanishads. The Upanishads form the concluding part of Vedic literature and are referred to as the Vedanta-the quintessence of Vedic thought, vision and wisdom. They are also referred as Veda Sirsha, the top-ranking text in Vedic lore. The Muktika Upanishad enlists 108 Upanishads, of which Adi Sankara had commented on eleven-Isha, Kena, Katha, Prasna, Mundaka, Mandukva, Taittiriva, Aitereya. Chandogya, Brihadaranyaka and Narisimhapurvatapini. The Puranas, which are dated later than the two great Epics, are the epic legends comprising five main topics: sarga (creation), pratisarga (dissolution and recreation), vamsa (divine genealogies), manvantara (ages of anu) and vamsanucarita (dynastic history). Puranas, next in line to the brilliantly upholding religious influence upon Indian ancient literature, comprise 18 in number viz., Brahma, Padma, Visnu, Vayu, Bhagavata, Naradiya, Markandeya, Agni, Bhavisya, Brahma-vaivarta, Varaha, Linga, Skanda, Vamana. Kurma, Matsya, Garuda and the Brahmanda Puranas. The Manu Smriti, belonging to 1st century B.C., is the best illustrator of the Dharma- sastras or Smritis or the Hindu religious laws, which do loftily try to contour the routes that religion had played during Vedic times in Indian literature. Manu Smriti consists of twelve chapters, five of which are committed to rules of conduct for individuals belonging to different varnas and asramas. The other important Smritis include YajnavalkyaSmriti, Katyayana Smriti- aroddhara, Brahaspati Smriti and the Narada Smriti. The next important group of .religious texts in Sanskrit are the Agama Sastras or the antric texts, which are subdivided into three categories, incorporating-the Agamas, the Samhitas and the Tantras, which relates to the Saiva, the Vaisnava and the Sakta sects respectively. Stotra literature is also an important form of ancient religious Sanskrit literature. It consists of hymns addressed to Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti, Surya and Ganapati. Some of the instances would include: Bana's Chandi-sataka, Mayura's Surya-sataka, Shankaracharya's Ananda-lahari, Saundarya-lahari and Carpata-panjari, Muka's Pancasati, Pushpadanta's Sivamahimmah-stotra, Anardavardhana's Devi-sataka, Bhatta Naryanan's Stava- cintamani and lasekhara's Mukunda-mala. By this time, it can already be apprehended that religion has long had exercised a strong influence on Indian literary writing. However, as any Indian would be aware in present times, not every religion was however predominating; the principal religions of the country have been Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and of course, Islam. As such, religious influence on Indian literature cannot just be ignored and stacked away in the
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haystack. Throughout the history of Indian literature, particular religious doctrines have constituted common threads. One such doctrine is karma-the chain of good and bad actions and their inevitable and predestined outcomes, which result in the reiterated birth and death of the human body. The mythology of the prevailing Hindu religion has time and again portrayed the deities Vishnu, Shiva, the Goddess and others. This mythology further has influenced Indian literary texts, from ancient epics in the Sanskrit language to medieval poems in umpteen various languages of different regions, to modern works in Indian English. The emergence of the popular religions Buddhism and Jainism during the 6th century B.C., had given rise to literature in Pali and in the several dialects of Sanskrit acknowledged as Prakrit. Meanwhile, Tamil, a Dravidian language, had emerged as the most important language in the south. A recorded literature in Tamil dates from the 1st century A.D. Rich literary traditions have emerged in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam-all of which represent modern languages that had developed from Old Tamil and its dialects. True, religious influences in Indian literature had virtually been successful to lap up every language that it could lay its hands on, which commonly was not an unachievable task, h such a religious- minded Indian populace. Placing aside Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism have also been considerably victorious to eve exerted a tremendous religious influence upon Indian literature, beginning from the 6th century. Amongst the Jains, the earliest work in Sanskrit was thoroughly dedicated to religious writing is Umasvamin's Tattvarthadhigama-Sutra, which epitomises the whole Jain creed in approximately 375 sutras coiffed in ten chapters. There have existed several commentaries penned on thiswork in Sanskrit, which includes Pujyapada's Sarvartha-siddhi-vrtti (6th century), Akalanka's Tattvartha-raja-varttika (8th century) and Vidyanandin's Tattvartha-sloka-varttika (9th century). The other important Jain texts in Sanskrit incorporate-Subhachandra's Jnanarvana and Hemachandra's Yogasastra, Ravisena's Padmacharita (7th century), Jinasena's Harivamsa Purana (8th century) and Mahapurana of Jinasena and Gunabhadra (9th century). Harisena's Katha kosa (10th century) is the most superlative illustration of Jain short stories in Sanskrit. Hymns and Jain lyrical poetry is best depicted by Bhaktambara-stotra of Manatunga, Kalyana-mandira-stotra of Vadiraja, Visapahara-stotra of Dhananjaya and Jina- chaturvimsatika of Bhupala. Hence, it is mostly understood that Jain influence on Indian literature has been most profound and vast, to have incorporated such massive Sanskrit versions by legends. Buddhist influence on Indian literature, most manifest under Gautama Buddha, however, .does not only begin and end in this enlightened man, but stretches to other venerated disciples after his Mahaparinirvana (the death of Gautama Buddha). From amongst the Buddhist texts, the Mahavastu is one of the most crucial works, belonging to the Hinayana School of .Buddhism. It is an encyclopedia of Buddhist legends and doctrines. Buddhist texts in Sanskrit were enriched and lend a special lexicon by great writers like Saragossa, Nagarjuna, Aryadeva, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dinnaga, Vasumitra, Dharmapala, Dharmakirti, Cantilever and Santaraksita. Buddhacharita and Saundarananda are the two masterpieces of the historic Asvaghosa. Sariputra-prakarma-a drama in nine acts, is the oldest dramatic work extant in Sanskrit literature, yet again strongly accentuating on the fact religious influence on Indian literature could never be ignored, providing a secured base for times of today. Theother great Buddhist texts in Sanskrit are Nagarjuna'sMadhyamika-karika and Mahdyamika-sastra,
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Aryadeva'sCatuhsataka. Asanga's Yogacara-bhumi-sastra. Vasubandhu's Vimsika and Trimsika, Dinnaga's Nyayapravesa, Dharmakriti's Nyayabindu, Shantideva'? Siksa-sammucchaya and Santaraksita's Tattva-sangraha. Coming down to few centuries down the line towards advancement of time, religious influence on Indian literature besides the amalgamated effort of the mentioned religions, also was most profound in a very different direction. By the termination of the earliest period of the beginning of the first centuries A.D. the 13th and 15th centuries were most crucial with regards to the emergence and spread of the ‘Bhakti’ cult. With every possible Indian religion coming under the charm and sway of this Bhakti preaching that had turned into a movement, various religious thinkers and literary personalities had sprung forth. The Bhakti Movement during the 13th to 15th centuries, had been captivating and was indeed like a catalyst, which was victorious to attract the common mass towards literature for the first time, as it was penned not all in Sanskrit-regarded the language of the elite and the high- classed. With men like Kabir, Chaitanya, Surdas, MeeraBai, Tulsidas, Ravidas, Namdep, or Tukaram, including several other masters-Indian Bhakti literature in every domain of poetry, lyrical verses, drama, or just simple doctrines of philosophical thoughts, had been profound too resounding to have made the populace believe in One God. Hence the Bhakti influence in Indian literature seems to have been accepted by some, yet again, being rejected by another lot; whatever, might have been the state of affairs back then, Bhakti cult could not be ignored in medieval Indian history, which later had paved the path to be more smoothened for the ushering in of Islamic overwhelm, which for a huge period of time, completely had eclipsed Hinduism.
References: • Jadhao, Nitin: Indian English Literature, Kanpur, Chandralok Prakashan, 2012. • Jan, K.M. and Shabnam Firdaus: A Guide to English Literature, New Delhi, Atlantic, 2003. • Kapoor, Subodh: An Introduction to Classical Indian Literature, New Delhi, Cosmo, 2003.
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Romanticism Reflected in George Bernard Shaw’s Plays with Special Reference to The Pygmalion And Candida.
Satish Bhimrao Meratkar J.C.T M.E.S.Arts and sci, jr College Mehkar dist Buldhana.
Abstract :- This paper aims to conduct a detailed thematic analysis of George Bernard show’s major plays . The term Romanticism is currently used to describe objectively observable state of new tendency with addition of curiosity and desire of beauty. It expressed a new thought in simplicity of theme, feeling , and expression , in the worship of nature and in familiarity with the lives and thoughts of humble men and women. Romantic means the principle of spontaneity in literature. If implies the assertion of Individuality against the convention of any school. Romanticism was a reactionary period of history when its seeds become planted in poetry, art work and literature. It radically changed the way people perceived themselves and the state of nature around them. It also allowed people to get away from the constricted, rational view of life and concentrate on an emotional and sentimental side of humanity. It was combination of modern science and classicism that gave birth to Romanticism and introduced a new outlook on life that embraced emotion before rationality. In short Romanticism was time when a man could reach new height of intellectual and political awareness. In the process doing so, he found answers to practical problems by simply using his heart and searching his soul. Such tendency can be frequently seen in the plays of George Bernard show. Many writers have made significant contribution on theme of Romanticism. A lot of research has been done on the very theme with the reference to different poems dramatists and fiction writers but the theme of Romanticism in the plays of George Bernard show is yet to be explored so the present paper is an effort to analyze the romanticism and its impact in the plays of George Bernard show with special references to Pygmalion and Candida
Key word :- Romanticism , symbolism , humanity , individualism , nationality
Introduction :- George Bernard show (26 July 1856 to 02 Nov 1956) was born in 1856. George Bernard show was Irish playwright, critic and Political activist. In history of English drama show occupies a position second only to that of Shakespeare. He dominated the English theater for over sixty years and his influence name and fame were all pervasive. He built up his own theater the theater of ideas shows personality was so complex intricate. Many sideness of his personality is clearly brought out by Harrison’s account. He is a socialist, a Fabian, a pacifist, vegetarian and many other things shows himself did much to create his own particular image and build up his public personality . Before appearing as dramatist he had so imposed his personality on them by means of debates, lectures, writings that everybody recognized his plays as those of George Bernard show. In the course of his long dramatic career show has expressed himself practically on every subject between heaven and earth. Literature, art, medicine, religion, politics, morality, marriage and family relations, racial prejudice, poverty, and social standards. He is philosopher in the
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sense that he has tried to present a coherent and comprehensive view of human nature and of human life and also showed the way in which human life should be best lived. In the true romantic revolt, he has come to conclusion that the life force is the essence the ultimate reality behind the world of the senses. It is this theory which makes show a “ Creative Evolutionist”. It is this life force that mocks at all accepted ideas. In the earlier plays show has been found as romantic rebellion against obsolete traditions. He had been looking into matters which affected the society of the country in which he himself was living but in man and superman and many of his later plays he dealt with the subjects of worldwide interest affecting mankind everywhere. Thus characteristic of romanticism are found in the plays of George Bernard show with large numbers. Show has tried to find out the essence of truth behind the garb of romance and respectability. Show socialism is an off shot of his philosophy of creative evaluation. In this paper an attempt will be made to highlight his few selected plays in the light of the theme of romanticism. In literature, romanticism is the most often represent as revolt against authority tradition and convention. To some, Romanticism is the heart opposed to the head, for other, it is the imagination as contrasted with reason and the sense of fact. In the French Revolution , with its three fold ideals of liberty, equality, fraternity, many of them saw the dawn of new hope for human race . T.E.Hulme in his essay, “Romanticism and classicism (1915) comments on essential difference between the two temperaments. Jacques Barzun offers a good collection of some of the definition of romanticism. In his article “on romanticism and the modern ego (1943)he also speaks of Romanticism as biological revolution. In ‘ Biographia Literaria (1817) Coleridge discussed the poetic Imagination as one of the derivation of the primary imagination, symbolism and myth were given great prominence in the romantic conception of art. The Romantic Movement was the expression of individual genius rather than of established rules. Show possessed more skill in handling action in sufficiently revealed in some of his scenes of pure magic several moving scenes in casers and Cleopatra, the death scene of the artist in the doctor’s Dilemma, March banks victory in Candida. The regenerated flower girl turning for love to her creator in Pygmalion. Show has succeeded in creating a new type of drama in which discussion of ideas is as vital as action in the older drama. All the above mentioned characters can be described as displaying the seeds of Romanticism.
2) Discussion :- Instrumental Treatment of Drama – George Bernard shaw looked upon the drama as an instrument. The play offers the facilities to an author expressing many points of view without typing himself to any.The characters speak for themselves and not for the author. This instrumental treatment of drama has raised a new kind of play. The material of his plays is the mental substance in which modern life is lived. He believes that the most important thing in modern life is the ideas out of which we make the world. We may identify show’s characters by the fact that they are all talking characters. The ideas even talk become dramatic “where there had been the struggle of wills, there is the struggle of ideas and struggle of speech. Show has created very few independent characters. None of his lives outside the idea symbolized. There are Romantic factors in the free imagination that he uses in the structure of his plays. In planning the play, there is no dependence upon imitation of accepted forms. He is fanciful even fantastic, in arranging the plots that will release his ideas. He
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has been called an Ibesnian. Since Shaw looked upon drama merely as an instrument he did not attempt to make the play self – sufficing. Reflecting Romantic notions Shaw’s characterization. Actually show’s characters are the essence of his plays and to study his characters and the direction of their thoughts and action is to understand his themes. Take an example of show’s “Pygmalion” play which has been box office hit whenever it has been staged all over the English speaking world and both sides of Atlantic. Its source was Greek legend A king of Cyprus who fell in love with an ivory statue of maiden Galatea which he himself had made. He was a devotee of Aphrodite the goddess of youth and beauty. Who breathed life into the statue and Pygmalion them married her. In the play, Higgins is Pygmalion and Eliza Doolittle is the Galatea of the Greek legend. But like the legendary Pygmalion, he does not fall in love with his own ereation. However , the subtitle of the play is “A Romance”. we get a touch of romance in love and marriage of Eliza and Freddy Hill. Here shaw has made the Pygmalion legend the basis of his play. Higgins creates new women, a duchess out of a shabbily flower girl just as in the Pygmalion legend Galatea was created out of marble. But show has modified the Pygmalion legend and mixed it up with the Cinderella fairy tale. The name Cinderella has how come to stand for any girl who achieves happiness and success after leading a miserable life. Like Cinderella, in the fairy-tale of that name Eliza leads wretched life for a long time. Hence we find her to be a poverty stricken girl selling flowers at the corner of convent garden. But then suddenly a change comes in her life. She is transformed into cultured lady who can easily pass off as Duchess and is then loved by Freddy, handsome young man who married her and with whom she leads a happy life. In the course of the play Freddy-Eliza love story develops its significance and provides romantic motion. This incident is romantically important. When one night, Eliza comes out of Higgins house because she can no longer endure his neglect and bullying, she encounters Freddy in the street and ask him what he is doing there. Freddy replies that he spends most of his nights here and feels happy. They also stand there in each other’s arms till they are interrupted by a police constable. Then they get into taxi and spend the rest of night driving about the town. Eliza tells Higgins that Freddy has been writing very lengthy love letter to her and she has decided to marry him. This whole episode is romantic even though it appears only towards the end. Eliza could not love and marry Higgins because the life force working within her prompted her to love and marry Freddy.
With Special Reference to Candida:- George Bernard Shaw showed the romantic notions in the play, Candida and added a sub-title to it , “ A Mystery ” Both main and sub-title are apt and suggestive for indicating its central theme. Candida is the heroine and the play has been rightly called after her. Candida – meaning frank, or truthful, In the play, Candida is actually a middle aged woman but still she has charming , fascinating personality. Guilty and Secrecy are quite unknown to her. A young poet a mere boy of eighteen March Bank who is James discovery most intimate friend and constant guest. Candida is the centre of the eternal triangle. But she tells it to her husband frankly. There are two men in love with her and she must choose one of them. In the customary treatment of this theme the women becomes secretly involved with the second man and for a while the husband is unsuspecting. Bernard Shaw saw many of his plays of that kind which convinced him
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that far too much attention was being given in the theatres to sordid love affairs. In Candida , he treats this stale situation in an entirely different way. Candida is not only a faithful wife, she is also the strongest character in the play, and is guided by common sense not by emotion or passion. She asserts her independence and is able to control an manipulate two men who have entered her life. She takes the situation under control and imposes her own will upon both of men. Eugene rightly remarks that she belongs to neither of them “she belongs to herself” she proves that she is both heroine and hero of the play and the play has been rightly named after her. It throws light on the truth that Candid is show’s new women like Annwhitfied in Man and Superman. Throughout the main part of the nineteenth century in Britain the great majority of women were content with a subordinate place in home and in society though few writers had protested against that state of inequality. Towards the end of the century numerous women were expressing in various ways their discontent with an inferior status and were agitating for equality with men. George Bernard shaw was among the limited number of men who supported the principle of the equality of the sexes and most of his heroines have the characteristics of the new women. They are independent in spirit, self confident, clear headed morally courageous and emotionally well controlled. In Shaw’s plays it is the women who seeks out and masters the man. Women are unconsciously controlled by the life force (the divine spirit working in us).They also superior rank and active control. Romantic love according to Shaw is only a pleasant illusion which entices us to undertake the serious duties of parenthood. The popularity of Candida has almost certainly been due to the familiarity of the basic situation. ‘ the old story two men in love with one women .one of the two is a romantic young poet, shy and helpless in practical affairs. He is indeed, romantic sentimental character whose feeling are in excess of what is right and proper. He is in love with Candida who is the wife of another man. He is a poet a born romantic and his head is full of romantic fancies. When Candida talks of boots he exclaims romantically, “Don’t talk about boots, your feet would be beautiful on the mountains”. But Candida punctures this sentimental nonsense by pointing out “My feet would not be beautiful on the Hackney road without boots” Shaw revealed March Banks temperament for a while he was not himself at all incapable of dealing sensibly with everyday matters, he was for years shy man who has by nature the qualities of poet and artist. He loved music and painting and the art of writing but cared more for humanity and social justice. After more than half century its mystery and it’s secret still hold the attention of audience. The character Candida has enough of the nature of every women of his class. She has heart as well as a mind and in any competition for the naming of the favorite heroine in Shaw’s play, Candida would probably came the second only to Saint Joan.
Conclusion :- There is nothing melodramatic and sensational in Shaw’s treatment of the theme. A conventional theme has thus been dealt with in an entirely new and originally way, on other hand phonetics is dull and dry subject but Shaw has succeeded in making an entertaining play ‘Pygmalion’ out of this dry subject. The process of Eliza’s education is the most significant factor of Romanticism. She has not only been made a lady, her soul also been awakened in Candida as the result of the shattering
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of his illusions Eugene also attains self knowledge and maturity. The Eugene of the last act is quite different from the Eugene of the opening act of the play. Pygmalion is rich in suspense readers are always eager to know it suspense is created in the very opening act when the note taker who turns out to be a professor of Phonetics. In act 2 nd suspense is created when the professor of phonetics actually takes charge of Eliza in order to make his boast. “ There is suspense of both the tests to which Eliza is subjected. In act 5 th there is more suspense a conflict of wills takes place between Higgins and Eliza. On other hand, in Candida mystery creates suspense and arouses curiosity. The poet goes into dark telling that he has better secret than that in his heart. The dramatist has provided no clue for the unraveling of this mystery. It is clear that apparently weak and dependent poet is stronger in spirit that James morel l. The secret may be his realization of his own strength and superiority. All the romantic reasons account for the continuing popularity and universal appeal of these play. Thus, Shaw’s plays stand for his creative powers working in a spontaneous unity. He acquired greater command over technique and stagecraft in his long dramatic career with romantic artistic vision. Collin a critic put his words as, At most there is on the “Whole a change of theme from the particular to the general form the contemporary scene to the future and of attitude from satiric and destructive to the philosophic and constructive from the materialistic to the mythic”
References 1) Bowering, peter, Shaw G.B, A Study of the major plays (London :Anthelone press,1968) 2) Bently, Eric , Bernard Shaw: A Reconsideration ( New York : W.W.Norton and company,1976. 3) Hudson ,W.H., Introduction to the study literature (London: Harrp and co.1961) 4) Shaw G.B Pygmalion (London chatto and Windus pub.1912) 5) Archer William, English dramatist of today ( London Cox and wymant ltd. 6) Shaw G.B Candida (London Chatto and windus pub.) 7) Blamires Harry, Twentieth century English literat (London Macmillan education ltd.
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Relevance of Foreign Policy Stated by Kau ṭṭṭilya with Special Reference to Role of Envoy (Dūta)
Satish Gopalrao Kulkarni Department of Sanskrit, Late B.S. Arts, Prof. N.G. Science & A.G. Commerce College, Sakharkherda. [email protected] 9764193749
The science of economy, art of government and foreign policy are as old as human society. No wonder that we have number of treatises dealing with them since ancient times. These treatises are popularly known as artha astras. Though Kau ṭilya was not the founder of this astrahe is considered to be the authority person in tradition. Referring his text ‘the kau ṭil yaartha astra’we can surely say that the art of polity was not at all unknown to India. According to some scholars development of this science may have started in India around 650 B.C.E. There are in all one hundred and twelve places in kau ṭil yaartha astrawhere number of earlier authorities and opinions held by them are mentioned from which we come to know about four distinct schools 6 and many individual teachers before Kau ṭilya. ṇ mv ṛ means v ṛttiwhich ultimately means to be artha. Territory is the objective and science of achieving and protecting this territory is artha astra. So artha astra can be defined as p ṛ show how ruler should protect his territory i.e. administration and secondly how territory should be acquired by acquisition i.e. conquest of territory. And thus we say that it is a science dealing with state affairs in the internal as well as external spheres i.e. statecraft, politics and administration. In the very first chapter of the text Kau ṭilya has clearly mentioned the topics he has dealt further. In fifteen adhikara ṇassubdivided into 180 sections he has elaborately treated every minute element of the state and polity. From sixth chapter onwards foreign policy is the core subject of elaborate discussion. R jama ṇ ṇya, s ṅgr mika, bal yasaare some important chapters which deal with the measures suggested to ambitious as well as weak king for protecting and expanding the land. Kau ṭilya is deservedly known as the great theorist of inter-state relations because of his unique and unprecedented contribution. Problem of defence of a state is intimately bound up with the question of its foreign relations. State needs to be defended from the hostile states. Kau ṭilya’s two important theories viz. r jama ṇ ṇyadeal with the measures of defence as well as conquest. The foreign policy stated by Kau ṭilya revolves around these two theories. Theory of r jama ṇ 7 who share the relation of friendship or enmit ṇya 8. Peace, war, staying quite, marching, seeking shelter and dual policy constitute the six measures. Entering into treaty is peace, doing injury is war, remaining indifferent is staying quite, augmentation of powers is marching, submitting to another is seeking shelter, restoring to peace with one and war with another is dual policy; these are the six measures of foreign policy.
6B₹haspti, U anas, Pracetas, and Manu 7Kau īlīyaartha śā stra, 6.2.13-22 8Kau īlīyaartha śā stra , 7.1
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When in decline as compared to enemy a king should make peace and when he is totally depleted in power he should seek shelter. In both the situations negotiations are to be carried out. For this special purpose an envoy is appointed. Kauṭilya has given enough attention to this person who is considered to be chief in the art of diplomacy in today’s world as well. Diplomacy is neither an invention nor the pastime of some particular political system, but an essential element in any reasonable relation between man and man as well as between nation and nation. It has existed since the beginning of human race. Everybody needs diplomacy to survive and diplomacy needs an envoy to get enacted. While talking about the measures to be observed by a weak king Kau ṭilya says that to avoid injurious measures and attain peace one should make a counter move through diplomatic war 9 in which the envoy is sent to the foreign country. Though the face of diplomacy has changed and evolved since the time of Kau ṭilya, the functions of diplomacy such as preventing war and violence, fortifying the relations between two nations and most importantly completing the agenda of homeland have remained the same even after the centuries. It is an inherent institution to international life itself. Envoy who is now designated as diplomat is the agent of the act of diplomacy. Kau ṭilyasays that when consultation has led to a choice of decision, the employment of the envoy should follow. He has stated the three types of envoys 10 : 1) nis ṛ ṭ rtha – the one who is endowed with excellence of a minister 2) parimit rtha- one lacking in quarter of qualities i.e. envoy with limited mission and 3) sanahara- he is bearer of messages lacking in half the qualities. In 1815 at the time of Congress of Vienna three ranks of diplomats or diplomatic agents were stated viz. Ambassador, minister of plenipotentiary, charge d’ affairs. In 1818 another rank of minister of resident was added in Aix La Chapelle Congress. Resemblance can be observed between nis ṛ ṭ rthaand minister of plenipotentiary. There is no envoy who is sent just to convey the message now a days. Functions of envoy stated by Kau ṭilya 11 : Sending communications Gathering information of foreign country Guarding the terms of treaty Upholding his king’s majesty Acquisition of allies Instigation Dividing enemy’s friends Conveying secrete agents and troops into enemy’s territory Ascertainment of secrete information Showing valour Helping in escape of hostage Resort to secrete practices For conducting these functions the envoy has to be smart and sharp. Harold Nicolson has stated seven diplomatic virtues to be acquired by an ambassador as truthfulness, precision, calmness, modesty, good temper, exemplary patience and complete loyalty 12 . He says that the ambassador has to be hospitable, a man of taste and knowledge and imperturbable. The intricate
9Kau īlīyaartha śā stra , 12.2 10 Kau īlīyaartha śā stra, 1.16.2-4 11 Kau īlīyaartha śā stra, 1.16.33,34 12 Diplomacy
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tasks of diplomacy require earnestness of mind, sound character, an amiable disposition, extraordinary ability to deal with awkward and complex situations and capacity to win the goodwill of the government. These qualities are universal and not time bound as they suit to the envoy conducting the functions stated by Kau ṭilya. Envoy sent for the negotiations shall observe the graciousness in the speech of the king and his expressions to see whether the king is pleased or not. If the king pays reasonable attention and respect to his words, inquires about his wishes or comforts, shows interest in talks about the qualities of envoy’s master and offers a seat close by and respectful welcome it means that the king is pleased. Opposite of these are the signs of displeasure. To such one who is displeased envoy should say that envoys speak out as they are told. He should not walkout from his task even when weapons are raised. These are the duties of envoy. In the same chapter where the appointment, functions and duties of envoy are discussed, the protocols are also stated by the author. Envoy should enter the enemy’s residence only after getting the valid permission. He should not be frightened even when danger to his life is seen. If not permitted to depart, he should stay on. Envoy should never think of himself being possessed of strength when being honoured and should always put up with disagreeable words. He should avoid women and alcohol and should sleep alone because intentions of a person are revealed in sleep or intoxication. Kau ṭilya doesn’t state the things in hallow, but precisely elaborates the things to be observed by the envoy while conducting the mission 13 . He says that envoy has to be careful about his arrangements such as vehicles, draught animals and retinue of servants before leaving for his mission. He should think properly about how he will phrase the message to be delivered, what the other king will likely to say, how he will react, what his own reply should be and how the other king is to be outwitted. On the way to the place of his mission envoy should establish contacts with jungle chiefs, frontier officers, chief officers in the cities and country side. The places suitable both in the territory of his own country and that of the other king for stationing troops, fighting, support facilities and for retreat are also to be keenly observed by the envoy. He should find out the size of the forts and country as well as the strong points, sources of livelihood, defences and weak points in the enemy’s territory. When envoy is not permitted to depart in his stay in the foreign land he should employ double agents in the guise of merchants, ascetics, physicians to find out the treacherous elements in the other court, loyalty or dissatisfaction of enemy’s subjects towards their master, weak points in constituent elements. For getting such information he should observe the utterances of beggars, drunken persons, insane persons or persons in sleep or even from the pictures, writings or signs in holy places or temples. These details show that how keen and attendant an envoy has to be. The careless behaviour of envoy would harm the whole country. Envoy is not merely the representative of his country but an agent on whom the foreign policy is dependent as he provides with all the essential information to the country according to which decisions are taken by the administrators. Guarding the interests of the country he belongs is the sole aim of envoy for which he has to lie sometimes. Hence in recent terms an ambassador is described as an honest man sent to lie and intrigue abroad for benefit of his country. And therefore art of diplomacy has been called ‘lying in state’ of course with a subtle aim. To achieve
13 Kau īlīyaartha śā stra , 1.16.5-9
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his aims envoy is expected to exercise talent, skills, subtleties of social behaviour, sweet words combined with persuasive tactics to suit the occasion. He is also expected to be firm in tone and strict in action when need to be. Kau ṭilya was aware of all the emergencies that envoy might has to face in foreign country. He says, when envoy is not permitted to leave even when his mission has failed he should analyse the motives of the king behind his detention. Possible motives are as follows: Enemy anticipates that a calamity will afflict the envoy’s king. He wants to take remedial measures to correct his own weaknesses He wants to take rouse an attack against the envoy’s master Because he wants to stir up internal revolt He wants to obstruct the activities of ally or thr ally in the rear of envoy’s king He wants to spoil the season for expedition for which envoy’s master has thoroughly prepared To strengthen his own defences He wants to continue his association with the envoy’s master Though is detained for any reason, no envoy can be killed by the host country while he is on mission even if he is the lowest bon. It goes without saying that a Brahmin envoy shall never be harmed 14 . In modern times diplomats enjoy various privileges and immunities. They are
14 Kau īlīyaartha śā stra , 1.16.17
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exempted from all processes of civil law. They have right of inviolability and ex-territoriality, ceremonial honours, right of diplomatic asylum.
Observations: 1) Ambassadors don’t determine the foreign policy but implement it, clarify it and be always vigilant enough to see that this policy is not misconstrued or misinterpreted. 2) Scope of the term has expanded with time and has transformed as diplomat whose duty is to keep the political, economic, geographic situations, existing alliances in view and maintain a watch on country’s economic, political developments. 3) Kau ṭilya’s point of view behind appointing the envoy seems to be militant though the motive is to sue peace. He looks upon the envoy as the agent of silent war. 4) In modern times accredited ambassadors have dominant role in international affairs rather than the roving ambassadors.
Conclusions: 1) In the time period of Kau ṭilyapossibility of open threats or attacks from the foreign land must be more common than the modern age as there were no international agencies such as U.N. to maintain peace. 2) In today’s world most vital aim of practising diplomacy is to safeguard and promote the national interests of their state by building up and maintaining harmonious and beneficial relations with other states. 3) State can’t exist in isolation and world would be a constant state of war if diplomacy and agents of diplomacy were not in existence. 4) But war would in fact never end because they normally end with diplomatic negotiations.
Bibliography: • Kangle, R. P., The Kau ṭil yaArtha stra Part II, University of Bombay, 1963 • Kangle, R. P., The Kau ṭil yaArtha stra Part III , A Study, University of Bombay, 1965 • Nicolas, Harold, Diplomacy, Oxford university press, 1977 • Pandeya , Ramtej, Kau ṭil yamArtha stram, PanditPutakalaya, Kashi, 1957 • Rangarajan. L. N., Kau ṭilya The Artha stra, Penguin Classics,1990
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The Yogic Experience of K āvyaka ṇṭṇṭṇṭ ha Ga ṇṇṇapatimuni
Prof. Roshan Khandu Bhagat Asst.Prof. Deparment of Sanskrit Ferguson College ,Pune Email: [email protected] Mo.No.8855931737
Introduction: When the author was studying the modern Sanskrit epic named r k vyaka ṇṭ hacarita (SKC), it was observed that a topic related to Yoga or Tantra i.e. Kap labheda-Siddhi was described in it. rik vyaka ṇṭ hacarita is an epic composed in the 21 st century by Madhusudan Narasimhasharma Penna. The topic of SKC is a biography of a senior ascetic personality, Siddhamuni Ga ṇapatimuni. Beginning with his birth, all the events of his life such as his education, initiation, work area, liberation etc. have been portrayed by the poet Madhusudan Penna. In this epic he has described a very rare Yogic Siddhi which is known as Kap labheda- Siddhi, to which one can attain after his/her tremendous spiritual practice. The present research paper discusses Kap labheda-Siddhi and its attainment by K vyaka ṇṭ ha Ga ṇapatimuni.
Śrīkāvyaka ṇṭṇṭṇṭ ha Ga ṇṇṇapatimuni Hero of this epic, K vyaka ṇṭ ha Ga ṇapatimuni was one of the great ascetic persons of Andhra Pradesh. Ga ṇapatimuni was born on 17th November 1878, in Kalavarayi near Bobbili in Andhra Pradesh to ri Narasimha Shastry and Narasamamba, a devoted and highly educated Brahmin Family. Brought up in a deeply religious family, he was traditionally trained in several subjects. Along with scholarship his focus remained on spiritual seeking, his first devotion being Lord Siva 15 . He was an extra ordinary scholar, a perfect Yogin, a nation-lover, an astrologer-par excellence, an accomplished saint and also a realized soul. He was a well-known Sanskrit scholar and poet. For his scholarship and poetry, Ga ṇapatimuni was awarded the title Kāvyaka ṇṭṇṭṇṭ ha (Voice of Poetry) in 1900 16 . He was conferred the title Muni (seer) by di Hindu Society in Hyderabad 17 .
Description of Kap ālabhedasiddhi in Śrik āvyaka ṇṭṇṭṇṭ hacarita In the 20 th canto of SKC poet has described Ga ṇapatimuni’s experience of Kap labheda. One would like to refer here some main verses from that description.
R trau sahasr dhikaka ṇṭ ak grai ḥ ar rada ṇḍ e khalu dr yam ne| sth tu ṁ na akta ḥ ayitu ṁ na akto vyath man n manubh tav n sa ḥ||03||
15 Nayana by Gunturu Lakshmikantamu, reprint 1998
16 Nayana, P54
17 Nayana, P326
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During the night due to the experience of the pain by thousands of thorns (a sharp stinging pain) to his body he could neither sit nor sleep. (He was feeling uneasy). (At the same time) He experienced hurtful pain. Kha ḍgena chinna ṁ su arairvid rṇaṁ k l gnin dagdhamabh cchiro hi| kh ta ṁ ca lohena tadaiva tasya sphu ṭaṁ vibhinn nubhavena tapta ṁ||04|| His head was filled with different experience (like it is) scattered with the sword, ruptured with the sharp edged arrows, burned with the fire of death, dug with the heated iron. anai ḥ anai ḥ k lamah hiveg p ḍ dhiruhy sya ira ḥ pravi ṣṭ | pr ṇ vas n ya sam gato’ya ṁ k lo mam dya prabhavedvihant ||07|| Gradually, the pain with the speed of death-serpent aroused and entered his head. The K la (God of death) has come to take away my life (and) he would be my destroyer today. Sarvatra ni ḥ abdatama ḥ pras re guh gatasy sya ira ḥ prabhindan| a r vi abda ḥ khalu tatra sarvai ḥ vispho ṭanasyaiva laghu k ṣaṇena||16|| When there was complete silence (in the cave), the momentary sound of explosion of breaking of his head, who was in the cave was heard by everyone there. Tadoruteja ḥ iraso’ntar l d guh grabh gapravik si j tam| tattejas bhagnatama ḥ prak ṇde guh nit ntantvacak ttad s ||17|| At that time the great light manifesting the roof of the cave sprung from the middle of the head. Suddenly, due to that light that cave whose darkness was shattered extremely dazzled.
Kap ālabheda-Siddhi: The present researcher was amused to read this incident in Ga ṇapatimuni’s life form SKC this description and took up a survey of Yoga and Tantric literature to get more enlighting description of this Siddhi. He searched for description of this Kap labheda-Siddhi in Sanskrit literature. He also referred the scriptorium of Sanskrit Dictionary Project, Deccan College. But, hardly any reference to Kap labheda-Siddhi was found. I could get two references to a somewhat related topic. One is from Ha ṭhayogaprad pik and other from Taittir ya Upani ṣad. Both the passages refer to awakening of Ku ṇḍ alin and its reaching the Sahastr racakra ultimately resulting into the breaking of the skull of that yogin. Basically Kap labheda is a word used to describe a physical cleavage, an actual opening or splitting in the skull at 'the knot on the head,' which is a spot on the skull roughly corresponding with what is called the Bregma (T lu). This split in the skull is possible only due to the practice of spiritual path. The Bregma is the region where the frontal and the two parietal bones come together in an almost "Y" shape on top of the skull. At birth the spot is a depression soft to the touch for roughly 12-16 months after which it more-or-less ossifies into a single unit. Briefly, it is described that, the inner energy called Ku ṇḍ alin rushes forth through Su ṣumn in a Yogin and passing through this spot, it reaches the Sahasradalapadmacakra or Brahmarandhra or Sahasr ra and bursts out through the middle of the head-top. This is the higher level Yogic practice to reach towards liberation.
Ga ṇṇṇapatimuni's attainment of Kap ālabheda-Siddhi: Kap labheda is very important event in the life of Ga ṇapatimuni. It is interesting to note that in the biographies of different yogins and spiritual personalities we do not find such an elaborate description of this Siddhi. However, Ga ṇapatimuni's biography is a rare case in this regard. Accordingly, in his poem SKC, the poet also describes it quite at length.
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But in the entire history of Tantra or Yoga, there are no examples of such attainment. It is believed that after attaining this Kap labheda-Siddhi a person passes away immediately. But, Ga ṇapatimuni experienced the force of Ku ṇḍ alin breaking his head. It was about the year 1921 (at about nine o’clock in the night). Ga ṇapatimuni experienced the rare Kap labheda and after that lived for fifteen years before his passing away on 25 th July 1936 at 2.30 p.m. This also proves his divine power as a Yogin.
Conclusion : It is found in the study of the descriptions of the Ha ṭhayogaprad pik and Taittir ya Upani ṣad that tremendous spiritual and Yogic practice is necessary to attain this Siddhi. The Ku ṇḍ alin akti has to be awakened through the Yogic or T ntric practices. The S dhaka (seeker) should to take control on Su ṣumn N ḍ . It is possible only after Sam dhi, meditation and penance. However, in SKC which follows the authentic biographies of Ga ṇapatimuni it is described in somewhat different manner. There is no mention of attaining this Siddhi after any kind of Yogic or T ntrik practices. While living a normal life, the Muni suddenly suffered from severe headache. He was attended by his disciple named Kaun ḍinya. The intense pain ultimately resulted into the Kap labheda. It means that for attaining this Siddhi, he did not practice any methods described in the Yogic or T ntric texts. In the entire history of Yoga and Tantra this is an amazing example. I further wish to study some lesser known Tantric texts which might throw more light on the topic.
Bibliography • Rana, Dilipkumar (Ed.). 2012. r k vyakaṇṭ hacarita, Ernakulum: Chinmaya International Foundation Research Institution. • Goyandaka Harikrishnadas. 2010. di nau upani ṣad, Gorakhpur: Motilal Jalan. Gita Press. • Iyangar Shrinivas. 1893. Ha ṭhayogaprad pik , Bombay: Theosophical Publications. • Krishna, G. (1978). Nayana, Kavyakantha Vasishtha Ganapati Muni: biography. Madras: Kavyakantha Vasishtha Ganapati Muni Trust. • Gunturu, Lakshmi Kantam. (1958). Nayana: Kavyakantha Vasishtha Ganapati Muni : Biography in Telugu. J.V.S.Lakshmi, Chennai. (Latest reprint : 2013).
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Status of Women through Taddhita Affixes in A ṣṭṣṭṣṭ ādhy āyī
Sharduli Sanjay Joshi Assi. Teacher- Sahkar Vidya Mandir Email; [email protected] Contact no. 9604302681
Introduction: The aphorisms which throw light on the status of women in Ancient India are listed below: Aphorism Aphorism Affix Example number 4.1.116 aṇ Added to word In the sense of k n novy sa ḥ kany descendant 4.1.127 dhak In the sense of kaulatera ḥ or descendant or kaula ṭineya ḥ inan kaum r pu rvavacane 4.2.13 aṇ After the word In the sense of kaum ra ḥ kum r husband of a virgin. Everyone is hailing for gender equality in almost every country now a day. Status of women is in India has been very complicated issue which was not even talked about till recent times. With the tide of westernization and modernization various social issues were taken up by the reformers and gender equality was one of them. Without taking into account the ancient and medieval scenario, one cannot analyze the modern terms of feminist movement. To understand and interpret the role of a woman in social, religious, economic and cultural lives in India since Vedic to modern ages one has to refer historical, archaeological and literary sources of that time. Significance and role of every individual has evolved drastically till the time. And this evolution has to be interpreted in very much wide context considering a huge time period that has passed. All these aphorisms mentioned by P ṇini in his A ṣṭ dhy y touch various aspects of womanhood.
Virginity
kanyāyāh kānīnah : (P.4.1.116) Affix a ṇis added after the word kany in the sense of a descendant. kany means a virgin. So son of a virgin is called as k n na. This aphorism talks about the virginity of a woman.
The commentaries say : Patañjali : he holds the opinion that the term kany continued to be applied to a girl before her official marriage. He says-‘kany āś abdo ऽऽऽyam pum s bhisam bandhap rvakesam prayogenivartate. y ced n mpr gabhisambandh tu ṁs shasamprayogagacchatitasy mkany abdovartateeva .’18
Endnotes
18 Bh ₹ya on P.4.1.116
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been married to. Otherwise her virginity stands as it is.
ḥ. Tat s B lamanoram : nanukany yapr durbh tayauvanatv tpumsanyog bh v tkathamaptyaityarth ḥ Tattvabodhin : nanukany yah ṛkṣatayoni ḥtasy c ptyasambhavaevan st tya aṅ After considering these commentaries, the dictionary meaning of kany has to be studied minutely.
Kany ā: 1. a girl, maiden, virgin, daughter,(M.W) 2. an unmarried girl, daughter, a girl ten year old, a virgin/ maiden (Apte) 3. ṛtopayam kany , kany kaman y bhavati (V caspatyam) 4. a girl nine years old, a virgin (A Comprehensive Sanskrit-English lexicon)
These dictionary meanings show that kany /kum r means a virgin girl. A girl who is not married and has not had sexual intercourse is called as kany . If a girl happens to have had sexual intercourse with a man, she ceases to be regarded as a maiden. The words virgin and maiden have been regarded as referring to a female of tender age, but in connection with rules relating to marriage, they are always used in the sense of one who has had no intercourse with any man. Here comes the doubt which drags the attention and is answered by the commentaries: how come a virgin’s son. Commentaries second the interpretations given by the dictionaries mentioned above and also give an explanation to this doubt. have a child. Hence commentaries explain that here kany means a girl who has not got officially married. So the word kany stands for an unmarried girl in this particular aphorism according to which son of an unmarried girl was called as k n na, and the word is formed by adding the affix aṇ to the word kany . This aphorism signifies the presence of fornication in the society. Though fornicationwas not a socially accepted practice these instances are evident that fornicationwas not totally absent. The commentaries quote the epithets from the great epic Mah bh rata used for the great warriors kar ṇaand vy sawho were the son of kuru queen kuntiand satyavat respectively. From such popular examples we surely come to know that though having child before marriage was subject of defame, it was an underlying truth of the society. The possibility that such child was result of fornication, it might result from rape, ignorance or an garbh dh na etc. was not acceptable to society as well as family. But it was necessary to protect
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girls from defame and lifetime sufferings. The sociologists of that time seem to be sensitive towards this issue. It was not uncommon in sm ṛti period to be a mother without getting married. Though it was not at all considered as desirable, this practice was recognized by the social philosophers like Manu. He includes k n naas one among the nine types of sons. 19 Manu accepts k n naas a legitimate son and says that should be accepted and brought up by the man whom his mother will be married to. That means the girl was allowed to marry a man subsequently in a regular way. This shows that at that time girl was not considered to be solely responsible for whatever wrong happens to her. Rather she would be treated sympathetically. But to avoid such misshapes like violating the chastity of a woman, many strict laws were laid down by the Hindu legislators. Woman’s chastity was the greatest virtue in the eyes of Indian society and law makers who were very keen on the general standards of ideal purity. kaum ārāpu rvavacane(P. 4.2.13 ) husband of a virgin. The one who gets married to a maiden and not a widow is kaumara ḥpati ḥ. And that virgin girl who is turned to be a wife is called as kaum r bh ry . While interpreting the exact meaning of the aphorism one has to take help of the commentaries to understand it to its core. • kum r as apu rva-pati: a girl who is not previously married. (Bh ṣya on P. 4.2.13) • K ik : p ṇigraha ṇasyaap rvavacanam. kum ry ḥbhava ḥkaumara ḥpati ḥ. A man married to a girl who is not married before is called as kaumara ḥpati ḥ. Tasyastr kaum r bh ry . (K ik on P. 4.2.13) • ḥ vapati ḥ • Balamanoram : nap rvapati ḥyas yḥs apurvapati ḥ. t mk m r mupayatav npati ḥityarthepratham nt tk m r abd t • Tattvabodhin : ap rvatvamtustriy ḥevai ṣyate, puru ṣsastuap rvabh ryostuv m v itian graha ḥ. The commentaries talk about apu rvatvaof p ṇigraha ṇa. From all the commentaries mentioned above it is possible to say that by the word apu rvavacane they intend a girl who has not undergone the ritual of p ṇigraha ṇaever before. The girl who has not gone through this ritual is supposed to be a virgin as pre-marital relations are not socially permitted in the Hindu society. While stating the patronymic affixes P ṇini has specially prescribed some affixes which are added after feminine words. He has told and autsargikaaffix ḍhakin the aphorism stribhyo ḍhak 20 . But to differentiate certain meaning shades he tells the different affix. In the aphorism mentioned below he talks about son of a woman who wanders from home to home:
I. Prostitution kulat āyāvā(P.4.1.127):
19 kānīna ścasaho ha śca …. aādāyādab āndhava MS 9.160 20 P. 4.1.120
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This aphorism talks about an unchaste woman. Kulat ā can be unchaste women or women who are engaged in very infamous practice of prostitution. Even though prostitution was a very common practice in every society in every time period, it has never been considered to be an honored profession. son kulat ā: 1) an unchaste woman (M.W) 2) kul tkul ntarama ṭatiiti, an unchaste woman (Apte) 3) an unchaste woman, by whom family’s honour is injured (A Comprehensive Sanskrit- English lexicon) These dictionaries refer a woman who wanders from one family to another and is infamous as an unchaste woman.
The commentaries on this aphorism read as follow: K ik :kul nia ṭatiitikula ṭ .kula ṭ y hapatye ḍhakpratyayobhavati,tatsanniyogenacavaina ṅ de ob havat. y tukul nya ṭant ilambhinatti, tata ḥkṣudrebhova(P.1.131) itiparatv tḍhrak bhavitavyam. It means that the commentary do not speak of kula ṭ as an unchaste woman directly. It suggests that after the word kula ṭ which means a woman who wanders from house to house for food gets an affix ḍhakor ina ṅto form the words kaula ṭineyahkaula ṭeyah respectively. Considering the meanings noted in the dictionaries we can say that the extended meaning of word kula ṭ might have developed with time
Observations : 1) In apaty dhik rasome affixes are told after feminine words which denote the status of women in the society existing in P ṇini’s time. Several Taddhita affixes are prescribed in the patronymic sense which are to be added after feminine words such as kany , kula ṭ etc which represent certain kind of social customs, their influence on language and importance in social context. 2) A girl being pregnant before marriage was not so uncommon practice though was socially not acceptable 3) While speaking about an eligible girl for marriage P ṇini speaks about ap rvatvaof p ṇigraha ṇa. Though the aphorism kaum r p rvavacanespeaks about virginity of a girl it is prescribed to form a word which is an adjective of a man who has married a virgin girl.
Conclusions: 1) From the aphorisms regarding kany we can say that even in P nini’s time pre marriage pregnancywas not so uncommon practice. 2)
Bibliography 1. Agrawal, V. S. 1963, India as known to P ṇini, Banaras Hindu University. 2. Altekar, A. S., Position of women in Hindu civilization. 3. Das, R. M., 1993, Women in Manu’s Philosophy, ABS Publications, Dell, Hymes,Foundations in Sociolinguistics, Tavistock Publications, London. 4. Bo thlingk, Otto,1977 P ṇini’s Grammatik, George olmsVerlangsbuchhandlung, Hildesheim.
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5. dhya y of P ṇini, MotilalBanarasidass, Delhi. 6. dhya y of P ṇini, (volume 1), MotilalBanarasidass, Delhi. Endnotes 1Bh ṣya on P.4.1.116 1k n na casaho ḍha ca…. ṣaḍ d y dab ndhava ḥMS 9.160 1P. 4.1.120
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tSls lekt lq/kkjdks us ckyfookg] lrhizFkk tSls vekuoh; fjrh;ksadk fojks/k fd;k rFkk L=h f’k{kk fo/kok fookg dks izksRlkfgr fd;k blesa T;kfrck Qqys] lkfo=hekbZ Qqys] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj] rkjkckbZ f’kans vknh lekt lq/kkjdksus ukjh tkxj.k dh vy[k txkbZ Hkkjr esa efgyk l’kDrhdj.k dk fcxqy 1975 ds vklikl bejtsalh ykxw gksus ds Ik’pkr ctk Fkk] b/kj vkacsMdj oknh;ksadk nkok Fkk dh mUgksus QfefuTe dh ,d vyx Js.kh fodflr dh gS] tgkW eUuw HkaMkjh ;g dgrh g S I dh L=h foe’kZ ls tknk uj foe’kZ dh tjqjr gS I ogkW vkacsMdj oknh QfefuTe dk uj lsa fojks/k ugh mldh y Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 81 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal mUgksus efgyk l’kDrhdj.k dks ukjhokn dh eqDrh laca/kh vo/kkj.kk dksa nk pj.kksa es ns[kk gS I ukjhokn dh viw.kZ psruk ukjhoknh dh cgqr c lanHkZxzFk 111 foe’kZ dh tehu ‘’kaHkqukFk u;k Kkuksn;] fMlsacj 2010 Ik 126 222 mRrj vk/kqfudrk vkSj mRrj lajpukokn lq/kh’k ipkSjh Ik 134 333 jgkc glu dh vkRedFkk ukjhokn dh fganh dFkk ys[kd vHk;dqekj nqcs Ik 35 444 ukjhokn dh fganh dFkk vHk;dqekj nqcs Ik 37 Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 82 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal ve`ryky ukxj ds miU;kl % lkekftd psruk dh vfHkO;fDr MkWMkWMkW-MkW---izoh.kizoh.k ns’keq[k fgUnh foHkkx&izeq[k xqyke uch vktkn dyk]okf.kT; o foKku egkfo|ky;]ckf’kZVkdyh]ftyk&vdksyk&444401¼egk-½ eks- 9921131215 [email protected] lkjlkjlkj fgUnh lkfgR; varxZr ve`ryky ukxj th viuk fof’k"B LFkku j[krs gSA ve`ryky ukxj th us vius miU;klksa esa izeq[krk ls bfrgkl]jktuhfr]lekt ,ao lkaLd`frdrk ds vk/kkj ij ;qxhu psruk dh vfHkO;fDr nh gSA vius lkfgR; ds varxZr ekuoh; ewY;k sa ,ao “k"kkor thou laosnukvksa dks ;FkkFkZ :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; psruk lEcU/kh miU;kl fy[kus okys miU;kldkjksa esa ve`ryky ukxj th dk uke cMs+ lEeku ,ao vknj lfgr fy;k tkrk gSA ukxj th Hkkjrh;rk ds lPps mikld jgs gSA ve`ryky ukxj dh ^ekul dk gal* jpuk Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds /kjksgj rqylhnkl dks ysdj jgh gSA rFkk lwjnkl dks ysdj ^[katu u;u* miU;kl dh jpuk dhA ukxj th ds lHkh miU;kl Hkkjrh; lekt ds le{k ,d u;k iM+ko j[krs gSA lekt dks ,d ubZ fn’kk fn[kkus dk dke buds lkfgR; }kjk gksrk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ve`ryky th dk lexz lkfgR; gh Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk ifjp; gesa djokrk gSA vkt tgkW vk/kqfudrk ds uke ij lkfgR; esa cnyko fn[kkbZ nsrs gS]ogkW ukxj th dk lkfgR; gesa tksM+dj j[kus esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA izLrkouk ve`ryky th vius lkfgR; }kjk gesa lLd`fr ls ifjp; djokrs gSA ^ekul dk gal* miU;kl esa ve`ryky ukxj us rRdkyhu lkaLd`frd fLFkfr;ksa ds fofo/k i{kksa dks cM+h ckjhdh ls mrkjk gSA ftuds lkfgR; esa lekt dks ,d u;h fn’kk nsus dh vHkwriwoZ ’kfDr gSA muds lexz lkfgR; esa ekuorkoknh izsjd n`f"V gS]tks euq"; dks vius thou esa ubZ jkg ns ldrh gSA buds ;fn lexz lkfgR; dk v/;;u djsa rks ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ukxj th us vius miU;klksa esa ik=ksa ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk fp= Li"V mHkkjk gSA muds lHkh miU;kl ekSfyd miU;kl jgs gSA buds lkfgR; esa gesa laLd`fr]n’kZu]bfrgkl]/keZ lHkh dk fupksM+ feyrk gSA ^ekul dk gal* miU;kl dk ,d mnkgj.k n`"VO; gS]tks fLFkfr dks vksj vf/kd csgrj cukrk gS&^^ jke?kkV ij fuR; ckck jkepfjrekul lqukrs gSaA dksy&fdjkr vkfn x.k nwj&nwj ls vkdj vktdy fp=dwV esa gh viuk Msjk tek, gq, gSaA ckck ds fy, Qy]Qwy]dUn]ewy]nw/k vkfn ysdj vkrs gSA bl le; jkeft;kou ds ?kj esa ekuksa vkBksa flf/n uoksa fof/k;ksa dk okl gSA rhljs igj dFkk gksrh gS vkSj fQj HkDrksa dh HkhM+ jkeft;kou ds ?kj esa lth gqbZ >kWadh ns[ku s ds fy, vkrh gSAfp=dwV dh xyh&xyh esa HkDrksa dh HkhM+ ;=&r= vius clsjs clk, iM+h gSA if{k;ksa dk dyjo jkr dks Fke tkrk gS]ij ;g tujo e/;jkf= ls igys dHkh ’kkar ugha gksrkA** 1 ve`ryky ukxj th laLd`fr dks O;kid vFkZ esa xzg.k djrs gSA laLd`fr euq"; ds thou ewY;ksa ds izeq[k L=ksr gSa laLd`fr&/keZ]uSfrdrk]n’kZu]bfrgkl]dyk]lkfgR;]laxhr vkfn thou ds fofo/k :iksa esa Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 83 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal vfHkO;Dr gksrh gSA ve`ryky ukxj ds miU;klksa esa ^cWawn vkSj leqnz* ;g miU;kl loksZRre miU;kl jgk gSA izdkf’kr bl miU;kl esa O;fDr vkSj lekt ds lacU/kksa dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA lekt dk VwVuk]ikfVZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksuk]O;fDr dk Lodsafnzr gksuk tSls fo"k;ksa ij vf/kd izdk’k Mkyk x;k gSA miU;kl ds var esa ^^ dk’kh esa rkÅu dh chekjh QSyh FkhA ;g chekjh pwgksa ds ejus ds dkj.k QSyh FkhA vQokg mM+h dh tknwxj ds f’k";ksa us dqIiksa esa Hkjdj ,slk jlk;u NksM+k gS ftlls pwgs ejrs gSa vkSj blhfy, uxj esa chekjh QSyrh gSA ,slk blfy, fd;k x;k fd dk’kh ds leLr fuoklh ekjs tk,Wa rkfd muds ?kjksa dk #i;k&Vdk] eky&HkRrk ljyrk ls ywVk tk ldsA**2 vkt ds bl vk/kqfud nkSj esa jktuhfrd leL;k,Wa bruh vf/kd+ gks pqdh gS fd lkfgR;dkj dk muls vyx jg ikuk vlaHko gks x;k gSA vkt dk dksbZ Hkh fo"k; fcuk jktuhfrd mFky&iqFky iqjk ugha gksrkA blhfy, jktuhfr lkfgR; dk ,d eq[; fo"k; cu pqdk gSA lkekftd gks ;k lkaLd`frd]/kkfeZd ;k lkfgfR;d]oSKkfud fo"k; gks vkfn ;k vU; dksbZ Hkh fo"k; D;ksa u gks jktuhfr ls vNwrk ughaA bl lUnHkZ esa vkpk;Z uannqykjs oktis;h ds bl dFku dk vkJ; fy;k tk ldrk gSA&^^jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjkvksa ;k drZO; dks le>us esa ftl jktuhfrd ppkZ dks vLi`"; le>k tkrk Fkk]mls ^iSVªksukb>* fd;k tkus yxk gSA vc ;g ekuk tkus yxk gS fd ge lkfgR; ls lekt dk] lkekftd thou dk]lkekftd fopkj/kkjkvksa dk]oknksa dk laca/k ekurs gSa]fdUrq vuqorhZ :i esa lkfgR; dh viuh lRrk ds vUrxZr mlds fuekZ.k esa budk LFkku gSA ;s miknku vkSj gsrq gqvk djrs gSA**3 lkfgR;dkj pwWafd ,d laosnu’khy lkekftd izk.kh gksrk gS] blfy, og jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA jktuhfrd psruk mlds lkfgR; esa vfHkO;Dr gksrh gSA ukxj th dh jktuhfrd psruk ;qxhu okrkoj.k ds vuq:i ekuo ,ao lekt dks vius Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 84 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal dsUnzksa esa mUgksaus O;fDr ds LokFkZ izo`fRr dks gh dsUnzfcUnq ekuk gSA blds lUnHkZ esa og fy[krs gS&^^ leL;k vUu dh gS]diM+s dh gS------thus dh gSA O;fDrxr lRrk dk eksg lkewfgd :i ls ekuo dh bl leL;k ij inkZ Mky jgk gSa------;g va’kkfr O;fDr ds xyr LokFkZ dh dgkuh gSA**5 vFkkZr ukxj th dk ;g Li’V ekuuk jgk gS fd iwWathoknh “kks"k.k dh tM+sa Lo; ekuoh; izo`fRr esa jgh gSA lekt esa ;fn va’kkrh QSyh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS]ftldk ifj.kke lekt esa vuSfrdrk]xyr o`fRr;kW iuirh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA O;fDr dk fgr lekt ls gh twM+k gksrk gS]og i`Fkd ugha gksrkA O;fDr dks viuk fodkl lekt dh ifjikVh ds dsUnz esa gh laHko gSA ;gh mldk fgr loksZifj gSA blh ifjikVh esa O;fDr lekt dk fgr dj ldrk gSA O;fDr vkSj lekt ds fgrksa esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djus ds iz’u ij ukxj th dgrs gS&vius miU;kl ^cwWan vkSj leqnz* esa ik= efgiky ds ek/;e ls vius fopkjksa dks iq"Vh nsrs gq, dgrs gS&^^ O;fDr vkSj lekt nksuksa gh nks"kiw.kZ gSa] tc rd lekt ugha cnyrk rc rd O;fDr cspkjk D;k djsxk\ pfj= dk fp=.k ij izHkko iM+rk gS tc rd cgqr ls pfj= u cnysa] lekt dk Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 85 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal miU;kl ve`ryky ukxj th dk cgqpfpZr ,ao iz’kaflr miU;kl gSA bl miU;kl ds jpuk&lanHkZ dh ppkZ djrs gq, ukxj th dgrs gS&^^ ikj[kh jRu ns[kdj gh nke yxkrk gS ikiuk’ku! Rkqe ns[kksxs fd vkt jkr esjh ,d o"kZ dh riL;k dSlk e/kqj Qy nsrh gS! Esjh yfyrk us dg j[kk gS fd jktk ds xys dk gkj thrrs g hog viuh dksey ckWagksa dh ekyk ds lkFk&lkFk mls esjs xys esa Mky nsxhA rc rqe] rqe gh ugha lkjk uxj bZ";kZ ls esjh vksj ns[ksxkA**10 ve`ryky ukxj 1946 esa dfooj iarth dh izsj.kk ls vjafon&n’kZu ds fy, ikaMspjh x,A ^cwan vkSj leqnz* miU;kl fy[kus ds ihNs ikafMpsjh tkuk egRoiw.kZ jgk gSA D;ksafd ikafMpsjh esa gh cwan vkSj leqnz miU;kl dk uke lw>kA ve`ryky }kjk fy[ks x;s miU;kl lkekftd ;FkkFkZ rFkk lkekftd fLFkfr ,ao ifjos’k dks O;Dr djrs gSA mUgksaus vius ekSfyd lkfgR; }kjk lekt ds le{k ,d u;k vk;ke j[kk gSA iwjs lekt dks ubZ fn’kk esa vxzlj djus dh vkadk{kk O;Dr gqbZ gSA vusd voljksa ij muds dFku vR;ar ljl]vayd`r]ltho]fcac/kehZ vkSj eeZLi’khZ cus fn[kkbZ nsrs gSAbl lanHkZ esa ;g mnkgj.k fo’ks"k mYys[kuh; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA miU;kldkj ve`ryky ukxj }kjk ukjh d s izfr n`f"Vdks.k izxfr’khy thou&n`f"V dk ifjpk;d gS] ftlds ewy esa laosnu’khyrk vkSj mnkjrk gS]blesa fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk ughaA fu"d"kZ fu"d"kZr% ge dg ldrs gS]fd ve`ryky ukxj }kjk jfpr miU;klksa esa lkekftd fLFkfr]ifjos’ rFkk lkekftd cnyko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA mudk lexz lkfgR; ekSfyd lkfgR; gksrs gq, lekt ds le{k ,d u;k n`f"Vdks.k j[krk gS]ftldk vk/kkj laosnu’khyrk ,ao mnkjrk jgk gSA ve`ryky ukxj ,d tkx:d ,ao fu"Bkoku lkfgR;dkj gSA ^[katu u;u* ds ek/;e ls mUgksaus Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dks iquZthfor djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSAmUgksaus tks lkfgR; fy[kk bruk fuf’pr gS fd fy[kus iwoZ mUgksaus fo’kn v/;;u]fparu ,ao euu fd;k rHkh mUgksaus bls d`fr ds ek/;e ls ioh= n’kZu dks :ikf;r dj lEHkkoukvksa dks mn~?kkfVr fd;kA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds lUnHkZ esa fy[kusokys miU;kldkjksa esa ve`ryky ukxj dk uke fo’ks"k mYys[kuh; jgk gSA vk/kqfud ukxj thus uxjh; thou dks izeq[krk nsrs gq, lkekftd miU;klksa ds lkFk&lkFk ,sfrgkfld ,ao lkaLd`frd miU;klksa ds l`tu ds ek/;e ls ;qx&psruk dh O;kid vfHkO;fDr dh gSA lUnlUnlUnHkZ&xzaFklUn HkZ&xzaFk 111-1--- ve`ryky ukxj ds miU;klksa esa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr]jaxifj;k r`fIr ts-]vUuiw.kkZ izdk’ku] iqLrd izdk’kd]fodzsrk ,oa lIyk;j 127@1100 Mc~Y;w ou]lkdsr uxj]dkuiqj&208 014] laLdj.k&izFke]2013 ISBN : 978-81-89353-54-4,i`-la-&92 222-2--- ve`ryky ukxj ds miU;klksa esa ;qx&psruk]MkW- latho dqekj]vadqj izdk’ku],&31]U;w xqIrk dkyksuh fnYyh&9 laLdj.k&izFke]2007] ISBN : 81-903100-8-9,i`-la-&84 333-3--- ogh i`-la-&53 444-4--- ogh i`-la-&65 555-5--- ogh i`-la-&66&67 666-6--- ogh i`-la-&67&68 Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 86 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 777-7--- fgUnh miU;kl u;s vk;ke]MkW-fnyhi esgjk] Kku izdk’ku]128@90]th Cykd fdnobZ uxj] dkuiqj&208011] laLdj.k] izFke] 2010] ISBN : 978-93-80669-06-9, i`-la-&80 888-8--- ekul dk gal]ve`ryky ukxj]jktiky ,.M lUl]d’ehjh xsV]fnYyh]laLdj.k]2001]i`-la-&62 999-9--- ve`ryky ukxj ds miU;klksa esa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr]jaxifj;k r`fIr ts-]vUuiw.kkZ izdk’ku] iqLrd izdk’kd]fodzsrk ,oa lIyk;j 127@1100 Mc~Y;w ou]lkdsr uxj]dkuiqj&208 014] laLdj.k&izFke]2013 ISBN : 978-81-89353-54-4, i`-la-&70 101010-10 --- lqgkx ds uqiqj]ve`ryky ukxj]jktdey isijcSDl]igyh vko`fRr]2013] ISBN : 978-81-267- 2058-3, i`-la-&11 Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 87 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal ukxktqZu dh dkO;xr fo'ks"krkfo'ks"krk,s,s,s,s MkWMkWMkW-MkW--- 'ks[kj ukuk---- [kMls xks- ls- egkfo|ky;] [kkexkao Email:[email protected] 9021767469 izLrkouk %& ukxktqZu dh dfork;sa 1930 bZ-ls- feyrh gS]]]]ftuds pkj ladyu fudy pqds gS- ;qx/kkjk I;klh iFkjkbZ vkWa[ks] lrjax ia[kksokyh vkSj rqeus dgk Fkk A buds vfrfjDr [kwu vkSj 'kksys] izsr dk c;ku] puk tksj xje A dqN dfork;sa ;k rks [kks xbZ gS ;k vizdkf'kr iMh gS A ;qx/kkjk dh Hkwfedk esa izdk'ku us fy[kk Hkh gS fd dqN [kks tkus dh fLFkrh eS gS] dqN fe=ksa ds ikl fu[kjh iMh gS vkSj ckdh bl ;k=h dfo ds FkSys esa njHkaxk] iVuk] bykgkckn] fnYyh] fnYyh bykgkckn] iVuk njHkakx lQj djrh fQj jgh gS A bl izdkj ukxktqZu ds dkO; dh izo`Rrh;ksa dk vuq'khyu djus ij mudh fuEufyf[kr vuwHkwfr xrfo'ks"krk,Wa n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gS %& 111-1--- iz.k; Hkkouk %& ukxktqZu dh dqN dforkvksa es iz.k; dh Hkkouk vR;Ur xgurk ,oa rhozrk ds lkFk O;Dr gqbZ gS A iz.k; esa vius izs;lh ds izfr lqdqekj Hkkoksa dk vtlz L=ksr rks cg jgk gS] ijUrq u rks ;gkWa mPN[kyrk gS] u fNNYyiu gS vkSj u e;kZnk dk mYya/ku gqvk gS] vfirq x`gLFk&ftou dh dkseydkUr Hkkoukvksa ds vkoj.k esa iquhr nkEiR; Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fr gqbZ gS A ;gkWa fojg Hkh viuh ifo=rk ,oa mTToyrk esa LoLFk iz.k; dk lans'k okgd cudj vk;k gS A blhfy, dfo iqdkj mBk gS A rqe ugh gks ikl] eSa rks rjlrk gwWa I;kj ds nks cksy lquus ds fy, ,d dh gh nl vaxqfy;ksa ugh gS dkQh dnkfpr js'keh ifj r`fIr;ksa dk tky cquus ds fy, A 222-2--- oS;fDrdrk %& dfo ukxktqZu dh dforkvksa es Hkh oS;fDrd vuwHkwfr dk izk/kkU; n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS A dfo oSls i;kZIr cfgeqZ[kh jgk gS] fQj Hkh dkO; esa og vUreq[khZ gh vf/kd fn[kkbZ nsrk gS A blh dkj.k dkO; esa oS;fDr vHkkoks] oS;fDrd d"Vksa ,oa oS;fDrd la?k"kZ dh >kkWdh LFkku&LFkkuij feyrh gS A dfo dk fonzksgh Loj thou dh dBksjrk ,oa fo"kerk ls ifjiq.kZ gksdj dgh dgh rhoz vkdzks'k ,ao vxzdzks/k ls dV wgks x;k gS vkSj og thou la?k"kZ esa vdsyk gh tq>rk gqvk n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS A blh dkj.k og fy[krk gS A iS Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 88 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 333-3--- lkekftd ;FkkFkZ %& dfo us vius ;qx esa mRiUu lHkh gypyksa] leL;kvksa ,oa ifjfLFkrh;ksa dk v/;;u cMh xgurk ,oa rhozrk ds lkFk fd;k gS A og tkurk gS fd fdl rjg Hkkjr dk nfyr oxZ vHkkoks dh pDdh esa ihl jgk gS A fdl rjg Hkkjr dk fdlku fofo/k izdkj dh dfBukb;ksa ls twl jgk gS] fdl rjg ;gkWa dketnwj 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj cu jgk gS] fdl rjg e/;e oxZ fofo/k leL;kvksa esa my>dj O;xz ,ao cspsu scuk jgrk gS A bl izdkj oS;fDrd vHkkoks ,oa lkekftd d"Vks ls ihMhr ,oa la=aLrtu thou dfo ds gn; d csps dj jgk gS A 444-4--- Lons'kkuqjkx %& dfo ds gn; esa lkekftd oS"kE; ,oa vHkkoksa dh dVqrk ds jgrs gq, Hkh vius ns'k] vius lekt] vius jk"Vª] vius ns'koklh] vius] unh&ou&ioZr vius [ksr [kfy;ku] vius xkWao uxj rFkk vius lHkh izkf.k;ksa ,oa lHkh inkFkksZa ls xgjk vuqjkx gS A og viuh ekr`Hkwfe dk vU;; iqtkjh gS] vius jk"Vª dk vuU; HkDr gS vkSj viuh turk dk vUkU; lsod gS A blhyh, og iqdkj mBk gS A [ksrgekjs] Hkwfegekjh] lknk ns'k gekjk gS blhyh, rs bldk pIikpIik I;kjk gS A 555-5--- izd`frizse %& dfooj ukxktqZu us Hkkjr] Jhyadk] frCcr cekZ vkfn vusd LFkkuksaij Hkze.k fd;k gS vkSj ogkWa dh izd`rhlqUnjh dh vnHkwr NVk dks vR;Ur fudV tkdkj fugkjk gS A bruk gh ugh] vkius xzke tuin ,oa fgeky; dh rjkbZ esa Hkze.k djrs gq, izd`fr dh vfua| 'kksHkk dks [kqyh vkWa[kks ls ns[kk gS A bl dkj.k vkidh dforkvksa esa izd`fr dh ltho ,oa lqjE; >kkWafd;k vafdr gqbZ gS] tks vkids izd`fr izse dh ?kksrd gS A tSls clUr Jh dh vnHkwr >kWdh nsf[k, o`/n ouLifr;ksa BwBh 'kk[kkvksa es iksj&iksj Vguh Vguh dkyxk ngdus Vwl sfudys eqdsyksa ds xqPNs xnjk;s vylh ds uhys Qqyksa ij uHk eqldk;k 666-6--- Lkelkekf;Drk %& ukxktqZu us cMh yxu ,oa rhozrk ds lkFk lelkef;d ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u djds mu ij dVq rFkk rh{.k O;aX; fy[ks gS A dfo dh n`"Vh ls u /kkfeZd ?kVuk;sa cph gS vkSj u lkekftd u jktuhfrd ?kVuk;sa cph gS vkSj u vkfFkZd u jk"Vªh; ?kVuk;s gS vkSj u vUrjkZ"Vªh; A dfo us vius le; dh xfrfof/k;ksa ijrh{.k n`f"V Mkyrs gq, vius dkO; dk l`tu fd;k gS vko';drkuqlkj dV vkykspuk dh gS vkSj rh{.k ,ao pqVhy sO;ax ck.kks dk izgkj Hkh fd;k gS tSls ns'k esa QSyh egWaxkbZ dh vksj ladsr djrs gq,s dfo dg jgk gS A iSVu VSad mUgksus rksM~s egWxkbZ dqs VSad dksu rksMs~axk \ bl izdkj dfo dh vuqHkwfr esa xgurk gS] ekfeZdrk gS] izHkkoksRikndrk gS] ljlrk gS vkSj je.kh;rk gS A dfo es blh dkj.k fofo/k Hkkoksa dh O;atuk vR;Ur euksje lanHkZxzaFk %& 111-1--- fgUnh ds vk/kqfud izfrfu/kh doh ys[kd MkW-}kjhdkizlkn lDlsuk] fouksn iqLrd eanhj vkxjk- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 89 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal lkfgR; dh lkekftd lkFkZdrk izkizkizk-izk ---vkjvkjvkjvkj----OghOghOghOgh----iksiG?kViksiG?kV Lo-Hkk-f’ka-dyk-izk-uk-xk-foKku o vk-xk-okf.kT; egkfo|ky;] lk[kj[ksMkZ rk-fla-jktk ft- cqyMk.kk 443202 lkfgR; dh ifjHkk"kk djrs gq, dgk x;k gS ^fgrsulfgre~* vFkkZr~ tks fgr lk/ku djrk gS] og lkfgR; gS A lkfgR; ml jpuk dks dgrs gSa tks yksdeaxy dk fo/kku djrh gS A eaq’kh izsepUn ds vuqlkj] ^lkfgR; thou dh vkykspuk* gS A bl lqfDr ls ;g Li"V gS fd lkfgR; dk thou ls ?kfu"B lEcU/k gS A lkfgR; esa thou dh vfHkO;fDr fdlh -u-fdlh :I esa vo’; gksrh gS] og furkUr thou fujis{k ugha gks ldrk] bruk vo’; gS fd mldk dqN va’k ;FkkFkZ gksrk gS] rks dqN dkYifud gksrk gS A Hkkjrh; fpUrd ,oa dfo lkfgR; ds mi;ksfxrkoknh n`f"Vdks.k dk leFkZu djrs gSa A dfooj eSfFkyh’kj.k xqIr ds vuqlkj& ekurs gSa tks dyk dks cl dyk ds vFkZ ghA LokfFkZuh djrs dyk dks O;FkZ gh AA Dyk dsoy lkSUn;Z dk gh fo/kku ugha djrh vfirq og lR;e~ ] f’koe~ ] lqUnje~ ls ;qDr gksdj yksdeaxy dk fo/kku Hkh djrh gS A dyk gekjh ekxZnf’kZdk gS ] lkfgR; gekjk izsjd gS vkSj laLd`fr gekjh igpku gS A blh dh vfHkO;fDr fuEu iafDr;ksa esa gqbZ gS % fdUrq gksuk pkfg, D;k dqN dgka A O;Dr djrh gS blh dks rks dyk AA fdlh ns’k ] tkfr ;k lekt dh igpku mlds lkfgR; ls gksrh gS A lkfgR; gekjh laLd`fr dh tyrh gqbZ e’kky gS vkSj ogh gekjs jk"Vªh; xkSjo ,oa xoZ dh oLr qgS A Hkkjr dh okLrfod igpku os dkyt;h dfo vkSj ys[kd gSa ftudh jpuk,a gekjk lEcy g Sa A rqylh ] dchj ] izlkn ] iUr ] fujkyk ] jchUnzukFk VSxksj ] izsepUn ] ’kjrpUnz ] fnudj lqcze.;e] Hkkjrh ] foeyjk; ] vkpk;Z jkepUnz ’kqDy]gtkjh izlkn fOnosnh ] dkfynkl ] ck.kHkÍ ] tSl s lkfgR;dkjksa ls gh Hkkjr dh vkRek dks igpkuk tkrk gS A budh dkyt;h d`fr;ksa us fo’o -lkfgR; esa Hkkjr dk xkSjo c<+k;k gSa A lkfgR; esas O;fDr vkSj lekt dks izHkkfor djus dh vikj {kerk gksrh gS A dgk tkrk gS fd foykljr jktk t;flag vius jktdkt dks NksM+dj uoks<+k jkuh ds isze esa ,slk Mwck Fkk fd mls viuk Hkh gks’kksgokl u Fkk A fdlh dk lkgl u Fkk fd egkjktk dks drZO; cks/k djkos A rc fcgkjh us ,d nksgk fy[kdj Hkst fn;k % ufga ijkx ufga e/kqj e/kq ufg afodkl bfg dky A vyh dyh gh lkSa ca/;kS vkxs dkSu goky AA gs Hkzej ! rw bl dyh esa bruk vuqjDr gS&vHkh blesa u rks ijkx dh jaxr gS] u e/kqj edjUn gS vkSj u gh ;g vHkh iw.kZ fodflr gh gS] vkxs tc ;g iw.kZ fodflr iq"I cusxh rc rsjh D;k n’kk gksxh \ bl nksgs essa fNis vU;ksfDrijd vFkZ dks jktk us Hkyh -Hkkafr le> fy;k vkSj egyls ckgj vkdj jkt dkt esa layXu gks x;k A ;g ?kVuk bl rF; dks izekf.kr djrh gS fd lkfgR; esa vlhfer ’kfDr Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 90 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal gksrh gS A ^lkfgR;* ds Onkjk gh O;fDr vkSj lekt dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS A lRlkfgR; vkpj.k dks x<+rk gS] euksfodkjksa ij vadq’k yxkrk gS] lUekxZ dh vksj iszfjr djrk gS A lkfgR; dh ’kfDr rksi ls dgh a vf/kd gS A rksi dk eqdkcyk v[kckj gh dj ldrk gS A dye dk flikgh dHkh gkjrk ugha] mldh rkdr vlhfer gksrh gS A og lh/ks fny ij izgkj djrk gS A mldh pksV ckgj ?kko u igqapkdj vUnj izHkko Mkyrh gS A lkfgR; turk dks izsfjr djus dh vikj {kerk ls lEiUu gksrk gS A LorU=rk laxzke ds volj ij fy[kh xbZ ;g dfork tks ,d ^iq"Ik dh vfHkyk"kk* ’kh"kZd ls izdkf’kr gqbZ Fkh ] vusd yksxksa ds fy, iszj.kklzksr cu xbZ Fkh % eq>s rksaM+ ysuk ouekyh ml iiFkFk ij nsuk rqe Qsad A ekr`Hkwfe ij ’kh’k p<+kus ftl iFk tkosa ohj vusd AAAA lkfgR; O;fDr dk laLdkj djrk gS A mlds Hkhrj fNis nsork dks txkrk gS A rFkk ik’kfodrk dk ’keu djrk gSA rqylhnklth us Lohdkj fd;k gS fd dfork yksdeaxy dk fo/kku djrh gS rFkk og xaxk ds leku lcdk fgr djusokyh gksrh gS % dhjfr Hkfufr Hkwfr Hky lksbZ Alqjlkfj le lc dga fgr gksbZ AA lkfgR; vkSj lekt dk vU;ksU;kfJr lEcU/k gS A lekt dk iwjk izfrfcEc gesa rRdkyhu lkfgR; esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS A lekt esa O;kIr vk’kk -fujk’kk ] lq[k -nq[k ] mRlkg -grk’kk ] tSls Hkko lkfgR; dks izHkkfor djrs gSa rFkk bUgha ls lkfgR; ds Lo:I dk fu/kkZj.k gksrk gS A lekt esa ;fn fujk’kk O;kIr gS rks lkfgR; esa Hkh fujk’kk >ydrh gS rFkk lekt esa ;fn ;q/n dk [krjk O;kIr gS rks lkfgR; dkjHkh vkstHkjh ok.kh esa nq’eu ij VwV iM+us dk vk‡ku djrk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA blhfy, dgk x;k gS fd lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gS A niZ.k esa ogh izfrfcEc fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS tks mlds lkeus j[k fn;k tkrk gS ] Bhd mlh izdkj lkfgR; esa rRdkyhu lekt gh izfrfcfEcr gksrk gS A izsepUn ds xksnku esa xzkeh.k fdlku gksjh dh O;Fkk -dFkk dks i<+dj gesa ;g vuqeku gks tkrk gS fd rRdkyhu tehankjh izFkk esa fdlkuksa dk ’kks"k.k fdl rjg gksrk Fkk A lkfgR; turk dh fpRro`fRr dk izfrfcEc gS A turk dh vusd vkdka{kk,a ] fpUru -euu ] fopkj -rdZ ] lc dqN lkfgR; essa ns[ks tk ldrs gSa A lkfgR; dh vko’;drk gj lekt esa jgh gS A dgk x;k gS % vU/kdkj gS ogka tgka vkfnR; ugha gS A eqnkZ gS og ns’k tgka lkfgR; ugha gS AA lkfgR; esa fdlh izr`fRr dk mn; rRdkyhu ifjfLFkrh;k sa ds dkj.k gksrk gS A ifjfLFkfr;ka turk dh fpRro`fRr dks cnyrh gS avkSj turk dh fpRro`fRr cnyu s ls lkfgR; ds Lo:iesa ifjorZu gksrk gS A ohjxkFkkdky esa ohjrk dh izo`fRr iz/kku Fkh blfy, ml dky esa i`Fohjktjklks] ijekyjklks tSls ohjjliz/kku xzUFk fy[ks x, ] tc fd HkfDrdkyesa HkfDrHkkouk dh iz/kkurk ds dkj.k lwj] rqylh] dchj tSls dfo;ksa us HkfDr dh e’kky izTofyr dh A jhfrdky esa lekt esa foykl o`fRr iz/kku gks xbZ Fkh turka esa izse] lkSUn;Z ,oa Ük`axkj ds izfr vfHk#fp c<+ xbZ Fkh] blhfy, bl dky dh dfork esa Ük`axkj jl dh iz/kkurk ifjyf{kr gksrh gS A jhfrdky esa jfpr ^fcgkjhlrlbZ* Ük`axkj jl iz/kku jpuk gS A Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 91 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal milagkj&fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd fdlhHkh lekt dh okLrfod igpku mlds lkfgR; ls gksrh gSA lkfgR; gh lekt dk iszjd] fu/kkZjd ,oa HkkX; fu;Urk gS A nwljh vksj lekt dh fpRr o`fRr ds vuq:Ik gh lkfgR; dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS A lkfgR; es a lekt dh vk’kk] vis{kk] vkdka{kk] grk’kk] mRlkg]volkn] g"kZ] fo"kkn ds Hkko O;kIr jgrs gSa A lanHkZ xazFk 111-1--- izfr;ksfxrk lkfgR; lhjht& MkWa- v’kksd frokjh 222-2--- fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl& vk- jkepanz ’kqDy 333-3--- fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl& MkWa- uxsanz 444-4--- fganh lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk& vk- gtkjhizlkn fOnosnh Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 92 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal ekuork ds lans’k okgd rFkkxr cq/n MkWMkWMkW-MkW--- jkts’k fo’oukFk pkSjixkj ikyh foHkkx Áeq[k Lo- Hkk- f’k- dyk] Ák- uk- xk- foKku o vk- xk- okf.kT; egkfo|ky; lk[kj[ksMkZ ÁLrkouk cq/n dsoy ckS/nks ds gh ugh vfirq leLr ekuo tkrhds ekxZn’kZd gSA mudh /keZnsluk ÁR;sd O;Drh ds fy, loZlkekU; gSA muds Onkjk Áfrikfnr ,oa fu:fir fl/nkarksdk ;nh ge vuqxeu ;k fu"BkiqoZd ikyu djs rks ekuo vkSj ekuork ds fy, 'kkarh dks vftZr dj ldrs gSA fo’o ds leLr fl/nkarks vkSj eroknks dh vis{kk cq/n ds fl/nkar ÁHkkoh vkSj egRoiq.kZ gSA mudh /kEensluk us ekuork dk s Ásj.kkoknh ,oa mRrsthr fd;k gS caq/n us fodkl ds ifjorZu dh cnyko dh ckr dgh gSA mUgksus euq";rk vkSj ekuork dh ckr dgh gSA cq/n us vius le; ds :ds gq, fparu dh lHkh fnokjks dks rksMk gS A mUgksus ml le; ds oSfnd lekt n’kZu dh lHkh ekU;rkvks dks udkjk gSA cq/n us cq/nRo ykHk ds rqjar ckn gh dgk Fkk dh eS thou es vfrokn dks R;kxus dk vkSj e/;e ekxZ dks viukus dk mins’k nsrk gqA cq/n dk e/;e ekxZ nqfu;k ds lHkh n’kZuks es vkSj ekuoh thoues lcls Økarhdkjh n’kZu gS ;gh e/;e ekxZ lE;d Økarh dk ekxZ gS] O;Drh ds fodkl es vkusokys ca/kuksls eqDrh dk ekxZ gS Hkxoku cq/n] cq/n ds :i es iSnk ugh gq, Fks] os vius Á;kl ifjJe ,oa la?k"kZ ls cq/n cusA mUgksus dgk & ^^vRrfniks Hko] vRrukFkks Hko] vRrkgh vRruks ukFkks** cq/n dk /kEe ekuork okn ij vk/kkfjr gS mudk dguk g S dh euq"; thou ds ÁFke lkal ls vafre lkal rd viuh leL;kvks ls f?kjk jgrk gS leL;k, nq%[kks dh tuuh gS vkSj nq%[k dh lR;rk dks udkjk ugh tk ldrkA N% o"kksZ ds dBksj lk/kuk ds ckn mUgksus thou dh lPpkbZ;ks dk pkj vk;Z lR; ds :i es u flQZ ns[kk vkSj ij[kk vfirw ,d lPps ekxZn’kZd dh rÚgk e/;e ekxZ ds :i es ekuo dks ekuo cukus ,oa mldk thou lkfRod] lq[kh lkekU; ,oa tuksi;ksxh cukus ds fy, v"Vkafxad ekXkZ ij pyus dk lq>ko nsdj fo’o /keZ es vkbZ fod`rh dks nwj dj ekuooknh /keZ dk :i Ánku fd;kAcq/n us ekuork ds dY;k.k ds fy, vius mins’k dh yksd Ápfyr tuHkk"kk ikfy] v/kZ&ekx/kh&Ákd`r es gh Álkj dh;kA bl fl/nkar ds vuqlkj mUgksus ^^cgqtu fgrk; cgqtu lq[kk;** bl fl/nkarks dks viuk;k yksd Ápfyr tuHkk"kk Á;ksx blfy, vko’;d Fkh dhs thlls ns’k Áns’k dk vf’kf{kr tuleqnk; Hkh mlls ykHkkUohr gks lds cq/n ds ftrus Hkh Áopu gS ftldk laxzg f=ihVd dgykrk gS og lkjk dk lkjk ikfy v/kZ&ekx/kh es miyC/k gSA cq/n us ekuo tkrh ds dY;k.k gsrw lekt es lekurk dh LFkkiuk ds Á;Ru dh,A mUgksus blh lekurk dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, la?k es Áos’k dk Onkj lHkh tkrh;ksa ds fy, [kksy fn;k] lkjukFk es cq/nus iapoxhZ; fHk{kqvks dks /keZp{kq Ánku dj ÁoTtk dh mins’kuk dh Fkh os fHk{kw Fks] oIi] dkSafMU;] Hkfnzd] egkuke vkSj v’othrA cq/n dh n`f"V es HksnHkko ugh Fkk oLrwr% ,d lPps lekt lq/kkjd ds :i es mUgksus euq"; ds uSrhd vkSj lkekftd xq.kks ds fodkl ij gh cy fn;kA Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 93 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal cq/n us euq";ks ds Áfr ges fdl Ádkj ls f’k"Vkpkj djuk pkfg, mlh dk fun’kZu djrs gq, czEgfogkj dk mins’k fn;k gSA bu fodkjks ds ikyu ls fpRr dh efyurk u"V gks tkrh gS vkSj fpRr fo’kq/n gks tkrk gSA czEgfogkj dk ikyu djusokys lk/kd bZ";k] dyq"k efyurk] Ons"k rFkk vius ijk;s dh Hkkouk ls jghr fo’kq/n gks tkrs gSA os yksd dY;k.k es vxzslj gksrs gSA 1- eS=h %& ekuo tc fdlh ls Ons"k ugh djrk gS vfirw leLr thoksa ds Áfr Lusg vkSj ln~Hkko j[krk gS] muls Áse djrk gS] ;gh lE;d eS=h gSA 2- d:.kk %& tc d:.kk dh ve`r/kkjk tutues ÁHkkfor gksxh rc leLr fo’o ds Ák.kh vkil es lq[k vkSj le`/nh dk thou ik ldsaxsA 3- eqfnrk %& lq[h Ákf.k;ks dks ns[kdj ftldk g`n; vkuUn foHkksj gks mBrk gS ogh eqfnrk gSA 4- mis{kk %&mis{kk dh Hkkouk j[kus okyk lk/kd thoksa ds Áfr leHkko j[krk gS] og fÁ;&vfÁ; es dksbZ Hksn ugh djrk gSA cq/n us fdlh Hkh fHk{kq dks lU;kl xzg.k djus ds iqoZ ekuo dks loZÁFke ekuo cukus dk mins’k fn;k vkSj crk;k dh euq"; lcls igys viuk vkpj.k 'kq/n j[k s vkSj ÁR;sd Ák.kh ds Áfr Lusg d:.kk ,oa eerk dk Hkko j[ks rFkk mudh lqj{kk ,oa Áxfr le`f/n ds fo"k; es lksprk jgsA Hkxoku cq/n dsoy ekxZnkrk Fks A viuh eqfDr ds fy, gj fdlh dks Lo;a vius vki gh Á;kl djuk gksrk gsA ges Lo;a vius Je ls rjuk gksrk gS] eqDr gksuk gksrk g]S dksbZ rFkkxr cMs I;kj ls ekXkZ vk[;kr djrk gS] ekxZ&funsZ’kd djrk gS jkLrs ij pyrs gq, eqDr Lo;a gksuk iMrk gS dksbZ cq/n fdlh O;Drh dks eqDr ugh dj ldrk u gh flQZ Kku eqDr dj ldrk gSA ml Kku ds vuqlkj pyus ij ml ekxZ ij pyus ij gh eqDrh laHko gSA cq/n us dgk dh gj baUlku dks dksf’k’k ;g djuh pkgh, dh og vU/kdkj ls Ádk’k dh vksj ;k Ádk’k ls Ádk’k dh vksj tk, ysdhu Ádk’k ls vaU/kdkj dh vksj ;k vU/kdkj ls vU/kdkj dh vkSj fcydqy u tk,A cq/n dk vej mins’k Lora= fparu dk ,d ?kks"k.kk i= gSA mUgksus dHkh ,slk ugh dgk dh mudh ckrks dks vkW[k can djds fLodkj dj fy;k tk,A mudk dguk Fkk dh gj Ckkr dks cj[kks ml ij fopkj djks vkSj tcog cq/nh ds dlkSVh ij fcydqy [kjh mrjs lR; Áfrr gks rks fLodkj djksA fu"d"kZ %&%&%& cq/n ekuoh lekt dks 'kkarh ds iFk ij vxzlj djuk pkgrs Fks os dgrs Fks dh tc rd ekuo es r`".kk fLFkr gSA rc rd os nq%[kh jgsaxs gh ekuo thou ds lkFk r`".kk dk xgjk laca/k gS blfy, loZ ÁFke r`".kk dks tM ls feVkuk gksxk cq/n bl /kjrh ij igys O;Drh gS ftUgksus ekuo vfLRkRo dh egRRkk dks fLod`r fd;kA mUgksus ÁR;sd vuq;kb;ks ls dgk dh os viuh ln~ln foosd cq/nh ls lR; dk voyksdu djs muds laiq.kZ mins’kks ds n’kZu es ekuorkokn lekfo"V gS A os ,d Lo;a vkn’kZ ekuo dk Áfrfu/khRo djrs Fks] os cq/n ds :i es iSnk ugh gq, Fks] os vius lsok R;kx Á;kl ls cq/n cus FksA cq/n dk eq[; y{k ekuo dY;k.k ds fy, lekurk uSfrdrk vkSj vfgalk dk ekxZ Á’kLr djuk gS A ’khy lek/kh vkSj ÁKk es ekuo dY;k.k fughr gSA ckS/n /kEe lHkh Ákf.k;ks ds Áfr Áse eS=h ,oa d:.kk dk ekXkZ Á’kLr djrk gS] ,oa fo’o ca/kwrk dh Hkkouk dks Ásfjr djrk gS A cq/n dk dguk gS Lo;a ft;ks vkSj nwljks dks Hkh thus nks] lHkh Ák.kh lq[kh gks] lHkh dq’ky gks] rFkk lHkh ,d nqljs ds dY;k.k dh dkeuk djsA Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 94 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal ^^lCcs lRrk lq[kks gksUrq] lCcs gksUrqp [ksfeuksA lCcs Hknzkfu iLlUrq ek fdaph nq%[kekxekAA** lanHkZ xzFk %& 1- Dr. R Panth, Buddhism in Universal perspective, Nava Nalanda Mahavihara Nalanda, 2001, Page No 230 2- vkpk;Z prqjlsu] cq/n vkSj CkkS/n /keZ] lUekxZ Ádk’ku fnYyh 1986 i`"B Ø 44 3- MkW mik/;k; txUukFk] Hkkjrh; lekt dks ckS/n nsu] Hkkjrh; ckS/n egklHkk fnYyh 1988 4- MkW- ikaMs czteksgu] cks/kh 'kks/kif=dk] ikfy Ákd`r foHkkx ex/k fo’ofo|ky; ckS/kx;k 1996i`"B Ø 03 5- xkSre ,l ,l] cq/n;qxhu Hkkjr] xkSre cqd lsUVj] fnYyh 2009 i`"B Ø 13 6- vkuaUn Jhd`".k] xkSre cq/n vkSj muds mins’k] jktdey Ádk’ku ubZ fnYyh 2006- i`"B Ø 77 7- vkpk;Z lR;ukjk;.k xks;udk] eaxy txs x`gh thoues] foiLluk fo’kks/ku dsanz bxriqjh] 2000 8- ckiV ih- ch-] ckS/n /keZ ds 2500 o"kZ] lqpuk vkSj Álkj.k ea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj] 1997 Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 95 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa ,sfrgkfld miU;kldkjks esa f}of}osnhsnhthsnhthth dkdk LFkkuLFkku izkizkizk-izk ---HkjrHkjr lqlq----totkystotkys xks-ls-egkfo|ky; [kkexkao ft-cqyMk.kk [email protected] fgUnh es ,sfrgkfld miU;kl dk Jhx.ks'kk bZ-l-1890 es gh gks x;k Fkk A vkSj rc ls ysdj bZ- l-1930 rd ia- fd'kksjhyky xksLokeh] xaxkizlkn xqIr] dsnkjukFk 'kekZ] 'kkyhxzke feJ ca/kw] tSls fnXxt miUlkldkjksa us bl izFkesa viuk egRRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k A ijarw okLrfod n`"Vh ls ns[kk tk; rks ,sfrgkfld miU;kl dyk dk uk rks fodkl gks k;k vkSj ukgh lesa jk"Vªh; vkSj lkaLd`frd n`"Vhdks.k dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k A vktrd ;s miU;kl iz.k;dkjh dFkkvksa ls Hkjh iMh gS] tks oklukRed fooj.k ls vksrizksr gS A ,sfrgkfld miU;kl dyk dk lgh rkSj ij mRd"kZ o`Unkouyky oekZ ds xndqMkj ls gS AoekZth igys miU;kldkj gS] ftuds miU;kl bfrgkl vkSj lkfgR; ds dlkSVhij [kjs mRrjsgS A buds ,sfrgkfld miU;klksa dh jpuk cqanys[kaM klhek dh i`"VhHkwehij gS ijarw lhekvksa ls ijs tkdkj Hkh O;kid jk"Vªh; i`"VHkwehij Hkh miU;kl jpsgS A o`Unkouyky 'kekZ dsa ckn ,sfrgkfld miU;kldkjksa es prwjlsu 'kkL=h dk uke uacj nks ij vkrk gS AHkkjro"kZ ds Lokf.kZe bfrgkl ds fp=kafdr djrs gq,gq, bUgksus ekuo ?kjkry mijh Lrj igwpkus dh dksf'k'k dkA buds miU;klks es bfrgk vkSj dyk dk ,slk cstksM esy Fkk dh ikB mles Mwcs fcuk ugh jg ladrs Fks A vudh izfl/nh dh lcls cMh otg oS'kkyh dh uxj o/kw uked miU;kl gS] ftues uxj o/kw ,d rok;Q gksrs- gw, Hkh izns'k dh lokZRrsae] loZekU; vkSj ,s'o;ZlaiUu efgyk ds #i esa is'k fd;k gS A prwjlsu 'kkL=h ds mijkUr ,sfrgkfld miU;kldksjksa dh lqph es ve`ryky ukxj dk uke gS A 'krjat ds eksgjs lqxkgx ds uqiqj] djoV] lkr /kqa/kjokyk Hkq[kaM ktSls ,sfrgkfld miU;klks dks fy[kdj bUgksaus viuh l`tu izfrHkk dk ifjp; fn;k gS A lkFk gh ,sfrgkfld ifj{ks= es ml le; dh lkekftd] jktfufrd] vkfFkZd vkSj vkSj lkaLd`frd fLFkyh;ks dk okLrfod fp= is'k fd;k gS A lkekftd] jktfufr] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd vkSj lkaLd`frd fLFkrh;ks dk okLrfod fp= is'k fd;k gS A lkekftd psruk ds dsan zes vkseizdk'k okfYedh dgrsgS fd A %& ^^eq>s ;kn vkr gS cpiu ds fnu tc I;kl yxusij [kMk jguk iMrk Fkk ?k.Vks Fdlh dqWa, ;k uy ds ikl Djuh iMrh Fkh izfrKk Fdlh tUekJs"V vkus dh eS tkurk gqWa vPNh rjg ,d fnu Hkh ikuh u feys ;fn rwEgs Mnk ysrs gks Tehu vkleku fljij ,d eS gq ftldh u tkusfdruh fi Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 96 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal Nfyr dfork dh lkekftd psruk dk fp=.k fd;kgS A Blh ijaijk dks jkgqy lkaLd`fr;kuus vkxs c lanHkZlqph 111-1--- i`-dz-55 cLl cgqr gks pqdk] vkseizdk'k okfYedh Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 97 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal rkjkckbZ f’kans ds ^L=h&iq:”k rqyuk* xzUFk dk v/;;u izkizkizk-izk --- fffnidfnid gjh ygkls bfrgkl foHkkx izeq[k jkts N=irh dyk egkfo|ky; /kke.kxkao c rkjkckbZ f’kans ,d egku lR;’kks/kd ,oa cq/nhoknh ysf[kdk FkhA mUgksus ^L=h &iq:”k rqyuk* uked jpuk ds }kjk mudh lekurk vkSj ekuoh gDd okyh lksp n`”Vhxkspj gksrh gSA mudk tUe b-l- 1850 es- cqyMk.kk ftys ds egkRek T;ksrhck Qqys ds vuq;k;h ckiwth gjh f’kans ds ?kj gqvk FkkA rkjkckbZ f’kans us viuh izkFkfed f’k{kk ?kj esa gh iwjh dh FkhA mUgksu s ejkBh] vaxzsth vkSj laLd`r Hkk”kk dk v/;;u fd;k FkkA mudk fookg eksryk rgfly ft- cqyMk.kk ds VsafHk ekdksMh uked NksVs ls xko ds jfgoklh ukjk;.k pOgk.k Ukked O;Drh ls gqvk FkkA og T;knk le; llqjky u jgdj ek;ds tYn gh pyh vkbZA rkjkckbZ f’kans cgksr djkjh efgyk FkhA og tc ?kksMs ij cSBdj ckgj fudyrh rc yksx muls cgksr Mjrs FksA og eaxylw=] pqMh;kW] flanwj ugh yxkrh FkhA bruk gh ugh mUgksus viuh ^L=h&iq:”k rqyuk* xzUFk es viuh ifr dk uke u fy[kokdj firk dk uke fy[kk FkkA muds xzUFk ds ‘kCnks esa tks /kkj fn[kkbZ nsrh gS ogh /kkj mudh O;DrhRo es fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA rkjkckbZ f’kans dk ^L=h&iq:”k rqyuk* uked xzaFk 1882 es izdkf’kr gqvkA muds ^L=h&iq:”k rqyuk* bl xzUFk es muds fopkjij izdk’k Mkyus ls igys rRdkyhu lkekftd fLFkrh tkuuk t:jh gSA ^?kj ukfj dk }kj iq:”k dk* ,slh yksxks dh lksp FkhA jktfufrd lRrk vaxzstks ds gkFk es Fkh ysdhu /kkfeZd] lkekftd {ks=ij czkEg.k oxZ dk opZLo FkkA egkRek T;ksfrck Qqys] lkfo=hckbZ Qqys buds rFkk vU; lektlq/kkjdksa ds dk;Z ds ckn Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt czkEg.koknh ekufldrk l s ckgj ugh vk;k FkkA ukjhij vuUohr vR;kpkj djusokyh fir`lRrkd O;oLFkkij rkjkckbZus vius ^L=h&iq:”k rqyuk* uked xzUFk }kjk dksMs yxk;sA ukjhij gksusokys vR;kpkj ns[kdj rkjkckbZ dk eu dzks/k ls Hkj tkrk FkkA iq:”kks dk lkgl] /kkMl vkSj nxyckth ds fuR; u, mnkgj.k ns[kdj Hkh mldh rjQ dksbZ /;ku ugh nsrk FkkA blds foijhr lkjs nks”k L=hij gh ykn fn;s tkrs FksA blfy, rkjkckbZ fy[krh gS esjk LokHkhekuh fny [kkSy tkrk gSA blfy, eS Lo;a fuMj gksdj [kwn dks fy[kus ls jksd ugh ldrhA rkjkckbZ ds firkth ckiwth gjh f’kans Hkh ,d vPNs ys[kd FksA mUgksus 1871 es ^ Hints to the educated Natives * uked xzUFk fy[kk FkkA ckiwth f’kansusgh rkjkckbZ dks vkfFkZd O;ogkj vkSj [ksrh djus es vOoy cuk;k FkkA fganw /keZ ds ijEijkoknh fu;e rFkk iq:”kksa ds nksxyh furhij izgkj fd;kA iq:”kh opZLo dks >qxkjus ds lkFk gh f’k{kk dk egRo rkjkckbZus tku fy;k FkkA rkjkckbZ us va/kJ/nk ls L=h;ksa ij gksusokys vR;kpkjksaij dksMs yxkrs gSA tks lekt L=h;ksaij vR;kf/kd vR;kpkj djrk gS ml lekt dks rkjkckbZ loky djrh gS dh] ^^fujarj irh dh vkKk ekuuk] ifr ds ethZ ls jguk] mUgksus yRrizgkj Hkh fd;k] xkyh xyksp Hkh dh] nwljh vkSjrksa ds ?kj esa yk;k] u’kk fd;k] tqvk [ksyk] pksjh Hkh dh] vkSj Qjsc djusokyk ifrjkt dk ?kj es vkxeu gqvk rks mlds lkFk ,slk vknjHkko djuk tSls d`”.k egkjkt e[[ku pqjk dj yk;s gksA ,sls ifrjkt dh bZ’oj tSlh iwtk djuk vkSj mudh lsok esa gkthj jguk ;g L=h/keZ gS D;k\** Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 98 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal rdZghu irhozR;ks dh dYiukvksa dks L=h;ksaij Fkksik x;k FkkA bl dYiuk dk rkjkckbZ us etkd mMk;k gSA tSls og fy[krh gS] ^^irh us ykr ekjh rks gldj dguk pkfg,s] ifrjkt eq>s er ekjks vkids iSj nq[kus yx tk;saxs vkSj rqjar vius ifr ds iSj nckus pkfg,sA ydMh ls ekjk rks Hkh jksuk ugh pkfg,] gluk pkfg, vkSj ifr ds gkFkksa dks e[[ku yxkuk pkfg,s] e[[ku ?kj ij ugh gS rks iMkslh ykuk pkfg,s vkSj vius gkFkksa ls ifr ds gkFkksa is eyuk pkfg, rkdh ifr ds gkFk dk nnZ de gks tk,**A fo”kerkoknh czkEg.kh eqY;ksaij dksMs cjlkrs g, rkjkckbZus fo/kokvksa dk thou vkSj lRkh izFkkij izdk’k Mkyk gSA fo/kokvksa dh fLFkrh vPNh ugh FkhA muds cky dkVdj] ‘osr oL= igukdj mls va/ksjh dksBjh esa j[kk tkrk FkkA nqljh ‘kknh djuk] /kkfeZd dk;Z] lkekftd dk;Z es Hkkx ysuk nqljks dks viuk psgjk fn[kkuk xqukg le>k tkrk FkkA mls viuk ckY;thou] oS/kO; thou cgksr dBh.k :ils O;rhr djuk iMrk FkkA blij rkjkckbZ dgrh gS] ^^tSls fdlh L=h dk irh ds e`R;w gks tkus ds ckn dkyk eqg djds] fdlh [kquh dh rjg viuk thou dky dksBjh eh fcrkuk iMrk gS oSls gh iq:”kks us viuh iRuh ds e`R;w ds ckn dkydksBjh thou fcrkuk pkfg,A** irh ds ejus ds ckn lrh tkuk ifo= /kkfeZd dk;Z le>k tkrk FkkA lrh tkus ls iRuh dks LoxZ dh izkIrh gksrh gS ,slk ekuk tkrk FkkA blfy, iRuh;k vius irh ds ‘ko ds lkFk ;k mudh vLFkh;k] ;k mudh dksbZ pht ds lkFk [kqn dks tykdj bZ’oj dks I;kjh gksrh FkhA dksbZ L=h viuh LosPNk ls lrh tkrh Fkh ;k mls tcju Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 99 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal fdlh iq:”k us cnQSyh dh rks dgk tkrk gS dh] rkyh;k ,d gkFk ls ugh ctrh gSA iq:”k fL=;ks dks Qlkrs gS vkSj fL=;k Qlrh gSA ysdhu rkjkckbZ dgrh gS] ^^rkyh;kWa t:j nksuks gkFkksals ctrh gS] ij nk, gkFk dk tksj T;knk jgrk gSA** va/kJ/nk ij geyk djrs gq, rkjkckbZ iz’u djrh gS] ^^;g dkSu czEgpkjh dk’kh ls vk;s gS] egkizrkih nsork muds le{k gkFk tksMdj [kMs gS] muds lkFk iky[kh] es.kk] nl ckjg ?kksMs vkSj muds lkFk nl ckjg yksx] fdlh dk uke xaxknkl rks fdlh dk uke jkeizlknA** rkjkckbZ vkxs fy[krh gS] ^^;g egkjkt cgksr peRdkjh gS] mtkxM ds ikVhy dks cPpk ugh gks jgk Fkk] egkjkt ds foHkwrh ls mls cPpk gqvk] fdlh dks jksx ls eqDrh ferh rks fdlh dks Hkwrck/kk ls eqDrh buds n’kZu ek= ls gh fey tkrh gSA** rkjkckbZ dk dguk gS dh] ^^,slh va/kfo’oklh ckra ,d vkneh ls nwljs vkneh rd QSyrh gS vkSj egkjkt dh fdrhZ fnaxr gksrh gS] vkSj muds ;gk L=h;kas vkSj /ku dh ykbZu yx tkrh gSA** milagkj %& rkjkckbZ f’kans us ^L=h&iq:”k rqyuk* virh bl xzUFk es ijEijkoknh fopkjks ds yksxksa dks QVdkj yxkbZ gSA blfy, ijEijkoknh;ksus mudk vfHkuUnu ugh fd;kA myVk muij fdpM mNkyk] mUgs fupk fn[kkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA ;-nh- QMds us rks bl xzUFk dks dsoy ,d Pamplet dgk rks] izk- l- xa eky’ks us rks ;gkWa rd dgk dh xzUFk egkRek Qqysth u s uke cnydj fy[kk gSA ysdhu lkjs fo’o ds fopkjoarksus bl xzUFk dh ljkguk dh gS] mldk xkSjo fd;k gSA xsjkWyMhu QkscZl bl fonw”khus ^ ^Women in Modern India ** es rkjkckbZ dks L=hoknh ys[khdk dgdj xkSjo c lanHkZxzaFk lwph 111-1--- f’kans rkjkckbZ] ^L=h&iq:”k rqyuk*] ejkBk lsok la?k izdk’ku] vdksyk 222-2--- Hkkxor fo|qr] ^L=h&iz’ukaph** okVpky*] izfrek izdk’ku] iw.ks] izFkeko`Rrh] 8 ekpZ 2004 333-3--- Hkkslys MkW- ukjk.k] egkjk”Vªkrhy L=hfo”k;d lq/kkj.kkoknkps lRrkdkj.k ¼1848&1956½] n rkbZph izdk’ku iq.ks] izFke vko`Rrh 1 lIVsa 2008 Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 100 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal "´ÖÖ®Ö¾ÖŸÖê“Öê ´ÖÖÝÖÔ¤ü¿ÖÔÛú ³ÖÝÖ¾ÖÖ®Ö ²Öã¨ü" †×®Ö»Ö ²ÖÖ²Öã¸üÖ¾Ö ÜÖÓ›üÖ¸êü ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬ÖÛú ×¾ÖªÖ£Öá ¯ÖÖ»Öß †òÞ›ü ²Öã¨üß—Ö´Ö ×¾Ö³ÖÖÝÖ, ›üÖò. ²ÖÖ²ÖÖÃÖÖÆêü²Ö †ÖÓ²Öê›üÛú¸ü ´Ö¸üÖšü¾ÖÖ›üÖ ×¾ÖªÖ¯Ößšü, †Öî¸ÓüÝÖÖ²ÖÖ¤ü ´ÖÖê. 7757871257 ¯ÖÏßÖÖ¾Ö®ÖÖ ´ÖÖ®Ö¾ÖŸÖÖ Æüß ‹Ûú ´ÖÖÞÖæÃÖ ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö •ÖÝÖÞµÖÖ“Öß †Ö×ÞÖ ‡ŸÖ¸üÖÓ®ÖÖ ´ÖÖÞÖÃÖÖ¸üÜÖê •Öß¾Ö®Ö •ÖÝÖŸÖÖ µÖÖ¾Öê, ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö ´Ö¤üŸÖ Ûú¸üÞµÖÖ“Öß ÃÖÖ¬Öß ÃÖÖê¯Öß •Öß¾Ö®Ö ¯Ö¨üŸÖ †ÖÆêü. µÖÖ ¯Ö¨üŸÖßŸÖ Ûãúšü»ÖêÆüß Ûú´ÖÔÛúÖÓ›ü, Ûú›üÛú †Ö–ÖÖ, ¾ÖÓ¿Ö ³Öê¤ü, ¾ÖÞÖÔ³Öê¤ü †Ö×ÞÖ Ø»ÖÝÖ ³Öê¤üÆüß ®ÖÖÆüߟÖ, ŸµÖÖŸÖ ±úŒŸÖ ´ÖÖ®Ö¾Ö Æüß ‹Ûú •ÖÖŸÖ †ÖÆêü. µÖÖÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Ö ´ÖÖ®Ö¾Ö •ÖÖŸÖßÃÖÖšüß ÃÖ¾ÖÔ¯ÖÏ£Ö´Ö ³ÖÝÖ¾ÖÖ®Ö ²Öã¨üÖÓ®Öß †Ö¯Ö»Öê ×¾Ö“ÖÖ¸ü ´ÖÖÓ›ü»Öê. ´Ö®ÖãµÖÖ»ÖÖ “ÖÖÓÝÖ»Öê •Öß¾Ö®Ö •ÖÝÖŸÖÖ µÖÖ¾Öê µÖÖÃÖÖšüß ŸµÖÖÓ®Öß †Ö¯Ö»ÖÖ ²Öã¨ü ¬Ö´´Ö µÖÖ •ÖÝÖÖ»ÖÖ ×¤ü»ÖÖ. µÖÖ ¬Ö´´ÖÖ“µÖÖ †Ö“Ö¸üÞÖÖ´Öãôêû ÃÖ¾ÖÖÕ®ÖÖ †Ö¯Ö»Öê •Öß¾Ö®Ö ´ÖÓÝÖ»Ö´ÖµÖ Ûú¸üŸÖÖ µÖêŸÖê. µÖÖÃÖÖšüß ³ÖÝÖ¾ÖÖ®Ö ²Öã¨ü Æêü †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ»ÖÖ ÃÖÖÓÝÖŸÖÖŸÖ Ûúß, ÃÖÖ¸˜“Ö “Ö ÃÖÖ¸üŸÖÖê ˜ÖŸ¾ÖÖ †ÃÖÖ¸ü˜“Ö †ÃÖÖ¸üŸÖÖê … ŸÖê ÃÖÖ¸Óü †×¬ÖÝÖ“”û×ŸÖ ÃÖ´´ÖÖÃÖ’ËûüÛú¯¯ÖÝÖÖê“Ö¸üÖ …… •ÖÖê ÃÖŸµÖÖ»ÖÖ ÃÖŸµÖ †Ö×ÞÖ †ÃÖŸµÖÖ»ÖÖ †ÃÖŸµÖ ÃÖ´Ö•ÖŸÖÖê, †¿ÖÖ ÃÖ´µÖÛú ÃÖÓÛú»¯ÖÖ®Öê µÖãŒŸÖ ¾µÖŒŸÖß ÆüÖ ÃÖŸµÖÖ¯ÖµÖÕŸÖ ¯ÖÖêÆü“Öæ ¿ÖÛúŸÖÖê. ˆ½üÖ®Ö¾ÖŸÖÖê ÃÖןִ֟ÖÖê ÃÖãדÖÛú´´ÖÃÃÖ ×®ÖÃÖ´´ÖÛúÖ׸ü®ÖÖê … ÃÖ˜˜ÖŸÖÃÃÖ “Ö ¬Ö´´Ö•Öß×¾Ö®ÖÖê †¯¯Ö´Ö¢ÖÃÃÖ µÖÃÖÖê׳־֒Ëûüœü×ŸÖ …… ˆŸÃÖÖÆü¾ÖÖ®Ö, ôÖéŸÖß •ÖÖÝÖéŸÖ ¸üÖÜÖÞÖÖ¸üÖ, ¿Öã¨ü Ûú´ÖÔ Ûú¸üÞÖÖ¸üÖ, ×¾Ö¾ÖêÛúÖ®Öê †Ö“Ö¸üÞÖ Ûú¸üÞÖÖ¸üÖ †ÃÖÖ ¾µÖŒŸÖß ŸµÖÖ“Öê µÖ¿Ö Æêü ¾ÖÖœüŸÖ“Ö †ÃÖŸÖê. ´ÖÖ®Ö¾ÖŸÖêÃÖÖšüß ³ÖÝÖ¾ÖÖ®Ö ²Öã¨üÖÓ®Öß †¿ÖÖ ¬Ö´´ÖÖ“Öß Ã£ÖÖ¯Ö®ÖÖ Ûêú»Öß Ûúß, •µÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê ‡Ô¿¾Ö¸ü¾ÖÖ¤üÖ“µÖÖ •ÖÖÝÖß ´ÖÖ®Ö¾ÖŸÖÖ¾ÖÖ¤ü †ÖÆêü. ‡Ô¿¾Ö¸üÖÓ“µÖÖ ‹ê¾Ö•Öß ´ÖÖ®Ö¾Öß ®µÖÖµÖ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖÖ †ÖÆêü. ³ÖÝÖ¾ÖÖ®Ö ²Öã¨ü ´ÆüÞÖŸÖÖŸÖ Ûúß, ´ÖÖ—ÖÖ ¬Ö´´Ö ÆüÖ ´ÖÖ®Ö»µÖÖ´Öãôêû “ÖÖ»ÖÞÖÖ¸ü ®ÖÖÆüß. 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Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 101 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal ×®ÖÂÛúÂÖÔ : †Ö•Ö“µÖÖ µÖãÝÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê •Ö¸ü ¾µÖŒŸÖß †Ö¯ÖÃÖÖŸÖ “ÖÖÓÝÖ»ÖÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÆüÖ¸ü Ûú¸üÞÖê ׿ÖÛúÞÖÖ¸ü ®ÖÃÖê»Ö ŸÖ¸ü ³Ö×¾ÖµÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê ŸÖê ‹Ûú ¤ãüÃÖ·µÖÖ“Öê ×¾Ö¸üÖê¬Öß ÆüÖê‰ú ¿ÖÛúŸÖÖŸÖ. µÖÖÛú׸üŸÖÖ ÃÖ¾ÖÖÕ´Ö¬µÖê ´ÖÖ®Ö¾ÖŸÖÖ †ÃÖÞÖê ÝÖ¸ü•Öê“Öê †ÖÆêü. ´ÖÖ®Ö¾ÖŸÖê´Ö¬µÖê •ÖÖŸÖ, ÃÖÓ¯ÖϤüÖµÖ, ¾ÖÞÖÔ ¬Ö´ÖÔ µÖÖÓ“µÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê ³Öê¤ü³ÖÖ¾Ö ®ÖÃÖŸÖÖê. ´ÖÖ®Ö¾ÖŸÖê“ÖÖ ×¾ÖÛúÖÃÖ ÆüÖêÞµÖÖÃÖÖšüß •ÖÝÖÖŸÖᯙ ÃÖ¾ÖÔ »ÖÖêÛú ÃÖãÜÖ-¿ÖÖÓŸÖß †Ö×ÞÖ ¯ÖÏê´ÖÖ®Öê ¾ÖÖÝÖ»Öê ¯ÖÖ×Æü•Öê. µÖÖÛú׸üŸÖÖ †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ»ÖÖ ²Öã¨üÖÓ“Öê ŸÖ¢¾Ö×¾Ö“ÖÖ¸ †ÖŸ´ÖÃÖÖŸÖ Ûú¸üÞÖê ²ÖÓ¬Ö®ÖÛúÖ¸üÛú †ÖÆêü. ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔ ÝÖÏÓ£Ö ÃÖæ“Öß : 1. »ÖÖ›ü ¯ÖãºþÂÖÖê¢Ö´Ö ´ÖÓÝÖê¿Ö, (2001), ¬Ö´´Ö¯Ö¤ü, ´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ™Òü ¸üÖ•µÖ ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ †Ö×ÞÖ ÃÖÓÃÛéúŸÖß ´ÖÓ›üôû, ´ÖãÓ²Ö‡Ô, ¯ÖÖ.ÛÎú. 97- 98ü 2. Ûãú´ÖÖ¸ü ¸üؾ֦ü, (2007), ÝÖÖîŸÖ´Ö ²Öã¨ü †Öî¸ü ¬Ö´´Ö¯Ö¤ü, Ûú»¯ÖÖ•Ö ¯Öײ»ÖÛêú¿Ö®Ö פü»»Öß, ¯ÖÖ.ÛÎú. 20 ¾Ö 124. 3. ¯ÖÏÖ. וֻšêü ´Ö®ÖÖêÆü¸ü (2016), ¬Ö´ÖÖÕŸÖ¸ü —ÖÖ»Öê, ¬Ö´´ÖÛÎúÖÓŸÖß Ûãúšêü †ÖÆêü? ÛúÖî¿Ö»µÖ ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¿Ö®Ö, ¯ÖÖ.ÛÎú. 15-17 4. †ò’û ×ÜÖ»»ÖÖ¸êü †Ö¸ü.‹. (2016), ¬Ö´´ÖÝÖÓ¬Ö, ŸÖ鯟Öß ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¿Ö®Ö, †Öî¸ÓüÝÖÖ²ÖÖ¤ü 5. www.suttacentral.net Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 102 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal v..kkHkkÅ lkBs ;kaP;k dknacjhrhy L=h izkizkizk-izk ---fnidfnid lkgscjko EgLds Nxujko HkqtcG dyk o okf.kT; egkfo|ky; fgojkvkJe- Rkk-esgdj ft-cqy v..kkHkkÅ lkBs gs folkO;k ‘krdkrhy e/;kojps ejkBh lkfgR; izkarkrhy nwyZf{kr vls izfrHkkoku lkfgR;hd- ejkBh lkghR;kr ‘kkghjh]dkO;]dknacjh] ukVd] izoklo.kZu vknh okMz-e;izdkj fygwu R;kauh ejkBh Hkk”kk lea`/n o laiUu dsyh- ‘kwU;krwu fo’o fuekZ.k dj.kkjk ,d nz”Vk ys[kd o dykoar- lkekftd ifjoRkZukph vkl eukr Bsowu R;kauh vkiyh lkfgR;fufeZrh dsyh- R;kauh vkiY;k lexz lkfgR;krwu ekuorkoknh Hkwfedk ekaMyh- v..kkHkkÅapk tUe nfyr] fifMr] ‘kks”khr v’kk ekax tkrhr >kyk- tx.;klkBh usgeh la?k”kZ dj.kkjh gh tekr tkrhO;oFksP;k : Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 103 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 1½ xzkeh.k L=h%& ijhlj R;kauh dknacÚ;krwu ftoar dsyk vkgs- rsfFky QDr fulxZ js[kkVwu rs Fkkacr ukghr rj dknacjhps laiw.kZ dFkkudp rsFks ?kMrkauk vkiY;kyk fnlrs- xzkeh.k O;oLFkspk d.kk vlysyh L=h eksB;k tksjdli.ks R;kauh mHkh dsyh vkgs- ^okj.ksP;k [kksÚ;krhy* eaxyk gh L=h frph Hkk”kk] frps ftouO;ogkj] frps l.kmRlo xkeh.kr’kh fuxMhr vkgsr- ^Qfdjk* dknacjhrhy jk/kk gs vLly xzkehu thou tx.kkja L=hik= vkgs- izk-fHkejko ‘kstwGs Eg.rkr]^ Qfdjk dknacjhrhy laiw.kZ okrkoj.k xzkeh.k tho.kk’kh lqlaoknh vkgs-*R;keqGs ;k okrkoj.kkr ?kM.kkjh rh xzkeh.k L=h Bjrs- ^oSj* dknacjhrhy xq.kk gh ‘ksrkr tkrs o rsfFky ygkueksBs dkes djrs- rh xzkeh.krs’kh fuxMhr loZ thouO;ogkj ikj ikMrs- ^vyxwte/khy* jaxw] ^:ik* dknacjhrhy :ik] ^ik>je/khy* panzk ;k xzkehu L=h;k v..kkHkkÅuh vkiY;k dknacjhrwu ldli.ks js[kkVY;k vkgsr- R;k loZ L=h;k lqanj o lwLoHkkoh vlwu R;k jkdV] /kM/kkdV] fgaeroku vkgsr- R;k iq:”kkizek.ks dks.kk’khgh nksu gkr dj.;kl r;kj vlrkr- vkiys ‘khy vck/khr Bso.;klkBh R;k thokps jku djrkr- 2½’kgjh L=h %& v..kkHkkÅ lkBs dkekfufeRr eqacÃr vkys vkf.k eaqcÃrp fLFkjkoys- R;keqGs R;kauh >ksiMiÍh o dkexkj thoukr T;k L=ha;k ikghY;k o vuqHkoY;k R;k R;kauh dknacjhrwu js[kkVY;k vkgsr- ‘kgjh L=hpk R;kaP;k dknacjhrwu Hkj.kkgh tkLr vkgs- ^fp=k* dknacjhrhy lksuk] fp=k] rkuqckÃ- ^oSt;ark *dknacjhrhy oSt;ark] xtjk] panzk] ;k fL=;k] ^panu* dknacjhrhy panu] paik] ikjh] esjh- ^rkjk* dknacjhrhy rkjk] ^okj.kspk ok?k* e/khy esjh] ^ewrhZ* e/khy ljhrk] ^vk?kkr *e/khy lqanj] jks>h] uLek] vkSjaek] rkdokyh] Mksdjh- ^vkx* dknacjhrhy ‘khyk o yrk] ^Qqyik[k:* dknacjhrhy jksgh.kh ;k loZ L=h;k ‘kgjke/;s jkgwu rsfFky pkyhfjrh] ijaijk] [kk.ksih.ks] isgjko ;kaP;k’kh ,d:Ik >kysY;k vkiY;kyk fnlrkr- 3½ fo/kok L=h %& v..kkHkkÅ lkBs ;kauh L=h;kaps fofo/k iz’u vkiqydhus gkrkGwu R;koj lgtp mik;gh lwpowu tkrkr- R;kpizek.ks R;kauh vkiY;k dknacÚ;krwu fo/kok L=hps eksBs tx mHks dsys vkgs- R;k loZ L=h;k uojk ulwugh vkiys iksV Hkjrkauk fnlrkr- uojk ukgh vkiY;kyk vk/kkj ukgh Eg.kwu R;k grcy gksr ukghr ok jMr clr ukgh- rj ;s.kkÚ;k ifjfLFkrhr y<.;klkBh R;k usgeh lTt vlrkr- vkiyk irh ukgh R;keqGs ‘kjhjlq[kkiklwu oaphr jkfgY;keqGs R;k iq:”kkdMs vkdf”kZr >kysY;k fnlrkr- tls- ^:ik* dknacjhrhy eFkh] uojk esysyk vlrks- R;keqGs ‘kjhjkph o iksVkph Hkwd rh nqlÚ;kdMwu Hkkxowu ?ksrkauk fnlrs- rj ^MksGs eksfMr jk/kk pkys* e/khy jk/kk uojk esY;kuarj txu cqokph HkDrh djk;yk ykxrs- fryk ‘kkfjjhd Hkwd Hkkxkoh ;klkBh rh cqoktoG tkrs ijarw eukyk yxsp dkcwr Bsowu ;k O;fHkpkjkiklwu fr ijko`Rr gksrs- fo/kok L=h;k vkiya ewy txkoa Eg.kwu R;k d”V djrkauk fnlrkr- R;k thokph rek u ckGxrk rGgkrkP;k QksMkizek.ks eqykauk tirkr- ^fp=k* e/khy l[kqckÃ] ^oSt;ark* e/khy xtjk] ^panu* e/khy panu] ^dq:Ik* e/khy gj.kkckÃ] ^okj.kspk ok?k* e/khy c.kkckÃ] ^e;qjk* e/khy fujkckÃ] ^fp[kykrhy deG* e/khy rqGlk] ^dsoM;kpa d.khl* e/khy deGk] jkucksdk e/khy fpekckà ;k loZ fo/kok fL=;k eqykalkBh d”B djrkauk fnlrkr- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 104 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 4½ lqf’kf{kr L=h %& v..kkHkkÅ lkBs gs eqGkrp ijhoRkZuoknh ys[kd vkgsr- T;k dkGkr fL=;k f’k{k.kkps uko ?ksÅ ‘kdr uOgR;k R;k dkGkr R;kaph L=h gh f’k{k.kklkBh dknacjhrwu >Vrkauk fnlrkr- v..kkHkkÅ gs Lor% f’k{k.k ?ksÅ ‘kdys ukgh-rh [kar dk;e R;kaP;k eukr gksrh- R;keqGs iq:”kkcjkscj vkiY;k fL=;kaukgh R;kauh ‘kkGsr ikBfoys vkgs- ^fp=k* dknacjhrhy l[kwckà vR;ar xjhc vkgs- rjhgh fp=k o lksuk ;k vkiY;k nksUgh eqfyauk rh ‘kkGsr ikBfors- ^oSt;ark* dknacjhrhy xtjk rek’kkr ukp.kkjh vkgs rjhgh vkiyh eqyxh oSt;arkyk rh ‘kkGsr ikBfors- ^panu* dknacjhrhy panu fujk/kkj vkgs rjhgh frpk ekek v{kjvksG[k Ogkoh Eg.kwu ‘kkGsr ikBforks- ^vkoMh* dknacjhrhy rkR;kckgh ‘kkGsr tkrks- ^xqyke* dknacjhrhy feukf{k gh mPpf’kf{kr vlrs- ^jkuxaxk* dknacjhrhy jaxwgh f’kf{kr vkgs- ^ekLrj* dknacjhrhy ljLorhckà Lor%gk f’kf{kr vlwu f’kf{kdsps dke djrs- ^rkjk* dknacjhrhy rkjk lqf’kf{kr vlwu csjkstxkj vkgs- ^ewfrZ *dknacjhrhy ewfrZgh] ^e;wjk* dknacjhrhy e;wjk] ^fp[kykrhy deG* e/khy flrk] ^vkx* e/khy f’kyk] ^vgadkj* e/khy voafrdk] ^Qqyik[k:* e/khy jksgh.kh] ^la?k”kZ* e/khy lqyHkk g;k loZ L=h;k f’kf{kr vkgsr- 5½ reklxhj L=h %& v..kkHkkÅ lkBs ;kauh lektkrhy fofo/k Lrjkrhy L=h o frPks nq%[k ;kph txkyk vksG[k d:u fnyh- rs Lor%gk rek’kkr dykdkj Eg.kwu dke djhr gksrs- R;keqGs rsFks dke dj.kkÚ;k L=h;kaps nq%[k tk.kwu R;kauh rs vkiY;k dknacjhrwu js[kkVys- R;ke/; s ^oSt;ark* e/khy oSt;ark] xtjk] panzk] gkSlkckÃ] ^ekdMhpk ekG* e/khy xqYyh] ^rkjk* e/khy rkjk] ^fp[kykrhy deG* e/khy rqGlk] flrk] ^jkucksdk* e/khy eksguk ;k loZ reklxhj L=h;k vkgsr- 6½ os’;k L=h%& v..kkHkkÅuha vusd lkekftd Lrjkrhy L=h;kaps inj mdyr vlrkauk lektkrhy nwyZf{kysY;k os’;kaukgh dknacjhrwu U;k; ns.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- ^fp=k* dknacjhrhy lksuk o ^Qqyik[k:* dknacjhrhy jksgh.kh ;k nksUgh tUer%p dkgh os’;k ulrkr- ijarq ;sfFky iq:”kiz/kku laLd`rh R;kauk os’;k cuk;yk Hkkx ikMrkr- R;keqGs R;k L=h;ka R;kojp voyacwu jkgrkr- ;kps v..kkHkkÅ gqcsgqc o.kZu djrkr- lekjksi %& v..kkHkkÅuha vkiY;k laiw.kZ dknacÚ;krwu L=h’kDrhpk ]frP;k lkSn;kZpk] vkSn;kZpk mnksmnks dsyk vkgs- rRdkyhu dkGkr L=hdMs ikg.;kpk vlysyk n`”Vhdksu] deh ys[k.;kph izo`Rrh ;keqGs L=hP;k ‘kwj] ohj] ‘khyoku] pkjhå;oku ;k ladYiukp cktwyk iMY;k- gsp v..kkHkkÅuh gsjys o R;kauh vkiyh L=h mnkRr o tkToy n`”Vhdksu Bsowu vkn’kZi.ks] l{kei.ks mHkh dsyh- ;kyk laiw.kZ ejkBh lkghR;kr rksM ukgh- lanHkZ xzaFk %& 111-1--- v..kkHkkÅzzzaps dknacjhfo’o & MkW-izeksn xkjksMs 222-2--- tuuk;d v..kkHkkÅzzz lkBs &izk-MkW-f’kokth toGxsdj 333-3--- yksd’kkghj v..kkHkkÅzzz lkBs fuoMd okM~-e; & laik- vtwZu MkaxGs o brj Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 105 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal भारतीय समाज व जागितकƙकरण डॉ.डॉ.डॉ. Ƙदपक आनंदराव चौरपगार समाजशाƓ िवभाग Oमुख गुलाम नबी आझाद कला,िवϔान व वािणϤय माहािवźालाय .बाƞशटाकळी िज.अकोला जागितकƙकरणाचा अथϕ हणजे संपूणϕ जगाची एका मोठय़ा बाजारपेठेत ĐपांतƗरत होयाची OƘ;या होय. वतू आिण सेवा तसेच भांडवल आिण Xम यांϢया Ɔापारावरील ƞनबध उठवून जागितक पातळीवर Ɔापार मुŎपणे घडून येयाची OƘ;या यात सामावलेली आहे. ही संϔा अलीकडे लोकिOय झाली असली तरी ही OƘ;या १९ Ɔा शतकापासून सुĐ झाली. भांडवलशाहीची वाढ , उपल ध सागरी दळणवळण , टेिल=ामपासून ते २० Ɔा शतकातील उपल ध हवाई मागϕ, दूरवनी , संगणक , बćराƎीय कंपया , Ɔापार आिण गुंतवणुकƙवरील िनभİध यांमधील लविचकतेतून जागितकƙकरण सुĐ झाले. िवसाƆा शतकाϢया उēराधाϕत आिण एकिवसाƆा शतकाϢया पूवाϕधाϕत मािहती तंJϔान , इंटरनेट आिण सेवांचा Ɔापार जागितक पातळीवर खुला झायाने जागितकƙकरणाϢया OƘ;येने वेग घेतला. जागितकƙकरण भारतीय समाजातील एक कळीचा मुŶा बनून यासोबत Ɔापक चचाϕ िवƉाचा भाग बनत चाललेया जागितकƙकरणाचा यूपीएससीϢया मुϞय परीϓेϢया अ यास;मात समािवƍ केलेला आहे. या घटकाची तयारी करताना कुठया गोƍी लϓात ठेवाƆात , यािवषयी जागितकƙकरणानंतर भारतीय समाजात झालेले बदल लϓणीय आहेत. आिण हणूनच समाजातील नƆा बदलांचा अ यास करताना याची दखल घेणे ;मOाƁ आहे. हे लϓात घेत जागितकƙकरण या मुŶय़ाचा यूपीएससीϢया मुϞय परीϓेϢया अ यास;मात समावेश करयात आला आहे. २०१३ साली झालेया लेखी परीϓेत जागितकƙकरणाचा वृŵांवर होणा3या पƗरणामांबाबत Oƌ िवचारलेला होता. खरेतर सामािजक मुŶे कमी -अिधक Oमाणात जागितकƙकरणाϢया OƘ;येशी जोडलेले आहेत. यामुळे जागितकƙकरणाची मूळ संकपना आिण ितचा Ɔवहार , यात गुंतलेले िविवध Oवाह , तसेच याकडे पाहयाचे िविवध दृिƍकोन समजून घेयाची आज गरज आहे. जागितकƙकरणाϢया समथϕकांϢया मते, अिवकिसत आिण िवकसनशील देशांϢया आƞथक िवकासाला गती OाƁ होऊन िवकिसत देश आिण बćराƎीय कंपया गरीब देशात मोठी भांडवल गुंतवणूक करीत आहेत. अźयावत तंJϔानाचा Oवाह मागास राƎांकडे जाताना Ƙदसतो आहे. जागितकƙकरणाϢया धोरणातून दिϓण -पूवϕ आिशयाई देश आिण Qाझील यांनी िवकास संपादन केयाचे Ƙदसून येत आहे. जागितकƙकरणांतगϕत उदारीकरण , खासगीकरण , तंJϔानामक ;ांती , बćराƎीय कंपया , आंतरराƎीयीकरण , राƎ राϤयाचा 3हास , कयाणकारी राϤयाचा 3हास , बाजारपेठांचे सावϕभौमव , बćसांकृितकवाद असेही Oवाह सुĐ झाले आहेत. संकपनामक अथाϕने पाहता भौगोिलकता आिण राƎीय ओळख नƍ होऊन इितहास आिण राजकारण यांचा पुनजϕम होताना Ƙदसतो. Pािसस फुकुयामा यांनी ‘मानवी शासनाचे उदारमतवादी लोकशाहीचे अंितम OाĐप ’ असे संबोधले. थॉमस PƙडमनϢया मते, ‘ जागितकƙकरण हणजे Ɔापार , िवē आिण मािहतीϢया एकJीकरणातून एकच एक अशी जागितक बाजारपेठ आिण संकृतीची िनƞमती होय. ’ अँथनी िगडस हणतो याOमाणे ‘जागितकƙकरण Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 106 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal हणजे जगभरात सामािजक संबंधांचे सघनीकरण घडून येणे होय ’. जे थािनक आहे ते जागितक आहे आिण जे जागितक ते थािनक आहे’ या OƘ;येला रॉबटϕसन ‘िविशƍतेचे सावϕिJकƙकरण ’ आिण ‘सावϕिJकतेचे िविशƍीकरण ’ या Đपाने ओळखतो. संपूणϕ जग हे जागितक खेडे बनून आजघडीला ‘िवचार जागितक आिण कृती राƎीय ’ असाच नारा होताना Ƙदसतो. ϟलोबल आिण लोकल यातून ‘ϟलोकल ’ बनले आहे. या कारणानेच अरेनाज यांनी यास ‘हायQीडायझेशन ’ हटले आहे. सांकृितक आ;मण आिण मागास राƎांचे आ íथक सावϕभौमव पायदळी तुडवयामुळे जागितकƙकरणास नववसाहतवादाचे नवे Đप मानयात येते. जागितकƙकरणाϢया OƘ;येमये कोणतीही ƆŎƙ वतंJ अथवा िवभŎ समूहाचा भाग न राहता संपूणϕ समाजच थेट जागितक Ɔवहाराशी जोडला गेला आहे. या संपूणϕ OƘ;येतून सवϕसाधारणपणे तीन आिवकार समजून घेता येतात. जागितकƙकरणाचा सामािजक आिण सांकृितक जीवनावर पƗरणाम झालेला Ƙदसतो. कु टुंब Ɔवथा , िववाह , Ɠी -पुďष संबंध , जाती , जनजाती , भाषा इ. सामािजक घटकांवर मोठा Oभाव पडत आहे. लहान मुले, तďण वगϕ आिण वृŵांचे जीवनमान Oभािवत झालेले आहे. =ाहकवादाϢया Oभावातून नवसमाज आकार घेत आहे. मािहती तंJϔानाϢया ;ांतीमुळे लोकांϢया जीवनाचा सांकृितक आकृितबंध बदलला असून अमेƗरकन कपडे, चायनीज अž , PĞच िहकƙ , इंिϟलश पॉप संगीत या िनय पƗरचयाϢया झालेया आहेत. जागितकƙकरणातून नƆा नागरी समाजाची िनƞमती होत आहे.जागितकƙकरणाचा पƍ आिवकार बाजारपेठा , Ɔापार , वतू आिण िवēीय गुंतवणूक या ϓेJांतील आ íथक OƘ;यांमये Ƙदसून येतो. आ íथक धोरणे,कृषी , रोजगार , नस íगक आिण मानवी संसाधने यांवरही जागितकƙकरणाने आपला Oभाव उमटवलाआहे. जागितकƙकरणाची नैसƞगक नाळ उदारीकरणाशी जोडली असयाने भांडवलाचा Oवाह व बćराƎीय कंपया व कॉपīरेशस वत:चे जाळे जगभर िवणताना Ƙदसत आहेत. यातून मॅकडोनाडायझेशन आिण कोका कोलोनायझेशन इ. श द आपया अंगवळणी पडत आहेत. थेट परकƙय गुंतवणूक हे जगभरातील घटीत बनल े आहे.जागितकƙकरणाϢया OƘ;येतून आिण मािहती तंJϔानाϢया फोटातून राƎ -राϤयाϢया सीमा अंधुक होऊन राƎांचे सावϕभौमव धोϝयात आलेले आहे. कयाणकारी भूिमकेतून माघार घेऊन राϤयाने कायदा सुƆवथा सांभाळावी , असा दबाव तयार होत आहे. राϤयसंथा िबगर राजकƙय अिभकयाİϢया मदतीने राϤयकारभार चालवीत आहे. यातून लोकशाही राजकारणाचा अवकाश नागरी समाजाकडून Ɔापला जात आहे.जागितकƙकरणामुळे ‘राƎातीत नागƗरकव ’ िनमाϕण होत आहे. Ƙकमिलका यांϢया मते, आजघडीला ‘बćसांकृितक नागƗरकव ’ उदयाला येत आहे. पुढे ही OƘ;या अशीच सुĐ रािहली तर गोडिमथϢया श दात ‘जागितक नागƗरकव ’ या संकपना मूतϕ Đपात येऊ शकतील. याउलट जागितकƙकरणात सांकृितक वैिवय नƍ होऊन एकछापी संकृती िनमाϕण होते असाही Oितवाद केला जातो.सोिवएट युिनयनचे िवघटन आिण आखातातील युŵ , देशांतगϕत िनमाϕण झालेली राजकƙय अिथरता तसेच अिनवासी भारतीयांची गुंतवणुकƙमधून माघार यांϢया एकिJत पƗरणामातून भारताने िमX अथϕƆवथेला सोडिचŠी देऊन खुले आƞथक धोरण वीकारले. खासगी ϓेJावरील ƞनबध काढून गुंतवणुकƙचे मागϕ खुले करयात आले. तसेच िवदेशी गुंतवणुकƙवरील बंधने हटवून भारतीय बाजारपेठ जागितक बाजारपेठांशी जोडली गेली. यातून भारतात उदारीकरण , खासगीकरण आिण जागितकƙकरण या OƘ;या घडून आया. मुϞय परीϓेची तयारी करताना Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 107 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal जागितकƙकरणाचे वतϕमान संदभϕ तपासावेत. यासोबत जागितकƙकरणाचे भारतीय आिण जागितक अथϕƆवथेवरील पƗरणाम , तसेच आंतरराƎीय आिण Oादेिशक संघटनांची भूिमका लϓात Ϡयावी. भारतातील बदलती सावϕजिनक धोरणOƘ;या आिण योजना िनƞमतीवरील जागितकƙकरणाचा Oभाव समजून Ϡयावा. जागितकƙकरणामुळे सामािजक घटकांतील वाढती दरी आिण सामािजक OƌांबŶल वाढती अनाथा याचाही िवचार करावा. याचOमाणे जागितकƙकरणामुळे िƓयांसमोर उभी ठाकलेली आहाने िवचारात Ϡयावी लागेल. संदभϕ सूची 1.1.1. सामािजक चळवळी – एस.जी.देवगावकर, Xी.साईनाथ Oकाशन नागपूर 2.2.2. आधुिनक भारतीय राजकƙय िवचारवंत - डॉ वा भा पाटील Oशांत पि लकेशन जळगाव 3.3.3. आधुिनक भारतातील राजकƙय िवचार - डॉ भा धुळे भोळे ƚपपळी पुरे अंड पि लशसϕ नागपूर 4.4.4. भारत मे =ामीण िवकास रामजी यादव अजुϕन पि लƚशग हाऊस नई Ƙदली 2009 5.5.5. महाराƎातील सामािजक चळवळी यशवंतराव चहाण महाराƎ मुŎ िवźापीठ 6.6.6. =ामगीता – राƎसंत तुकडोजी महाराज 7.7.7. पƗरवतϕनाचा वाटसĐ – पािϓक Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 108 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß Ã¡Öß †Ö×ÞÖ Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ ›üÖò. †“ÖÔ®ÖÖ ¤êü×¾Ö»ÖÖ»Ö ³ÖîÃÖÖ¸êü ÝÖ•ÖÖ®Ö®Ö ™üÖ‰ú®Ö×¿Ö¯Ö ®ÖÓ.4, ‘Ö¸ü ÛÎú. 759, ¯ÖÖê™êü ‡Ã™êü™ü ÛúšüÖê¸üÖ ¸üÖê›ü, †´Ö¸üÖ¾ÖŸÖß.-444701 ´ÖÖê.ÛÎú. 9822726916 ‡Ô.´Öê»Ö[email protected] ¯ÖÏßÖÖ¾Ö®ÖÖ †Ö•Ö ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖ®Öê †£ÖÔ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖꓵÖÖ ¯ÖÏŸµÖêÛú õÖê¡ÖÖŸÖ ¯ÖÏ“ÖÓ›ü ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß Ûêú»Öß. •ÖÖÝÖןÖÛú ÛÎú´Ö¾ÖÖ¸üᯙ ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖ“ÖÖ ´ÖÖ®Ö¾Ö ×¾ÖÛúÖÃÖ×®Ö¤ìü¿ÖÖÓÛúÖŸÖᯙ ÛÎú´ÖÖÓÛú ÆüÖ 131 ¾µÖÖ ÛÎú´ÖÖÓÛúÖ¾Ö¸ü †ÃÖ»Öê»ÖÖ ×¤üÃÖæ®Ö µÖêŸÖÖê. ´ÖÖ®Ö¾Ö ×¾ÖÛúÖÃÖ ÆüÖ ¯ÖÏÖ´ÖãܵÖÖ®Öê ˆŸ¯Ö®®Ö, †Ö¸üÖêݵÖ, ׿ÖõÖÞÖ µÖÖ ‘Ö™üÛúÖ¾Ö¸ü †Ö¬ÖÖ¸üßŸÖ †ÃÖæ®Ö ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖ»ÖÖ †Ö¯Ö»ÖÖ ´ÖÖ®Ö¾Ö ×¾ÖÛúÖÃÖ ×®Ö¤ìü¿ÖÖÓÛú ¾ÖÖœü×¾ÖÞµÖÖÃÖÖšüß Ûêú¾Öôû †Ö¸üÖêݵÖÖ“µÖÖ ÃÖã×¾Ö¬ÖÖ ¾ÖÖœü¾Öæ®Ö “ÖÖ»ÖÞÖÖ¸ü ®ÖÖÆüß ØÛú¾ÖÖ ÃÖ¸üÖÃÖ¸üß •Öß¾Ö®Ö´ÖÖ®Ö ¾ÖÖœü¾Öæ®Ö “ÖÖ»ÖÞÖÖ¸ü ®ÖÖÆüß ŸÖ¸ü ‹ÛúÖ ´ÖÆü¢¾ÖÖ“µÖÖ ÝÖÖê™üßÛú›êü »ÖõÖ ¤êüÞÖê †Ö¾Ö¿µÖÛú †ÖÆêü. 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ŸµÖÖ´Öãôêû ŸµÖÖÓ“µÖÖŸÖ Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖ“Öê ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖÞÖ •ÖÖÃŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖê. ¯ÖÏßÖãŸÖ ¿ÖÖê¬Ö×®Ö²ÖÓ¬ÖÖŸÖ †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ×áֵÖÖÓ´Ö¬Öᯙ Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ µÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖõÖê¾Ö¸ü ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¿Ö ™üÖÛú»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. ¿ÖÖê¬Ö×®Ö²ÖÓ¬ÖÖ“Öß ˆ×§ü™ü¶ê 1. Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ“ÖÖ †£ÖÔ †³µÖÖÃÖÞÖê 2. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ×áֵÖÖÓ´Ö¬Öᯙ Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖ“Öß ÛúÖ¸üÞÖê †³µÖÖÃÖÞÖê. 3. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ×áֵÖÖÓ´Ö¬Öᯙ Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ Ûú´Öß Ûú¸üÞµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ˆ¯ÖÖµÖ ÃÖã“Ö×¾ÖÞÖê. Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖ“ÖÖ †£ÖÔ Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ Æüß ‹Ûú ÃÖ´ÖõÖÖ †ÖÆêü. •µÖÖ“Öê ³ÖµÖÖ¾ÖÆü ¯Ö׸üÞÖÖ´Ö †Ö•Ö ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖᯙ †®ÖêÛú ³ÖÖÝÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê ¯ÖÆüÖ¾ÖµÖÖÃÖ ×´ÖôûŸÖê. Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖ“ÖÖ ²Öôûß ÆüÖ ¤ü¸ü ŸÖÖÃÖÖ»ÖÖ ¯Ö›üŸÖÖÓ®ÖÖ †Öœüôæû®Ö µÖêŸÖÖê. Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ ´ÆüÞÖ•Öê †ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ“Öß ÃÖ´ÖõÖÖ †ÃÖÖ ÃÖ¾ÖÔÃÖÖ¬ÖÖ¸üÞÖ †£ÖÔ ¯ÖÏŸµÖêÛú ¾µÖŒŸÖß ¯ÖÏŸµÖõÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÆüÖ¸üÖŸÖ »ÖÖ¾ÖŸÖÖê. ¯Ö¸ÓüŸÖã ¯ÖÏŸµÖõÖÖŸÖ Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ Æüß ‹Ûú ¯ÖÏ“ÖÓ›ü ¾µÖÖ¯ÖÛú ÃÖÓÛú»¯Ö®ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. Æüß †¿Öß ÃÖ´ÖõÖÖ †ÖÆêü •µÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖõÖê®Öê ¸üÖ™ÒüÖ“µÖÖ ³ÖÖ¾Öß ×¯Öœüß¾Ö¸ü †Ö‘ÖÖŸÖ Ûêú»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. 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Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖ“Öß ¾µÖÖܵÖÖ Unicef “µÖÖ ´ÖŸÖê, Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 109 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal "Malnutrition is a broad term commonly used as an alternative to under nutrition but technically is also refers to over nutrition. People are malnourished if their diet does not provide adequate calories and protein for growth and maintenance or they are unable to fully utilize the food they eat due to illness (under nutrition). They are also malnourished if they consume too many calories (over nutrition) " 1 †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ×áֵÖÖÓ´Ö¬Öᯙ Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖ“Öß ÛúÖ¸üÞÖ ê †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ×áֵÖÖ µÖÖ †Ö¬Ö߯ÖÖÃÖæ®Ö“Ö ˆ¯Öê×õÖŸÖ†ÖÆêüŸÖ. ÝÖÖ¾ÖÖ²ÖÖÆêü¸ü •ÖÓÝÖ»ÖÖŸÖ †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ Ûãú™ãÓü²ÖÖÃÖÖê²ÖŸÖ ¸üÖÆüÞÖÖ·µÖÖ µÖÖ ×áֵÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ¯Öã¹ýÂÖ¯ÖϬÖÖ®Ö ÃÖÓÃÛéúŸÖß “Öê †®ÖãÛú¸üÞÖ Ûú¸üÖ¾Öê »ÖÖÝÖŸÖê. ÃÖŸÖŸÖ ŸµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ¯Öã¹ýÂÖß ¾Ö“ÖÔþÖÖÜÖÖ»Öß •ÖÝÖÖ¾Öê »ÖÖÝÖŸÖê. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ×áֵÖÖÓ´Ö¬µÖê¯Öãœüᯙ ÛúÖ¸üÞÖÖ®Öê Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ Æêü ÖŸÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ×¤üÃÖæ®Ö µÖêŸÖê. 1. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ×áֵÖÖ µÖÖ ‡ŸÖ¸ü ³ÖÖÝÖÖ¯ÖÖÃÖæ®Ö †×»Ö¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. ŸµÖÖ´Öãôêû ×¾ÖÛúÖÃÖ —ÖÖ»Öê»ÖÖ ®ÖÖÆüß. 2. ¤üôûÞÖ¾ÖôûÞÖÖ“Öß ÃÖÖ¬Ö®Ö †×ŸÖ¿ÖµÖ Ûú´Öß †ÖÆêüŸÖ. 3. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ×áֵÖÖÓ´Ö¬µÖê ×®Ö¸üõÖ¸üŸÖÖ •ÖÖÃŸÖ †ÖÆêü ŸµÖÖ´Öãôêû ŸµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖ“Öê ´ÖÆü¢¾Ö ÃÖ´Ö•ÖŸÖ ®ÖÖÆüß. ÝÖ¸üÖê¤ü¸ü †ÃÖŸÖÖÓ®ÖÖ¤êüÜÖᯙ ŸµÖÖ ¯ÖÖ¸Óü¯ÖÖ׸üÛú ¯Ö¤üÖ£ÖÖÕ“Öê ÃÖê¾Ö®Ö Ûú¸üŸÖÖŸÖ ŸµÖÖ´Öãôêû Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ ¾ÖÖœüŸÖ•ÖÖŸÖê. 4. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖà“ÖÖ ¿ÖêŸÖß ÆüÖ ¯ÖÏ´ÖãÜÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ †ÖÆêü. ¯Ö¸ÓüŸÖã ›üÖëÝÖ¸üß ³ÖÖÝÖÖ´Öãôêû ¿ÖêŸÖß“Öß ˆŸ¯ÖÖ¤üÛúŸÖÖ Ûú´Öß †ÖÆêü. ŸµÖÖ ã´Öãôêû ŸµÖÖÓ“Öê ˆŸ¯Ö®®Ö Ûú´Öß †ÖÆêü µÖÖŸÖæ®Ö ¤üÖ׸ü¦üµÖÖ¾ÖãÖÖ ¾ÖÖœüŸÖ •ÖÖŸÖê ŸµÖÖ´Öãôêû ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ¯ÖÖêÂÖÛú †ÖÆüÖ¸ü ×´ÖôûŸÖ ®ÖÖÆüß. 5. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ×áֵÖÖ µÖÖ †Ó¬ÖÁÖ¨üÖôæû †ÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ ŸµÖÖÓ“ÖÖ †Ö¸üÖêݵֵÖÓ¡ÖÞÖê¾Ö¸ü ×¾ÖÀ¾ÖÖÃÖ ®ÖÃÖŸÖÖê ŸÖ¸ü ŸµÖÖ †Ö•ÖÖ¸ü¯ÖÞÖÖŸÖ ³Öæ´ÖÛúÖ, ¯Ö›üßµÖÖ»Ö ØÛú¾ÖÖ ´ÖÖÓסÖÛúÖÛú›êü •ÖÖŸÖÖŸÖ ¯Ö׸üÞÖÖ´ÖŸÖ: ŸµÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ŸÖᯙ †Ö•ÖÖ¸ü¯ÖÞÖ ¾ÖÖœüŸÖ •ÖÖŸÖê ŸµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ µÖÖêÝµÖ ¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ ×´ÖôûŸÖ ®ÖÖÆüß. 6. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ×áֵÖÖ µÖÖ ‡ŸÖ¸ü ÃÖ´Öã¤üÖµÖÖÃÖÖê²ÖŸÖ ‹Ûú¹ý¯Ö ÆüÖêŸÖ®ÖÖÆüßŸÖ ¯Ö׸üÞÖÖ´ÖߟµÖÖ‡ŸÖ¸ü ÃÖ´Öã¤üÖµÖÖŸÖᯙ †ÓÝÖÞÖ¾ÖÖ›üß ÃÖê×¾ÖÛúÖ ŸÖÃÖê“Ö ›üÖòŒ™ü¸ü µÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ÃÖ»»ÖÖ ´ÖÖ®ÖŸÖ ®ÖÖÆüߟÖ. 7. Ûú´Öß ¾ÖµÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖêÞÖÖ¸üß »ÖÝ®Ö, •Ö®´Ö¤ü¸ü ÜÖæ¯Ö •ÖÖÃŸÖ ¾Ö ¾ÖÖ¸Óü¾ÖÖ¸ü ÆüÖêÞÖÖ¸üß ²ÖÖôÓûŸÖ¯ÖÞÖê µÖÖ ÛúÖ¸üÞÖÖÓ´Öãôêû †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß Ã¡Öß“Öê †Ö¸üÖêÝµÖ “ÖÖÓÝÖ»Öê ¸üÖÆüŸÖ ®ÖÖÆüß. 8. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ¯ÖÖ›ü¶ÖŸÖ ¿ÖÖÃÖ®ÖÖ®Öê ˆ¯Ö»Ö²¬Ö Ûêú»Ö껵ÖÖ †Ö¸üÖêݵÖÖ“µÖÖ ÃÖÖêµÖß ÃÖã×¾Ö¬ÖÖ ¯Öã¸êü¿ÖÖ ®ÖÖÆüߟÖ. 9. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ¯ÖÖ›ü¶ÖÓ¾Ö¸ü þ֓”û ¾Ö ¿Öã¨ü ׯÖÞµÖÖ“Öê ¯ÖÖÞÖß ˆ¯Ö»Ö²¬Ö ®ÖÖÆüß. 10. þ֓”û ¾Ö ¿Öã¨ü ׯÖÞµÖÖ“µÖÖ ¯ÖÖÞµÖÖ“µÖÖ †³ÖÖ¾ÖÖ´Öãôêû ŸÖê£Öê ›üÖµÖ׸üµÖÖ ¾Ö ÃÖÖ£Öà“Öê †Ö•ÖÖ¸ü¯ÖÞÖ ŸÖê£Öᯙ †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ²ÖÖ»ÖÛúÖÓ®ÖÖ ÆüÖêŸÖê. ŸµÖÖ´Öãôêû ²ÖÖ»Ö´Ö韵Öæ ÆüÖêŸÖÖê. 11. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖÓ´Ö¬µÖê ¾µÖÃÖ®ÖÖ׬֮֟ÖÖ†ÃÖŸÖê ŸµÖÖ´Öãôêû ŸµÖÖÓ“µÖÖŸÖÛãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ ¾ÖÖœüŸÖê. 12. ¿ÖÖÃÖ®ÖÖŸÖ±ìú ¸üÖ²Ö×¾Ö»Ö껵ÖÖ µÖÖê•Ö®ÖÖ, ‹ÛúÖן´ÖÛú ²ÖÖ»Ö×¾ÖÛúÖÃÖ µÖÖê•Ö®ÖÖ Æüß ¯ÖÏŸµÖêÛú ÝÖÖÓ¾ÖÖŸÖ ¯ÖÖêÆü“Ö»Öß †ÃÖ»Öß ŸÖ¸üß †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ´ÖÖŸÖÖÓ“Öê Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ ¾Ö ²ÖÖ»Ö´Ö韵Öæ ¸üÖêÜÖÞµÖÖÃÖ ŸµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ †ªÖ¯ÖÆüß µÖ¿Ö †Ö»Öê»Öê פüÃÖæ®Ö µÖêŸÖ ®ÖÖÆüß. 13. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖà“Öß ×®Ö¸üõÖ¸üŸÖÖ, ²ÖÖ»Ö×¾Ö¾ÖÖÆü, ¸üÖê•ÖÝÖÖ¸üÖ“Öß ÃÖÓ¬Öß ˆ¯Ö»Ö²¬Ö ®ÖÃÖÞÖê, ²ÖÖ»ÖÛúÖÛú›êü ¯ÖÖ»ÖÛúÖÓ“Öê ¤ãü»ÖÔõÖ ¾Ö †Ó¬ÖÁÖ¬¤üÖ, †ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ“µÖÖ “ÖãÛúß“µÖÖ ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖß, ׿ÖõÖÞÖ ¸üÖê•ÖÝÖÖ¸ü ¾Ö †Ö¸üÖêÝµÖ ÃÖÖêµÖà“ÖÖ †³ÖÖ¾Ö Æüß Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖ»ÖÖ ÛúÖ¸üÞÖß³ÖæŸÖ ‘Ö™üÛú †ÖÆêüŸÖ. 14. Ûú´Öß ¾Ö•Ö®ÖÖ“Öß ²ÖÖ»ÖÛêú ׯÖÏ™ü´ÖÔ »Öê²Ö¸ü, ¾ÖÖ¸Óü¾ÖÖ¸ü ÃÖÓÃÖÝÖÔ•Ö®µÖ †Ö•ÖÖ¸ü ¾Ö †Ó¬ÖÁÖ¬¤üÖ Æêü ‘Ö™üÛú Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖ»ÖÖ ÛúÖ¸üÞÖß³ÖæŸÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ. 15. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖà“Öß †ÖÙ£ÖÛú ¯Ö׸ü×ã֟Öß ÝÖ׸ü²Öß“Öß †ÃÖÞÖê ¯ÖÖêÂÖÛú †ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ“Öß Ûú´ÖŸÖ¸üŸÖÖ, †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ×áֵÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ¸üŒŸÖõÖµÖ †ÃÖÞÖê. Æêü ‘Ö™üÛú Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖÃÖ ÛúÖ¸üÞÖß³ÖæŸÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ. 16. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ´ÖÖŸÖê»ÖÖ ¾Ö ²ÖÖ»ÖÛúÖ»ÖÖ †Ö•ÖÖ¸ü, †µÖÖêÝµÖ †ÖÆüÖ¸ü, ÝÖ׸ü²Öß, †–ÖÖ®Ö Æêü ‘Ö™üÛú ¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖÃÖ ÛúÖ¸üÞÖß³ÖæŸÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ. 17. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß †ÖîÂÖ¬ÖÖê¯Ö“ÖÖ¸ü ¾Ö ¤ü¾ÖÖÜÖÖ®µÖÖŸÖ ³Ö¸üŸÖß ÆüÖêÞµÖÖÃÖ ®ÖÛúÖ¸ü ¤êüÞÖê, ¸üÖê•ÖÝÖÖ¸üÖÃÖÖšüß Ã£Ö»ÖÖÓŸÖ¸ü Ûú¸üÞÖê, ŸµÖÖÓ“µÖÖ¾Ö¸ü •Ö㮵ÖÖ ¯ÖÓ¸ü¯Ö¸üÖ ¾Ö ¹ýœüß“ÖÖ ¯ÖÝÖ›üÖ †ÃÖÞÖê Æêü ‘Ö™üÛú Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖÃÖ ÛúÖ¸üÞÖß³ÖæŸÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ. 18. Ûú´Öß ×¤ü¾ÖÃÖÖ“Öê ¾Ö Ûú´Öß ¾Ö•Ö®ÖÖ“Öê ²ÖÖôû •Ö®´ÖÖ»ÖÖ µÖêÞÖê, ¾ÖîµÖ׌ŸÖÛú †Ã¾Ö“”ûŸÖÖ, †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖà®ÖÖ †Ö¸üÖêݵÖ×¾ÖÂÖµÖß •Ö®Ö•ÖÖÝÖéŸÖß ®ÖÃÖÞÖê, ¯ÖÖêÂÖÛú †ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ“ÖÖ †³ÖÖ¾Ö Æêü ‘Ö™üÛú Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖÃÖ ÛúÖ¸üÞÖß³ÖæŸÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ. 19. †Ã¾Ö“”û ¾ÖÖŸÖÖ¾Ö¸üÞÖ, £ÖÓ›ü ˆÓ“Ö ¯ÖϤêü¿Ö, †Ó¬ÖÁÖ¬¤üÖ, ²ÖÖ»Ö×¾Ö¾ÖÖÆü, ¤üÖê®Ö ¯ÖêõÖÖ •ÖÖÃŸÖ ´Öã»Öê †ÃÖÞÖê ÝÖ׸ü²Öß. Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 110 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal †¿ÖÖ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸êü Æêü ÃÖ¾ÖÔ ‘Ö™üÛú Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖÃÖ ÛúÖ¸üÞÖß³ÖæŸÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ×áֵÖÖÓ´Ö¬Öᯙ Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ Ûú´Öß Ûú¸üÞµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ˆ¯ÖÖµÖ †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ×áֵÖÖÓ´Ö¬Öᯙ Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ Ûú´Öß Ûú¸üÞµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ¯Öãœüᯙ ˆ¯ÖÖµÖ ÃÖã“Ö×¾ÖŸÖÖ µÖêŸÖß»Ö. 1. ÃÖã¸ü×õÖŸÖ ´ÖÖŸÖéŸ¾Ö ×®Ö´ÖÖÔÞÖ Ûú¸üÞµÖÖÃÖ ÃÖÆüÖµµÖ Ûú¸üÖ¾Öê ŸµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ´Öã»Öà¾Ö¸ü 20 ¾ÖÂÖÖÔ“µÖÖ †Ö¬Öß ´ÖÖŸÖéŸ¾Ö »ÖÖ¤ü»µÖÖ •ÖÖÞÖÖ¸ü ®ÖÖÆüß µÖÖ“Öß ÛúÖôû•Öß ‘µÖÖ¾Öß. 2. Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖ´Öãôêû ÆüÖêÞÖÖ·µÖÖ ²ÖÖ»Ö´Ö韵ÖæŸÖæ®Ö †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ ¯Ö׸ü¾ÖÖ¸üÖŸÖᯙ ²ÖÖ»ÖÛúÖ“Öê ¯ÖÏÖÞÖ •ÖÖŸÖÖŸÖ. ŸÖÃÖê“Ö ²ÖÖ»ÖÛúÖÓ®ÖÖ •Ö®´Ö ¤êüÞÖÖ·µÖÖ ´ÖÖŸÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ´Ö韵Öæ ÆüÖêŸÖÖê µÖÖ´Öãôêû †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ †Ö¯ŸÖßµÖÖÓ“ÖÖ •Öß¾Ö ®Ö ÝÖ´Ö¾ÖŸÖÖ ¿ÖÖÃÖ®ÖÖ“µÖÖ Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ ´ÖãŒŸÖ †×³ÖµÖÖ®ÖÖŸÖ ÃÖÆü³ÖÖÝÖß ¾ÆüÖ¾Öê. 3. ¤üÖê®Ö †¯ÖŸµÖÖŸÖᯙ †ÓŸÖ¸ü Ûú´Öß šêü¾ÖÖ¾Öê. ŸµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ¿ÖÖÃÖÛúßµÖ ÃŸÖ¸üÖ¾Ö¸ü ¯Öã¸ü¾Ö×¾ÖÞµÖÖŸÖ µÖêÞÖÖ·µÖÖ Ûãú™ãÓü²Ö×®ÖµÖÖê•Ö®Ö ÃÖÖ¬Ö®ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü Ûú¸üÖ¾ÖÖ ¾Ö ¿ÖÖÃÖÛúßµÖ ÛúÖµÖÔÛÎú´ÖÖÃÖ ¯ÖÏןÖÃÖÖ¤ü ªÖ¾ÖÖ. 4. ¿ÖÖÃÖÛúßµÖ ÃŸÖ¸üÖ¾Ö¸ü ¤êüÞµÖÖŸÖ µÖêÞÖÖ·µÖÖ †ÖÙ£ÖÛú ´Ö¤üŸÖß“µÖÖ ÃÖÆüÖµµÖÖ®Öê ÝÖ³ÖÔ¾ÖŸÖß ´ÖÖŸÖÖÓ“Öß ÛúÖôû•Öß ‘µÖÖ¾Öß. 5. ¿ÖÖÃÖÛúßµÖ ÃŸÖ¸üÖ¾Ö¸ü ¯Öã¸ü×¾Ö»µÖÖ •ÖÖÞÖÖ·µÖÖ †Ö¸üÖêÝµÖ ÃÖã×¾Ö¬ÖÖ •ÖÃÖê »ÖÃÖßÛú¸üÞÖ, ¯ÖÏÃÖãŸÖß µÖÖÓ“ÖÖ »ÖÖ³Ö ‘µÖÖ¾ÖÖ. 6. †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ Ûãú™ãÓü²ÖÖŸÖß»Ö ×•Ö¾ÖßŸÖ ÆüÖ®Öß ™üÖôûÞµÖÖÃÖÖšüß Ã¾Ö“”ûŸÖÖ ¯ÖÖôûÖ¾Öß. 7. •Ö»Ö•Ö®µÖ †Ö•ÖÖ¸ü ™üÖôûÞµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ×¯ÖÞµÖÖ“Öê ¯ÖÖÞÖß ÝÖÖôæû®Ö ŸÖÃÖê“Ö ŸµÖÖ“Öê ×®Ö•ÖÓŸÖãÔÛúßÛú¸üÞÖ Ûú¸üÖ¾Öê. 8. †Ö¬Öã×®ÖÛú ¾Ö ²Ö¤ü»ÖŸµÖÖ ÛúÖôûÖŸÖ ›üÖòŒ™ü¸üÖÓ¾Ö¸ü ×¾ÖÀ¾ÖÖÃÖ ¾ÖÖœü¾Öæ®Ö þ֟Ö:´Ö¬Öᯙ †Ó¬ÖÁÖ¬¤üÖ Ûú´Öß Ûú¸üÖ¾Öß. 9. ²ÖÖ»ÖÛú †Ö•ÖÖ¸üß ¯Ö›ü»µÖÖÃÖ ŸµÖÖ»ÖÖ ³Öæ´ÖÛúÖ, ´ÖÖÓסÖÛú, ¯Ö×›üµÖÖ»Ö µÖÖÓ“µÖÖÛú›êü ®Ö •ÖÖŸÖÖ ›üÖòŒ™ü¸üÖÓÛú›êü •ÖÖ¾Öê. 10. ¿ÖÖÃÖÛúßµÖ ÃŸÖ¸üÖ¾Ö¸ü ¯Öã¸ü×¾Ö»µÖÖ •ÖÖÞÖÖ·µÖÖ ¿ÖîõÖ×ÞÖÛú ÃÖÖêµÖà“ÖÖ »ÖÖ³Ö ‘µÖÖ¾ÖÖ. 11. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß ÝÖ³ÖÔ¾ÖŸÖß ´ÖÖŸÖÖÓ®Öß Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ ™üÖôûÞµÖÖÃÖÖšüß †ÓÝÖÞÖ¾ÖÖ›üß ÛúÖµÖÔÛúŸµÖÖÕ®Öß ×¤ü»Ö껵ÖÖ ÃÖ»µÖÖ®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ÃÖÛúÃÖ †ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ“Öê ÃÖê¾Ö®Ö “ÖÖ¸ü ¾ÖêôûÖ Ûú¸üÖ¾Öê. 12. ¿ÖÖÃÖ®ÖÖ“µÖÖ †Ö¸üÖêÝµÖ ŸÖ¯ÖÖÃÖÞÖß ÛúÖµÖÔÛÎú´ÖÖÃÖ ¯ÖÏןÖÃÖÖ¤ü ¤êü‰ú®Ö ×Æü´ÖÖêÝ»ÖÖêײ֮Ö, ¸üŒŸÖõÖµÖ µÖÖÃÖÖ¸üܵÖÖ ŸÖ¯ÖÖÃÖÞµÖÖ Ûú¸üÖ¾µÖÖŸÖ. 13. †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß Ûãú™ãÓü²ÖÖÓ®Öß ¿ÖÖÃÖ®ÖÖ“Öß †ÖÙ£ÖÛú ´Ö¤üŸÖ ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ Ûú¹ý®Ö ‘Ö¸ü“µÖÖ ‘Ö¸üß »Ö‘Öã ¾Ö Ûãú™ü߸ü ˆªÖêÝÖ ˆ³ÖÖ¸üÖ¾ÖêŸÖ •ÖêÞÖêÛú¹ý®Ö ŸµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ †ÖÙ£ÖÛú ßָü ¾ÖÖœæü®Ö ¸üÖÆüÞÖß´ÖÖ®ÖÖ“ÖÖ ¤ü•ÖÖÔ ¾ÖÖœêü»Ö. 14. ÝÖ¸üÖê¤ü¸ü ´ÖÖŸÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ´Öª¯ÖÖ®Ö Ûú¹ý ®ÖµÖê †£Ö¾ÖÖ ŸµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ Ûãú™ãÓüײֵÖÖÓÛú›æü®Ö ŸµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ×¾Ö¸üÖê¬Ö Ûú¸üÞµÖÖŸÖ µÖÖ¾ÖÖ. †¿ÖÖ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸êü ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸üÖ“µÖÖ ˆ¯ÖÖµÖ µÖÖê•Ö®ÖÖ Ûêú»µÖÖÃÖ ¸üÖ™ÒüßµÖ ‹ÛúÖŸ´ÖŸÖÖ ¾Ö ÃÖÆü•Öß¾Ö®Ö ×™üÛæú ¿ÖÛêú»Ö †Ö×ÞÖ Ûãú¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ ¾Ö ²ÖÖ»Ö´Ö韵ÖæÃÖÖ¸üܵÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖõÖÖ ×®Ö¸üÖÛú¸üÞÖÖÃÖÖšüß µÖ¿ÖþÖß ¯Öϵ֟®Ö Ûú¸üŸÖÖ µÖêÞµÖÖÃÖ ´Ö¤üŸÖ ÆüÖê‡Ô»Ö. ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔÝÖÏÓ£Ö En.wikopedia.org/wiki/UNISEF ²Öã¸ÓüÝÖê ¸üÖ•Öê¿Ö (2010)., †Öפü¾ÖÖÃÖß õÖê¡ÖÖ“ÖÖ †Ö¸üÖêÝµÖ ¤ü•ÖÖÔ., ®ÖÖ£Öê ¯Öײ»ÖÛêú¿Ö®ÃÖ, ¯ÖÏÖ.×»Ö. ®ÖÖÝÖ¯Öæ¸ü. ¤îü. ÃÖÛúÖôû «üÖ¸üÖ ¯ÖÏÛúÖ×¿ÖŸÖ †Ö¸üÖêÝµÖ ¯ÖסÖÛúÖ, ±òú×´Ö»Öß ›üÖòŒ™ü¸ü. פü. 3 †ÖòÝÖ™ü 2007., ¯Öéšü ÛÎú.5. ¤îü.»ÖÖêÛú´ÖŸÖ 11 •ÖÖ®Öê¾ÖÖ¸üß 2012 ¸üÖê•Öß ¯ÖÏÛúÖ×¿ÖŸÖ ¾Öé¢Ö. Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 111 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal ckyetqjh o ekuokf/kdkj % ,d v/;;u MkWMkWMkW-MkW--- cGhjke ii---- vopkj Jherh iapQqyk nsoh ikVhy lektdk;Z egkfo|ky;] vdksyk- izLrkouk ekuoh vf/kdkj rls HkkjrklkBh uos ukghr- dkgh O;Drh Hkkjrkr ekuoh vf/kdkjkaP;k mxekpk laca/k Lokra«; pGoGh’kh ykorkr- ijarq oSfnd dkGkrhy fopkjkargh ekuoh vf/kdkjkauk LFkku gksrs- gh xks”V y{kkr ;srs- Eg.kwup Hkkjrh; laLÑrhrhy lfg”.kwrk] ca/kwrk] loZlekurk] U;k; o leku la/kh gh ewY;s ekuoh vf/kdkjkaps nqljs Lo:Ik vkgs- dkG cnyyk rlk ;k ewY;kae/;s vk.k[kh O;kidrk vkyh- fganw vkf.k ckS/n /kekZP;k rRoKkukr v/;kRe] fopkjkr vkf.k /kkfeZd fopkjkr ekuoh vf/kdkjkps eqG fnlwu ;srs- vfydMP;k dkGkr] Lora«; pGoGhP;k osGh] ekuoh vf/kdkjkauk ekU;rk feGkysyh gksrh- ;ko:u y{kkr ;srs dh] Lokra«; pGoGp eqGh fczfV’k vR;kpkj vkf.k vU;k;kfojks/kkr gksrh- vkiY;k vf/kdkjkackcr yksdkae/;s O;kid tk.kho fuekZ.k >kyh- Lokra«;kuarj ;k vf/kdkjkapk lekos’k Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukr dsY;kus ukxfjdkauk vkiys vf/kdkj vkiksvkip feGkys- tkxfrd ‘kkarrk o lkekftd lqO;oLFkk fVdwu jkgkoh Eg.kwu 24 vkWDVkscj 1945 jksth la;qDr jk”V ª la?k ¼;quks½½½ ph LFkkiuk >kyh- ;k la?kVusus 10 fMlsacj 1948 jksth ekuokP;k ewyHkwr gDdkaPkk fopkj d:u txkrhy loZ ekuokauk ekuoh gDd mi;ksxkr ;kos ;kdfjrk ^ekuoh gDdkaph lun* r;kj dj.;kr vkyh- Eg.kwup la;qDr jk”V ª la?kkus 10 fMlsacj 1948 yk ;k ladYiusyk oSf’od :Ik izkIRk d:u fnys- Lokra«;kuarj Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukP;k mÌs’kif=dk] ewyHkwr gDd] ekxZn’kZd rRokP;k ek/;ekrwu ekuoh gDd ladYiusP;k fodklkyk xrh feGkyh] ijarq vkt vkfFkZd ‘kks”k.k] tkrh;rk] /kkfeZd la?k”kZ] fgalk] fL=;kaojhy vR;kpkj] ckydkexkjkaps iz’u] ‘kkjhfjd ‘kks”k.k b- vusd leL;kauh xzLr lektkr ek.klkyk ek.kwl Eg.kwugh tx.lkpk vf/kdkj fdaok gDd vkgs dh] ukgh vlk iz’u fuekZ.k gksrks- Ckydkexkj eqGkrp nkfjæ;] vKku] va/kJ/nk f’k{k.kkpk vHkko] f’k{k.kkP;k viw&;k lks;h o la/kh] ok 111-1--- Ckydkexkj Eg.kts dks.kdks.k\\\\ Ckydkexkj ok cky etwj dks.kkl Eg.kkos ;kcÌy LFkwyekukus vls EgVys tkrs dh] ns’kijRos T;k fof’k”V o;kP;k O;Drhl ckG EgVys tkrs- R;k ckydkl ckyd Eg.kwu txw u nsrk vR;ar deh osrukoj ok fcxjosrukoj 10 rs 12 rkl izkS Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 112 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal osrukoj fnolHkj R;kaP;k ‘kkjhfjd o ekufld fodklkl ck/kd Bjsy v’kk ifjfLFkrhr dke djkos ykxrs- R;kaP;k HkforO;klkBh mi;ksxh iMw ‘kdsy vls vFkZiw.kZ f’k{k.k o izf’k{k.kkiklwu R;kaph Qkjdr >kysyh vlrs*- ;quk;VsM LVsVl fMikVZesaV vkWQ yscjus ns[khy ckydkexkjkaph leiZd O;k[;k fnysyh vkgs- ^ckydkexkj Eg.kts v’kh eqys o eqyh T;kauk R;kaP;k vYio;kpk fopkj djrk v;ksX; o vlqjf{kr dke djkos ykxrs o ckydkaP;k dY;k.kkP;k n`”Vhus dkekP;k fBdk.kph fLFkrh vR;ar fo?kkrd vlrs*- 222-2--- ‘kks/kfuca/kkph mfÌ”V;s % 1- Ckydkexkjkalaca/khr Hkkjrh; lafo/kku o dk;n;krhy rjrqnh tk.kwu ?ks.k- 2- Ckydkexkjkpk vFkZ Li”V dj.ks- 3- Ckydkexkjkph leL;k fuewyZuklkBh mik;;kstuk lwpfo.ks- 333-3--- Ckydkexkj izfrca/kklkBh Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukr rjrjrqnhrqnh % 1- dye & 24 uqlkj 14 o”kkZ[kkyhy ckydkauk m|ksx [kk.kdke] /kksdknk;d O;olk; ;kr dke dj.;kl izfrca/k- 2- dye & 31 uqlkj ckydkexkjkauk etqjh dj.;kph lDrh dj.;kr ;s.kkj ukgh- 3- dye & 45 uqlkj ckydkauk eqDr] eksQr o lDrhps f’k{k.k 4- ;kf’kok; jkT;?kVusrhy dye & 15] 21] 32] 39 e/;sgh ckydkexkj fo”k;d rjrqnh vkgsr- Ckkydkexkj izfrca/kklkBh Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukrhy rjrqnhf’kok; vusd dk;ns’khj rjrqnh lq/nk dj.;kr vkysY;k vkgsr- R;k [kkyhy izek.ks--- 444-4--- Ckkydkexkj izfrca/kklkBh dk;ns’khj % 1- jkW;y dfe’kuus 1933 lkyh ckyJe vuqc/n dk;nk ikl d:u ;k dk;|kUo;s 15 o”kkZi;ZarP;k eqykP;k ikydkauh dtZ feGfo.;klkBh eqykps Je ekydkdM s xzg.k Bso.ks o ekydkl eqykdMwu dke djowu ?ks.;kph izFkk csdk;ns’khj Bjfo.;kr vkyh- o ;k dk;|kps mYya?ku dj.kk&;k ikydkl o ekydkl naM BksBko.;kph rjrwn ;kr dsyh xsyh- 2- 1938 lkyh cky jkstxkj dk;nk d:u 15 o”kkZ[kkyhy ckydkauk jsYos] canj] ;sFks eky mpy.ks] xkfyps fo.k.ks foM;k r;kj dj.ks] lkc.k cufo.k] LQksVds ok nk:xksGk r;kj dj.ks oxSjs O;oLkk;kr ckydkauk dke dj.;kl eTtko dj.;kr vkyk- 3- 1948 lkyh dj[kkuk dk;nk ikl d:u ckydakuk dkj[kkU;kr dke dj.;kl izfrca/k d:u brj= lkMspkj rklkis{kk vf/kd dke o jk=h 10 rs ldkGh 6 oktsi;Zar ckydkexkjkph dkekph osG ojfo.;kl canh ?kky.;kr vkyh- 4- 1951 e/;s [kk.k dk;nk d:u eGk o [kk.khr 15 o”kkZ[kkyhy ckydkauk dke dj.;kl izfrca/k dj.;kr vkyk- 5- 1979 lkyh loZ txHkj vkarjjk”V ªh; ckyd o”kZ P;k fufeRRkkus cky dkexkjkaP;k fodklklkBh R;kaP;k leL;sP;k fuokj.kkFkZ vusd ;kstuk jkcfo.;kr vkY;k- cky dY;k.k gs ;k ;kstusps mfÌ”V gksrs- 6- 1986 lkyh caxyksj ;sFkhy CCL Eg.kts Concerned for Child Labour ;k lsLFksus cky etqj leL;sP;k fujkdj.kkLro lkrR;kus iz;Ru d:u 6 ckyetwj izfrca/kd o fu;eu vf/kfu;e 1986 gk izzHkko’kkyh dk;nk ‘kklukyk ikl djk;yk ykoyk- i.k dk;|krhy rjrqnhaph izR;{kkr veayctko.kh Ogkoh ;klkBh 1987 lkyh ckydkexkjkdfjrk ,d jk”V ªh; /kksj.k r;kj dj.;kr vkys vkgs- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 113 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 555-5--- Hkkjrkrhy ckydkexkjkaph fLFkrh % Hkkjrkr ckyetwj eq[;r% vkS|ksfxd O;olk; Hkkstuky;] [kk.kdke] vkxisVh dkj[kkus] fcMh O;olk;] eklsekjh] dqDdqVikyu] o i-caxky ;klkj[;k jkT;kr Child smuggling b- O;olk;kr vk 666-6--- Hkkjrkrhy ckyetwjhph dkj.ks %& 1- Xkfjch@nkfjæ; 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nqljk i;kZ;p ulrks- 777-7--- vukFki.kk % dkgh nqnSoh dkj.kkus vkbZ&ckckps N= fgjkoY;k xsys rj v’kk vukFk eqykaps ukrsokbZd eqykaph tckcnkjh ?ksr ukghr- rh eqys ‘ksoVh fujk/kkj gksrkr ifj.kkeh] vukFk o fujk/kkj >kysY;k eqykauk vkiys iksV Hkj.;klkBh d”Vkph dkes djkoh ykxrkr- 777-7--- ckydkexkjkaP;k fodklklkBh f’kQkjlh @ mik;;kstuk % 1- izR;sd dqVqackrhy 14 o”kkZis{kk deh o; vlysY;k eqyk&eqyhauk lDrhP;k f’k{k.kkpk dk;nk vf/kd dBksj djkok- 2- ckydkexkj izfrca/k dk;nk dMd djkok- 3- ckydkexkj Bso.;kr O;olkf;dkauk o dkj[kkunkjkauk foukfoyac rq:axkr ikBokos- 4- ‘kkGsr ygku eqyk&eqyhauk vkdf”kZr dsys tkbZy v’kh f’k{k.k i/nrh ‘kklukus veaykr vk.kkoh- 5- nkfjæ; js”ks[kkyhy xjhc dqVaqckrhy eqykaP;k f’k{k.kklkBh vfLrRokr vlysY;k ‘kkldh; vkJe’kkGk brj ‘kkGkaP;k xq.koRrsckcr ‘kklukus fo’ks”k dkGth ?;koh- 6- ‘kkGsr ;s.kk&;k loZ eqyk&eqyhauk vfFkZd lgdk;Z dj.kk&;k ;kstuk lq: djkO;kr- 7- Lo;alsoh laLFkk o tkx`r ukxjhdkauh fujk/kkj cky dkexkjkaPkk ‘kks/k ?ksowu ckydkexkjkaP;k iquZolukph ‘kklukus n[ky ?;koh ;kph dkGth ?;koh- fu”d”kZ % Ckydkexkj leL;sps leqG mPpkVu djk;ps vlY;kl lektkrhy loZ lqtku ?kVdkauh iq lanHkZ xzaFk lwph % 111-1--- Eskgses] fLEkrk & Hkkjrh; L=h vkf.k ekuokf/kdj] Jh lkbZukFk izdk’ku ukxiwj] tqYkS 2011 222-2--- dksaMsdj] ,- ok;-]& Hkkjrkrhy vktP;k lkekftd leL;k] QMds izdk’ku dksYgkiwj] fMlsacj&1998 333-3--- ckyJe vkSj QWDVjh vf/kfu;eksadk vkfFkZd bfrgkl if=dk]1980- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 115 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy efgykps vkjksX; o iks"k.k ntkZ MkWMkWMkW-MkW--- fnudj macjdj lekt’kkL= foHkkx Áeq[k flrkckbZ dyk okf.kT; o foKku egkfo?kky; vdksyk Hkkjr gk ,d fo’kky yksdla[;spk ns’k vkgs- ,dw.k yksdla[;siSdh toGikl fuEek Hkkx gk efgykapk vlysyk fnlwu ;srks- ekuo lalk/kkukr efgykaph Hkwfedk gh egROkkph vlysyh fnlwu ;srs- v’;kosGh efgyk ;k ?kVdkps egRo vU;lk/kkj.k vkgs- ,sfrgkfld dkGkiklwu mis{kk lgu djhr vkysY;kk efgykauk vk/kqfud dkGkrgh lqj{kk vkgs vls Eg.krk ;sr ukgh- vkfFkZd] lkekftd] Hkkofud] dkSVqafcd Lrjkoj R;k ikjra«;kkr thou txrkr- dkSVqfcad tckcnkjh lkaHkkG.ks] /kkfeZdrk ikG.ks gh ca/kus lq/nk fL=;kkoj vlrkr- v’kkosGh m|kps Hkfo"; fuekZ.k dj.kk-;kk ;k efgykaP;k thoukr vusd ca/ku ;srkr- efgykaps vkjksX; vkf.k f’k{k.k gk fo"k; Hkkfo";dkGkP;k n`"Vhus egRokpk vlwu loZ lqfo/kk miyC/k vlysY;k efgykauk leL;k mn~Hkor vlrkauk xzkeh.k Hkkx EgVY;k uarj vkiY;k MksG;kleksj ts fp= r;kkj gksrs- R;kyk xzkeh.k fL=;k viokn d’;k jkgrhy-Hkkjr txkrhy yksdla[;sr nqlÚ;k LFkkuhvlwu gh rhu foHkkxkr foHkkxyh xsyh vkgs- 1- ukxjh % vnÓk;kor lsok rFkk miyC/k lalk/kukP;k okij dj.kkjk oxZ- 2- vkfnoklh laiw.kZr%fulxkZoj voyacwu vl.kkjk oxZ- 3- xzkeh.k % dehr deh mn;kor lsok rFkk miyC/k lalk/kkukrwu vkiY;k xjtk iw.kZ dj.kkjk oxZ- ukxjh leqnk;kP;k rqyusr vkfnoklh o xzkeh.k leqnk;kr lalk/kkukph miyC/krk deh vlY;kl xzkeh.k leqnk;ke/;s leL;kaps froz Lo#i c?kk;yk feGrs- eksB;k izek.kkr yksdla[;k vlysyk xzkeh.k leqnk; izxr lektkiklwu laiw.kZi.ks osxG;k fLFkrhr thou txr vlwu gk lekt vkfFkZd]lkekftd] ’kS{kf.kd] vkjksX;fo"k;d n`"VÓkk vnÓkkigh ekxklysyk vkgs- Lokra«;izkIrhuarj vf/kd ifj.kkedkjd fodklkP;k izfd;k ok v/;;ukph mf}"V;s % 1 xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy efgykaph vkjksX; fo"k;d fLFkrh tk.kwu ?ks.ks- 2 efgykaP;k iks"k.k fLFkrhph ekghrh ?ks.ks- 3 vukjksX;kP;k dkj.kkapk ’kks/k ?ks.ks- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 116 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 4xzkeh.k va/kJ/nkapk vH;kl dj.ks- 5 vkgkj fo"k;d lqfo/kkaph ekghrh ?ks.ks- xzkeh.k efgykauk f’k{k.kkpk Qkjlk xa/k ukgh jkg.;kp s ;ksX; fBdk.k ukgh- ik;kHkwr lwfo/kkapk vHkko v’;k ifjfLFkrhr vkiys thou txrkr- ’ksrkr d"Vkaph dkes dj.ks] etqjh dj.ks v’kh d"Vkaph dkes d#u vkiyk pfjrkFkZ pkyfo.kkÚ;k efgyk vkiY;k dqVwackP;k vkfFkZd fdz;ke/;s lkekfo"V gksrkr- /kkfeZdrspk tcjnLr ixMk vlY;keqGs R;k vkjksX;kP;k rØkjhlkBh nok[kk.;kr tkr ukghr- iks"k.kkpk Qkj xaHkhj iz’u vkt fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs- HkkjrkP;k izxrhr vukjksX;kph leL;k vMlj fuekZ.k djhr vlwu xzkeh.k leqnk;kr ;kps izek.k eksB;k izek.kkoj vlysys fnlwu ;srs- R;keqGs xzkeh.k fL=a;kP;k vkjksX; o iks"k.kkdMs lq/nk y{k ns.ks xjtssps vkgs- vkgkj thoukrhy rhu eqyHkwr xjtkae/;s izFke dzekadkoj vkgs- vkgkjkrwu ’kkjhfjd euksoSKkfud] lkekftd] /kkfeZd] lkaLd`frd bR;knh lkj[kh egRoiw.kZ dkes fu"iUu gksrkr- vkgkjkrwu ’kjhjklkBh iks"k.klac/kh xjtkaph iwrhZ dsyh tkrs vkgkj fo’ks"k larks"kkph izkIrh d#u nsrks- vkgkjkrwu ’kjhjkyk mtkZ vkf.k dk;Z dj.;kph ’kDrh izkIr gksrs- rlsp vko’;d thou lRokph izkIrh gksrs- Eg.kwu vkgkj ?ksrkauk R;krwu thoukl vko’;d iks"kd ?kVd feGrkr fdaok ukgh ;kdMs y{k ns.ks vko’;d vkgs- vkgkjkpk lca/k mRiUuk’kh ;sr vlY;kewGs HkkjrkP;k lanHkkZr vkgkjkr vko’;d ?kVd lqf’k{khr vkf.k mPp mRiUu xVkrhy O;Drh ?ksr vlY;krjh xjhc vkf.k nkfjnz; js"ks[kkyh thou tx.kkÚ;k yksdkauk ek= vlarqfyr vkgkj ?ksmu dk;Z djkos ykxrs- ;ke/;s xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy # Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 117 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal iqjs’kk lqfo/kk vHkkoh ekr`Rokpk gDd vl.kkÚ;k efgyk osxosxG;k lkekftd vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrheqGs o vukjksX;keqGs ;ksX; i.ks Hkqfedk ctkow ’kdr ukghr- FkksMD;kr lektO;oLFksr xzkeh.k efgyka lkscr vlysY;k vusd ;kruk vkf.k R;krwu ekxZ dk fu"d"kZ 111-1--- xzkeh.k Hkkxkr la;qDr dqVwackps izek.k tkLr vlwu dqVwacke/;s 4 rs 6 lnL; la[;k vk lanHkZ % 111-1--- vkxykos] iznhi ¼tqyS] 2002½] Hkkjrh; lekt lajpuk vkf.k leL;k Jh- lkbZukFk izdk’ku ukxiwj- 222-2--- ns’keq[k jfldk ¼2009½% vkgkjkps vkjksX;ea= rqEgh tls [kky rlsp Ogky] ladsr izdk’ku vkSjxkackn- 333-3--- [kMls bafnjk ¼2008½ % iks"k.k o vkgkj ’kkL=] fgeky;k ifCyf’kax gkml] eqacbZ- 444-4--- Ikk=hdj fot; ¼2008½% laiw.kZ LoLFko`Rr foKku xksnkojh ikfCyflax vW.M cqd izeksVlZ ukxiwj- 555-5--- MkW- dÚgkMs] ch- ,e- ¼tqyS] 2005½ xzkeh.k o ukxjh lekt’kkL=] fiaiGkiqjs vW.M daiuh iCyh’klZ] ukxiwj- 666-6--- MkW- ek;h lqfuy ¼Qsczqokjh 2009½ Hkkjrh; lekt iz’u vkf.k leL;k] Mk;eaM ikfCyds’kUl iw.ks 30- 777-7--- [kMls Hkk- fd- ¼2008½ lekt’kkL=] fgeky;k cqDl izk] fy- eqacbZ- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 118 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal xzkeh.k fodklkr xzkelHkkaps ;ksxnku MkWMkWMkW-MkW---fnidfnid lkackIik ns”kekus izeq[k jkT;’kkL= foHkkx ukjk;.kjko ukxjs egkfon;ky; nqljchM rk flan[ksMjktk -ft- cqy izLrkouk %&%&%& Hkkjr gk [ksM;kapk ns’k vkgs] [ksM;krhy turspk fodkl gkp Hkkjrkpk fodkl vkgs- Hkkjr laiUu p leq/n ns’k ?kMok;pk vlsy rj [ksaM;kadMs pyk] [ksMh tksi;Zar Loa;iw.kZ gksr ukghr] rks;Zar Hkkjr leFkZi.ks mHkk jkgq ‘kd.kkj ukgh-** Hkkjrkph 68 % yksdla[;k [ksaM;kr jkgrs] [ksaM;kaps iz’u vf/kd fcdV vkgsr] rs lksMY;kf’ok;] R;kaP;k Hkkdjhpk iz’u lksMY;kf’kok; brj fodklkyk vFkZ ukgh- xzkeh.k tursP;k lekftd] vkfFkZd] jktdh;] uSfrd] /kkfeZd vkf.k lkaLdqfrd fodklklkBhp lnSo fparu’khy vkf.k iz;Ru’khy jkg.ks xjtsps vkgs Eg.kqu] [ksM;kaP;k vkRefuHkZjrsf’kok; ns”kkph vkRefuHkZjrk ‘kD; ukgh- R;klkBh vkEgkyk xkokaP;k mRd’kkZlkBh ‘h?kzxrhus iz;Ru djkos ykxrhy v”kh Hkqfedk e-xka/khuh lq#okrhiklqup ?ksryh gksrh- yksd’kkghP;k fodsanhzdj.kkfo”k;h rs fygrkr] ^^iztkrkaf=d O;oLFkspa lapkyu dsnzkr clysys yksd dj.kkj ukghr- rj izR;sad xkokr fuokl djr vlysY;k ukxfjdkadMqu >kys ikghts-** lafo/kkukrhy 73 os fo’kks/ku yksd’kkgh fodsanzhdj.kkP;k nqf”Vdks.kkrqu mi;qDr ekuyh tkrs- LFkkfud Lrjkoj loZ lektkP;k lgHkkxkyk iqjLdqr dj.kkjh gh mi;qDr ekuyh tkrs- 73 oh ?kVuk nq#Lrh Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukrhy ,sfrgkfld ?kVukRed ik ऊy ekukos ykxsy- ;kps dkj.k ;keqGs dsoG LFkkfud Lrjkojhy jktdh; lgHkkx ok Lkaa’kks/kukph /;s; o उƘŶƍे 1 xzkeh.k fodkl vkf.k xkzelHkk ;krhy lac/kkpk vH;kl dj.ks- 2 xkeh.k fodklkr xzkelHksps ;ksxnku vH;kl- 3 dsanz o jkT; ;kaP;k ;kstukaP;k vaectko.khe/;s xzkeHksP;k Hkqfedspk vH;kl dj.ks Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 119 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal गृिहतकृये %%% 1 xzkelHkk xkeh.k fodklkr egRokph Hkqwfedk ctkor vlY;kus jktdh; izcYHkrk ok xzkeh.k fodklkr xzkelHkkaps ;ksxnku 73 O;k ?kVuknq#Lrhuqlkj iapk;rjktyk vf/kd cGdVh feGkyh ;krhy lokZar egRokph rjrqn Eg.kts dye 243 (d) uqlkj xzkeLrjkoj xzkelHkk fufeZrh o xzkelHkk ?ks.k s vfuok;Z dj.;kr vkys- R;keqGs gh ?kVuk nq#Lrh HkkjrkP;k xzkeh.k fodklkr xzkelHkkaps ;ksxnku ns.;kl egRoiq.kZ Bjyh vkgs- rs [kkyhY eqn;kaP;k vk/kKjs Li”V djrk ;sbZy- 111-1--- xzzkeh.k fodklkph nksjh ukxfjdkP;k gkrh vkyh okLrkfod ikgrk xzkeiapk;r iqohZ iklqu vkfLrRokr vkgsr- ijarq xzkeiapk;r dkjHkkjkP;k ek/;ekrqu loZp leL;kpk fuiVkjk gksbZyp vkf.k xzkeiapk;rhP;k ekQZr ts dkgh fu.kZ; ?ksrys tkr gksrs- ;krqu xkokps fgr ikfgys tkbZ Ok ;k nksUgh ckchaP;k ckcr ‘kk’orh uOgrh- ijarw 73 O;k ?kVuknq#Lrhus xkzelHksP;k ek/;ekrqu lokZauk lgHkkxh gksrk ;sr vlY;kus xkoke/; s fofo/k {ks=krhy rK]vuqHkoh ]lekftd dk;ZsdrsZ b- xkokrhy loZ {ks=krhy yksdkapk Kkukpk] vuqHkokapk Qk;nk fodkl dkekr ckcrhr gksrks- xzkelHkse/;s gks.kkjh ppkZ]er]erkarjs ;kckcr lk/kdcka/kd ppkZ gksmu ppsZvarh ldkjkRed fu.kZ;kkizr iksgp.ks ‘kD; gksrs vkf.k loZ ?kVdkauk xzkelHksP;k ek/;ekrqu izfrfuf/kRo feGr vlY;kus lokZaP;k Hkkouakps izfrfcac ;k xzkelHksr meVrs yksadkapk lgHkkx gksr vlY;kus yksdkauk xko xzkeiapk;r ?ksr vlyh rjh xzklHksP;k ek/;ekrqu xzeiapk;rhoj vadwa’k fdaok fu;a=.k Bso.;kpk vf/kdkj yksdkauk feGkyk vkgs- lokZar egRokph ckc Eg.kts leL;kapk xzkelHkseqGs yksdkapk lgHkkx ok 222-2--- ‘‘‘kklukr‘kklukr yksdkyksdkapkapkapk lgHkkxlgHkkx ok jkcfork ; sऊ ‘kdrs gs izR;{k dk;Z d#u dqrhr vk.kqu nk[kfoys- ;sFks xzkelHksr ppkZ d#u] vko’;d R;k vH;kl vkf.k lokZaP;k vuqerhus fodklkps midze jkcfoys tkrkr- ;k dkeke/;s esa Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 120 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 3 lkeqghd fu.kZ;kyk egRo vkys ^xkao djh rs jko u djh* v’kh ,d Eg.k vkiY;kadMs #< vkgs- tsaOgk xkokr fodklkph ekaM.kh dsyh tkrs rsaOgk lkeqnkf;d iz;Ru egRokpk vlrks- yksdkaph ekufldrk ldkjkRedfjR;k cnYyh dh lokZaxh.kcktqus izxrh gks.;kl osG ykxr ukgh- mnk-& o>j rk- [kkexko ] ft- cqy 4 jktdkj.kkr eghykapk lgHkkx ok 555-5--- xzkeh.k ukxfjdkaps jktdh; l{kehdj.k Ogk;yk ykxys iapk;rjkt O;oLFkk fLodkjY;koj lRRksps fodsnzhdj.k gksऊu loZlkekU;kauk lRrsr lgHkkxh gks.;kph la/kh fuekZ.k gksmu ख3या vFkkZus yksd’kkgh gks.;kph cGdVhdj.kkph lq#okr >kyh vkf.k ;k lokZauk gDdkap O;klihB Eg.kqu xzkelHkk P;k ek/;ekrqu ख3या jktdh; f’k{k.k feG.;kl lq#okr >kYkh- ikgrk ikgrk yksad ;k ek/;ekrqu “kks’k.kkfo#/n vkokt mBfo.ks] fodklkP;k ckcr er ekaM.ks] iVr ulysY;k ckchauk fojks/k dj.ks rj ;ksX; ckchps leFkZu dj.ks ;k xq.kakpk R;kaP;ke/;s varHkkoZ >kyk- ,dnjhr ^vkeP;k xkops vkEghp dkjHkkjh* gh Hkkouk R;kaP;kr fuekZ.k gksऊu ltx ukxfjd fuekZ.k dj.kjh dk;Z”kkGk Eg.kqu xzkelHksdMs ikfgys rjhgh okoxs Bj.kkj ukgh- dkj.k xzkeh.k ukxfjdkaps jktdh; l{kehdj.k Ogk;yk ykxys- 6 xzkefodklkP;k ;kstukauk pkyuk feGkyh vkt xzkefodklkP;k nqf”Vus]vkn’kZ xko] gx.knkjh eqDr xko eksfge ] flapu foghjh ;kstuk ] ty;qDr f”kok; ;kstuk] ekxsy R;kayk ‘ksrrGs] Lao;e सहायता cpr xV ;ksatuk v’kk fofo/k izdkjP;k fofo/k ?kVdklkBh ekxklxhZ;klkBh] efgykalkBh] xkoklkBh] ifjljklkBh v’kk izdkjP;k ;kstuk ljdkj fdaok Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 121 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal ftYgk xzkeh.k fodkl ;a=.kk vkf.k iapk;r lferh ;kaP;k lgdk;kZus pkyfoY;k tkr vlY;k rjh izR;{k xkao ikrGho#u R;k ;kstys ckcr okLro ifjLFkrh tk.kqu ?ks.;klkBh Eg.kts ;kstusph usedh xjt dks.kkyk vkgs- gs ikg.;klkBh xjtsuqlkj ;knh r;kj dj.ks ;kstuk vaeyctko.kh ckcr ikjn”kZdrk jkg.;klkBh xzklHksr ;k loZ ckchoj ppkZ dsyh tkrs- 777-7--- dk;n;kP;k vaeyctko.khr ;s.kk 3या3या3या fofo/k iizdkjP;kzdkjP;kzdkjP;k vMFkG;kaojvMFkG;kaoj ekrekr djrkdjrk ;srs;srs-;srs--- fo#j gs panziqj ftYg;krhy jktqjk ;k rkyqD;krys gs ,d xko ] dsoG ‘ksrhoj voyacqu vl.kkjs Ik;kZ;kus viwjk jkstxkj o’kkZarys dkgh eghus rjh ’ksrd 3या auk vka/kzizns’k jkT;kr LFkakykrj djkos ykx.kk 3या dqaVwckph eksBh la[;k v’kk xkokr jkstxkj geh ;kstuk vaeyctko.kh lq# dj.ks vkf.krh fVdoqu Bso.ks gs vkOgkup gksrs- i.k xkod 3या uh dk;n;kP;k veycatko.khr mnHko. kk 3या vMp.khuka ;’kLohi.ks rksaM fnys- ikp o”kZa fu;feri.ks osGsoj dke d#u >kysY;k cprhiklqu xkokrhy r#.kkauh ckacqiklqu mncR;k dj.;kpk dkj[kkuk dk<.;kph r;kjh eksB;k mRlgkus lq# dsyh vkgs- T;kaP;klkBh dk;nk vkgs R;kauh R;kapk vH;kl mi;ksx dsyk rj dk; cny gksऊ ‘kdrks ;kaps mnkgj.k fo#je/kY;k xzkeLFkkauh ?kkyqu fnys vkgs- jkstxkj gehrqu dks.krs dke dk lekjksi@ िनकषϕ % %%% xzkeh.k fodklkP;k ek/;ekrqu ik;kHkqr lqfo/kk iqj.;kiklqu rs Ik;kZoj.k larqfyr समृŵ xkokph fufeZrh dj.;kZi;Zar ety xkByh xsyh- ikjkojph@pkoMhojhy xzkeiapk;r vkrk xzkelfpoky; ůारे bZ@xzkeiapk;r gksm ikgr vlY;kus xzkelHksph lqpuk ,Lk,e,l ůारे nsrk ;sbZy- v”kh gh ,d ladYiuk iq Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 122 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal lanHkZxzaFk 111-1--- izk-dqyd.khZ ch-ok; & Hkkjrh; lafo/kku] ‘kklu o jktdh; izdh;k ,sT;qds’kuy ifCy’klZ] 222-2--- tks’kh fLerk & iapk;rjkt] ekul izdk”ku iq.ks] 333-3--- MkW- uykoMs iaMhr & lRrk fodsanzhdj.k vkf.k 73 oh ?kVuknq#Lrh ] fpue; izdk’ku 444-4--- MkW- Hkuxs jfoUnz ikMqjax & Hkkjrkrhy LFkkfud LojkT; laLFkk] iz’kkar ifCyds’ku] tGxko 2012 555-5--- MkW- foHkwrs Hkkyck & iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk euksfodkl izdk”ku] eqacbZ 2004 666-6--- MkW- lkaxGs Hkxoku & xzkeh.k fodkl ;kstuk % n’kk vkf.k fn’kk eqDrjax izdk”ku ykrqj 2011 777-7--- ekflds % laiknd % dq#{ks= uoh fnYyh] ;kstuk uoh fnYyh] yksdjkT; eqacbZ- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 123 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal vLi`’;kaP;k mPp f’k{k.kkcíyps MkWMkW---- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaps fopkj o dk;Z MkWMkWMkW-MkW--- xtkuu thth---- fgojkGs jkT;’kkL= foHkkx izeq[k dyk o foKku egkfo|ky;] dkejxko rk- dkjatk ykM ft- okf’ke [email protected] lkjka’k Hkkjrkph lektjpuk fo”kersP;k vk/kkjkoj fuekZ.k dsY;keqGs lektkrhy Qkj eksBk oxZ loZ lq[k] lqfo/kkaiklwu oafpr jkfgyk vlY;kps lR; ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh- euqoknh fo”kersyk isk”kd vl.kkÚ;k lekt rFkk jkT;O;oLFksus gtkjks dkGkiklwu vLi`’;] ‘kqnz&vfr’kqnz] efgyk ;k oxkZps rs ek.klklkj[ks ek.kla vkgsr vls ek.kwl vl.;kps vf/kdkjp ukdkjys xsys- R;keqGs gk Qkj eksBk oxZ f’k{k.kkiklwu oafpr jkfgyk- Eg.kwu ;k oxkZyk fodklkP;k eq[;izokgk e/;s vk.k.;kdjhrk MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdkjkauh R;kaP;k laiw.kZ lkekftd] jktdh; gDdkaP;k la?k”kkZe/;s egRokps LFkku fnys- fo/kheaMGkr R;kauh R;klanHkkZr ljdkjyk /kkjsoj /kjys- fdacgwuk R;kaP;kp iz;Rukus ijns’kkr f’k{k.k ?ks.;klkBh tk.kkÚ;k vLi`’; fo|kF;kZauk f’k”;o`Rkhph ;kstuk dk;kZUohr >kyh- mPp f’k{k.kkf’kok; mik; ukgh- gs R;kauh vksG[kys gksrs- Eg.kwu R;kauh mPp f’k{k.k vLi`’;kauk eksQr fnys ikfgts v’kk i/nrhps fopkj R;kauh osGksosGh ekaMys gksrs- R;kpkp ifj.kke Eg.kwu mPp f’k{k.kkdjhrk fQzf’ki lkj[kh ;kstuk lq: dsyh xsyh- f’k”;o`Rrhph ;kstuk lq: dyh xsyh- brdsp uOgs rj R;kauh fiiYl ,twds’ku lkslk;Vhph LFkiuk d:u izR;{k f’k{k.kkph O;oLFkk dsyh- f’k{k.k gs ok?kh.khps nq’k vkgs vkf.k Eg.kwu rs izR;sdkus izk’ku ds:u fodkl lk/kyk ikfgts vls vf/kdkjok.khus lkax.kkÚ;k MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh mPp f’k{k.kkP;k ek/;ekrwu eksD;kP;k tkxk dkfct d:u lektklkBh] O;Drhxr thouklkBh] rFkk ns’kkP;k fodklklkBh vLi`’;] ekxkloXkZ ;k ?kVdkrhy fo|kF;kZauh iz;Ru dsys ikfgts - vls vkokgu dsys- R;kaph v’kh vis{kk gksrh dh] ;k ns’kkrhy izR;sd fo|kFkhZ leku ntkZps f’k{k.k ?ksow ‘kdyk ikfgts- lektkrhy ‘ksoVP;k ?kVdkP;k eqykyk f’k{k.k ?ksrk vkys ikfgts- Eg.kwup vktP;k ifjfLFkrh e/;s vLi`’; oxkZrhy ¼vuqlwfpr tkrh½ vkfFkZd] lkekftd ] lkaLd`frd] jktdh; Lo:ikpk >kysyk cny gk mPp f’k{k.kkpkp ifj.kke vkgs- vFkkZr MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh R;kdjhrk dsysY;k la?k”kkZps] R;kxkps nqj–“Vhps rs Qyhr vkgs- izLrkouk MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh Lor%yk vktUe fo|kFkhZ ?kks"khr d:u fo|syk oanu egRo izkIr d:u fnys- R;kaP;kers ekuokP;k lokZafx.k fodklkdjhrk f’k{k.kk f’kok; Ik;kZ; ukgh- Eg.kwu izR;sdkus mPp f’k{k.k ?ksrys ikfgts- dkj.k mPp f’k{k.kkus ln~ln~foosd tkx`r gksrks- pkaxys&okbZV ;kcíyph tk.kho fuekZ.k gksrs- lokZr egRokps Eg.kts vLi`’; oxkZP;k fgrkdjhrk f’k{k.k fkp ,deso Ik;kZ; vkgs- dkj.k ;sFkhy lekt O;oLFksus R;kaP;k fodklkps loZ ekxZ can dsys vlY;kpk bfrgkl loZl`r vkgs- vkf.k Eg.kwu tj R;kauk fczVh’kkaP;k ‘kkludkGkr vkiyk fodkl d:u ?ks.;kph la/kh izkIr >kyh vlsy rj R;kauh gh la/kh ok;k ?kkyw u;s- R;kauh vkiY;k eqykeqyhauk mPp f’k{k.k fnys ikfgts- gh Hkwfedk MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaph gksrh- R;k vuq”kaxkus vLi`’;kaP;k ¼vuqlwfpr tkrhaP;k½ mPp f’k{k.kkP;k lanHkkZr R;kauh Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 124 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal d’kki/nrhps fopkj ekaMys\ fo/kheaMGk e/;s] lkoZtfud vkanksyuke/;s] dks.krs fopkj ekaMys\ mPp f’k{k.kkP;k izpkjk djhrk] izlkjk djhrk izR;{k dks.kR;k izdkjps dk;Z dsys\ f’k{k.kkps mfí”Vk laca/khps R;kaps dk; er gksrs\ ;k vkf.k v’kk loZ iz’ukaph mRrjs ‘kks/kk.;kpk izeq[k mís’k izLrwr ‘kks/kfuca/kkpk vkgs- f’k{k.kkpk vFkZ MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh f’k{k.kkph O;k[;k djrkauk vls EgVys vkgs dh] ^^O;Drhyk tk.kho (Reliazation) d:u nsrs rs f’k{k.k gks;** 1 f’k{k.kk f’kok; e.kq”; nqlÚ;kpk xqyke curks- brdsp uOgs rj T;kizek.ks miklekjhus ‘kjhjkps ‘kks”k.k gksowu ek.kwl dqiksf”kr curks vkf.k vYik;q”kh Bjrks- R;kpizek.ks f’k{k.kkP;k vHkkoh rks fucq/kZ jkfgY;kl ftoari.khp nqlÚ;kpk xqyke curks- xqyke vl.kkjk O;Drh d/khgh ftoar vlwu ‘kdr ukgh rj rks e`r O;Drh lkj[kkp vlrks- R;kP;k ftoukyk dkghgh vFkZ jkgkr ukgh- Eg.kwu izR;sdkus f’k{k.kkP;k lanHkkZr ltx jkgwu f’k{k.kkph dkl /kjh ikfgts vls MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj lkaxrkr- O;DrhP;k oS;Drhd ftouk cjkscjp lkekftd ftoukP;k ifjorZukps f’k{k.k gs ,d egRokps lk/ku vkgs- Eg.kwu tj vkiY;kyk O;Drhxr ftouke/;s rlsp lektke/;s ifjorZu ?kMowu vk.kk;ps vlsy rj R;kdjhrk vkiY;k lekt O;OkLFkse/;s f’k{k.kkpk izpkj] izlkj eksB;kizek.kkr >kyk ikfgts- vkf.k egRokps Eg.kts mPp f’k{k.kkP;k lanHkkZrhy f’k{k.kkps lkoZf=dhdj.k R;kdjhrk dj.ks xjtsps vkgs- vls rs lkaxrkr- mPp f’k{k.kkus ek.klkyk ek.kwl Eg.kwu thou tx.;kph psruk R;kP;ke/;s fuekZ.k gksrs- vkf.k R;ke/kwu rks vU;k;kP;k fojks/kkr isVwu mBrks- xqykefxjhP;k csMîkk rksMwu Vkd.;kph oSpkjhd {kerk R;akP;ke/;s ;srs- Eg.kwu mPp f’k{k.kkP;k ckcrhr lektkrhy fo’ks”kr% vLi`’;oxZ] ekxkloxZ] efgyk ;klkj[;k fiMhr oxkZus vf/kd tkx`r jkgwu mPp f’k{k.k ?ksrys ikfgts vls MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsaMdjkauk visf{kr gksrs- mPp f’k{k.kkps egRo rRdkyhu ljdkjusth f’k{k.kkP;k lanHkkZr Hkwfedk ?ksryh gksrh R;klanHkkZr MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh osGksoGh vkiyh Hkwfedk Li”V dsyh vkgs R;klanHkkZr R;kauh vls EgVys gksrs dh] ^^ mPp f’k{k.k gh ,dkp oxkZph eDrsnkjh u jkgrk R;ke/;s loZp ?kVdkauk lkekowu dls ?ksrk ;sbZy ;kdjhrk ljdkjus ikoys Vkdyh ikfgts- mPp f’k{k.kkpk izpkj] izlkj dlk gksbZy ;kdjhrk ljdkjus n{krk ckGxyh ikfgts- lokZadjhrk leku f’k{k.kkph O;oLFkk dsyh ikfgts-** 2 v’kk izdkjph Hkwfedk MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh ?ksryh gksrh- rlsp mPp f’k{k.kkP;k ek/;ekrwu iz’kklu O;oLFksrhy] uksdÚ;krhy eksD;kP;k tkxk dkfct djrk ;sRhy vkf.k R;kpk Qk;nk laca/khr O;DrhP;k dqVwackcjkscjp vLi`’; lektkrhy yksdakuk lq/nk gksbZy- Eg.kwu vkiY;k eqyka&eqyhauk mPp f’k{k.k ?ks.;klkBh izo`Rr dsys ikfgts- R;kauk izksRlkgu fnys ikfgts- mPp f’k{k.kkps egRo R;kauk lektowu lkafxrys ikfgts- R;klanHkkZr MkW- Ckkcklkgsc vkacsMdj vls Eg.krkr dh] ^^vki.k vk/kh mPp f’k{k.kkdMs y{k fnys ikfgts- ,d eqyxk ch- ,- >kY;kus vkiY;k vLi`’; lektkl rks tlk vk/kkj gksbZy rlk ,d gtkj eqy s pkSFkh f’kdwu ikl >kyh rjh gks.kkj ukgh-** 3 ;ko:u ckcklkgsc izkFkfed f’k{k.kkis{kk mPp f’k{k.kkcíy fdrh vkxzgh gksrs rs letwu ;srs- mPp f’k{k.k lektkfHkeq[k fo|kihBke/;s rFkk egkfo|ky;ke/;s fnY;k tk.kkÚ;k f’k{k.kk cíy MkW- ckcklgsc vkacsMdjkauh vkiyh Hkwfedk Li”V djrkauk vls EgVys vkgs dh] ^^fo|kihBkr fnys tk.kkjs f’k{k.k lektkfHkeq[k vlys ikfgts- rs foKkufu”B o i{kikrfojghr vlys ikfgts- dks.kR;kgh fof’k”V lekt?kVdkP;k fgrlkis{k rs ulys ikfgts- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 125 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal f’k{k.kkpk mís’k oLrqfLFkrh iqjd ekfgrh iqjfo.ks fdaok fl/nkar f’kdkfo.ks gk ulyk ifgts-** 4 vFkkZr MkW- ckcklgsc vkacsMdjkauh fo|kF;kZaP;k lkoZakfx.k fodklkdjhrk fo|kihBkP;k f’k{k.kkoj Hkj nsrkaukp vls lakfxrys dh] fnys tk.kkjs f’k{k.k R;kaP;k O;DrheRokpk fodkl dj.kkjs vlys ikfgts] R;kaph ckS/nhd {kerk ok cfg”cfg”cfg”—cfg” ———rr fgrdkjh.khP;k orhus fuosnu f’k{k.kkP;k lanHkkZr MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdkjkauh cfg”—r fgrdkj.khP;k orhus 1928 lkyh ,d fuosnu lafo/kkfud vk;ksxkyk fnys gksrss- R;ke/;s R;kauh vLi`’;akP;k f’k{k.kkph vukoLFkk d’kki/nrhus >kyh gs lkaxrkauk vls Li”V dsys gksrs dh] ^^ euqLe`rhuqlkj ‘kqnz&vfr’kqnzkauk] f’k{k.kkpk vf/kdkj ukdkjyk vkgs- R;keqGs f’k{k.kkps R;kaps izek.k vR;ar deh vkgs- ijarw vkrk fczVh’kkaph mnkjeroknh jktoV vkY;kuarj R;kaP;k f’k{k.kkph O;oLFkk dsyh tkbZy v’kh vis{kk vkgs- lerkeqyd fl/nkarkoj vk/kkjhr vl.kkjh gh O;oLFkk f’k{k.kkP;k lanHkkZr ;ksX; ikoys mpysy- vkf.k R;kaP;k fodklkpk ekxZ eksdGk djsy- ** v’kki/nrhph vis{kk izLrwr fuosnukrwu O;Dr d:u Hkkjrkrhy vl.kkjh f’k{k.kkph lR; ifjfLFkrh leksj ekaMyh- vkf.k Eg.kwu fczVh’k ljdkjus ;kdMs fo’ks”k y{k fnys ikfgts gk –"Vhdksu R;ke/kwu MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh O;Dr dsyk gksrk- ‘kS{kf.kd lksbZ] loyrh mPp f’k{k.kkP;k lanHkkZr fo’sk”kr% lektkrhy vLi`’; oxkZrhy fo|kF;kZauk lksbZ] loyrh feG.;kP;k –"Vhus MkW- ckcklgsc vkacsMdjkauh vkxzgh Hkwfedk ?ksryh vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- R;klanHkkZr R;kaP;kp iz;Rukus vLi`’; oxkZrhy 30 fo|kF;kZauk ijns’kkRk mPp f’k{k.kk djhrk ljdkjh [kpkZus ikBfoys gksrs- R;kdjhrk rhu yk[k :Ik;kaph rjrqn R;kauh d:u ?ksryh gksrh- ;kpk Qk;nk fo|kF;kZauk fuf’prp >kyk- ;klanHkkZr MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj Eg.krkr dh] ^^ vLi`’; oxkZP;k mPp f’k{k.kkph tckcnkjh ljdkjph vlyh ikfgts- vkf.k R;kdjhrk ljdkjh ikrGhoj R;kdjhrk iz;Ru dsys xsys ikfgts- ijarw ;kph tk.kho R;kauk uOgrh- ijarw eh ljdkj cjkscj la?k”kZ d:u vLi`’; fo|kF;kZauk mPp f’k{k.kk djhrk ijns’kkr tk.;kdjhrk f’k”;o`Rrh eatqj d:u ?ksryh- R;kpk ijh.kke Eg.kwu 30 fo|kFkhZ ijns’kkr f’k{k.kklkBh tkow ‘kdys- ** vFkkZr lektkrhy ekxkl ?kVdkP;k fo|kF;kZaP;k f’k{k.kkph tckcnkjh ljdkjus ?ksowu R;kaP;k djhrk lksbZ loyrh miyC/k d:u fnY;k ikfgts- gh Hkwfedk MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh ?ksryh gksrh- R;kpkp ifj.kke Eg.kwu uarjP;k dkGkr f’k”;o`Rrh ph ;kstuk] fQz’khi ph ;kstuk dk;kZfUor d:u lektkrhy vuqlwfpr tkrh] tekrhP;k fo|kF;kZauk f’k{k.kkdjhrk enr Eg.kwu lq: dsyh- R;kpk Qk;nk ns’kkrhy fo|kF;kZauk fuf’prp >kyk vkgs- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 126 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal f’k{k.kke/;s lerk vko’;d f’k{k.kkP;k izfdz;se/;s loZ tkrh leqgkauk lkekowu ?ksowu R;kapk fodkl dj.;koj Hkj fnyk ikfgts vls MkW- ckcklgsc vkacsMdjkauk okVr gksrs- ijarw f’k{k.kkP;k lanHkkZr iw.kZr% fo”kerk fnlwu ;sr vlY;kp s okLro fp= leksj ekaMRkauk rs vls Li”V djrkr dh] ^^ f’k{k.kkpk gYyh O;kikjp >kysyk vkgs- R;keqGs izR;sdkyk f’k{k.k feGsy ;kph O;oLFkk ljdkjus dsyh ikfgts- dkj.k vkrk dfu”B oxkZrhy yksd f’k{k.kkph nkjs BksBkow ykxyh vkgsr- Eg.kwu R;kaP;kdjhrk f’k{k.k LoLr dsys ikfgts- R;kapk f’k{k.kkrhy VDdk ok f’k{k.k laLFkakph ffufeZrhufeZrh MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh fo/kheaMGke/;s ekaMysY;k mPp f’k{k.kkcíyP;k Hkwfedscjkscjp R;kauh eqcbZyk 8 tqyS 1945 jksth fiiYl ,twds’ku lkslk;Vhph LFki.kk lq/nk dsyh- ;k laLFksps eqacbZ yk fl/nkFkZ egkfo|ky; rj vkSjaxkckn ;sFks feyhan egkfo|ky; lq: dj.;kr vkys- ;k laLFksP;k ek/;ekrwu vLi`’; oxkZP;k rFkk ekxkl oxkZP;k fo|kF;Zkaph mPp f’k{k.kkph lqfo/kk miyC/k d:u fnyh- R;kaP;kdjhrk lqlTt xzaFkky;] fo|kF;kZauk fuoklkdjhrk oLrhx`gkph LFkiuk dsyh- eqyhauk egkfo|ky;kr ;s.;kdjhrk clph O;oLFkk d:u fnyh- R;kpk ijh.kke Eg.kwu gtkjksaP;k la[;sus vLi`’;kaph eqys&eqyh mPpf’kf{kr >kyh- vf/kdkjh ]izk/;kid] MkWDVj] baftfu;j] odhy ] lkfgR;hd >kyh- R;kaP;ke/;s f’k{k.kkcíy izsj.kk fuekZ.k >kyh- fo’ks”kr% ejkBokMîkklkj[;k ekxkl izns’kke/;s vkSjaxkcknyk fefyan egkfo|ky; lq: dsY;kuarj ;k Hkkxkrhy vuqlwfpr tkrh] tekrhps] ekxkl oxhZ;kaps gtkjksaP;k la[;sus fo|kFkhZ mPpfo|foHkwf”kr >kys- [kÚ;k vFkkZus ;k Hkkxkr mPpf’k{k.kkph lq:okr MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaP;k iq fu”d’kZ ;k ns’kkrhy euqoknh fo”kersyk isk”kd vl.kkÚ;k lekt rFkk jkT;O;oLFksus gtkjks dkGkiklwu vLi`’;] ‘kqnz&vfr’kqnz] efgyk ;k oxkZps rs ek.klklkj[ks ek.kla vkgsr vls ek.kwl vl.;kps vf/kdkjp ukdkjys Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 127 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal vlY;keqGs gk Qkj eksBk oxZ f’k{k.kkiklwu oafpr jkfgyk- Eg.kwu ;k oxkZyk fodklkP;k eq[;izokgk e/;s vk.k.;kdjhrk MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdkjkauh R;kaP;k laiw.kZ lkekftd] jktdh; gDdkaP;k la?k”kkZe/;s egRokp s LFkku fnys- fo/kheaMGkr R;kauh R;klanHkkZr ljdkjyk /kkjsoj /kjys- fdacgwuk R;kaP;kp iz;Rukus ijns’kkr f’k{k.k ?ks.;klkBh tk.kkÚ;k vLi`’; fo|kF;kZauk f’k”;o`Rkhph ;kstuk dk;kZUohr >kyh- mPp f’k{k.kkf’ko; rj.kksik; ukgh- gs R;kauh tkuys gksrs- Eg.kwu R;kauh mPp f’k{k.k vLi`’;kauk eksQr fnys ikfgts v’kk i/nrhph Hkwfedk osGksosGh ekaMyh gksrh- R;kpkp ifj.kke Eg.kwu mPp f’k{k.kkdjhrk fQzf’ki lkj[kh ;kstuk lq: dsyh xsyh- f’k”;o`Rrhph ;kstuk lq: dys- brdsp uOgs rj R;kauh fiiYl ,twds’ku lkslk;Vhph LFkiuk d:u izR;{k f’k{k.kkph O;oLFkk dsyh- vktUe fo|kFkhZ Eg.kwu ftou tx.kkÚ;k MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh mPp f’k{k.kkP;k ek/;ekrwu eksD;kP;k tkxk dkfct d:u lektklkBh] O;Drhxr thouklkBh] rFkk ns’kkP;k fodklklkBh vLi`’;] ekxkloXkZ ;k ?kVdkrhy fo|kF;kZauh iz;Ru dsys ikfgts - v’kh R;kaph vis{kk gksrh- Eg.kwup vktP;k ifjfLFke/;s ;k oxkZrhy vkfFkZd] lkekftd ] lkaLd`frd] jktdh; Lo:ikpk >kysyk cny gk mPp f’k{k.kkpkp ifj.kke vkgs- R;keqGs MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaph mPp f’k{k.kkcíyph nqj–“Vh y{kkr ;srs- lanHkZxzaFk lwph 111-1--- MkgkV /kujkt] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj Hkk”k.ks vkf.k fopkj][kaM 2] ladsr izdk’ku ukxiwj 2008 222-2--- dhj /kuat;] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj]ikWI;wyj izdk’ku] eaqcbZ] 2006 333-3--- MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj]ys[ku vkf.k Hkk”k.k] mPp o ra=f’k{.k foHkkx egkjk”Vª ‘kklu]2002][kaM 18] 444-4--- [kSjeksMs] pk- ok-] MkW- Hkhejko jketh vkacsMdj] lqxkok izdk’ku] iq.ks] Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 128 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal fofo/k fopkjoarkaP;k n`n`"Vhdks.kkrquVhdks.kkrqu ekuokf/kdkj MkWMkWMkW-MkW--- x.ks’k vkRekjke iksVs foHkkx izeq[k] lekt’kkL= ljLorh dyk egkfo|ky;] nfggkaMk rk- ft- vdksyk E-mail : [email protected] Mob. No : 9975759316 ekuo Eg.kwu tx.;klkBh vko’;d] ekuokP;k uSlfxZd vfLrRok’kh lacaf/kr v’kk loZ vf/kdkjkauk ekuokf/kdkj Eg.krkr- izR;sdkl vkiys O;fDreRo fodflr dj.;klkBh] vkiys O;fDrxr xq.k] cqf)eRrk o LoRo Hkkousph ti.kwd dj.;klkBh ekuokf/kdkjkph vko’;drk Hkklrs- v/kksxrh o neukfo#) nzksg dj.;kP;k 'ksoVP;k ekxkZpk voyac dj.;kph ekuokoj ikGh ;sÅ u;s] Eg.kwu ekuoh; ifjokjkP;k loZ ?kVdkauk R;kaP;k thouk’kh fuxMhr v’kk loZ vf/kdkjkapk voyac dj.ks vko’;d Bjrs- lu 1945 e/;s tkxfrd ikrGhoj la;qDr jk"Vª la?kkph LFkkiuk >kY;koj ekuokf/kdkjkauk lkFkZd Lo#i feGkys- la;qDr jk"Vªla?kkus ekuokP;k ewyHkwr vf/kdkjke/;s ekuokP;k izfr"Bk o ewyrRokae/;s vkf.k loZ efgyk] iq#"k o ckyds] ygku] eksBs lokZalkBhP;k leku vf/kdkjkaP;k rRoke/;s fu"Bk O;Dr dsyh- ekuokf/kdkjkaph vaeyctko.kh dj.kkÚ;k txkrhy T;k fujfujkGîkk izkfrfu/khd la?kVuk vkgsr] R;kaP;k vkpkj lafgrkae/;s v’kk izdkjkaP;k ekuokf/kdkjkapk lekos’k izkeq[;kus dj.;kr vkyk- ekuo lekt vkiY;k vf/kdkjkiklwu vufHkK vl.ks gsp ekuokf/kdkjkiklwu oaphr vl.;kps eq[; dkj.k vkgs- vktps ;qx gs foKku vkf.k ra=Kkukps ;qx vkgs- txke/;s vusd leL;k ok Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 129 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal ukR;kus vlysY;k vf/kdkajkph vko’;drk vlrs vkf.k loZ ekuokauk leku feG.kkÚ;k vf/kdkjkaukp vki.k ekuokf/kdkjkapk ntkZ nsr vlrks- ekuokf/kdkj dks.kR;kgh O;fDrps rs vf/kdkj vkgsr- t s R;kP;k thou] Lora=rk] cjkscjh vkf.k vkRelUekuk’kh tksMysys vkgsr- gs vf/kdkj vkiys Hkkjrh; lafo/kku vkf.k vkarjjk"Vªh; izfrKki= ekuokyk nsrs- ;kauk U;k;ky;hu lqj{kk vlrs- ekuokf/kdkj rs vkgsr ts ekuokauk feGk;ykp ikfgtsr- jWUMe gkÅl fo’o ’kCndks"kkuqlkj^^ekuokf/kdkj Eg.kts O;fDryk tUekus izkIr >kysys vls vf/kdkj ts O;fDryk lUekukus tx.;klkBh vko’;d vkgsr- ekuokus izxrh d:u mRÑ"V thou txkos Eg.kwu dks.krkgh Hksn -Hkko u djrk Lora«;rk] U;k; o ’kkarh ;k rRokoj vk/kkjhr ekuokf/kdkj L=h -iq#"kkauk leku izkIr vkgsr- ekuokf/kdkj O;fDryk tUekus izkIr gksrkr- gs gDd O;fDryk tUekusp izkIr gksr vlY;kus rs fgjkowu ?ks.;kpk vf/kdkj dks.kkykp ulrks- gs vf/kdkj txkrY;k dks.kR;kgh Hkkxkr okLrO; dj.kkÚ;k L=h -iq#"kkauk ekuo Eg.kwu tUekyk vkY;kus feGkysys vlrkr- ekuokf/kdkj laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1993 e/;s ekuokf/kdkjkph O;k[;k Li"V djrkauk EgVys vkgs dh] ^^ekuoh gDd ;k laKspk vFkZ lafo/kkukus geh fnysys fdaok vkarjjk"Vªh; izlafonse/;s lekfo"V dsysys vkf.k Hkkjrh; U;k;ky;k}kjs vaeyctko.kh ;ksX; vlysys O;fDrP;k thou] Lokra«; o izfr"Bk ;k laca/khps gDd vlk vkgs-** ekuok -ekuokrhy loZ HksnHkko nqj dj.;kph vko’;drkp ekuokf/kdkj vkgsr- MsfoM lsyckbZ ;kaP;k ers] ^^ekuokf/kdkj txkrhy izR;sd O;fDryk izkIr gksrkr- dkj.k rs Lor% ekuo vlrkr- rs mRiUu djrk ;sr ukghr- rs [kjsnh djrk ;sr ukghr vkf.k gs vf/kdkj lkekftd djkjkiklwugh eqDr vkgsr-** ,-,-lbZn ;kaP;k ers] ^^ekuoh vf/kdkjkpk laca/k O;fDrP;k izfr"Bs’kh vkgs vkf.k R;kr vkRelUekukpk Hkko vlwu tks O;fDrxr vksG[k n’kZforks o ekuoh lektkyk iq fu”d”kZ %& 1- ekuokf/kdkj gs uSlfxZd vf/kdkjkps vkf.k /keZfujis{k :i vkgs- 2- ekuokf/kdkj Eg.kts vls vf/kdkj dh] ts O;fDryk ek.kwl Eg.kwu tUekusp izkIr >kys vkgsr- 3- gs vf/kdkj O;fDryk lUekuiwoZd thou tx.;klkBh vkf.k R;kP;k O;fDreRo fodklklkBh vifjgk;Z vkgsr- 4- ekuokf/kdkj miHkksxklkBh fof’k"V lkekftd ifjfLFkrhP;k fufeZrhph vko’;drk vkgs- 5- ekuoh -vf/kdkjkpk laca/k O;fDrP;k ewyHkwr xjtkaP;k iwrZrs’kh vlY;keqGs R;kapk lekos’k jkT;kauh vkiY;k ?kVuke/;s dj.ks visf{kr vkgs- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 130 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 6- ekuokf/kdkjkps Lo:i oSf’od] ewyHkwr vkf.k fujadq’k vkgs gs oSf’od ¼ Universal ½ vkgsr- dkj.k rs ;k fo’okrhy izR;sd O;fDryk tkr] /keZ] oa’k] Hkk"kk] jk"Vª ;k Ñf=e ca/kukf’kok; izkIr >kysys vkgsr- gs ewyHkwr vf/kdkj vlY;kus dks.kR;kgh ifjfLFkrhr jkT;kyk fgjkowu ?ksrk ;sr ukghr- 7- ekuo vf/kdkj gs O;fDryk brj O;fDriklwu rlsp jkT;kP;k lÙksiklwu] fgalkpkjkiklwu laj{k.kkps dop lk/ku vkgsr- 8- ekuo vf/kdkjkoj brj vf/kdkjkaph e;kZnk ulrs rs LFky dkyijRos cnyr ukghr- lkeqfgd fgrklkBh ns[khy ;k gDdkaps mYya?ku djrk ;sr ukgh- 9- ekuo vf/kdkj LokHkkfod vkgsr- lekt fdaok jkT; ;kauk fuekZ.k djhr ukghr- jkT;kdMwu ;k vf/kdkjkauk dsoG oS/kkfud ekU;rk izkIr gksrs- lanHkZ xzaFk %& 111-1--- panzk MkW- jes’k] ekuokf/kdkj % fofo/k vk;ke ,oa pqukSrh;k¡ vadhr ifCyds’kUl] fnYyh 2010 222-2--- nsoGudj 'kSysanz ^ledkyhu jktdkj.k vkf.k izeq[k iz’u*] fo|k cqd ifCy’klZ] vkSjaxkckn 333-3--- is’kos MkW- Ogh-,e-] is’kos izk- lkS- eankfduh-] ^vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaL—frd vf/kdkjkph vaeyctko.kh 444-4--- flag MkW- fu’kkar] ^ekuokf/kdkj o efgyk,sa*] 555-5--- nsoGudj 'kSysanz ^ledkyhu jktdkj.k vkf.k izeq[k iz’u*] fo|k cqd ifCy’klZ] vkSjaxkckn 2005- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 131 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal Ykks.kkj ljksoj ,d tkxrhd Ik;ZVu dsanz MkWMkWMkW-MkW--- txUukFk ukjk;.k ,dfolkO;k ‘krdkr Ik;ZVu gk ,d m|ksx Eg.kqu mn;kyk vkyk vkgs- rsy m|ksxkuarj txkrhy lokZr eksBk m|ksx v’kh ;k m|ksxkph vksG[k txkrhy loZp ns‘kkauk >kkyh vkgs- fodluf’ky ns’kkps vusd vkfFkZd o lkekftd iz’u lksMfo.;kl gk m|ksx ojnku Bjr vkgs- ‘World tourism and travel council’ us Ik;ZVu m|ksxkps egRo fo’kn djrkauk fnysyh iq Ik;ZVu m|ksxkOnkjs %& 1- Tkxkrhy 10-6 VDds yksdkauk jkstxkj feGkrks- 2- Tkxrhd mRiUukP;k 10-2 VDds mRiUu fuehZrh gksrs- 3- 655 n’ky{k MkWyj ,o Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 132 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal tyL=ksrkr v’kuhikrkeqGs vusd jklk;uhd izfdz;k ?kMwu vkY;k ljksojk Hkksorh nkV vj.; vkgs- vusd izdkjph >kMs vkgsr- vkS”k/kksik;ksxh jksiVs vkgsr- ;sFks ‘kkdkgkjh ?kqcM vk Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 133 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal Hkkjrkrhy nkfjnz; fueZwyu dk;Zdzekps Lo:i o leL;k MkWMkWMkW-MkW--- eaxs’k vkpk;Z Tkhou fodkl egkfo|ky;] nsoxzke ¼ Fkqxkaonso½ Rkg- uj[ksM ft- ukxiwj & 441301 ¼ egkjk”Vª½ Eksk- 8550971310 Email: [email protected] Hkkjrh; nkfjnzîkkph xaHkhj n[ky Lokra«;kiwohZiklwup ?ks.;kr vkysyh gksrh- nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth ;kaukgh Hkkjrh; nkfjnzîkkph tk.kho gksrh- R;kauh ekaMysY;k vkfFkZd fu%lkj.kkP;k fl)karkr R;kauh nkfjnzîkkP;k dkj.kkapk ‘kks/k ?ksrysyk gksrk- egkRek xka/khauh Hkkjrkrhy tursps nkfjnzîk ikgwu laiq.kZ vk;q”; m?kMs cksM[ks jkg.;kps ozr Lohdkjys gksrs- R;kauh ikfgysY;k jkejkT;kP;k LoIukph iqrZrk dj.;klkBh vkfFkZd {kerk o Lo;aiq.kZrspk fopkj txkleksj ekaMyk- jk”Vªh; pGoGhrhy vusd Fkksj iq:”kkauh nkfjnzîkkP;k fooapusr vlysY;k tursP;k leL;k lksMfo.;kpk vkivkiY;k ijhus iz;Ru dsyk- nkfjnzîkkP;k dkj.kkapk ‘kks/k ?ksowu nkfjnzîkkr ?kV d:u vkfFkZd fodkl lk/k.;kP;k izfØ;sykp nkfjnzîk fuewZyukph izfØ;k Eg.krk ;sbZy- Lokra«; feGsi;Zar Hkkjrh; tursP;k nkfjnzîkkr Eg.kkok rlk cny ?kMwu vkysyk ukgh- Hkkjrh; lafo/kkudR;kZauk nkfjnzîkkps fuewZyu gs Hkkjrh; lektkleksjhy lokZr eksBs vkOgku vkgs ;kph tk.kho gksrh- Eg.kwup R;kauh Hkkjrh;kauk vkfFkZd U;k; feGowu ns.k s gs lafo/kkukps mfí”V vlY;kps uewn dsys vkgs- Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukrhy 37 rs 51 ;k dyekarxZr Vkd.;kr vkysY;k jkT;kP;k /kksj.kkP;k funsZ’kd rRokae/;s vkfFkZd rRokarhy lkafxrysY;k rRokapk laca/k nkfjnzîk fuewZyu o vkfFkZd laca/kk’kh vkgs- rs vkfFkZd rRos iq nkfjnzîk fuewZyu o vkfFkZd fodklklkBh Hkkjrkrhy fu;kstu% Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 134 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal tyn vkfFkZd fodkl d:u tursP;k jkg.khekukpk ntkZ mapko.ks gs Hkkjrh; fu;kstukps loZlkekU; mfí”Vîks vkgs- Hkkjrh; fu;kstu eaMGkus fu;kstukph iq Hkkjrh; fu;kstukph mfí”Vîks% • jk”Vªh; mRiUu vkf.k njMksbZ mRiUukP;k ikrGhr ok< dj.;klkBh mRiknu egRre dj.ks- • ns’kkr iq.kZ jkstxkjkph voLFkk fuekZ.k dj.ks- • ns’kkrhy tursr >kysyh mRiUu vkf.k laiRrhph fo”kerk deh dj.ks • ns’kkr lkekftd U;k; izLFkkfir dj.ks- yksd’kkgh lektoknkrhy dkgh eqyHkwr rRos% • fdeku jkg.khekukP;k ntkZph tursyk geh nsowu nkfjnzîk nwj dj.ks- • mRiUu vkf.k laiRrhph fo”kerk deh dj.ks- • lokZauk jkstxkjkph vkf.k fodklkph leku la/kh miyC/k d:u ns.ks- • vkfFkZd lRrsph dsanzhdj.k o eDrsnkjh izo`Rrh jks[k.ks- • u¶;kP;k mfí”Vîkkus vFkZO;oLFkk u jkcfork rh lkekftd fgrklkBh jkco.ks- • O;fDrxr vkf.k lkekftd thoukP;k le`)hlkBh yksd’kkgh ewY;koj J)k Bsowu R;kph tksikluk dj.ks • bR;knh izeq[k ckchpk lekos’k gksrks- iapok”khZd ;kstuk o nkfjnzîk fuewZyu dk;ZØe% ifgyh iapok”khZd ;kstuk ¼1995&56½% ;kstusph mfí”Vîks& • ;q) vkf.k QkG.kheqGs nqljh iapok”khZd ;kstuk ¼1957&61½% ;kstusph izeq[k mfí”Vs% • ns’kkrhy tursP;k jkg.khekukpk ntkZ mapko.;klkBh jk”Vªh; mRiUukr 25 VDD;kauh ok< dj.ks- • eqyHkwr vkf.k votM m|ksx/kanîkkP;k fodklkoj Hkj nsowu Hkkjrkps tyn vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ?kMowu vk.kus • jkstxkj vkf.k dkekP;k la/khr eksBîkk izek.kkoj ok< dj.ks- • mRiUu vkf.k laiRrhph fo”kerk deh d:u vkfFkZd lRrsph lefoHkkx.kh ?kMowu vk.kus- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 135 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal ikpoh iapok”khZd ;kstuk o nkfjnzîk fuewZyu ¼1975&80½% ikpO;k iapok”khZd ;kstusr U;qure ¼fdeku½ mi;ksxLrj njMksbZ njegk 20 :- ¼1960&61 P;k vk/kkjs½ x`ghr /k:u eki.k dsys vlrk vls vk ;k ;kstusrhy iq Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 136 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal dksVh Eg.kts 44-9 VDds gksrs- ;ko:u fodkl ;kstusps ykHk dsoG ‘kgjh Hkkxki;Zar iksgpwu rsFkhy xjhch FkksMîkkQkj izek.kkr deh >kyh- ijarq xzkeh.k Hkkxkr rlsp vfrnkfjnzîk js”ks[kkyhy thou tx.kkÚ;ki;Zar gs ykHk iksgpw ‘kdys ukghr- ;ko:u ns’kkrhy nkfjnzîk gVfo.;klkBh lgkoh ;kstuk visf{kr ;’k izkIr d: ‘kdyh ukgh gs Li”V gksrs- vkBoh iapok”khZd ;kstuk ¼1992&97½% vkBO;k iapok”khZd ;kstusps mfí”Vîks& • jk”Vªh; mRiUukr ok< dj.ks • yksdla[;k fu;a=.k dj.ks • jkstxkjkr ok< dj.ks • f’k{k.kkpk izlkj dj.ks • vko’;d lsokae/;s ok< dj.ks • ‘ksreky mRiknukr ok< dj.ks • fodkl dk;kZyk xrh ns.ks • vkfFkZd fodklkps mfí”V lk/; dj.ks vkBO;k iapok”khZd ;kstusP;k dkGkr ,dh—r xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØekP;k varxZr 18 n’ky{k dqVwackauk vkFkhZd lkgk¸; ns.;kps y{k Bso.;kr vkys gksrs o R;klkBh 3]350 dksVh :i;kph rjrwn dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- ekpZ 1993 P;k v[ksjhl 21 y{k dqVwackuk dtZ vkf.k vkFkhZd lkgk¸; ;k Lo:ikr enr ns.;kr vkysyh gksrh-15 xzkeh.k {ks=krhy nkfjnzîkjs”ks[kkyhy ;qodkauk Lo;ajkstxkj izkIr d:u ns.;klkBh enr ns.;kpk dk;ZØe gkrh ?ks.;kr vkyk- ;k ;kstus[kkyh 26-6 y{k ;qodkauk Lo;ajkstxkjkps izf’k{k.k fnys xsys- ;kr 11-3 y{k L=h;k gksR;k- Hkkjr ljdkjus ;kp ;kstusP;k dkGkr ^ifjokj izR;; ;kstuk* lq: dsysyh vkgs- ,dh—r xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØekpk ,d Hkkx Eg.kwu gh ;kstuk ykxw dj.;kr vkyh- gh ;kstuk nkfjnzîk js”ks[kkyhy dqVqackuk nkfjnzîkjs”ksP;k oj ;s.;kl enr dj.kkjh Bjyh vkgs- uooh iapok”khZd ;kstuk ¼1997&02½% uoO;k iapok”khZd ;kstusr tkxfrd c¡ds}kjs fu/kZurk varjkG (Poverty Gap) gîkk ladYiusP;k vk/kkjs xfjchP;k frozrspk ekinaM r;kj dj.;kr vkyk- uoO;k iapok”khZd ;kstusuqlkj 1973&74 rs 1993&94 gîkk 20 o”kkZP;k dkyko/khr xzkeh.k o ‘kgjh gîkk nksUgh Hkkxkr nkfjnzîk vuqekukP;k ?kVhpk ljkljh ok”khZd nj 2-05 VDds o laiq.kZ ns’kkdfjrk 2-09 VDds vkgs- 1996&97 e/khy nkfjnzîkkps vuqeku gs 1993&94 o 1996&97 P;k njE;ku vlysY;k fodkl njkP;k vk/kkjs r;kj dj.;kr vkys vkgsr- ;ko:u dk<.;kr vkysys vuqeku Eg.kts rhu o”kkZrhy 6-5 VDds ljkljh ok”khZd fodkl njkP;k ifj.kkekeqGs 1996&97 e/;s xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy nkfjnzîkkps izek.k ?kVwu rs 30-55 VDds ‘kgjh Hkkxkr 25- 58 VDds o laiq.kZ ns’kkps ?kVwu 29-28 VDds >kys- ;kstuk gîkk fu”d”kkZizr vkyh dh ^mPp fodkl njkpk ifgY;kis{kk nkfjnzîk deh dj.;kckcr vf/kd izHkko ikM.;kph laHkkouk vkgs- ekpZ 1998 e/;s la;qDr vk?kkMh ljdkj vlrkuk uooh iapok”khZd ;kstuk lq: dj.;kr vkyh- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 137 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal uoO;k iapok”khZd ;kstusps mfí”Vîks& • ns’kkrhy fdaer ikrGh fLFkj Bsowu vkfFkZd fodklkP;k xrhr ok< dj.ks- • yksdla[;k ok jkg.khekukP;k ntkZr ok< dj.ks% • jkg.khekukP;k ntkZr ok< dj.;klkBh nkfjnzîkkr ?kV dj.ks vkf.k fdeku lsok miyC/k d:u ns.ks vko’;d vlrs- uoO;k iapok”khZd ;kstusr iq dsanz o jkT; ‘kklukP;k nkfjnzîk fueqZyu dk;ZØekrhy leL;k% nkfjnzîkkpk iz’u lksMfo.;klkBh dsanz vkf.k jkT; ljdkjP;k orhus xsY;k lkr o”kkZP;k dkGkr fofo/k ;kstuk gkrh ?ks.;kr vkY;k- egkjk”Vªkrhy jkstxkj geh ;kstuk vkf.k dsanz ‘kklukus R;kp /krhZoj Lohdkjysyh jkstxkj geh ;kstuk ;k dkgh uO;k ;kstuk vkgsr- ;k ;kstukaoj dsanz o jkT; ‘kklukP;k orhus izpaM [kpZ >kysyk vkgs- dsanz o jkT; ‘kklukph izpaM eksBh iz’kkldh; ;a=.kk vf/kdkjh] deZpkjh oxZ] dsan z Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 138 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal o jkT; ljdkjph LFkkiu dsysyh fofo/k eaMGs] dksVîkko/kh :i;kph osGksosGh dsysyh rjrwn o fLodkjysY;k uouohu ;kstuk vlwugh nkfjnzîkkP;k fuewZyu dk;ZØekr lek/kkudkjd ;’k izkIr >kY;kps fnlwu ;sr ukgh- dsanz o jkT; ‘kklukP;k nkfjnzîk fuewZyu dk;ZØekr mn~Hko.kkÚ;k leL;kaps foospu [kkyhyizek.ks djrk ;sbZy- yksdlgHkkxkpk vHkko% dsanz o jkT;’kklukus xzkeh.k o ‘kgjh nkfjnzîk fuewZyuklkBh voyacysY;k ‘kklukP;k egRoiw.kZ ;kstuk yksdkfHkeq[k R;k tuekulkr vtqugh :tysY;k ukghr- R;k QDr ljdkjP;k ;kstuk Eg.kwup lq: vkgs- R;kr turspk vl.kkjk lgHkkx gk ukeek= vkgs- R;keqGsp nkfjnzîk fuewZyukP;k egRoiw.kZ ;kstuk vtwugh tursP;k gksow ‘kdysY;k ukgh- ifj.kker% nkfjnzîk fuewqyukP;k dk;kZl Eg.kkos rls ;’k izkIr gksÅ ‘kdys ukgh- uksdj’kkghph izo`Rrh% nkfjnzîk fuewZyu dk;ZØekph ;’kLohr% cÚ;kp va’kh uksdjoxkZoj voyacwu vkgs- uksdjoxkZdMwu tursyk v’kk ;kstukapk ykHk ?ksrkauk uksdjoxkZP;k n¶rjfnjaxkbZyk lkeksjs tkos ykxrs- R;keqGs ;k ;kstuk ;ksX; R;k osGh ik= O;fDrl u feGkY;keqGs ;kstukauk ;’k izkIr gksr ukgh- ;kr lq/kkj.kk Ogkoh ;kn`”Vhus ;ksX; rs ikÅys mpyyh xsyh ukghr- fodklkP;k ;kstuk yksdkai;Zar iksgpfo.;kps dk;Z uksdjoxkZus dsys ukgh- dk;ZØekph vk[k.kh% nkfjnzîk fuewZyukP;k dk;ZØekph vk[k.kh djrkauk xzkeh.k tursP;k leL;k fopkjkr ?;kO;k ykxrkr- R;k leL;k tk.kqu ?ksowu R;koj ;ksX; rh mik;;kstuk dj.;klkBh dk;ZØekph vk[k.kh Ogk;yk ikfgts- ijarq xzkeh.k nkfjnzîk fuewZyukpk ;kstuk ;k ofj”B Lrjkoj cufoY;k tkrkr- R;keqGs tursP;k leL;kaps fujkdj.k dj.;klkBH ;k ;kstukauk ;’k izkIr gksr ukgh- dk;ZØekph froz xrh% Lokra«;izkIrhuarj T;k nkfjnzîk fuewZyukP;k ;kstuk r;kj dj.;kr vkY;k- rsOgk Hkkjrkrhy lkekftd ik’oZHkweh gh R;k ;kstuk LohdkjY;k brir r;kj uOgrh- Hkkjrkph yksdla[;k] fuj{kjrk] izFkk ] ijaijk] va/kJ)k] tkr] O;olk; ;k loZ leL;kapk fopkj u djrk ;k ;kstuk dk;kZUohr dj.;kr vkY;k- R;keqGs cÚ;kp nkfjnzîk fuewZyukP;k dk;ZØekauk o ;kstukaP;k ekxkZr vusd vMFkGs fuekZ.k >kys- ;kstukdkjkauk tursph tkx`drk o lkekftd ifjorZu ;ka’kh ;k ;kstukapk leUo; lk/krk vkyk ukgh- izf’k{k.k dk;ZØekpk vHkko% turslkBh fuekZ.k dj.;kr vkysY;k ;kstukaph vaeyctko.kh dj.;klkBh laca/khr uksdjoxZ] laLFkk o turk ;kaps izf’k{k.k gks.ks vko’;d vlrs- dkgh nkfjnzîk fuewZyukP;k ;kstuk brD;k tyn xrhus dk;kZUohr dj.;kr vkY;k dh R;kps izf’k{k.k uksdjoxZ o laca/khr tursl nsrk vkys ukgh- R;keqGs ;kstuk ;ksX; R;k O;fDri;Zar iksgpY;k ukghr- xzkeh.k usr`Ro% Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 139 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal nkfjnzîk fuewZyu dk;ZØekrhy xzkeh.k usr`Rokps ;ksxnku ;ksX; R;k fjrhus izkIr gksÅ ‘kdys ukgh- Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k thoukr ijaijkxr usr`Ro ofj”B tkrhdM s gksrs rlsp Jhear o ofj”B eaMGkapk izHkko ;k {ks=kr eksBîkk izek.kkr gksrk- R;keqGs ‘kklukuh jkcfoysY;k ;kstuk ;ksX; R;k O;fDr i;Zar iksgpfo.;ke/;s v’kk eaMGkus cjsp vMFkGs fuekZ.k dsys- v’kk ofj”B eaMGhus lektkrhy xjhc] nqcZy] oaphr yksdkaP;k fgrkdMs nqyZ{k dsys- ;kstukapk ;ksX; ykHk ik= O;fDrl feGkyk ukgh- R;keqGs nkfjnzîk fuewZyu dk;ZØekl o ;kstusl ;ksX; rs ;’k izkIr gksÅ ‘kdys ukgh- mnkflurk nSo izo`Rrh oxSjs% Hkkjrh; lektkr nSooknh izo`Rrh izk/kkU;kus vk vlarqyhr dk;ZØe% thou txrkuk xzkeh.k {ks=krhy xjhc yksd uSlfxZd lk/kukaoj voyacwu vlrkr- ;k uSlfxZd lk/kukapk fnolsu~fnol Úgkl gksr vkgs- gk Úgkl Fkkacfo.;klkBh vkrki;Zar ‘kklukrQsZ Qkjls Bksl mik; dj.;kr vkysys ukghr- mRiUukr ok< dj.;kdMs nqyZ{k& nkfjnzîk fuewZyukP;k dk;ZØekr nkfjnzîkjs”ks[kkyh vl.kkÚ;k yksdkaP;k mRiUukr dls cny gksr tkrkr ;kpk fopkj dj.;kr vkysyk ukgh- mRiUu vkf.k jkstxkjhoj Hkj ns.kkÚ;k ;k dk;ZØekeqGs xjhckaP;k gkrkr iSlk ;sbZy vkf.k rks iSlk rs vUu/kkU; [kjsnh dj.;klkBh okijrhy v’kh vis{kk ;k ;kstusr dj.;kr vkyh- ijarq ;k iS’kkus xjhckauk o”kZHkj R;kpk dqVqacklkBh iqjsls vUu/kkU; ?ksrk ;sbZy ;kph [kk=h ukgh dkj.k rs vUu/kkU;kP;k fdaerh] iqjoBk vkf.k mRiUukP;k okV.khph osG ;kojgh voyacwu vlrs- xfjch gVfo.;klkP;k dk;ZØekr mRiUu fufeZrhoj Hkj ns.;kr vkyk- ijarq dqVwacdY;k.k] lerksy vkgkj] lkekftd lqj{kk vkf.k fdeku xjtk dk;ZØe ;k lkekftd xqaro.kwdhdMs iqjsls y{k ns.;kr vkys ukgh- Hkkjrkrhy ns’kikrGhojhy nkfjnzîkkps izek.k 37 VDds vlwu egkjk”Vª ‘kklukP;k jkT;ikrGhojhy Lrjkoj toGikl 30 VDds ,o Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 140 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal nqlÚ;k iapok”khZd ;kstusrhy lRrsps fodsanzhdj.k o lektoknh lektjpuk fuekZ.k dk;ZØe] csjkstxkjkauk jkstxkj ;kstuk gs dk;ZØe fo’ks”k y{kos/kh Bjysys gksrs- frlÚ;k iapok”khZd ;kstusr ^x`g fuekZ.k ;kstuk* jkcfo.;klkBh fu;kstukrhy nwjn`”Vhiw.kZ dk;ZØekph vaeyctko.kh gh ckc egRokph Bjysyh fnlwu ;srs- poF;k iapok”khZd ;kstusr nqcZy ?kVdkaP;k mRFkkuklkBh jkstxkj o f’k{k.kkoj fo’ks”k Hkj ns.;kr vkyk rj ikpO;k ;kstusr nkfjnzîk js”ksps fo’ks”k ekinaM r;kj dj.;kr vkys- lgkO;k iapok”khZd ;kstusiklwu ek= nkfjnzîk js”ksP;k ekinaMkr lq/kkj.kk ?kMoqu R;kpk laca/k njMksbZ mRiUu o vkgkjk’kh tksM.;kr vkyk o ;klkBh EGS e/kqu vkFkhZd enr o vUu/kkU; ;kstuk lq: dj.;kr vkyh- lkrO;k iapok”khZd ;kstusr ;k dk;ZØekeqGsp nkfjnzîkkps izek.k dkgh va’kh deh >kY;kps fnlwu ;srs- ;kr IRDP, EGS, NREP ;k ;kstukapk rso lanHkZ xzaFk lwph 111-1--- ek;h lqfuy] ¼2009½ ^^egkjk”Vªkrhy xfjch** Mk;eaM ifCyds’ku iq.ks] izFke vko`Rrh 222-2--- xoGh tksxsUnz] ‘ks[k gk’ke] ^^jktdh; fl)kar** ;qfuOglZy cqd lfOgZl] ukxiwj 333-3--- ekoG.kdj iq-e-] ¼1990½ ^^yksd’kkghps Lo:i**] izFkeko`Rrh Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 141 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 444-4--- pkS/kjh jk-y-] ^^’kklu iqjL—r jkstxkj fufeZrhP;k fofo/k ;kstuk**] lkslk;Vh QkWj lOghZl Vq OgkWysaVjh ,tUlh] iq.ks 555-5--- dne fo’okl] ^^fodkl vkf.k i;kZoj.kh; vFkZ’kkL=** u{k= ifCyds’ku] vkSjaxkckn 666-6--- ikaMs rstLdj] ikaMs laxhrk] ^^Hkkjr esa lkekftd leL;k,** VkVk ,elh xzso fgy] ubZ fnYyh 777-7--- [kkMs ch-,e- ^^Hkkjrh; lekt iz’u vkf.k leL;k** 888-8--- MkW- lsu veR;Z] ¼2000½ ^^xfjch vkSj vdky** jktiky vW.M lUl] df’ejh xsV] fnYyh 999-9--- MkW- lksGads vkj-,l-] MkW- dkdMs Ogh-ch-] ¼2003½ ^^Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk** Jh fo|k izdk’ku] iq.ks 101010-10 --- nkaMsdj o fuGdaB jFk] ¼1973½ ^^Hkkjrkrhy nkfjnzîk** lektizcks/ku laLFkk] iq.ks 111111-11 --- ukxiwj ftYgk xW>sfV;j egkjk”Vª ‘kklu] eqacbZ 2006 121212-12 --- iokj izdk’k ¼2009½^^egkjk”VªkP;k uO;k jktdkj.kkph iquZjpuk** izrhHkk izdk’ku] iq.ks] izFkeko`Rrh 131313-13 --- dkusVdj es/kk] ¼2007½ ^^Hkkjrh; fu;kstukph iUukl o”ksZ** Jh lkbZukFk izdk’ku] ukxiwj] izFkeko`Rrh 141414-14 --- HkksGs Hkk-y-] ¼1987½ ^^Hkkjrh; lafo/kku fl)kar vkf.k O;ogkj** egkjk”Vª fo|kihB xzaFk fufeZrh eaMG] ukxiwj izFkeko`Rrh Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 142 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ Ã¡Öß»ÖÖ ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öê»Öê †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü †Ö×ÞÖ ÆüŒÛú ‹Ûú ×¾Ö¿»ÖêÂÖÞÖÖŸ´ÖÛú †¬µÖµÖ®Ö ›üÖò.ÃÖÖî. ´ÖÖ¬Öã¸üß †¸üؾ֤ü ¤êü¿Ö´ÖãÜÖ Ûú»ÖÖ ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, ²Öã»Ö›üÖÞÖÖ ¯ÖÏßÖÖ¾Ö®ÖÖ :- "µÖ¡Ö ®ÖÖµÖÔßÖã ¯Öæ•ÖßÖê ¸ü´Ö®ŸÖê ŸÖ¡Ö ¤êü¾ÖŸÖÖ" ´ÆüÞÖ•Öê“Ö, •Öê£Öê ®ÖÖ¸üß“Öß ¯Öæ•ÖÖ Ûêú»Öß •ÖÖŸÖê, ŸÖê£Öê ¤êü¾ÖŸÖÖ ¾ÖÖÃÖ Ûú¸üŸÖÖŸÖ, ¾Ö¸üᯙ ¾Ö“Ö®ÖÖ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖÞÖê Œ¾Ö×“ÖŸÖ“Ö Ã¡Öß“Öß ¯Öæ•ÖÖ Ûêú»Öß •ÖÖŸÖ †ÃÖê»Ö. ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖᯙ ×áֵÖÖÓ“µÖÖ Ã£ÖÖ®ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ×¾Ö“ÖÖ¸ü Ûêú»µÖÖÃÖ †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ»ÖÖ †ÃÖê פüÃÖæ®Ö µÖêŸÖê Ûúß, ¾Öî¤üßÛú ÛúÖôûÖŸÖ ×áֵÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ´ÖÖ®ÖÖ“Öê ¾Ö ÝÖÖî¸ü¾Ö¯ÖæÞÖÔ Ã£ÖÖ®Ö ÆüÖêŸÖê. ¯Ö¸ÓüŸÖã ôÖéŸÖßÛúÖôûÖŸÖ ÃÖ㬤üÖ ×áֵÖÖÓ“µÖÖ Ã¾ÖÖŸÖÓ¡µÖÖ»ÖÖ ²ÖÓ¬Ö®Ö ‘ÖÖŸÖ»Öß ÆüÖêŸÖß. ´Ö¬µÖµÖãÝÖß®Ö ÛúÖôûÖŸÖ ×áֵÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖß»Ö Ã£ÖÖ®ÖÖÓ“Öß ‘ÖÃÖ¸üÝÖãÓ›üß ÃÖãºþ — ÖÖ»Öß. µÖÖ ÛúÖ»ÖÜÖÓ›üÖŸÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö †×¬ÖÛú ºþœüß¾ÖÖ¤üß —ÖÖ»µÖÖ´Öãôêû ×áֵÖÖÓ¾Ö¸üᯙ †ŸµÖÖ“ÖÖ¸ü ¾ÖÖœü»Öê. ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖ ×áֵÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ×®Ö““ÖŸÖê“Öß ¾ÖÖÝÖÞÖæÛú ×´Öôæû »ÖÖÝÖ»Öß. ÃÖŸÖ߯ÖÏ£ÖÖ, ²ÖÖ»Ö×¾Ö¾ÖÖÆü ÊÖ ÃÖÖ¸üܵÖÖ ×•Ö¾Ö‘ÖêÞµÖÖ ¯ÖÏ£ÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖ ÃÖãºþ —ÖÖ»µÖÖ. ×áֵÖÖÓ®ÖÖ Ûãúšü»ÖÖÆüß ÆüŒÛú ®Ö¾ÆüŸÖÖ Ûêú¾Öôû ¯ÖãºþÂÖÖÓ“µÖ ÆüÖŸÖÖŸÖᯙ ŸÖß ‹Ûú ÜÖêôûÞÖÓ ÆüÖêŸÖß. ÛúÖ»ÖÖÓŸÖ¸üÖ®Öê ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö ¯Ö׸ü¾ÖŸÖÔ®ÖÖ´Öãôêû ÊÖ ¯ÖÏ£ÖÖ •Ö¸üß ²ÖÓ¤ü — ÖÖ»µÖÖ ¯Ö¸ÓüŸÖã ×áֵÖÖÓ¾Ö¸üᯙ †ŸµÖÖ“ÖÖ¸ü ´ÖÖ¡Ö Ûú´Öß —ÖÖ»Öê ®ÖÖÆüß. 15 †ÖòÝÖÙü 1947 ¸üÖê•Öß ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖ»ÖÖ Ã¾ÖÖŸÖÓ¡µÖ ×´ÖôûÖ»Öê. ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ ¸üÖ•µÖ‘Ö™ü®ÖêŸÖ ´ÖÖ¡Ö Ã¡Öß-¯ÖãºþÂÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ¸üÖ•ÖÛúßµÖ, ÃÖÖ´ÖÖוÖÛú, †ÖÙ£ÖÛú ÃÖ´ÖÖ®Ö ÆüŒÛú ¤êüÞµÖÖ“Öê †ÖÀ¾ÖÖÃÖ®Ö ×¤ü»Öê. 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"³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ ¸üÖ•µÖ‘Ö™ü®Öê®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ×áֵÖÖÓÃÖÖšüß •Öê ÛúÖµÖ¤êü †ÖÆêüŸÖ ŸµÖÖ ÛúÖµÖªÖ®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü áÖßµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ •Öê †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öê †ÖÆêüŸÖ ŸµÖÖ»ÖÖ ×áֵÖÖÓ“Öê ÆüŒÛú ´ÆüÞÖŸÖÖ µÖê‡Ô»Ö." ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ Ã¡Öß»ÖÖ ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öê»Öê †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü †Ö×ÞÖ ÆüŒÛú :- ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ ¸üÖ•µÖ‘Ö™ü®Öê®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ×áֵÖÖÓÃÖÖšüß •Öê ÛúÖµÖ¤êü †ÖÆêüŸÖ ŸµÖÖ ÛúÖµÖªÖ®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ×áֵÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ÛúÖÆüß ÆüŒÛú ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öê»Öê †ÖÆêüŸÖ ŸÖê ¯Öãœü߻֯ÖÏ´ÖÖÞÖê. 1. •ÖÝÖÞµÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú : áÖßµÖÖÓ¾Ö¸ü †ŸµÖÖ“ÖÖ¸ü ÆüÖêŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖ, ןֻÖÖ •ÖÖôæû®Ö ´ÖÖ¸ü»µÖÖ •ÖÖŸÖ †ÃÖê, ´ÖÖÞÖæÃÖ ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö ןֻÖÖ •ÖÝÖæ פü»µÖÖ •ÖÖŸÖ ®ÖÃÖê. µÖÖ ÃÖ¾ÖÔ ²ÖÖ²Öà¾Ö ´ÖÖŸÖ Ûúºþ®Ö ן֮Öê •ÖÝÖÞµÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ Ûêú»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. 2. ÃÖ´ÖÖ®Ö ¾ÖêŸÖ®ÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú : ‹ÛúÖ“Ö ÛúÖ´ÖÖÃÖÖšüß Ã¡Öß †£Ö¾ÖÖ ¯ÖãºþÂÖ ¤üÖê‘ÖÖÓ®ÖÖÆüß ÃÖ´ÖÖ®Ö ¾ÖêŸÖ®Ö ÛúÖµÖªÖ®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ‹ÛúÖ“Ö ÛúÖ´ÖÖÃÖÖšüß Ã¡Öß †£Ö¾ÖÖ ¯ÖãºþÂÖ ¤üÖê‘ÖÖÓ®ÖÖÆüß ÃÖ´ÖÖ®Ö ¾ÖêŸÖ®Ö ×´ÖôûÖ»ÖÓ ¯ÖÖ×Æü•Öê †¿Öß ŸÖ¸üŸÖã¤ü †ÖÆêü. 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ŸÖ¸üß ¯ÖÞÖ Ã¡ÖßµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ µÖÖ ²ÖÖ²ÖŸÖßŸÖ ¾ÖÓ×“ÖŸÖ ¸üÆüÖ¾Öê »ÖÖÝÖŸÖ †ÃÖê ¯Ö¸ÓüŸÖæ ןֻÖÖ †ÖŸÖÖ ´ÖŸÖ¤üÖ®ÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ×´ÖôûÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. 6. ¸üÖ•ÖÛúÖ¸üÞÖÖŸÖᯙ ÃÖÆü³ÖÖÝÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú : áÖßµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ¸üÖ•ÖÛúÖ¸üÞÖÖŸÖᯙ ÃÖÆü³ÖÖÝÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ןֻÖÖ ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. †ÖŸÖÖ 33 ™üŒÛêú †Ö¸üõÖÞÖ ÃÖ㬤üÖ •ÖÖÆü߸ü —ÖÖ»Öê †ÖÆêü. Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 144 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 7. ÛúÖ´ÖÖ“µÖÖ ×šüÛúÖÞÖß ÃÖã¸ü×õÖŸÖŸÖêÃÖÖšüß ÆüŒÛú : ®ÖÖêÛú¸üß“µÖÖ ×šüÛúÖÞÖß ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ”ûôû £ÖÖÓ²Ö×¾ÖÞµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ÃÖ¾ÖÖð“µÖ ®µÖÖµÖÖ»ÖµÖÖ®Öê ´ÖÖÝÖÔ¤ü¿ÖÔÛú ŸÖ¢¾Öê »ÖÖÝÖæ Ûêú»Öß †ÖÆêüŸÖ. ÃÖ¾ÖÔ ÜÖÖ•ÖÝÖß ŸÖÃÖê“Ö ‡ŸÖ¸ü ÃÖÓãÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê Æüß ŸÖ¢¾Öê »ÖÖÝÖæ Ûêú»Öß †ÖÆêüŸÖ. µÖÖ ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Öß Ã¡Öß ŸÖÛÎúÖ¸ü ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬ÖßŸÖ ÃÖ¤üõÖÖÛú›êü Ûúºþ ¿ÖÛúŸÖê. †ÃÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ןֻÖÖ ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. 8. ÃÖÓ¸üõÖÞÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú : ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖ ÃÖÓ¸üõÖÞÖ ÛúÖµÖªÖ†ÓŸÖÝÖÔŸÖ Ûãú™æÓü²ÖÖŸÖ ÛúÖêÞÖŸµÖÖÆüß ®ÖÖŸÖêÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬ÖÖ®Öê ¸üÖÆüÞÖÖ·µÖÖ Ã¡Öß»ÖÖ ÛúÖî™ãÓüײÖÛú, ÃÖÖ´ÖÖוÖÛú, †ÖÙ£ÖÛú †Ö×ÞÖ ¿ÖÖ¸üß׸üÛú ÃÖÓ¸üõÖÞÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ןֻÖÖ ×´ÖôûÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. 9. †×¾Ö¾ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖ ¸üÖÆüÞµÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú : ¯ÖãºþÂÖÖ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖÞÖê ×áֵÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ÃÖ㬤üÖ †×¾Ö¾ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖ ¸üÖÆüÞµÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ×´ÖôûÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. 10. ÃÖÆü•Öß¾Ö®Ö •ÖÝÖÞµÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú : »ÖÝ®Ö ®Ö Ûú¸üŸÖÖ Ã¡Öß †Ö×ÞÖ ¯ÖãºþÂÖ µÖÖ ÆüŒÛúÖ«üÖ¸êü ‹Ûú¡Ö ¸üÖÆæü ¿ÖÛúŸÖÖŸÖ. ´ÆüÞÖ•Öê“Ö ÃÖÖê²ÖŸÖ ÃÖÆü•Öß¾Ö®Ö •ÖÝÖæ ¿ÖÛúŸÖÖŸÖ. ŸÖÃÖê“Ö ÃÖ¬µÖÖ ŸÖºþÞÖ ´Öæ»Öê †Ö×ÞÖ ´Öã»Öà®Öß µÖÖ ´ÖŸÖÖ“ÖÖ Ã¾ÖßÛúÖ¸ü»Öê»ÖÖ ×ÃÖ®Öê´ÖÖ ÃÖî±ú †»Öß †Ö×ÞÖ ×¯ÖÏŸÖß Ø—Ö™üÖ µÖÖÓ“ÖÖ 'ÃÖ»ÖÖ´Ö ®Ö´ÖßÖê' Æüß™ü —ÖÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. 11. ‘Ö¸üÖŸÖß»Ö ×®ÖÞÖÔµÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê ÃÖÆü³ÖÖÝÖ : ‘Ö¸üÖŸÖ •Öê ´ÖÖêšêü ×®ÖÞÖÔµÖ ‘ÖêŸÖ»Öê •ÖÖŸÖÖŸÖ ŸµÖÖ ×®ÖÞÖÔµÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê ÃÖÆü³ÖÖÝÖ ×´ÖôûÞµÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ןֻÖÖ ×´ÖôûÖ»Öê»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. 12. †™üÛêúÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Öß“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú : ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ±úŒŸÖ ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖ ¯ÖÖê»ÖßÃÖ ×¤ü¾ÖÃÖÖ ´ÆüÞÖ•Öê ÃÖãµÖÖì¤üµÖÖ®ÖÓüŸÖ¸ü †Ö×ÞÖ ÃÖæµÖÖÔßÖÖ¯Öæ¾Öá †™üÛú Ûúºþ ¿ÖÛúŸÖÖŸÖ. “ÖÖîÛú¿ÖßÃÖÖšüß Ã¡ÖßµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ¯ÖÖê»ÖßÃÖ šüÖÞµÖÖŸÖ ²ÖÖê»ÖÖ¾ÖŸÖÖ µÖêŸÖ ®ÖÖÆüß. 13. †¿»Ö߻֟Öê×¾Ö¸üÖê¬Öß“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú : ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ ¤Óü›ü ÃÖÓ×ÆüŸÖꓵÖÖ Ûú»Ö´Ö 292 ŸÖê 294 ´Ö¬µÖê ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖÓ¿Öß †¿»Öᯙ ¾ÖŸÖÔ®Ö Ûú¸üÞÖÖ·µÖÖ ×¾Öºþ¬¤ü ŸÖÛÎúÖ¸ü Ûú¸üÞµÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛ áÖß»ÖÖ ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. ŸµÖÖ“Ö¯ÖÏ´ÖÖÞÖê •ÖÖÆü߸üÖŸÖß, ד֡Ö, ¯ÖãßÖÛú ‡. ´ÖÖ¬µÖ´ÖÖŸÖæ®Ö ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖÓ“Öß ×¾Ö™Óü²Ö®ÖÖ Ûú¸üÞÖÖ·µÖÖÓ®ÖÖ, ×“Ö¡Ö »ÖêÜÖ®ÖÖŸÖæ®Ö †¿»Ö߻֟ÖÖ ÃÖÖ¤ü¸ü Ûú¸üÞÖÖ·µÖÖ ×¾Ö¸üÖê¬Öß ×áֵÖÖÓ®ÖÖ †Ö¾ÖÖ•Ö ˆšü×¾ÖÞµÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ¯ÖϤüÖ®Ö —ÖÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. 14. ´Öã»ÖÖÓ¾Ö¸ü ÆüŒÛú : ‹ÜÖÖªÖ Ã¡Öß“ÖÖ ‘Ö™üñúÖê™ü —ÖÖ»µÖÖÃÖ ×ŸÖ“µÖÖ ¯ÖÖ“Ö ¾ÖÂÖÖÔ¯ÖµÖÕŸÖ“µÖÖ ´Öã»ÖÖ»ÖÖ ŸÖß Ã¾ÖŸÖ: •Ö¾Öôû šêü¾Öæ ¿ÖÛúŸÖê ´ÖÖ¡Ö, ¯ÖÖ“Ö ¾ÖÂÖÖÔÆæü®Ö †×¬ÖÛú ¾ÖµÖÖ“µÖÖ ´Öã»ÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ²ÖÖ²ÖŸÖßŸÖ ®µÖÖµÖÖ»ÖµÖÖ“ÖÖ ×®ÖÞÖÔµÖ“Ö ²ÖÖÓ¬Öᯙ †ÃÖŸÖÖê. 15. ׿ÖõÖÞÖ ×´ÖôûÞµÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú : ÃÖ¬µÖÖ Ã¡ÖßµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ 12 ¾Öß ¯ÖµÖÕŸÖ ×¿ÖõÖÞÖ ´ÖÖê±úŸÖ †ÖÆêü †Ö×ÞÖ ×ŸÖ»ÖÖ ¯Öãœêü ׿ÖÛúÖµÖ“Öê †ÃÖ»µÖÖÃÖ µÖÖ ÆüŒÛúÖ«üÖ¸êü ŸÖß ×¿ÖÛãú ¿ÖÛúŸÖê. 16. ¸ü•ÖÖ ‘ÖêÞµÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛú : áÖßµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ²ÖÖôûÓŸÖ¯ÖÞÖÖÃÖÖšüß 6 ´Ö×Æü®Öê ¸ü•ÖÖ ‘ÖêÞµÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüŒÛ †ÖÆêü. 17. ÆüŒÛúÖÓ“µÖÖ ÃÖÓ¸üõÖÞÖÖÃÖÖšüß ‡ŸÖ¸ü ŸÖ¸üŸÖã¤üß : 1. '¾Öî¬ÖÖ×®ÖÛú ÃÖê¾ÖÖ ¯ÖÏÖ׬ÖÛú¸üÞÖ' †×¬Ö×®ÖµÖ´ÖÖŸÖÓÝÖÔŸÖ ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ÛúÖµÖ¤êü׿ָü ´Ö¤üŸÖ ×´ÖôûÞµÖÖ“ÖÖ ÆüÛúÛú †ÖÆêü. 2. ‘Ö™ü®ÖꓵÖÖ Ûú»Ö´Ö 73 †Ö×ÞÖ 74 ´Ö¬µÖê ãÖÖ×®ÖÛú þָüÖ•µÖ ÃÖÓãÖÖÓ´Ö¬µÖê ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖÓ®ÖÖ 1/3 •ÖÖÝÖÖ †Ö¸ü×õÖŸÖ Ûú¸üÞµÖÖŸÖ †Ö»µÖÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ. 3. ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ÃÖÓ×¾Ö¬ÖÖ×®ÖÛú ®µÖÖµÖßÛú ÃÖã¸üõÖÖ †Ö×ÞÖ †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü ¤êüÞµÖÖÃÖÖšüß 31 •ÖÖ®Öê¾ÖÖ¸üß 1998 ¸üÖê•Öß ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖ †ÖµÖÖêÝÖÖ“Öß Ã£ÖÖ¯Ö®ÖÖ Ûú¸üÞµÖÖŸÖ †Ö»Öß. Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 145 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 4. ˆ““Ö ®µÖÖµÖÖ»ÖµÖÖ“µÖÖ †Ö¤êü¿ÖÖ®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖÓ“Öê ”ûôû ¾Ö ¿ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ ÆüÖê¾Öæ ®ÖµÖê ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö ¯ÖÏŸµÖêÛú וֻÊÖŸÖ ×•Ö»ÆüÖ׬ÖÛúÖ·µÖÖ“µÖÖ †¬µÖõÖŸÖêÜÖÖ»Öß ×•Ö»ÆüÖ ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖ ÃÖÆüÖµµÖŸÖÖ ÃÖ×´ÖŸÖß Ã£ÖÖ¯Ö®Ö Ûú¸üÞµÖÖŸÖ †Ö»Öß †ÖÆêü. µÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê †Ö¯Ö»Öß ŸÖÛÎúÖ¸ü »ÖêÜÖß Ã¾Öºþ¯ÖÖŸÖ ¤êü‰ú ¿ÖÛúŸÖê. †¿ÖÖ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸êü ÄÖßµÖÖÓ®Öß ‹ÛãúÞÖ 17 ÆüŒÛú ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öê †ÖÆêüŸÖ. ØÆü¤æü ¬Ö´ÖÖÔ“ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÆüŒÛú : ¯Öæ¾Öá ×áֵÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ¯Ö¸Óü¯Ö¸üÖÝÖŸÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê †×ß֢¾ÖÖŸÖ †ÃÖ»Ö껵ÖÖ ºþœüß ®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü šü¸ü×¾Ö»ÖÖ •ÖÖµÖ“ÖÖ †ÃÖê ÛúÖµÖ¤üÖ ®ÖÃÖ»µÖÖ´Öãôêû áÖß»ÖÖ µÖÖêÝµÖ ÃÖÓ¸üõÖÞÖ ®ÖÃÖ»µÖÖ´Öãôêû áÖßµÖÖÓ“Öß ¯Ö׸ü×ã֟Öß ±úÖ¸ü Ûú×®Öšü ÆüÖêŸÖß. ØÆü¤æü ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÛúÖµÖ¤üÖ ®ÖÖ¾ÖÖ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖÞÖê ±úŒŸÖ ØÆü¤æü ¬Ö´ÖÖÔŸÖᯙ »ÖÖêÛúÖÓÛú׸üŸÖÖ Ûú¸üÞµÖÖŸÖ †Ö»ÖÖ ®ÖÖÆüß. ŸÖ¸ü ŸÖÖê ÛúÖµÖ¤üÖ •Öî®Ö, ²ÖÖü, ׿ÖÜÖ ÊÖ ¬Ö´ÖÖÔŸÖᯙ »ÖÖêÛúÖÓÛú¸üߟÖÖ ÃÖ㬤üÖ Ûú¸üÞµÖÖŸÖ †Ö»ÖÖ ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö ÃÖ¾ÖÔ ¬Ö´ÖÖÔŸÖß»Ö Ã¡ÖßµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ØÆü¤æü ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ Ûú¸üÞµÖÖ“ÖÖ †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü †ÖÆêü. 1. ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÆüŒÛúÖ“µÖÖ ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬ÖÖŸÖ ØÆü¤æü ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÛúÖµÖªÖ®Öê áÖßµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ¯ÖãºþÂÖÖ“µÖÖ ²Ö¸üÖê²Ö¸üß®Öê ÆüŒÛú ²ÖÆüÖ»Ö Ûúºþ®Ö ‹Ûú ÃÖã¬ÖÖ¸üÞÖÖ¾ÖÖ¤üß ¾Ö ¯Ö׸ü¾ÖŸÖÔ®Ö¾ÖÖ¤üß ¯ÖÖ‰ú»Ö ™üÖÛú»Öê †ÖÆêü. 2. áÖß»ÖÖ †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ ´Ö韵Öã®ÖÓŸÖ¸ü †Ö¯Ö»Öß ×´ÖôûÛúŸÖ ÛúÖêÞÖÖ»ÖÖ ªÖ¾Öß ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö ´Ö韵Öã ¯Ö¡ÖÛú Ûúºþ®Ö ¤êüÞµÖÖ“ÖÖ †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü µÖÖ ÛúÖµÖªÖ®Öê ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. 3. áÖß»ÖÖ ´Ö韵Öã ¯Ö¡ÖÖ«üÖ¸êü ×´ÖôûÝÖŸÖ ¤ãüÃÖ·µÖÖ Ã¡ÖßÛú›êü ÃÖ㬤üÖ ÃÖÖê¯Ö×¾ÖÞµÖÖ“ÖÖ †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. 4. •Öê¾ÆüÖ ´Ö韵Öã ¯Ö¡Ö ®ÖÃÖŸÖê ØÛú¾ÖÖ ´Ö韵Öã ¯Ö¡ÖÛú ®Ö Ûú¸üŸÖÖ“Ö ´Ö韵Öã ÆüÖêŸÖÖê. ŸÖë¾ÆüÖ“Ö ÛúÖµÖªÖ®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ šü¸ü×¾Ö»µÖÖ •ÖÖŸÖÖê. 5. ØÆü¤æü áÖß ×¾Ö¬Ö¾ÖÖ ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö, ´Öã»ÖÝÖß ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö, ¾ÖÖ †Ö‡Ô ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖÆüŒÛúÖ®Öê ´ÖéŸÖÛúÖÓ“µÖÖ ×´ÖôûÝÖŸÖßŸÖ ³ÖÖÝÖߤüÖ¸ü ÆüÖê¾Öæ ¿ÖÛúŸÖê. 6. ×´ÖôûÞÖÖ·µÖÖ ×´ÖôûÝÖŸÖß“µÖÖ ³ÖÖÝÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ÃÖÓ¯ÖæÞÖÔ ´ÖÖ»ÖÛúß ×ŸÖ“µÖÖÛú›êü †ÃÖŸÖê ¾Ö ŸµÖÖ ×´ÖôûÛúŸÖß“Öß ×¾Ö»Æêü¾ÖÖ™ü ŸÖß ŸÖß“µÖÖ ‡“”êû¯ÖÏ´ÖÖÞÖê Ûúºþ ¿ÖÛúŸÖê. 7. •Öê¾ÆüÖ ÛúÖêÞÖŸÖßÆüß ¾µÖŒŸÖß ´Ö韵Öã¯Ö¡Ö ®Ö Ûú¸üŸÖÖ ´Ö韵Öã ¯ÖÖ¾ÖŸÖÖê ŸÖê¾ÆüÖ ŸµÖÖ ¾µÖŒŸÖß“Öß ×´ÖôûÛúŸÖ ŸµÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ¯Ö×Æü»µÖÖ ÛÎú´ÖÖÓÛúÖŸÖᯙ ®ÖÖŸÖê¾ÖÖ‡ÔÛúÖÓÛú›êü •ÖÖŸÖê. 8. ¯Ö×Æü»µÖÖ ÛÎú´ÖÖÓÛúÖŸÖ ´ÖÖê›üÞÖÖ·µÖÖ 12 ®ÖÖŸµÖÖ¯ÖîÛúß 8 ®ÖÖŸÖß Ã¡ÖßµÖÖÓ“Öß †ÖÆêü. Æüß ®ÖÖŸÖß ´ÆüÞÖ•Öê ×¾Ö¬Ö¾ÖÖ ´Öã»ÖÝÖß, †Ö‡Ô, ×¾Ö¬Ö¾ÖÖ ´Öã»ÖÖ“Öß ´Öã»ÖÝÖß, ×¾Ö¬Ö¾ÖÖ ÃÖã®Ö, ×¾Ö¬Ö¾ÖÖ ®ÖÖŸÖÃÖã®Ö, ´ÖéŸÖ ´Öã»ÖÖ“Öß ´Öã»ÖÝÖß, ®ÖÖŸÖ, ´ÖéŸÖ ´Öã»ÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ´Öã»ÖÖ“Öß ´Öã»ÖÝÖß. µÖÖ ÛúÖµÖªÖ«üÖ¸êü ×¾Ö¬Ö¾ÖÖ Ã¡Öß»ÖÖ ×¾Ö¬Ö¾ÖÖ ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö ¾Ö †Ö‡Ô ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öê»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. ×¾Ö¬Ö¾ÖÖ : ×¾Ö¬Ö¾ÖÖ Ã¡ÖßÃÖ ´ÖéŸÖ ¯ÖŸÖß“Öß ÛúÖµÖ¤êü¿Ö߸ü ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖ ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö ÛúÖµÖªÖ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖÞÖê ÆüŒÛú ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖê. ŸÖÖê ןֻÖÖ †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ ¯ÖŸÖß“µÖÖ ×´ÖôûÛúŸÖßŸÖ †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü †ÃÖŸÖÖê. ×¾Ö¬Ö¾ÖÖ ×áֻÖÖ ÛúÖµÖªÖ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖÞÖê ÜÖÖ»Öᯙ †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖŸÖ. 1. ¯ÖŸÖß“µÖÖ ×´ÖôûÛúŸÖßŸÖ ´Öã»ÖÖ“µÖÖ ÃÖ´Ö¯ÖÏ´ÖÖÞÖÖŸÖ ×ÆüÃÃÖÖ ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖê. 2. ¯ÖŸÖß“ÖÖ †×¾Ö³ÖŒŸÖ Ûãú™ãÓü²ÖÖŸÖß»Ö ×´ÖôûŸÖßŸÖ •ÖÖê ×ÆüÃÃÖÖ †ÃÖê»Ö ŸµÖÖ ×ÆüÃõÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ×´ÖôûŸÖÖê. 3. ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÆüŒÛúÖ®Öê ×´ÖôûÖ»Ö껵ÖÖ ×´ÖôûÛúŸÖß¾Ö¸ü ן֓Öß ÃÖÓ¯ÖæÞÖÔ ´ÖÖ»ÖÛúß †ÃÖŸÖê. 4. ‹ÜÖÖ¤üß Ã¡Öß ÛúÖµÖ¤êü¿Ö߸ü ×¾Ö³ÖŒŸÖ ¸üÖ×Æü»Öß ¾Ö ŸÖß“µÖÖ ¯ÖŸÖß®Öê ¯Ö׸üŸµÖÖÝÖ Ûêú»ÖÖ ŸÖ¸üß ŸÖß †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ ¯ÖŸÖß“Öß ÛúÖµÖ¤êü¿Ö߸ü ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖ †ÃÖŸÖê ¾Ö ×¾Ö¬Ö¾ÖÖ ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö ŸÖß»ÖÖ ¯ÖŸÖß“µÖÖ ×´ÖôûÛúŸÖß¾Ö¸ü ÆüŒÛú ŸÖß“ÖÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖê. 5. †®ÖîןÖÛúŸÖêÃÖÖšüß Ã¡Öß ŸÖß“µÖÖ ÆüŒÛúÖ¯ÖÖÃÖæ®Ö ¾ÖÓ×“ÖŸÖ Ûêú»Öê •ÖÖ¾Öæ ¿ÖÛúŸÖ ®ÖÖÆüß. 6. ¯Öã®ÖÔ×¾Ö¾ÖÖÆüÖ¯Öæ¾Öá ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖ ÆüŒÛúÖ®Öê ×´ÖôûÖ»Öê»Öß ÃÖÓ¯Ö¢Öß ×ŸÖ“µÖÖ¯ÖÖÃÖæ®Ö ×Æü¸üÖ¾Öæ®Ö ‘ÖêŸÖ»µÖÖ •ÖÖ¾Öæ ¿ÖÛúŸÖ ®ÖÖÆüß. ´Öã»ÖÝÖß : Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 146 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖ ÛúÖµÖªÖ«üÖ¸êü ´Öã»Öß»ÖÖ ÃÖ㬤üÖ ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖ ÆüŒÛú ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öê»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. áÖß»ÖÖ ´Öã»ÖÝÖß ´ÆüüÞÖæ®Ö •Öê ãÖÖ®Ö ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ — ÖÖ»Öê»Öê †ÖÆêü. 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ØÆü¤ãü ¤ü¢ÖÛú ×¾Ö¬ÖÖ®Ö ¾Ö ³Ö¸üÞÖ ¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ ÛúÖµÖ¤üÖ 1956 :- áÖß»ÖÖ ØÆü¤æü ×¾Ö¬ÖÖ®Ö ¾Ö ³Ö¸üÞÖ ¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖ ÛúÖµÖªÖ®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü †®ÖêÛú ´ÖÆü¢¾ÖÖ“Öê †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öê»Öê †ÖÆêüŸÖ. µÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê áÖß»ÖÖ ¤ü¢ÖÛúÖÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Öß ¯ÖÖÃÖæ®Ö ³Ö¸ü¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖÓ¯ÖµÖÕŸÖ †®ÖêÛú ¯Öã¸üÖêÝÖÖ´Öß †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öê †ÖÆêüŸÖ. ¤ü¢Ö ×¾Ö¬ÖÖ®ÖÖÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬ÖßŸÖ ¯ÖãºþÂÖÖ²Ö¸üÖê²Ö¸ü áÖß»ÖÖ ÃÖ㬤üÖ †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. µÖÖ ÛúÖµÖªÖ®¾ÖµÖê áÖß»ÖÖ ¯ÖŸ®Öß, ÃÖæ®Ö, †Ö‡Ô, ´Öã»ÖÝÖß ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö ³Ö¸üÞÖ¯ÖÖêÂÖÞÖÖ“ÖÖ †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öê»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. ØÆü¤æü ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÛúÖµÖªÖŸÖ ÃÖã¬ÖÖ¸üÞÖÖ 1995 : ´Öã»Öß»ÖÖ ´Öã»ÖÖ²Ö¸üÖê²Ö¸ü ¾Ö›üß»ÖÖê¯ÖÖÙ•ÖŸÖ ×´ÖôûÛúŸÖßŸÖ ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»ÖÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖ ¯Ö¸ÓüŸÖã 1995 ÃÖÖ»Öß ÛúÖµÖªÖŸÖ ÃÖã¬ÖÖ¸üÞÖÖ Ûú¸üÞµÖÖŸÖ †Ö»Öß. ¯ÖÏŸµÖêÛú ´Öã»Öß»ÖÖ ´Öã»ÖÖ ²Ö¸üÖê²Ö¸ü ÃÖ´ÖÖ®Ö ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÆüŒÛú, ¾Ö›üß»ÖÖê¯ÖÖÙ•ÖŸÖ ×´ÖôûÛúŸÖ ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öß †ÖÆêü. ´Öã»ÖÝÖÖ †Ö×ÞÖ ´Öã»ÖÝÖß Æüß µÖÖ ÛúÖµÖªÖ®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ÃÖ´ÖÖ®Ö ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖ¤üÖ¸ü —ÖÖ»Öê»Öß †ÖÆêü. ÆüÖ ÛúÖµÖ¤üÖ Ûëú¾ÆüÖ »ÖÖÝÖæ ÆüÖêŸÖÖê - ÆüÖ ÛúÖµÖ¤üÖ 1994 ¯Öæ¾Öá ×¾Ö¾ÖÖÆü —ÖÖ»ÖÖ †¿ÖÖ ÛúÖêÞÖŸµÖÖÆüß ØÆü¤æü ´Öã»Öß»ÖÖ ÆüÖ ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ×´ÖôûÞÖÖ¸ü ®ÖÖÆüß. ¯Ö¸ÓüŸÖã 1994 ¯ÖÖÃÖæ®Ö •µÖÖÓ“Öê »ÖÝ®Ö —ÖÖ»Öê †¿ÖÖ ÃÖ¾ÖÔ Ã¡ÖßµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ¾Ö›üß»ÖÖê¯ÖÖÙ•ÖŸÖ ×´ÖôûÛúŸÖßŸÖ †ÃÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ×´ÖôûÞÖÖ¸ü †ÖÆêü Æêü »ÖõÖÖŸÖ ‘µÖÖ¾Öê. ¯Öæ¾Öá 1956 ØÆü¤æü ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÛúÖµÖªÖŸÖ ´Öã»Öß»ÖÖ ¾Ö›üß»ÖÖê¯ÖÖÙ•ÖŸÖ ×´ÖôûÛúŸÖßŸÖ †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü ®Ö¾ÆüŸÖÖ ±úŒŸÖ ¾Ö›üß»ÖÖ“µÖÖ ×ÆüÃõÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê ןֻÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖÆüŒÛú ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»ÖÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖ. ¯Ö¸ÓüŸÖã 1994 ¯ÖÖÃÖæ®Ö ´Öã»Öà®ÖÖÃÖ㬤üÖ ¾Ö›üß»ÖÖê¯ÖÖÙ•ÖŸÖ ÃÖÓ¯Ö¢ÖßŸÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ®Ö ¾ÖÖ¸üÃÖÖ ÆüŒÛú ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. áÖß»ÖÖ ®µÖÖµÖÖ»ÖµÖÖŸÖ ¤üÖ¾ÖÖ ¤üÖÜÖ»Ö Ûú¸üŸÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ÛúÖê™Ôü ±úߟÖæ®Ö ÃÖã™ü : †Ö•Ö ®µÖÖµÖÖ»ÖµÖÖŸÖ ÛúÖêÞÖŸÖÖÆüß ¤üÖ¾ÖÖ ¤üÖÜÖ»Ö Ûú¸üßŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ÛúÖê™Ôü ±úߟÖæ®Ö ÃÖã™ü ¤êüÞµÖÖŸÖ †Ö»Öê»Öß †ÖÆêü. 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ÆüÖÆüß ×¾Ö“ÖÖ¸ü Ûú¸üÞµÖÖÃÖÖ¸üÜÖÖ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö †ÖÆêü. ×áֵÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ‘Ö™ü®Öê®Öê ÆüŒÛú ¯ÖϤüÖ®Ö Ûêú»Öê ŸÖ¸üß, ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖß»Ö Ã¡Öß-¯ÖãºþÂÖÖÓ“Öß ´ÖÖ®Ö×ÃÖÛúŸÖÖ •ÖÖê¯ÖµÖÕŸÖ ²Ö¤ü»ÖŸÖ ®ÖÖÆüß, ŸÖÖê¯ÖµÖÕŸÖ ŸÖê ÆüŒÛú/ÛúÖµÖ¤êü ÛúÖÝÖ¤üÖ¾Ö¸ü“Ö ×»Ö×Æü»Öê»Öê †ÖÆêüŸÖ †ÃÖê ´ÆüÞÖÖ¾ÖµÖÖÃÖ Æü¸üÛúŸÖ ®ÖÖÆüß. ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖÃÖÖ¸üÜÖÖ ¤êü¿Ö ÆüŒÛúÖÓ“Öê ÃÖÓ¸üõÖÞÖ Ûú¸üÞµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ÛúÖµÖ¤êü Ûú¸üÞµÖÖŸÖ ¯Öãœêü †ÖÆêü. ¯ÖãÞÖê, †Ó´Ö»Ö²Ö•ÖÖ¾ÖÞÖßŸÖ ´ÖÖ¡Ö ´ÖÖÝÖê †ÖÆêü. Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 147 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal áÖß•Öß¾Ö®ÖÖ“µÖÖ ×¾ÖÛúÖÃÖÖ“µÖÖ †Ö×ÞÖ ÃÖÓ¸üõÖÞÖÖ“µÖÖ ¥ü™üßŸÖ Ã¡Öß»ÖÖ ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö ÆüŒÛú ¾Ö ÛúÖµÖ¤êü ×´ÖôûÖ»Öê †ÖÆêüŸÖ. ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö ¯Ö׸ü¾ÖŸÖÔ®ÖÖ“Öê Æêü ˆ¢Ö´Ö ´ÖÖ¬µÖ´Ö †ÖÆêü. ¯ÖÞÖ ŸµÖÖ ÆüŒÛúÖ²ÖÖ²ÖŸÖ ¾Ö ÛúÖµÖªÖ²ÖÖ²ÖŸÖ •ÖÖÝÖºþÛúŸÖÖ Ã¡Öß´Ö¬µÖê †ÃÖê»Ö ¾Ö ן֓µÖÖ¯ÖµÖÕŸÖ ŸÖê •ÖÖ‰ú®Ö ¯ÖÖêÆüÖê“Ö»Öê»Öê †ÃÖŸÖê. ŸÖ¸ü“Ö ŸµÖÖ“ÖÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖÖêÝÖ ÆüÖê‰ú ¿ÖÛêú»Ö †Ö×ÞÖ Æêü áÖßµÖÖÓÃÖÖšüß ¾Ö¸ü¤üÖ®Ö“Ö šü¸êü»Ö. ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔÃÖæ“Öß : 1. ¬Ö®ÖÖÝÖ¸êü ¤ü.®ÖÖ. 2005, 'ÃÖÓÛú»¯Ö®ÖÖÓ“Öê ×¾ÖÀ¾Ö †Ö×ÞÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖוÖÛú ¾ÖÖß־Ö' - †ºþÞÖ ×¾Ö. ¯ÖÖ¸üÝÖÖ¾ÖÛú¸ü 1362, †Öî¤ãÓü²Ö¸ü †¯ÖÖ™Ôü´Öë™ü, ÃÖ¤üÖ×¿Ö¾Ö ¯Öêšü, ®Ö¾ÖÖ ×¾ÖÂÞÖã´ÖÓפü¸ü “ÖÖîÛú, ¯ÖãÞÖê. 2. †ò›ü •ÖÖê¿Öß ×¾Ö•ÖµÖ ®ÖÖ¸üÖµÖÞÖ, 'ÛúÖµÖ¤êü áÖßµÖÖ ¾Ö ´Öã»ÖÖÓ“Öê' - ÁÖß ´ÖãÛãÓú¤ü ´Ö¬ÖãÛú¸ü ´Ö¸üÖšêü ¾Öîª ÃÖ¤ü®Ö ¸üÖ‘ÖÖê²ÖÖ, ¿ÖÓÛú¸ü ¸üÖê›ü “Öë¤üÞÖß šüÖÞÖê. 3. ÝÖ¾ÆüÖÞÖê ®ÖÖ´Ö¤êü¾Ö 2003, 'ÛúÖµÖ¤êü×¾ÖÂÖµÖÛú †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü ¾Ö ÛúŸÖÔ¾µÖ' - ÃÖÖî. ¯Öã¯ÖÖŸÖÖ‡Ô ®ÖÖ´Ö¤êü¾Ö ÝÖ¾ÆüÖÞÖê ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¿Ö®Ö, ®ÖÖÝÖ¯Öæ¸ü 4. »ÖÖêÛú¸üÖ•µÖ ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ »ÖêÜÖ †ÖòÝÖÙü - ÃÖ¯™ëü²Ö¸ü 2004 5. ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖ ¾Ö ²ÖÖ»Ö×¾ÖÛúÖÃÖ ×¾Ö³ÖÖÝÖ (´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ™Òü ¿ÖÖÃÖ®Ö) 2001 '´Ö×Æü»ÖÖÓ“Öê ÆüŒÛú ¾Ö †×¬ÖÛúÖ¸ü' ´ÖãÓ²Ö‡Ô. 6. ›üÖò. ÃÖÖî. ŸÖ›üÛú»ÖÛú¸ü ®ÖÓפü®Öß 2005, '´Ö×Æü»ÖÖÓ“Öê ÃÖ²Ö»ÖßÛú¸üÞÖ †Ö×ÞÖ ¿ÖêŸÖÛú¸üß ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖ †Ö‘ÖÖ›üß“Öê µÖÖêÝÖ¤üÖ®Ö' ÁÖß´ÖŸÖß †Ö²Öê¤üÖ ²ÖêÝÖ´Ö †»ÖÖ®ÖÖ ¯Öײ»ÖÛêú¿Ö®Ö ÃÖãÓ¤ü¸ü®ÖÝÖ¸ü ®ÖÖÓ¤êü›ü Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 148 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal xHkkZoLFksrhy efgykapk iks"k.k vkgkj izkizkizk-izk --- feuy fufu---- xkoaMs lgk¸;d izk/;kid o izeq[k x`gvFkZ’kkL= foHkkx] Lo- HkkLdjjko f’kax.ks dyk] izk- ukjk;.kjko xkoaMs foKku o v’kkyrk xkoaMs okf.kT; egkfo|ky;] lk[kj[ksMkZ] rk- flan[ksMjktk] ft- cqyMk.kk - izLrkouk izkphu dkGkiklwu efgykauk izR;sd voLFksr >kysY;k viekuknLin okx.kwdhiklwu izxrhP;k f’k[kjkojhy izoklkrhy ,deksBk vkf.k egRRokpk Hkkx Eg.kts efgykaps vkjksX; gk gks;- Hkkjrkr vktgh fL=;kae/;s fuj{kjrk eksB;k izek.kkoj vk Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 149 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal R;kaP;k vkjksX; vkf.k iks"k.kkdMs fo’ks"k y{k ns.ks vko’;d vkgs- ;kckcr ppkZ izLrqr ’kks/kfuca/kke/;s dsyh vkgs- xHkkZoLFksrhy iks"kd vkgkj xHkkZoLFksr efgysP;k vkgkj gk ,d egRRokpk ?kVd vkgs- xHkkZorh efgykauk feG.kkjk vkgkj iks"kd vl.ks lqn`< ckydkaP;kk fujksxh thouklkBh vko’;d vlrks- xjksnji.kh xHkkZps iks"k.k gs vkbZP;k vUukojp gksr vlrs- R;keqGs fnMiV vkgkj ?ksryk ikfgts- ijarq tsorkauk nksu ?kkl deh [kkosr iksV xPp Hk#u tssow u;s- R;keqGs ipu O;ofLFkr gksrs- xHkkZoLFksr xHkkZP;k ok xjksnji.kkr tso.kkr dk; dk; vlkos Hkkdjh fdaok iksGh esFkh] ’ksiw] djMbZ] vGw] “ksoX;kph ikus]vxLrhpk ikyk] vkacVpwdk] ikudksch] jktfxÚ;kph Hkkth] dksfFkafcj v’kk izdkjph dks.krhgh ikysHkkth jkst nksUgh osGP;k tso.kkr vlyhp ikfgts- dks.kR;kgh MkGhps oj.k fdaok vkeVh tso.kkr vlkoh eVdh] ewx] gjHkjk] poGh] oVk.kk ;kiSdh d’kkykgh eksM vk.kwu R;kph mlG jkstP;k tso.kkr vlkoh- xokj] nksMdk] ?kkslkoyh] HkksiGk v’kk izdkjP;k QGHkkT;kgh e/kwu e/kwu tso.kkr vlkO;kr- eqGk] xktj] chV] VksekVks] dkdMh oxSjs dPps [kk.ks vf/kd pkaxys- jkst funku ,d di nqw/k ldkGh o la/;kdGh I;kos- is#] fpdw] dsGh] lQjpan] iibZ] la=h v’kk izdkjPkh QGs jkstP;k tso.kkuarj [kkohr- tkaHkwG] djoan] cksjs] vkoGk] doB gh LoLr QGsgh vkjksX;kP;k n`’Vhus pkaxyh vlrkr- eV.k] ekls] vaMh ;kiSdh dkghrjh e/kwu e/kwu tso.kkr vlkos- loZlk/kkj.ki.ks ojhy xks"Vh tso.kkr vlrhy rj lerksy vkgkj gksbZy- Lkw/kkfjr vkgkj 1- xHkZorh L=h us fnolkrwu 3 rs 4 osGk FkksMs FkksMs d#u [kkos- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 150 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 2- fnolHkjkr loZlk/kkj.ki.ks 4 rs 5 rkacs ik.kh I;kos- 3- ’kkdkgkjh efgykauk tso.kkr dks.kR;kgh MkGhps ?kÎ oj.k vkf.k eksm vkysyh eVdh] nw/k] gjHkjs] HkwbZewxkps nkus] eqx] oVk.ks] lks;kchu v’kh dM/kkU;s- 4- ty’kksQ VkG.;klkBh fdaok deh dj.;klkBh vkgkjkrhy feBkps izek.k deh vlkos- 5- xHkZorh efgysPkk vkgkj lkekU; vlsy ijarw frus [kkjV inkFkZ VkGkosr] vkf.k vUu f’ktorkuk FkksMs ehB okijkos fdaok vftckr oki# u;s- 6- fo’ks"kr% y?kohe/;s ’osr vlsy rj] fo"kokk/kk VkG.;klkBh mPp izfFku;qDr vkgkj ?;kok- 7- ekrsus izfFku;qDr inkFkkZps lsou ok xHkkoLFksr gk vkgkvkgkjj VkGkok 1- f’kG lkBoysya] okl ;s.kkj vkf.k dPps eklkagkjh inkFkZ [kkow u;sr- 2- vkgkjkr ,dw.kp feBkap izek.k deh vlko- 3- xHkkZoLFksnjE;ku eknd inkFkkZps lsou VkGkos- 4- iksVkyk rMl ykxsi;Zr tsow u;s rlap Qkj osG mik’kh i.k jkgw u;s- 5- jk=hpa tsoY;koj funku nksu rkl >ksiw u;s Eg.kts vWflfMVhpk =kl gks.kkj ukgh- 6- xHkkZji.kh mikl rkikl] ozroSdY;s ’kD;rks VkGkosr- dMd mikl d# u;sr- lkcqnk.;kph f[kpMh] ojbZps rkanwG ;keqGs vWflfMVhpk =kl tkLrp gksrks- fu"d"kZ FkksMD;kr] lqn`< ekr`RRokpk ifgyk egRRokpk ?kVd Eg.kts iks"k.k vlwu dks.kR;kgh xHkZoLFkrs efgykauh vkiY;k vkgkjkdMs y{j ns.ks xjtsps vkgs- ts.ksd#u xHkkZoLFksr iks"k.kkpk ntkZ ok lanHkZlwph • Mumtaj A. (2009)., Impact of Micronutrient Malnutrition on Child Development ,Abhijeet Publications,New Delhi. • vkuan vkj-ds- ¼2000½] xjksnj ekrsph dkGth] ewys v’kh ok Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 151 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal xko&[ksM;krhy yksdkaP;k 'kS{kf.kd fodklkr ftYgk fu;kstu lferhps ;ksxnku MkWMkWMkW-MkW---,u,u,u,u----,u,u,u,u----/kksaMxs]/kksaMxs] lgk- izk/;kid]okf.kT; foHkkx] ch-,l-ikVhy egkfo|ky;]ijrokMk] ft- vejkorh bZ&esy % [email protected] lkjka'k %& xzkeh.k fodkl gh ladYiuk [kqi O;kid vkgs- ;ke/;s xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy ekuoh lalk/kukP;k fodklklkscr miyC/k uSlfxZd lk/ku laiRrh 'ksrh vkf.k 'ksrh laca/khr O;olk;kpk fodkl rlsp lkekftd] vkfFkZd] 'kS{kf.kd] vkjksX; o brj ik;kHkqr lqfo/kkapk lekos'k gksrks- xzkeh.k fodkl Eg.ktsp xzkeh.k Hkkxke/khy nqcZy ?kVdkrhy yksdkaps vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktdh; o 'kS{kf.kd iz'u lksMfo.ks gks;- ftYg;krhy fofo/k ekxkl] MksaxjkG] vkfnoklh rlsp th xkos ik;kHkqr lqfo/kkaiklqu oafpr vkgsr v'kk xkokapk fodkl dj.;klkBh 'kklu fofo/k ;kstuk fuekZ.k djrs- xko&[ksM;ke/;s f'k{k.kkps izek.k vR;Yi vlrs- xjhch] nkfjnz; o csjkstxkjh fuekZ.k gks.;kps izeq[k dkj.k f'k{k.k vkgs- lektkrhy yksdkauk O;ogkfjd f'k{k.k o jkstxkj feGoqu ns.kkjs f'k{k.k fnY;k tkbZy R;k fno'kh lektkr xjhch] nkfjnz~; o csjkstxkjh g;k leL;k u"V gksrhy- f'k{k.k {ks=kr xkos o [ksMh fodlhr Ogkoh ;k vuq"kaxkus 'kklu ftYgk fu;kstu lferhP;k ek/;ekrwu fofo/k ;kstuk jkcfors- R;k ;kstukapk vk izLrkouk %& izkphu dkGke/;s xzkeh.k lekt ,dla/k gksrk vkf.k R;koj fu;a=.k dj.kkjh ,d ;a=.kk vfLrRokr gksrh- oSfnd dkGke/;s xzkeiapk;r vfLrRokr gksrh vls izkphu okM~%e;ko:u Li"V gksrs- xzkelHkk vkf.k R;kaps dkedkt ikg.kkjh ,d lferh vlwu xkokrhy yksdkauh xkokpk dkjHkkj ikg.ks] raVs vkf.k la?k"kZ xkokrhy Kkuo`/n o vuqHkoh yksdkadMqu feVfo.ks v'kh i/nr vfLrRokr gksrh- izkphu dkGke/;s lektkpk 'ksrh gk eq[; O;olk; gksrk- ;k O;olk;klkBh vko';d ,desdkauk vkfFkZd lgdk;Z] lkekftd ijaijkaps ikyu vkf.k O;Drhxr n`"V~;k la;qDr dqVqac i/nr vfLrRokr gksrh- R;keqGsp O;Drhph vkfFkZd vkf.k lkekftd thoukps vaxs fnlqu ;srkr- R;ke/kqup lkeqghd thou'kSyhr yksd txr gksrs gs Li"V gksrs- ;k lanHkkZr iafMr tokgjyky usg: Eg.krkr ^^gh O;oLFkk Lo;aiq.kZ vkf.k Lo;apyhr gksrh] xkokpk dkjHkkj xkokrhy yksdkauh fuoMqu fnysys iap pkyor vlr- R;k dkGkpk fopkj djrk vkfFkZdn`"V~;k xkos Lo;aiq.kZ gksrh vlsp Eg.kkos ykxsy 'ksrh f'kok; xkokr ^ckjk cyqrh vBjk vyqrh* ;k ukokus lqekjs 30 m|ksx O;olk; pkyr gksrh- xkokP;k cgqrsd xjtk xkokrp HkkxfoY;k tkr gksR;k vkf.k 'ksrhiqjd v'kk O;olk;keqGs xkos Lo;aiw.kZ cuysyh gksrh- xzkeh.k O;oLFkk lq/kkj.;klkBh izkphu dkGkcjkscjp uarjP;k vusd lkezkT;oknh yksdkauh fodkl dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- ekS;Z lkezkT; vlks dh eq?ky jktoG vlks g;k jkt?kjk.;kauh vusd iz;Ru d:u jktO;oLFkk] xzkeh.k O;oLFkk lq/kkj.;koj Hkj fnyk- Hkkjrkoj fczVh'k lRrk vkY;kuarj R;kauh fodkl QDr R;kaP;k mi;ksxh ?kVdklkBhp dsyk- R;keqGs ns'kkyk Lokra«; izkIrh >kY;kuarj ns'kkpk fodkl dj.;klkBh Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 152 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal lu 1948 e/;s loZ jkT;kpk LFkkfud LojkT; ea«;kph ifj"kn fnYyhr cksyko.;kr vkyh] R;kosGh R;k ifj"knsps mn~?kkVu djrkauk iafMr tokgjyky usg: ;kauh Hkkjrkrhy LojkT; laLFksps egRo Li"V dsys- rs Eg.krkr] ^^local self government is and must be the basis of any true system of democracy- democacy at the top may not be a success unless you build on this foundation from below** v'kk 'kCnke/;s iafMr usg:auh xzkeh.k ?kVdkckcr vkiys er Li"V dsys- Eg.kqu fu;kstukP;k ek/;ekrwu ikmys mpykohr vls lqpfo.;kr vkys- ^^fu;kstuke/kwu fodkl vkf.k yksdkapk 'kklukr lgHkkx** ;k dYiusrqu LFkkfud LojkT; 'kklu vkf.k fodsanzhdj.k gh yksd'kkghP;k n`f"Vus ,d vR;ko';d ckc vkgs- LFkkfud LojkT; laLFkk Eg.kts ukxfjdkaoj yksd'kkghps laLdkj ?kMfo.kkjh ,d 'kkGkp vkgs- LFkkfud LojkT; laLFksP;k dkjHkkjkr xzkeh.k loZlkekU; ek.klkyk lgHkkxh d:u ?ksrY;kl fu;kstukyk ;'k feG.;kl lksis tkrs- R;keqGs fu;kstuke/;s [ksM;kiklwu jkT;ki;ZarP;k loZ xjtk y{kkr ?ksrY;k tkow 'kdrkr- T;kosGh fu;kstu [kkyqu ¼rGkiklqu½ oj i;Zar dj.;kr ;sbZy R;kp osGh jkT;kyk i;kZ;kus ns'kkyk izxrhps f'k[kj xkBrk ;sbZy- ns'kkyk Lokra«; feGkY;kuarj lu 1952 e/;s ^^lkeqfgd fodkl ;kstuk** lq: dj.;kr vkyh- R;kuarj 1957 e/;s ^^jk"Vªh; foLrkj ;kstuk** r;kj dj.;kr vkyh- g~;k nksUgh ;kstuk vf/kd dk;Z{ke vkf.k dk;ZizHkkoh gks.;klkBh 24 uksOgsacj 1957 jksth cyoarjk; esgrk ;kaP;k v/;{krs [kkyh ,d lferh use.;kr vkyh- R;kauh vkiY;k vgokykr lqpfoysY;k f'kQkjlh jk"Vªh; fodkl eaMGkus Lohdk:u f=Lrjh; xzkeh.k fodkl iz'kklu jpuk] iapk;rjkt laLFkk ;kaP;k ekQZr fodkl dk;ZØekph vaeyctko.kh v'kk fofo/k f'kQkj'kh LohdkjY;k vkgsr- 01 es 1960 jksth egkjk"Vªkph fufeZrh >kY;kuarj yksd'kkghP;k fodsanzhdj.kkckcr 1960 e/;s olarjko ukbZd ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh ,d lferh use.;kr vkyh] R;kaP;k f'kQkj'kh uqlkjp ^^egkjk"Vª ftYgk ifj"kn vkf.k iapk;r lferh vf/kfu;e 1961** ikfjr >kyk- egkjk"Vªkrhy iapk;rjkt O;oLFkk olarjko ukbZd lferhP;k f'kQkj'khojp voyacqu vkgs- i.k [k&;k vFkkZus 1992 e/khy egkjk"Vªklg brj jkT;kus 73 oh ?kVuk nq:Lrhuqlkj izR;sd ftYg~;kr iapk;rjkt O;oLFkslkscr cny ?kMoqu vkysys fnlwu ;srkr- gh ?kVuknq:Lrh Lohdk:u g;k fo/ks;dkyk ?kVukRed ntkZ ns.;kdfjrk fnukad 22 fMlsacj 1992 jksth yksdlHksr o fnukad 23 fMlsacj 1992 yk jkT;lHksus eatqjh nsowu fo/ks;d ikfjr gksowu dk;kZaohr dsyss rj iapk;rjkt O;oLFksph vaeyctko.kh izHkkoh Ogkoh] ftYg~;krhy] jkT;krhy xzkeh.k Hkkxkpk fodkl Ogkok ;klkBh 74 oh ?kVuk nq:Lrh dj.;kr vkysyh vkgs- R;krwup th xkos ik;kHkqr lqfo/kkaiklqu oaphr vkgsr v'kk xkokapk fodkl dj.;klkBh 'kklu fofo/k ;kstuk fuekZ.k djrs- R;k ;kstuk lkekftd dk;Z Eg.kqu jkcfor vlrs- R;kp ik;kHkwr lqfo/kkae/khy f'k{k.k gk ?kVd egRokpk vkgs- xzkeh.k Hkkxkr f'k{k.kkpk ntkZ ok la'kks/ku mfn~n"Vs %& 1½xzkeh.k fodklklkBh jkcfo.;kr ;s.kk&;k 'kS{kf.kd 'kkldh; ;kstukaps v/;;u dj.ks- 2½lkekU; f'k{k.k] fØMk f'k{k.k] rkaf=d f'k{k.k o vkjksX; f'k{k.k dk;ZØekpk vk la'kks/ku i/nrh %& izLrqr 'kks/kfuca/k lar xkMxsckck vejkorh fo|kihB] vejkorhyk lknj dsysY;k izca/kke/kwu ?ksrysyk vkgs- R;klkscrp ftYgk fu;kstu lferhps vgoky] ftYgk lekftd o vkfFkZd leykspu] ftYgk xzkeh.k fodkl ;a=.ksps vgoky bR;knhpk vk/kkj ?ksrysyk vkgs- ;k 'kks/kizca/kk'kh laca/khr ekfgrh feGfo.;klkBh izkFkfed o fOnrh;d lk/kukapk okij dsysyk vkgs- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 153 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal xko&[ksM;kapk fodkl dj.;klkBh jkcfor vlysY;k fofo/k 'kS{kf.kd ;kstuk lektke/;s jkg.kk&;k yksdkaP;k xjtk vksG[kqu R;k xjtk Hkkxfo.;klkBh fofo/k Lo:ikP;k ;kstuk r;kj d:u R;kauk vusd izdkjps vuqnku fnY;k tkrs- R;k ;kstuk izHkkohi.ks jkcoqu lektkyk lkeqghd lsok iqjfoY;k tkrkr- g~;k laiw.kZ ;kstuk lektkrhy izkFkfed xjtk vksG[kqu fuekZ.k dj.;kr vkY;k vkgsr- R;k loZ ;kstukaeqGs lektkrhy yksdkaP;k eqyHkqr xjtk iw.kZ gksowu] R;kauk izkFkfed lks;h lqfo/kk feGr vlrkr- R;k [kkyhyizek.ks vkgs----- 1½lkekU; f'k{k.k %& lektkrhy loZLrjkrhy yksdkauk f'k{k.kkP;k lks;h loyrh feGowu ns.;klkBh 'kklu rRij jkgr vlrs- izR;sd ftYg~;krhy ftYgk fu;kstu lferh ekxkl Hkkxkrhy] MksaxjkG o vkfnoklh tutkrhP;k yksdkauk] vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh [kkykoysY;k yksdkalkBh f'k{k.kkP;k lqfo/kk iksgpkO;k] lektkrhy f'k{k.kkiklwu nqj xsysY;k r:.kkauk f'k{k.kkP;k izokgkr vk.k.;klkBh izkFkfed Lrjkiklwu mPp f'k{k.kki;Zar osxosxG;k ;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrwu dk;Z dsY;k tkrs- ;krwu ftYg;kP;k f'k{k.kkpk ntkZ mapkoY;k tkr vlrks- lkekU; f'k{k.k g;k ?kVdkarxZr fofo/k izdkjP;k ;kstuk jkcfoY;k tkrkr- R;ke/;s izkFkfed 'kkGsr ckyokM;k lq: dj.ks] ftYgk Lrjkojhy ckyHkoukdfjrk vuqnku] dsanzh; izkFkfed 'kkGsph LFkkiuk] izkFkfed 'kkGsrqu iqLrd isV;k m?kM.ks] ek/;fed 'kkGse/;s iqLrdis<;k m?kM.ks] mPpLrj ek/;fed f'k{k.k bR;knh gksr- 2½fØMk f'k{k.k %& ;k ;kstusOnkjs fØMk fo"k;d tk.kho fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh rlsp i;kZ;h lqfo/kk vlysY;k fØMkax.kkpk vkf.k O;k;ke 'kkGkapk fodkl dj.;kpk 'kklukpk mn~ns'k vkgs- Eg.kwu [ksM;kae/;s fØMkax.k o O;k;ke 'kkGk LFkkiu dj.;kdfjrk 'kS{kf.kd laLFksyk foRrh; lgk¸; ;k ;kstusOnkjs iqjfoY;k tkrs- ftYg~;krhy fØMk /kksj.kkpk fodkl Ogkok Eg.kqu dkgh ;kstuk ftYgk fu;kstu lferh r;kj dfjr vlrs R;ke/;s izs{kkxkj cka/k.;klkBh vuqnku] ftYgk dk;kZy;kph ok< dj.ks] fØMkax.kkpk fodkl] O;k;ke 'kkGkpk fodkl bR;knh gksr- 3½dyk o laLd`rh %& egkjk"Vªkyk lar ijaijk ykHkysyh vkgs- gh larkph Hkqeh vlY;keqGs tkLrhr tkLr yksd lar lkfgR;ke/;s] ijaijse/;s txr vlrkr rlsp [ksM;kikM;ke/;s thou tx.kk&;k lektkrhy yksdkae/;s dkgh dyk xq.k voxr vlrkr- g~;k dykxq.kkauk tru dj.;klkBh] R;kapk okjlk ,dk fi Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 154 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal deh osGsr rlsp vYi'kk iS'kke/;s lqfo/kk feGkO;k ;klkBh vkjksX; f'k{k.kkP;k ek/;ekrqu izR;sd ftYg~;kP;k] rkyqD;kP;k fBdk.kh rlsp ikp gtkj is{kk tkLr yksdla[;k vlysY;k fBdk.kh vkjksX; dsanzkph LFkkiuk d:u R;k fBdk.kh vkS"k/kkaph vkf.k deZpk&;kaph O;oLFkk dj.;klkBh ftYgk fu;kstu lferh gh fu/khph rjrqn djhr vlrs- R;ke/;s izkFkfed vkjksX; dsanzkph LFkkiuk dj.ks] xzkeh.k :X.kky;kph LFkkiuk dj.ks] jk"Vªh; fgorki fueqZyu dk;ZØe] iYl iksyhvks dk;ZØe bR;knh dk;ZØe jkcfor vlrkr- fu"d"kZ %& 1- xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy yksdkaP;k xjtk vksG[kwu xzkeh.k fodklkP;k ;kstuk r;kj dj.;kr vkysY;k vkgsr- 2- lektkrhy xjhc] xjtw 'ksrdjh oxkZrhy fo|kF;kZauk f'k{k.k feGkos Eg.kwu lkekU; f'k{k.kkpk dk;ZØe jkcfo.;kr vkysyk fnlwu ;srks- 3- xko&[ksM;krhy xjtw r:.k tkxfrd Lrjki;Zar iksgpkok ;klkBh izkFkfed Lrjkojp fØMk f'k{k.kkph lks; dj.;kr vkY;kps fnlwu ;srs- 4- ns'kke/khy xko&[ksM;krhy laLd`rhps tru Ogkos o dyk dkS'kY; o"kkZuqo"kZ tiY;k tkos ;klkBh dyk o laLd`rhps f'k{k.k fnY;k tkr vkgs- 5- lektkrhy yksdkaps vkjksX; pkaxys jkgkos] vkjksX;kfo"k;h tkx`rh Ogkoh ;klkBh gh lqfo/kk iqjfoY;k tkr vlrs- lanHkZlwph 1- Sudaram Dr. I satya, Rural Development, Mrs. Meena Panday for Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. "Ramdoot" Dr. Bhalerao Marg, Giragaon Mumbai-400004. 2- Desai Vasant, Rural Development in India, Himalaya publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai-400 004, reprint : 2010. 3- Singh Katar, Rural Development Principles Policies and Management, SAGE publication India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area, Mathura road, New Delhi 110044, India, www.sagepub.in 4- nqcs 1958 ] India Changing Villages, Human Factor in Community Development Cornell University press, US (www.bharatnirmanyojna.com) 5- vkxykos] MkW- iznhi] la'kks/ku i/nrh 'kkL= o ra=s] fo|k izdk'ku] ukxiwj 2000- 6- d&gkMs MkW- ch- ,e-] 'kkL=h; la'kks/ku i/nrh] fiaiGkiqjs vW.M da- ifCy'klZ] ukxiwj- 7- f=ikBh MkW-js.kq] xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj fu/kZurk mUewyu] vksesxk ifCyds'kUl 4378@4 ch] 4- 8- ts- ,e-Mh- gkÅl xyh eqjkjhyky vlkjh jksM nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002] izFke laLdj.k 2011- 9- vejkorh ftYgk vkfFkZd o lkekftd lekykspu&2014- 10- ftYgk xzkeh.k fodkl ;a=.kk] ft-i- vejkorh- 11- xzkeh.k fodkl ifj;kstuk,a] dq:{ks= ekfld] Qjojh 2014- 12- flag vk'kqrks"k dqekj] cnyrs xkWao] mHkjrk Hkkjr] dq:{ks= ekfld] fMlsacj 2012- 13- vdjkoh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk ¼2007&2012½] ;kstuk vk;ksx] Hkkjr ljdkj] U;w fnYyh- 14- d';i] vyksddqekj]Hkkjr esa iapk;rjkt] fMLdOgjh ifCyds'ku] fnYyh 2016] 15- gfj'panz] 'kekZ] Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; iz'kklu] dkSys cqd Msiks] t;iqj 1985- 16- www.mahadeskmaharashtra.gov.in Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 155 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 1629 uarjps jktekrk fttkÅ&tk/ko ?kjk.ks laca/k ÁkÁkÁk-Ák --- jktsaæflax fgjkflax nsojs Áeq[k] bfrgkl foÒkx Jh O;adVs'k egkfo|ky; nsÅGxko jktk] ft- cqyMk.kk flan[ksMdj tk/ko ?kjk.;kps laLFkkid jkts y[kqth tk/kojko ;kaph dU;k o ”û¡Ö¯ÖŸÖß ×¿Ö¾ÖÖ•Öß ´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ•ÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ´ÖÖŸÖÖêÁÖß ¸üÖ•Ö´ÖÖŸÖÖ ×•Ö•ÖÖ‰ú µÖÖÓ“ÖÖ tUe 12 tkUksokjh 1598 j¨th flan[ksM jktk ;sFks >kyk-111 o;kP;k 7 O;k o"kÊ 1605 e/;s R;kapk fookg 'kgkth Ò¨lys ;kaP;kl¨cr >kyk- y[kqth tk/ko o 'kgkth jktkaps oMhy eky¨th gs futke'kgkP;k injh eulcnkj g¨rs-222 R;keqGs futke’kgkP;k iq Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 156 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal ;kauh i= ikBowu fttkÅyk c¨ykowu ÄsrY;kpk mYys[k lkiMr¨- R;keqGs fttkÅ ák ckyf'kocklg Qlyh lu 1044 ¼b- l- 1632½ yk flan[ksM jktkyk ;sÅu n¨u o"kZ okLrO;kl jkfgY;kps HkkVkP;k douko:u Li"V gksrs- fttkÅ o f'kock ;kaps flan[ksMe/khy vkxeu vkf.k iq.;kP;k tgkfxjhr ijr tk.;kpk ^Álax* gk jkts Òqrth o fln[ksMokfl;kauh ,[kk|k mRlokÁek.ks lktjk dsyk gksrk- HkkVkus ;k izlaxkps o.kZu fygwu Bsoys vkgs] rs iq Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 157 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal eqyxk laHkkth ÅQZ ’kaHkksflax ukok:ikl vkyk- ;k laHkkthps ikyu&iks"k.k fttkÅus iq.ks ;sFks dsY;kpk mYys[k lkiMrks-121212 rlsp f’kokth egkjkt o laHkkth gs loaxMh vlwu fttkÅaph laHkkthoj fo’ks"k ethZ vlY;kps fnlrs- R;keqGs fttkÅaps LojkT;kps laLdkj f’kokthleosr laHkkthojgh iMYks vlY;keqGs LojkT; LFkkiusr laHkkthus f’kokth egkjktkauk osGksosGh enr dsYkh gksrh- rlsp ?kjpk vkf.k fo’oklkrhy O;Drh Eg.kwu fttkÅus laHkkthph f’kokth egkjktkaps [kkl laj{kd Eg.kwu fu;qDrh dsyh gksrh-131313 1660 e/;s flíh tkSgjus iUgkGxMkyk os Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 158 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal y[kqthP;k Ik’pkr Hkqrth ;kauh fttkÅaP;k ofMykaph Hkwfedk ikj ikMY;kps Li"V gksrs- Hkqrth ;kauk yodj viR; izkIrh u >kY;keqGs R;kauh vkiyk iqr.;k cgknqjthl nRrd ?ksrys gksrs] ijarq iq lanHkZ lwph 111-1--- [ksMsdj iq:"kksRre ¼laik-½] jktekrk fttkckbZ] 2016] i`- 24 222-2--- dsiu MsfOgM ¼vuq-½] ejkBÓkkaph c[kj] 2015] i`- 17 333-3--- fnosdj l- e- ¼laik-½] ijekuand`r f’koHkkjr] 1927] v/;k;&2] ’yksd&42&43] i`- 18 444-4--- fdRrk] i`- 65 555-5--- dkGs ;k- ek- o·gkMpk bfrgkl] 1924] i`- 1 666-6--- ckgsdj ,l-,-] flan[ksMdj tk/ko ?kjk.;kpk fpfdRld bfrgkl] Hkkx&1] 2001] i`- 66 777-7--- egktu n- ck- ¼laik-½] flan[ksMdj jkts tk/kojkokaph c[kj] 1964] i`- 14 888-8--- tk/kojko m- fo- ¼laik-½] jkts tk/kojkokaps ?kjk.ks vFkkZr flan[ksM jktkpk bfrgkl]1973]i`-6 Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 159 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 999-9--- fdRrk] i`- 6 101010-10 --- dkGs ;k- ek-] iwoksZDr] i`- 168 111111-11 --- fdRrk] i`- 168 121212-12 --- nGoh xks- nk-] ejkBk dqGkapk bfrgkl] 1912] i`- 41 131313-13 --- fdRrk] i`- 42 141414-14 --- ckgsdj ,l-,-] iwoksZDr] i`- 156 151515-15 --- fdRrk] i`- 157 161616-16 --- nsojs jktsanzflax ¼y?kq’kks/k izca/k½] nsÅGxkodj tk/ko ?kjk.;kpk bfrgkl] 2015] i`- 87 171717-17 --- ixMh lsrqek/kojko] N=irh f’kokth] 2015] i`- 119 181818-18 --- dkGs ;k- ek-] iwoksZDr] i`- 165&166 191919-19 --- fdRrk] i`- 168 202020-20 --- egktu n- ck- ¼laik-½] iwoksZDr] i`- 14 212121-21 --- fdRrk] i`- 31 222222-22 --- tks’kh n- i-] tks’kh m"kk ¼laik-½] lexz lsrqek/kojko ixMh] [kaM&2] 2010] i`- 732 232323-23 --- tks’kh ’k- uk- ¼laik-½] vk+| N=irh f’kokthjkts ;kaph c[kj] 2016] i`- 11 Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 160 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal cqyMk.kk ftYg;krhy ‘kgjh o xzkeh.k nkfjnz;kps okLro MkWMkWMkW-MkW---jktsanzjktsanz fuack cksjls lg;ksxh izk/;kid ¼vFkZ’kkL=½ Hkxoku ckck egkfo|ky; yks.kkj laidZ %& 9423446781 nkfjnz;] fu/kZurk] xfjch gs ‘kCn lkekU;r% ,dkp vFkkZus okij.;kr ;srkr- lektkrhy vlk ,d oxZleqg vlrks dh] tks vkiY;k thoukP;k ewyHkwr xjtkgh iw.kZ d# ‘kdr ukgh v’kk Hkkxk’kh fu/kZurspk fdaok nkfjnz;kapk laca/k vkgs- T;kosGh lektkpk ,d eksBk Hkkx U;wure thouLrjkiklwu oafpr vlrks o dsoG fuokZg ikrGhoj thou O;rhr djhr vlrks rsOgk lektkr O;kid fu/kZurk fdaok nkfjnz; vkgs vls Eg.krkr- frl&;k txkrhy jk”Vªkae/;s vls O;kid nkfjnz;kaps fp= fnlwu ;srs- R;kp cjkscj vesfjdk o ;qjksikrhy dkgh izxr jk”Vªkae/;slq/nk vls nkfjnz; vk Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 161 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 1876 nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth 1960 izk-nkaMsdj&jFk 1970 MkW-ih-ih- vks>k 1970 ch-,l-feUgkl 1977 izk-ekWUVsflax vgyqokyh;k 1981 MkW- veR;Z lsu 1995 izk-ydMkokyk 2005 izk-lqjs’k rsaMwydj 2005 vtZwu lsu xqIrk 2009 lDlsuk lferh ;k fofo/k rKkaP;k lferhus Hkkjrkr rRdkyhu ifjfLFkrhpk vH;kl d#u Hkkjrkrhy ,danj nkfjnz;kapk vankt O;Dr dsyk vkgs- ns’kkrhy tursps thoueku dls vkgs gs ekst.;klkBh nkfjnz;js”kk ;k ifjekukpk okij dj.;kr ;srks- th dqVwacs nkfjnz;js”ks[kkyh thou txrkr R;kauk nkfjnz; 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Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 166 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal vkacsMdjh pGoGhr % ‘kkarkckbZ nk.khps ;ksxnk;ksxnkuuuu MkWMkWMkW-MkW---jke/kujke/ku fgjs fttkekrk dyk egkfo|ky;] nkjOgk ft-;orekG izLrkouk & Hkkjrkr L=heqDrhph lq:okr e-Qqys ;kaP;keqGs >kyh gksrh- egkRek QqysP;k fopkjkaP;k rkyfer r;kj >kysY;k txkrhy ifgY;k fL=oknh ysf[kdk rkjkckbZ f’knsa g;k egkjk”Vkrhy gksR;k-gksR;k R;kauh L=h iq:”k qrqyuk gk xzaFk fygyk vkf.k txkyk nk[kowu fny s dh] Hkkjrkr L=h gh Loar= fopkj lj.khph vkgs- i.k gh ckc vkrk vfydMP;k dkGkr ekU;rk ikooyh vkgs- [kjs ikfgys rj 19 O;k ‘krdkP;k lqjokrhyk vkysY;k iqu:RFkkukP;k pGoGhus L=h;kauk R;kaps vf/kdkj feGowu ns.;kpk ;’kLoh iz;Ru dsyk lkfo=hckbZ QqysP;k :ikus L=h vf/kdkj izkIr d:u ns.;klkBh ,d eqfRkZdkjp miyC/k >kyk- izkjaHk o f’k{k.k & Ukkf’kd ftYgk vkacsMdj iqoZ pGoGhps lkekftd] /kkfeZd o Økarhdkjh pGoGhps dsanz Eg.kwu izfl/n gksrk- ukf’kd Eg.kts iapoVh] dqaHkesGk ;k ‘kgjkyk nqljh dk’kh Eg.kwu nsf[ky lacks/krkr ;kp fBdk.kh MkW-vkacsMdjkaaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh dkGkjke eafnjkP;k lR;kxzg dsyk gksrk- ;kp Økarhdkjh ‘kgjkr ‘kkarkckbZ nk.kh ;kpk tUe 1 tkusokjh 1918 jkstk >kyk- R;kaP;k vkbZ oMhykaps uko dawnkckbZ o /kukth nk.kh gs gksrs- oMhy xoaMh dke o lqrkjdke djk;ps- R;kauk nk:pa O;lu tMya gksrs- R;keqGs nk.kh dqVqackP;k okV;kyk nkfjnz;kps thou vkys-’kkarkckbZph vkbZ [kwi dke djk;ph feGsy rs dke d:u QkVD;k lalkjkyk fBxaG yko.;kpk iz;Ru djr vls ‘kkarkckbZps ckyi.k gyk[khr xssys- R;kaP;k oMhykauh nqljs yXu dsys R;keqGs vkbZ vkf.k ‘kkarkckbZ osxG;k jkgw ykxY;k ;kpk [kksy ijh.kke dksoG;k eukoj [kksy ifj.kke >kyk-O;luh oMhyk cn~ny R;kaP;k eukr ?k`.kk fuekZ.k >kyh gksrh- i.k vkbZ cn~ny vR;ar vknj okVr vls vkbZyk dkekr rh tkLrhr tkLr enr dkjk;ph- vkbZyk ns[khy vkiyh eqyxh f’kdkoh vls okVr vls rh ygkui.kk iklwup esg.krh gksrh frPkh Lej.k’kDrh pkaxyh gksrh-frPkh gq’kkjh ikgwu vusdkauh enrhps gkr iq nk.khckbZauh dsysys dk;Z & R;k dkGkr vLiq”; lektkyk toGikl f'k{k.kkps nkj can gksrs- L=h;kauk f'k{k.kps vf/kdkj;k lekt O;oLFksus ukdkjys gksrs-rjh 'kkarkckbZ mPp f'kf{kr gksR;k- rsOgk vLiq”;rk mnkj pGoGh dke nknklkgsc xk;dokMk djr gksrs-R;kaP;k is{kk lektdk;kZr 'kkarkckbZ iq Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 167 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal fo|kFkhZ thoukiklwup R;kauk jktdkj.kkph vkoM gksrh-R;keqGs R;kauk efgykaps usr`Ro dj.;kph la/kh feGkyh- lektdk;Z dfjr vlrkaukp R;kaps f'k{k.k nsf[ky lq: gksrs- MkW-vkacsMdjkaps fopkj rGkxkGk Ik;Zar iksgpfo.;kps dke R;kauh lq: dsys-R;klkBh lHkk feVhaxk R;k ?ksow ykxY;k fufeR;kus R;kaph lrr Hkazerh gksr vls- 'kakrkckbZ o ckiqlkgsc jktHkkst gs fonZHkkr ;orekG] paknk] ckyk?kkV] ukxiwj] vejkorh v'kk fBdk.kh QsMjs'ku cGdV dj.;klkBh nkSjs dk lanHkZ & 111-1--- dkacGs fxrk] fjifCydu usR;k dq-'kkarkckbZ nk.kh] lqes/k izdk'ku iq.ks] 2007 222-2--- [kksczkxMs Qqypan] lw;kZps lakxkrh] ladsr izdk'ku ukxiwj 2009 333-3--- fdj /kuat; MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj] ikWI;qyj izdk'ku] eqacbZ p-vk- 2009 444-4--- iokj mfeZyk o equ feuk{kh] vkEgh bfrgkl ?kMoyk] L=h mokp izdk'ku eqacbZ] 1989 555-5--- nfyr ca/kq] ¼lkIrk½ laik- ik-uk- jktHkkst iq.ks 1 ,fizy 1948 666-6--- iokj mfeZyk o equ feuk{kh] vkEgh bfrgkl ?kMoyk] L=h mokp izdk'ku eqacbZ] 1989 777-7--- [kksczkxMs Qqypanz] lw;kZps lakxkrh] ladsr izdk'ku ukxiwj 2009 888-8--- dkacGs fxrk] fjifCydu usR;k dq- 'kkarkckbZ nk.kh] lqes/k izdk'ku iq.ks 2007 999-9--- ixkjs gjhHkkÅ] nknklkgsc xk;dokM thou o dk;Z vfuy izdk'ku ukf'kd 1987 Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 168 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal yksdla[;k f'k{k.kkph xjt vkf.k ukxfjdkaph Hkwfedk M‚M‚M‚-M‚ ---jes'kjes'k fofo---- eksjseksjseksjs Lo-iq"iknsoh ikVhy dyk o foKku egkfo|ky;-fjlksM ft-okf'ke çkLrkfod %& yksdla[;sph leL;k fnolsafnol xaHkhj gksr vkgs- yksdla[;k foLQksV gh txkrhy vusd fodlu'khy ns'kkauk HksMlko.kkjh leL;k vkgs- uO;kus Lora= >kysys vusd ns'k fodklkdMs okVpky dj.;kpk ç;Ru djhr vkgsr ijarq >ikVîkkus ok<.kkÚ;k yksdla[;seqGs R;kaps ç;Ru Qkjls ;'kLoh gksr vlY;kps fnlr ukghr- yksdla[;kok yksdla[;k f'k{k.kkpk vFkZ %& yksdla[;k f'k{k.k gk ,d çpkjkRed dk;ZØe ulqu ,d 'kS{kf.kd dk;ZØe vkgs- ;k dk;ZØekr dqVqac] lekt] jk"Vª o tx ;ke/khy yksdla[;spk vH;kl lekfo"V vkgs- yksdla[;k f'k{k.kkr yksdla[;sP;k fLFkrhrhy cny vkf.k R;k vuq"kaxkus ns'kkrhy ukxfjdkaP;k oS;fäd o lkekftd thoukoj gks.kkjk ifj.kke ;kaps foospu vlrs- thoukrhy loZp {ks=karhy fu;kstu gs O;äh o lekt ;k nks?kkaukgh mi;qä o b"V vkgs ;kph Hkkoh fi Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 169 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 6½dqVqac fu;kstu vkf.k ySfxad f'k{k.k ;karwu lqtk.k ukxfjdRo fuekZ.k dj.ks- 7½dqVqac f'k{k.kkOnkjs tckcnkj ikydRokckcr tk.kho fuekZ.k dj.ks- yksdla[;k f'k{k.kkph mfí"Vs %& yksdla[;k f'k{k.kkph ladYiuk mfí"V#ikr ekaMY;kl rh vf/kd Li"V gksbZy- yksdla[;k f'k{k.kkph çeq[k mfí"Vs iw yksdla[;k f'k{k.kkph O;kIrh %& yksdla[;k f'k{k.kkph mfí"Vs lk/; dj.;klkBh yksdla[;k f'k{k.kkr iq yksdla[;k f'k{k.k vkf.k dqVqacfu;kstu %& yksdla[;k f'k{k.kkph dYiuk dqVqacfu;kstu laLFksP;k ç;Rukarwu mn;kl vkyh- ijarq yksdla[;k f'k{k.k Eg.kts dqVqacfu;kstukps f'k{k.k uOgs- yksdla[;kok Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 170 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal tkrks- mnk- tuu vkjksX;] çtksRiknu{kerk] dqVqacdY;k.k] dqVqac fu;kstukph lk/kus] ylhdj.k] dqVqacfu;kstu /kksj.k o i/nrh] cky vkjksX; o ckylaxksiku bR;knh- dqVqacfu;kstu Eg.kts dqVqackpk fodkl o R;kps fu;kstu gks;- yksdla[;k f'k{k.k gs dqVqacfu;sktu dk;ZØekis{kk [kwip O;kid vkgs- Hkkoh ih yksdla[;k f'k{k.k o ySaxhd f'k{k.k %& ySafxd f'k{k.k gk ,d yksdla[;k f'k{k.kk'kh lacaf/kr fo"k; vlY;keqGs R;kps Kku vl.ks vko';d vkgs o R;klkBh fofo/k ek/;ekapk okij d#u] fo'ks"kr% –d~ JkO; fQrh r;kj d#u gs Kku ns.ks lqyHk gksbZy- xsY;k dkgh n'kdkae/;s lkekU; yksdkae/;sgh fuekZ.k >kysyh fodklkph vkdka{kk o ok yksdla[;k f'k{k.kkr ukxfjdkaph Hkwfedk %& yksdla[;k ok< ;k leL;sph tk.kho fuekZ.k dj.;kr vkf.k yskdla[;k /kksj.kkP;k lanHkkZr pkaxyh o`Ùkh fodlhr dj.;kr Hkkjrh; ukxjhdkauk egÙokph Hkwfedk ctkok;ph vkgs- R;klkBh çFke R;kyk ;k ckcrhy tk.kho >kyh ikghts- yksdla[;k f'k{k.kkph mfí"Vs lrr MksG;kleksj BsÅu rh vf/kd le`) dj.;kpk ç;Ru dsyk ikghts- yksdla[;sph] xfrekurk] yksdla[;sph jpuk] yksdla[;kok Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 171 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 8-vUu o ik.;kph uklkMh VkG.;kph n{krk ?ks.ks- 9-Lor%P;k gDdkais{kk Lor%ph drZO;s letwu ?ksÅu R;kaps fu"Bsus ikyu dj.ks- 10-oS;fäd o lkoZtfud LoPNrk ikGwu vkiyk ns'k vkjksX;laiUu o cyoku cufo.;kl enr dj.ks- 11-[kfut inkFkkaZpk dkVdljhus okij d#u 'kD; rsFks lkSjÅtkZ'kähpk okij dj.ks- 12-lektkr fL=;kauk iq#"kkabrdsp lUekukuss okx.kwd nsÅu fL=f'k{k.kkdMs y{k ns.ks- 13-oU; çk.;kaps j{k.k dj.ks- 14-va/kJ)k o vKku nwj d#u oS|kfud –"Vhdksu voyafc.ks- 15-[ksG] O;k;ke o vkgkj ;kapk lerksy lk/k.ks- 16-vkiY;kyk brj jk"Vªkacjkscj iw lanHkZ xzaFk %& 111-1--- yksdla[;k f'k{k.k %& jkT; f'k{k.k'kkL= laLFkk egkjk"Vª jkT;] iq.ks 30] 1982 222-2--- çkpk;Z M‚-vfgjs ck-x- %& yksdla[;k f'k{k.k] fuR;uwru çdk'ku & 2006- çkpk;Z M‚- cksankMsZ dS-eq- 333-3--- vkxykos M‚-çfni %& Hkkjrkrhy lkekftd leL;k vkxykos M‚-ljkst Jh lkbZukFk çdk'ku] ukxiqj] tqyS&2018 444-4--- yksVs jk-t-o %& Hkkjrh; lkekftd leL;k pkSgku M‚-,-Mh fiaiGkiqj vW.M da-ifCy'klZ] ukxiqj tqu&2018 Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 172 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal HkkjrkP;k fons'kh O;kikjkP;k vk;kr fu;kZr lajpuspk fo'ys"k.kkRed vH;kl ¼dkyko/kh 2017&18 rs 2018&19½ M‚M‚M‚-M‚ --- lat; eksrhjke nkanMs] lg;ksxh çk/;kid] o vFkZ'kkL= foHkkx çeq[k ,e- bZ- ,l- dyk o okf.kT; egkfo|ky;] esgdj ] ft- cqyMk.kk- Email : [email protected] Hkze.k/ouh Ø- 9422535455 çkLrkçkLrkfodfod % dks.kR;kgh ns'kkP;k vkfFksZd fodklkr fons'kh O;kikjkps egÙoiw.kZ LFkku vlrs fons'kh O;kikj ns'kkP;k vkfFkZd o`/nhP;k çfØ;syk xrh ns.;kps dk;Z djr vlY;kus j‚cVZlu ;kauh fons'kh O;kikj gs vkfFkZd o`/nhps baftu vkgs- vls EgVys vkgs- Hkkjrkr Lokra«;ksÙkj dky[kaMkr fu;kZr ok la'kks/kukps mÌs'k & 1½HkkjrkP;k fons'kh O;kikjkps Lo:i vH;kl.ks- 2½HkkjrkP;k fons'kh O;kikjkrhy vk;kr o fu;kZrhph lajpuk o R;krhy cnykP;k ço`Ùkhpk vH;kl dj.ks- la'kks/ku vH;kl i/nrh & çLrqr la'kks/ku gs iw.kZr: nq¸;e lkexzhoj vk/kkfjr vlwu R;klkBh fofo/k lanHkZ xzaFk] ekflds] okf.kT; o m|ksx ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkjpk vgoky] ladsrLFkGs b- mi;ksx dj.;kr vkyk- nq¸;e lkexzhps fo'ys"k.k dj.;klkBh fo'ys"k.kkRed la'kks/ku i/nrhpk okij dj.;kr vkyk- la'kks/ku dkyko/kh & çLrqr v/;;ukpk dkyko/kh lu 2017&18 o lu 2018&19 gk vkgs- ;k nksu o"kkZP;k vkdMsokjhps rqyukRed v/;;u ;k la'kks/ku ys[kke/;s dsysys vkgs- la'kks/kukps egÙo & Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk gh txkr lgkO;k Øekadkoj vlwu frpk o`/nhnj 7-5 VDds ,o Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 173 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal ckcha'kh fuxMhr vkgs- ;ko:u HkkjrkP;k vkfFkZd fodklkph fLFkrh vkf.k xrh Li"V gksrs- QsCkzqokjh 2019 e/;s Hkkjrkpk O;kikj dks.kR;k fn'ksus iq HkkjrkP;k fu;kZrhph jpuk & lu 1947 e/;s HkkjrkP;k fu;kZrhe/;s çkFkfed oLrqapk ¼pgk] rkx] dkiwl½ okVk eksB;k çek.kkr gksrk- lu 2018&19 i;aZr ;k oLrwapk fu;kZrhrhy okVk deh >kysyk vkgs- HkkjrkP;k fu;kZrhr v½ —"kh vkf.k layXu mRiknus & ;kr vUu/kkU;] pgk] d‚Qh] elkY;kps inkFkZ ] Hkkthikyk o QGs] nqX/k] ekal] eRL;ksRiknu] MkGh] dktw bR;knhapk lekos'k gksrks- c½ /kkrw o [kfuts & ;kr yks[kaM] vHkzd vkf.k brj dPP;k [kfutkapk varHkkZo gksrks- d½ vkS|ksfxd mRiknus ;kr dkpsP;k oLrw] vkS"k/ks lsaæh; o fufjaæh; jlk;us] gLrks|ksx] pkeMs o pkeM;kP;k oLrw] r;kj diMs] VsDlVkbZy mRiknus] xkyhps] lqrh /kkxk] fo.kysys dkiM b- oLrqapk lkekos'k gksrks- M½ [kfut rsy & ;kr isVªksfy;e mRiknus] oax.k] ba/ku] dPps rsy b- lekos'k gksrks HkkjrkP;k fu;kZrhps Lo:i letwu ?ks.;klkBh dkgh fuoMd oLrwapk vk Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 174 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal O;kikj ;kaph ,dw.k fu;kZr 396-73 vjc M‚yj ,o HkkjrkP;k vk;krhph jpuk & Hkkjrkr vkfFkZd fu;kstukyk lq:okr >kY;kuarj vk;kr gks.kkj~;k oLrwaP;k jpusr veqykxz cny >kys fnlwu ;srkr- HkkjrkP;k vk;krhr lrr ok< >kysyh vkgs- QsC#okjh 2019 e/;s ,dw.k vk;krhps ewY; 258271-75 dksVh :i;s gksrs- gs Qsczqokjh 2018 ¼246779-79 dksVh :i;s½ rqyusr 4-66 VDD;kauh ok Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 175 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal Hkkjrh; fj>oZ c¡dsus 31 v‚x"V 2018 jksth çfl/n dsysY;k vkdMsokjhuqlkj lokZf/kd fons'kh eqæk HkkaMkj vl.kkj~;k ns'kkaP;k ;knhr Hkkjrkpk vkBok Øekad vkgs- HkkjrktoG fons'kh pyu 638]077 vCt M‚yj] lksus 20-224 vCt M‚yj] fons'kh vkgj.k vf/kdkj 1-463 vCt M‚yj vkf.k vkarjjk"Vªh; eqæk fu/khtoG Bsoysyh jk[kho fu/khph 2-640 vCt M‚yj ,o fu"d"kZ & 1½HkkjrkP;k fons'kh O;kikjkr vk;krhps ewY; lkrR;kus ok lkjka'k & ojhy loZ foospuko:u vls funZ'kukl ;srs dh] fons'kh O;kikj gk vkfFkZd fodklkyk pkyuk ns.kkjk ?kVd vkgs- vkfFkZd o`/nhps baftu lacks/kY;k tk.kkj~;k fons'kh O;kikjkus HkkjrkP;k vkfFkZd fodklkr egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ikj ikMysyh vkgs- ijarq lu 2011&12 rs 2018&19 i;aZrP;k dkyko/khpk vH;kl djrk] Hkkjrkpk O;kikj'ks"k gk lrr rqVhpk jkghyk vkgs- gh ckc fons'kh O;kikj /kksj.kkP;k –"Vhdksukrwu xaHkhj vkgs- Eg.kwu fons'kh O;kikjkph vuqdwy ifjfLFkrh gks.;klkBh fons'kh O;kikj /kksj.k~ cny.ks xjtsp s vkgs- lanHkZ & 111-1--- Hkkjr ljdkj vgoky ¼QsC#okjh 2019½] ^Hkkjrkpk fons'kh O;kikj*] okf.kT; o m|ksx ea=ky;] m|ksx Hkou] uoh fnYyh- 222-2--- çfr;ksfxrk niZ.k ¼ekpZ 2019½] vad&vkBok] o"kZ 41 os- 333-3--- Annual Report] (2017-2018)] India’s Trade : Back on Track’, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India, New Delhi. 444-4--- ;kstuk] vad 7] QsC#okjh] 2012- 555-5--- pOgk.k ,u- ,y- ¼2015½] ^Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk&Hkkx2*] ç'kkar ifCyds'kUl] tGxko- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 176 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal jkt"khZ ’kkgw egkjktkapegkjktkaps s s L=hL=h f’k{k.kf’k{k.k fo"k;dfo"k;d fopkjfopkj MkWMkWMkW-MkW---’kke’kke jkjk---- nqrksaMs lekt’kkL= foHkkx izeq[k] Lo- HkkLdjjko f’kax.ks dyk] izk- ukjk;.kjko xkoaMs foKku o v’kkyrk xkoaMs okf.kT; egkfo|ky;] lk[kj[ksMkZ] rk- flan[ksMjktk] ft- cqyMk.kk- izLrkouk jkt"khZ ’kkgw egkjktkaps f’k{k.k {ks=kr [kwi eksBs dk;Z gksrs- T;k O;DrhdMs Lor%P;k f’k{k.k fopkjkafo"k;h fuf’pr o Bke v’kh Hkwfedk vlrs rhp O;Drh ,o<îkk eksBîkk izek.kkr ’kS{kf.kd dk;Z mHks d# ’kdrs- R;keqGs ’kkgwaP;k ’kS{kf.kd dk;kZyk o fopkjkauk ,d rkfRod vf/k"Bku gkr gsp ;koj#u fnlwu ;srs- ;k ’kkgwaps cgwrka’k ’kS{kf.kd fopkj egkRek QqY;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd fopkjkauh lkE; vlysysgkr] ;ko#u R;kauyk egkRek QqysaP;k ’kS{kf.kd dk;Z o fopkjkaiklwu izsj.kk feGkysyh gkrh vls fnlwu ;srs- ’kkgw jkT;drkZ vlY;keqGs vusd lekjaHkkauk R;kauh gtsjh ykoysyh gksrh- R;kfBdk.kh dsysY;k Hkk"k.kkae/kwu rlsp jkT;drkZ Eg.kwu R;kauh dk ’kks/kfuca/kkph mf ÌÌÌ"Vîks"Vîks"Vîks 1- jkt"khZ ’kkgw egkjktkaP;k f’k{k.kfo"k;d fopkjkauk vk f’k{k.k vkf.k lekt lektkP;k fodklkps ,d izHkkoh vL= Eg.kts f’k{k.k gs vksG[kwu ’kkgw egkjktkauh f’k{k.kkph vko’;drk y{kkr ?ksÅu jkT;dkjHkkjkph lq=s Lohdkjyh rsOgk R;kauh rRdkyhu lektkPkk lkaxksikax vH;kl dsysyk gksrk- R;keqGs f’k{k.kkvHkkoh lektkph voLFkk fdrh fcdV >kkysyh gksrh ;kph tk.kho ’kkgw egkjktkauk gksrh- f’k{k.k gh ckc mPpHkw oxkZus vkiY;k gkrh dsafnzr BsoY;keqGs cgwtu lekt va/k%dkjkr f[krir iMysyk gksrk- vLi `’; lektkph voLFkk rj ;kgwugh fcdV gksrh- lekt va/kJ)k] vfu"V pkyhfjrhe/;s xqjQVysyk gksrk- f’k{k.kkvHkkoh lektkph voLFkk fdrh fcdV >kkysyh gksrh ;kps o.kZu ’kkgwauh ,dk Hkk"k.kkr dsysys gksrs- rs vkiY;k Hkk"k.kkr Eg.krkr dh] gtkj o"kkZiwohZP;k o vkiY;k Hkkjro"kkZr tehuvkLekukp varj iMys vkgs- vkt ijkdze] fo}rk] /keZ’khyrk] mnkjrknh ln ~xq.k yqIr >kys vkgsr- gtkjks dqlaLdkj] pkfyjhrh ;kauh Hkkjro"kZ xzklwu xsysys ikgwu dkgh vk’p;Zgh okVr ukghls >kys vkgs- ckyfookg] cgwfookg] e|iku] fL=k;kauk f’k{k.kkr eTtko] o.kkZJe/kekZph vO;oLFkk oxSjs vusd lkekftd ?kkrdh # Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 177 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal >kkysY;k lektkrhy leL;kaph tk.kho gksrh- R;kaP;k er sa izkphu dkG gk HkkjrkP;k oSHkokPkk dkG gksrk ijarw dkGkP;k vks?kkr lektkph v/kksxrh gksr xsyh- ‘’kkgwaP;k iwohZP;k lektlq/kkjdkaP;k ’kS{kf.kd dk;Z o fopkjkaeqGs dkgh izek.kkr lk{kjrsps izek.k ok<.;kl lq#okr >kysyh gksrh- rFkkfi gh izxrh vfr’k; vYi izek.kkr gksrh- R;kdkGkrhy ’kS{kf.kd ifjfLFkrhpk fopkj dsyk rj ’kkgwaP;k dksYgkiwj laLFkkauke/;s czkEg.k o brj cgwtu lektkps f’k{k.kkP;k ckcrhr vxnh O;Lr izek.k ;sr gksrs- ghp voLFkk deh gksrk rjhgh R;kaP;kr f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;kaps izek.k izpaM gksrs o mokZfjr cgwtu lekt gk la[;sus vf/kd gksrk rjhgh R;kaP;kr f’k{k.kkps izek.k ek= vR;Yi gksrs- ,dw.kp lektkph voLFkkgh nksu xVkr Li"Vi.ks >kysyh gksrh rh Eg.kts mPp oxZ R;kP;kdMs f’k{k.kkph eDrsnkjh gksrh iz’kklukrhy loZ uksd Ú;kgh izkIr gksr gksR;k- ;kmyV nqljk xV Eg.kts cqf)eku] d"Vdjh] xjhc xVkpk gksrk- R;kaph i)r’khji.ks mPpHkwadMwu fiGo.kwd pkyw gksrh- ,dw.kp lektkps fp= gs HksnHkkokj vk/kkjHkwr gksrs ;kph tk.kho N=irh ’kkgqauk gksrh- ’kkgw egkjktkaps L=h f’k{k.k fo"k;d fopkj ’kkgw egkjkt tso Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 178 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal ’kkgwa egkjktkaP;k ers eqyhalkBh dsoG ’kkGk LFkkiu d#u Hkkx.kkjs uOgrs rj eqyhauk ’kkGsr vk.k.;klkBh i;kZ;h mik;;kstuk dj.ks dze izkIr gksrs- ;k vuq"kaxkus ’kkgw egkjktkauh eqyhaP;k eksQr f’k{k.kkpk mik; lqpfoyk gksrk- ’kkgqaP;k ers izkFkfed f’k{k.k gs lDrhps o eksQr vlkosr rFkkfi eqyhaP;k ckcrhr dsoG izkFkfedp ukgh rj mPp f’k{k.kgh eksQr vlkos- R;kauh jktkjke dkWyste/khy eqyhauk eksQr mPp f’k{k.k lq# dsysys gksrs- ’kkgqaP;k ers L=h f’k{k.kkpk izlkj gks.;klkBh T;k fL=;kauk f’k{k.k ?;k;p s R;kaP;k jkg.;kph o tso.kkph O;oLFkkghgks.ks vxR;kps vkgs- fo’ks"kr% vkfFkZdn `"Vîkk ekxkl o vLi `’; lektkrhy fL=;kauk gh lqfo/kk miyC/k gks.ks vko’;d vkgs vls ’kkgqauk okVr gksrs- ;kf’kok; L=h f’k{k.kkl izksRlkgu feGkos Eg.kwu R;kauk dkgh LdkWyjf’kiph rjrwn dj.ks xjtsps okVr gksrs- T;k eqyhaP;k ’kkGkae/khy fudky pkaxys ykxrkr v’kk ’kkGkae/khy f’k{kdkauk dkgh buke ns.;kr ;kosr vlsgh R;kauh fopkj ekaMysys gksrs-‘ ’kkgw egkjktkaP;k n `f"Vdksukrwu f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k O;Drhpk T;kizek.ks fodkl gksrks R;k izek.ksp R;k lektkpkgh f’k{k.kkus fodkl gksr vlrks- izR;sd O;Drh gk lektkpk ?kVd vlrks- lekt ;k ladYiusr Bjkfod ,d O;Drhl egRRo fnys tkr ukgh- ijarw Bjkfod v’kk vusd O;Drh ,d= vkY;kusp lekt cuysyk vlrks- R;keqGs lektkrhy O;Drh tlt’kk f’k{k.k ?ksr tkrhy rlrlk rks lekt mUur >kY;kf’kok; jkgr ukgh- ;k fopkjkaoj ’kkgw egkjktkapk fo’okl gksrk- f’k{k.kkeqGs lektkrhy izR;sdkph oSpkfjd ikrGh ok lanHkZ 111-1--- t;flaxjko iokj] jkt"khZ ’kkgw Lekjd xzaFk] [kaM 3 jkt"khZ ’kkgw N=irh ladh.kZ lkfgR; foHkkx 3 ’kkgw egkjktkaps gqdweuke o tkghjekus egkjk"V bfrgkl izcksf/kuh dksYgkiwj izFkeko `Rrh tkusokjh 2001 222-2--- tk/ko Hkxokujko] jkt"khZ ’kkgw Nk=irh ;kaph Hkk"k.k] yksdok³e; x`g izdk’ku eqcbZ- 333-3--- ;sMdj Hkxokujko] jkt"khZ ’kkgw N=irh ;kaph Hkk"k.k] eaxy izdk’ku ejkBh foHkkx- 444-4--- Lkq;Zoa’kh d`- xk-] jkt"khZ ’kkgw o ek.kwl] BksdGk izdk’ku] iw.ks- Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 179 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal ckS) /keZ o fL=;k MkWMkWMkW-MkW--- chchch-ch --- vkjvkjvkj-vkj --- ruiqjs] bfrgkl foHkkx izeq[k] ekrksJh ‘kkarkckbZ xksVs dyk] okf.kT; o foKku egkfo|ky;] okf’ke- xkSrekus x`gR;kx dsY;kuarj vusd o”kZ rilk/kuk dsyh- v[ksjhl riekxkZpk R;kx dsY;kuarj xkSrekyk cks/kh o`{kk[kkyh /;kuLFk clysys vlrkauk KkuizkIrh >kyh- KkuizkIrhuarj cq)kus ifgys izopu lkjukFk ;sFks dsys- vkiY;k iqokZJehP;k lgdkÚ;kaleksj- R;kuarj cq)kus vkiY;k f’kdo.kwdhP;k izlkjklkBh vusd fBdk.kh izokl dsyk- cq)kaus ;k dkGkr ckS) la?kkph LFkkiuk dsyh gksrh- ;k la?kkr ek= izkjaHkhP;k dkGkr cq)kus fL=;kauk izos’k ukdkjyk gksrk- fL=;kauk la?kkr izos’k ns.;ko:u cq)kP;k eukr ‘kadk gksrh- fL=;kauk tj ckS) la?kkr izos’k feGkyk rj ckS) l?kkae/;s vukpkj ok Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 180 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal fL=;k egku Fksjh Eg.kwu x.kY;k xsY;k-cq)kph iRuh o vkbZ v’kk nks?khauhgh la?kke/;s jkgwu /kEekpk izlkj dsyk- Hkxoku xkSre cq)kus oS’kkyh uxjkrhy vkezikyh uked ufrZdsykgh vkiY;k la?kke/;s LFkku fnys- rhus vkiys vkezou la?kkyk viZ.k dsys-4 ckS) la?kke/;s lektkrhy loZ Lrjkrhy yksdkauk izos’k feGr gksrk-tls mikyh gk Ugkoh gksrk]cq)kyk loZizFke feGkysys f’k”; gs czkã.k gksrs]rj xkSrekus T;kP;k gLrs vfrae Hkkstu ?ksrys rks pq.M yksgkj gksrk-R;kpizek.ks lq:okrhyk tjh xkSrekus fL=;akuk la?kkrhy laHkkO; vukpkj VkG.;kP;k n`”Vhus izos’k ukdkjyk gksrk-rjh iq izFke ckS) /keZifj”kn iFke ckS) egklHkk jktx`g ;kfBdk.kh Hkjyh- ;k ifj”knsr fou; o /kEefiVd fufeZrh dj.;kr vkyh- egkdL;i ;k ifj”knspk lHkkirh]mikyh]vkuan izeq[k¼cq)kP;k e`R;qle;h egkdL;i ikoko:u dq’khuxjyk ;sr gksrs-jLR;krp R;kauk cq)kP;k fu/kukph ckreh dGkyh rsOgk ,d f’k”; lqHkn Eg.kkyk gksrk^cjsp >kys cq)kps fu/ku >kys vkrk xq:P;k vuqifLFkrhr f’k”;kauk okVsy rls okx.;kps LokraRz; feGsy-*6 ;k fo/kkukus egkdL;i la?kkP;k HkforO;kckcr fparhr >kys-;krwup cq)kps fopkj ladyhr dj.;klkBh /kEEkifj”knsph dYiuk iq Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 181 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal nqljh /kEeifj”kn ;k ifj”knsps oSf’k”V; Eg.kts o`TthP;k fHk{qakph ngk desZ /kEEkfojks/kh Bjfo.;kr vkyh-1½ [kkyh flaxke/;s feB us.ks&38 fu;e &[kkn;laxzg fojks/k]2½ lkoyh nksu cksVs eksB >kY;koj tso.ks]3½ fu;e e/;kuksijkar Hkkstucnah]3½ ,dkp fnolkr nqlÚ;k xkokr tkÅu Hkkstu dj.ks] 35 fu;e] vfrHkkstu fuf”k)]4½,dkfBdk.kh vusd LFkkukoj mikluk laca/kh fu.kZ; ?ks.;kr vkyk]5½dk;ksZijkar vuqerh ?ks.ks]6½ : frljh /kEe ifj”kn gh ifj”kn ikVyhiq= ;k fBdk.kh Hkjyh- lezkV v’kksd ;k ifj”knspk vkJ;nkrk gksrk- frLl eksxyhiqÙk frLl gk ;k ifj”knspk v/;{k gksrk- eksxyhiqÙk frLlP;k izHkkokus v’kksdkus vkiyk iq= egsnz o iq=h la?kfe=k ;kauk Jhyadsyk ikBfoys gksrs- pkSFkh /kEe ifj”kn pkSFkh ckS) /kEe ifj”kn lezkV dfu”dkP;k dkGkr dkf’eje/;s dqaMyou ;k fBdk.kh >kyh gksrh- ;ku Eg.kts ekxZ gks;- cq)kP;k fuokZ.kkuarj R;kaP;k f’k”;x.kkr vkrk vki.k vkiY;k eukizek.ks orZu dj.;kl ekdGs >kyks v’kkizdkjph izfrfØ;k meVyh- ;k izfrfØ;seqGs egkd’;ikauh ckS) la?kkrhy f’kLr vck/khr jk[k.;klkBh o cq)kps fopkj ladyhr dj.;klkBh ,d ckS) egklHkk vk;ksftr dsyh-vFkkZr ;k ckS) egklHksr cq)kP;k f’kdo.kqdhoj fparu gksÅu frps ladyu dj.;kr vkys-ek= ;kf’kok; 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Website – www.researchjourney.net Email - researchjourney2014gmail.com 184 ‘RESEARCH JOURNEY’ International E- Research Journal ISSN : Impact Factor - (SJIF) – 6.261, (CIF ) - 3.452(2015), (GIF)–0.676 (2013) 2348-7143 Special Issue 182 (A)- Contemporary Innovation in Language & Literature April-2019 UGC Approved Journal 6) —ÖÖ‰ú-‹®Ö-»ÖÖµÖ µÖÖÓ“Öß ×¡ÖÃÖæ“Öß µÖÖê•Ö®ÖÖ :- ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ -“Öß®Ö µÖ㬤üÖŸÖᯙ ¯Ö×Æüü»ÖÖ ™ü¯¯ÖÖ 24 †ÖòŒ™üÖê²Ö¸ü 1962 ¸üÖê•Öß ÃÖ´ÖÖ¯ŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öê. »ÖÂÛú¸üß ›üÖ¾Ö¯Öê“ÖÖÓ“Ö ‹Ûú ³ÖÖÝÖ ´ÆüÞÖæ®Ö —ÖÖ‰ú -‹®Ö- »ÖÖµÖ ´ÆüÞÖÖ»Öê Ûúß, ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ -“Öß®Ö ÃÖß´ÖÖ¾ÖÖ¤ü ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ¾ÖÖ™üÖ‘ÖÖ™üß ÃÖÖê›ü¾ÖÖµÖ»ÖÖ ®ÖêÆü¹Óý®Öß •Ö¸ü פü»»Öß ²ÖÖê»Ö×¾Ö»Öê ŸÖ¸ü ´Öß ×¤ü»»Öß“ÖÖ µÖÖµÖ»ÖÖ ŸÖµÖÖ¸ü †ÖÆêü. µÖÖÃÖÖšüß ŸµÖÖÓ®Öß ®ÖêÆü¹ÓýÛú›êü סÖÃÖã¡Öß µÖÖê•Ö®ÖÖ ´ÖÖÓ›ü»Öß ÆüµÖÖ ×¡ÖÃÖæ“Öß µÖÖê•Ö®Öê“Öê ¾ÖÞÖÔ®Ö ÆüµÖÖ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖÞÖê " The Chinese armies markhed well inside Indian territory. and then 24 octover premier chou-En-lai put at forward his three point proposals for ceasefire and disengagement : 1) Pending a peaceful settlement, both parties must respect the line of actual control between the two sides along the entire sino-Indian border and the armed forces of each side must withdraw 20 kilometers from this line and disengage. 2) If the Indian Government greed to the above proposal, the Chinese government was willing to withdraw its frontier guards in theeasternesector to the north of th line of actual control. both chine and india should undertake not to cross the line of actual control in the middle and western sectors and 3) Talks should be held between the prime ministers of India and chine at peking or Delhi." 4 — ÖÖ‰ú - ‹®Ö - »ÖÖµÖ ®ÖêÆü¹Óý®ÖÖ µÖÖ µÖÖê•Ö®Öê«üÖ¸êü †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ“Ö ³Öæ×´ÖŸÖæ®Ö 20 ×Ûú»ÖÖê´Öß™ü¸ü ´ÖÖÝÖê •ÖÖ¾Öê †ÃÖê ÃÖÖÓÝÖŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖê. —ÖÖ‰ú - ‹®Ö- »ÖÖµÖ µÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ¯ÖæÞÖÔ Ûú»¯Ö®ÖÖ ÆüÖêŸÖß Ûúß ®ÖêÆü¹ý ÃÖÓ´ÖŸÖß ¤êüŸÖß»Ö. 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ŸÖÖê ´ÆüÞÖ•Öê ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ »ÖÂÛú¸üÖ“µÖÖ •Ö¾ÖÖ®Ö ! üµÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ´ÖÖ—ÖÖ ¿ÖŸÖ¿Ö: ¯ÖÏÞÖÖ´Ö !! ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔ ÝÖÏÓ£Ö ÃÖæ“Öß : 1) ¤îü×®ÖÛú ´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ™Òü ™üÖ‡Ô´Ö - פü 21 †ÖòŒ™üÖê²Ö¸ü 1962 - ´ÖãÓ²Ö‡Ô ¯Öéšü ÛÎÓú. 1 2) ¤îü×®ÖÛú ÛêúÃÖ¸üß - פü. 24 †ÖŒ™üÖê²ÖÎ 1962 - ´ÖãÓ²Ö‡ - ¯Öéšü ÛÎÓú. 1 3) ®ÖêÆü¹ý •Ö¾ÖÖÆü¸ü»ÖÖ»Ö - ®ÖêÆü¹Óý“Öê Ûêú®Öê›üß µÖÖÓ®ÖÖ ¯Ö¡Ö - ¤îü×®ÖÛú ÛêúÃÖ¸üß - פü 28 †ÖŒ™üÖê²Ö¸ü 1962 - ´ÖãÓ²Ö‡Ô ¯ÖÏ. ÛÎÓú. 4) Notes memoranda md Letterss exchanged and agreement signed between the government of India and Chine (1959-1568) New Delhi 1968 - vol. No. VIII P.P.1 5) ¤îü×®ÖÛú ÛêúÃÖ¸üß - פü- 27 †ÖŒ™üÖê²Ö¸ü 1962 - ´ÖãÓ²Ö‡Ô - ¯Öéšü ÛÎÓú. 1 6) †Ö¯Ö™êü ›üÖò. ¯ÖϳÖÖ - ®ÖêÆü¹ý †Ö×ÞÖ ÃÖÓÃÖפüµÖ ¯Ö¸Óü¯Ö¸üÖ - ´Öî•Öê×ÙÒüÛú ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¿Ö®Ö - ¯ÖãÞÖê ¯ÖÏ£Ö´Ö †Ö¾Öé¢Öß - 1990- ¯Öé. ÛÎú. 45 7) ¤îü×®ÖÛú ´ÖÖŸÖé³Öæ´Öß - פü. 5 ®ÖÖê¾Æëü²Ö¸ü 1962 - ´ÖãÓ²Ö‡Ô - ¯Öéšü ÛÎÓú. 1 8) ¤îü×®ÖÛú »ÖÖêÛúÃÖ¢ÖÖ - פü. 5 ®ÖÖê¾Æëü²Ö¸ü 1962 †ÛúÖê»ÖÖ - ¯Öéšü ÛÎÓú. 1 9) ¾ÖÖØôû²Öê ×¾Ö. 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