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Characterization of a New Model of GM2-Gangliosidosis (Sandhoff's Disease) in Korat Cats

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Characterization of a New Model of GM2-Gangliosidosis (Sandhoff's Disease) in Korat Cats Characterization of a new model of GM2-gangliosidosis (Sandhoff's disease) in Korat cats. E A Neuwelt, … , M J McClure, P M Wu J Clin Invest. 1985;76(2):482-490. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI111997. Research Article We have detected a disorder in Korat cats (initially imported from Thailand) that is analogous to human Sandhoff's disease. Pedigree analysis indicates that this disease in an autosomal recessive disorder in the American Korat. Postmortem studies on one affected cat showed hepatomegaly that was not reported in the only other known feline model of GM2-gangliosidosis type II. Histologic and ultra-structural evaluation revealed typical storage vacuoles. There was a marked deficiency in the activity of hexosaminidase (HEX) A and B in affected brain and liver as compared to controls. Electrophoresis of a liver extract revealed a deficiency of normal HEX A and B in the affected animals. The blocking primary enzyme immunoassay verified the presence of antigenically reactive HEX present in affected cat livers in quantities slightly elevated with respect to the normal HEX concentration in control cats. In leukocytes, obligate heterozygotes had intermediate levels of total HEX activity with a slight increase in the percent activity due to HEX A. Indeed, 4 of 11 phenotypically normal animals in addition to four obligate heterozygotes appear to be carriers using this assay. Affected brain and liver compared with control brain and liver contained a great excess of bound N- acetylneuraminic acid in the Folch upper-phase solids; thin-layer chromatography showed a marked increase in GM2- ganglioside. In summary, we have characterized the pedigree, pathology, and […] Find the latest version: https://jci.me/111997/pdf Characterization of a New Model of GM2-Gangliosidosis (Sandhoff 's Disease) in Korat Cats Edward A. Neuwelt, William G. Johnson, Nathan K. Blank, Michael A. Pagel, Cheryl Maslen-McClure, Michael J. McClure, and Peter Minwel Wu Departments of Biochemistry, Surgery (Division ofNeurosurgery), Neurology, Pathology, and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201; and Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City 10032 Abstract We report here the characterization of a new feline model of Sandhoffs disease, which is similar to, yet different from We have detected a disorder in Korat cats (initially imported the previously existing model (1, 2). Affected cats manifest the from Thailand) that is analogous to human Sandhoff's disease. clinical symptoms of Sandhoffs disease including clinically Pedigree analysis indicates that this disease in an autosomal apparent hepatomegaly, a finding never before reported in any recessive disorder in the American Korat. Postmortem studies animal gangliosidosis model (3). Affected animals have a on one affected cat showed hepatomegaly that was not reported marked deficiency in the activity of HEX A and B. These in the only other known feline model of GM2-gangliosidosis highly inbred Korat cats were originally imported from Thailand type II. Histologic and ultra-structural evaluation revealed in 1959, and detailed genetic information is available. Carriers typical storage vacuoles. There was a marked deficiency in the have intermediate levels of enzyme activity as expected with activity of hexosaminidase (HEX) A and B in affected brain an autosomal recessive disorder. and liver as compared to controls. Electrophoresis of a liver Using the primary enzyme immunoassay (PEIA), a primary extract revealed a deficiency of normal HEX A and B in the binding test which requires neither monospecific antibody nor affected animals. The blocking primary enzyme immunoassay purified enzyme, we have detected the existence of enzymati- verified the presence of antigenically reactive HEX present in cally inactive, antigenically cross-reactive HEX (4, 5). Thus, affected cat livers in quantities slightly elevated with respect this animal model results from a structural gene defect that is to the normal HEX concentration in control cats. In leukocytes, highly analogous to the human disorder (6). obligate heterozygotes had intermediate levels of total HEX activity with a slight increase in the percent activity due to Methods HEX A. Indeed, 4 of 11 phenotypically normal animals in addition to four obligate heterozygotes appear to be carriers Animals. The index case (see pedigree, Fig. 1) was a female Korat using this assay. Affected brain and liver compared with control kitten with progressive neurologic dysfunction. The kitten was placed brain and liver contained a great excess of bound N-acetyl- in our laboratory for evaluation of a suspected genetic disorder, neuraminic acid in the Folch upper-phase solids; thin-layer possibly a gangliosidosis, which had been previously observed clinically chromatography showed a marked increase in GM2-ganglioside. by Korat breeders. A subsequent litter of kittens was bred and the In summary, we have characterized the pedigree, pathology, litter yielded two additional affected animals, a male and a female. and biochemistry of a new feline model of GM2-gangliosidosis Other informative cats are in the custody of their owners, who have which is similar to but different from the only other known kindly provided us with blood samples and information, for which we feline model. are grateful. Normal unrelated domestic kittens of comparable age and size were obtained for controls. Kitten 1, the index case, was killed humanely at 30 wk by Introduction barbituate overdose. Tissue biopsies from liver, brain, spleen, kidney, dorsal root ganglia, and skeletal muscle were retained and fixed for The study of lysosomal storage diseases, particularly the gan- pathology. Skin samples were taken and fibroblasts were cultured and gliosidoses, has been facilitated by the use of animal models. frozen for future use. Remaining tissues were frozen at -70'C for Unfortunately, well-characterized animal models are rare, and subsequent enzymatic analysis. Tissues from two more affected animals are consequently difficult to obtain for research. One of the have been frozen at -70'C for analysis. Three unrelated normal established animal models is the feline model for human GM2- random source kittens of comparable size and age were killed humanely gangliosidosis, characterized and maintained in very limited by barbituate overdose, and the tissues were processed similarly to the numbers (1-3). These domestic cats have a deficiency of first diseased kitten, to be used as control samples. hexosaminidase (HEX)' A and B activity, the equivalent to Pathology. The first affected kitten was anesthetized with 1 ml/kg Sandhoff's disease in humans. of a ketamine/xylazine mixture (100 mg/20 mg per ml) and placed on a Harvard, Model 686, small animal respirator. Biopsies of brain and liver were Received for publication 26 December 1984 and in revised form obtained, immediately fixed in mixed aldehydes for electron 16 April 198S. microscopy, and stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) for frozen section light microscopy. After euthanasia, tissue samples, which included 1. Abbreviations used in this paper: BBB, blood-brain barrier, CNS, brain, liver, spleen, lung, skeletal muscle, sciatic nerve, dorsal central nervous system; HEX, hexosaminidase; HPTLC, high perfor- root ganglia, and eye, were removed and fixed in formalin. Tissues selected for light microscopy were paraffin embedded, sectioned, and J. Clin. Invest. © The American Society for Clinical Investigation, Inc. mance thin-layer chromatographic; 4MU-fGlcNAc, 4-methylumbel- 0021-9738/85/08/0482/09 $1.00 liferyl-B-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminide; NAN, N-acetylneuraminic acid; PAS, Volume 76, August 1985, 482-490 periodic acid-Schiff; PEIA, primary enzyme immunoassay. 482 Neuwelt, Johnson, Blank, Pagel, Maslen-McClure, McClure, and Wu stained with toluidine blue, hematoxylin and eosin, PAS, and luxol to a blocking radioimmunoassay, except the specificity of enzyme for fast blue. Detailed histologic evaluation was carried out at the light substrate is used in place of a radiolabel. Aliquots of antisera were microscopic level. exposed to serial dilutions of blocking (test) enzyme. Antibody and/or Tissues to be examined ultrastructurally were postfixed in 2% immune complexes were precipitated after incubation by the addition osmium tetraoxide, dehydrated in ascending concentrations of ethanol, of 33% (NH4)2SO4, and unbound enzyme was discarded. The precipitate and embedded in Epon 812. Sections were cut with a diamond knife, which contained antibody and/or immune complexes was then resus- mounted on bare copper grids, and stained with uranyl acetate and pended in H20, incubated with a constant amount of standard enzyme, lead citrate. and reprecipitated with 33% (NH4)2SO4. The HEX activity remaining Preparation of blood leukocyte extracts. Leukocytes were prepared in the final supernatant (unbound enzyme) was then assayed. HEX from heparinized whole blood by the method of Kaback et al. (7). activity greater than the baseline was proportional to the number of Erythrocytes were sedimented with dextran (M, of 250,000 from Sigma antigen binding sites blocked by test enzyme, thereby making these Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO), and the leukocyte-rich supernatant was sites unavailable for binding to the standard enzyme. centrifuged at 645 g for 5 min to form a leukocyte pellet. Leukocytes Dissociation of bound blocking enzyme was evaluated by not were resuspended in water for 30 s to lyse red cells, and
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