European XFEL GmbH ANNUAL REPORT 2010 Facility GmbH Facility Laser Free-Electron X-Ray European ANNU AL R E PO R T IMPRINT European XFEL Annual Report 2010 Published by European XFEL GmbH Editing Massimo Altarelli Kurt Ament Ilka Flegel, Textlabor, Jena Coordination Petra Folkerts Frank Poppe Layout and graphics blum DESIGN & KOMMUNIKATION GmbH, Hamburg Photos and graphs Aerial view: a) DOP, FHH, Landesbetrieb Geoinf. und Vermessung, LGV41-07-130, b) DOP, © LVermA S-H 2007, S 389/07 (pp. 22, 98/99) BINP, Novosibirsk (p. 42); CIEMAT, Madrid (p. 41); CNRS, Orsay (pp. 40, 50); DESY, Hamburg (pp. 10, 11, 12, 13, 19, 41, 48, 51, 52, 53, 89); Elettra Laboratory, Trieste (p. 129); ESRF, Grenoble (p. 128); German Embassy London (p. 22); IHEP, Protvino (p. 41); INR, Moscow (p. 40); MPI HLL / PNSensor, Munich (p. 89); NIIEFA, St. Petersburg (p. 42); PSI, Villigen / European XFEL (p. 69); SLAC, Menlo Park, CA (pp. 69, 101); STFC (p. 89); United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Oxfordshire (pp. 23, 103); Uppsala University, Uppsala (p. 40) All others: European XFEL Printing Heigener Europrint GmbH, Hamburg Available from European XFEL GmbH Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany +49 (0)40 8998-6006 [email protected] www.xfel.eu/documents Copy deadline 31 December 2010 www.xfel.eu Copying is welcomed provided the source is acknowledged and an archive copy sent to the European XFEL GmbH. The European XFEL is organized as a non-profit company with limited liability under German law (GmbH) that has international shareholders. ANNUAL REPORT European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH FOREWORD The European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH is a limited liability company under German law that was officially founded in Hamburg, Germany, on 28 September 2009. The company is in charge of the construction and operation of what will be the world’s brightest source of ultrashort X-ray pulses: the European XFEL, a 3.4 km long X-ray free-electron laser facility extending from Hamburg to the neighbouring town of Schenefeld in the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein. The new research facility is due to begin user operation in 2015. The European XFEL is a truly international endeavour. Representatives of the governments of Denmark, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, and Switzerland signed the intergovernmental convention governing the construction and operation of the new facility in Hamburg on 30 November 2009. France signed in February 2010. Spain is expected to sign in 2011. Construction activities on the three building sites of the facility— DESY-Bahrenfeld, Osdorfer Born, and Schenefeld—started in January 2009, even before the founding of the company, thanks to the support of the German government and Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY). With the foundation of the company and the signing of the intergovernmental convention in late 2009, the legal basis for the construction and operation of the new research facility was completed, and the European XFEL GmbH started to function as an independent institution. This was accomplished through a rather long political process, dating back to at least 2003, when the German government stated its intention to build an X-ray laser facility in Hamburg and Schleswig- Holstein, and invited the other European countries to participate by providing about 50% of the necessary resources for construction. This annual report covers the first year of activity at the European XFEL, from the creation of the company in September 2009 to the end of its first full year of activity in December 2010. This early startup period witnessed many milestone events: Start of tunneling activities and the completion of the first kilometre of tunnels Initial growth to 75 employees, including some of the key scientific appointments Installation of the European XFEL Council and its advisory committees Launch of some very important long-lead orders for accelerator components, undulators, and detector development Start of tendering for the above-ground buildings Signature of the first in-kind contribution agreements The support of the scientific community for our endeavour is evident in the large number of scientists from all over the world who attended our annual Users’ Meetings—the fourth meeting in January 2010 attracted more than 280 scientists from 20 countries—as well as our topical workshops on instruments and technical issues. The scientific enthusiasm for the European XFEL remains high, despite the consequences of the worldwide economic recession and the resulting financial situation felt by all participating countries. At the end of 2010, a special working group, appointed by the European XFEL Council to formulate proposals to resolve the funding shortage of the project, stated once more the commitment of the partner countries to support the construction of a cutting-edge, world-class facility. This most recent expression of strong support for the project is not the exception but the rule. We thank all those who have supported the project for many years and have helped to overcome the sometimes formidable obstacles with hard work, a constructive attitude, and an unwavering belief that worthy scientific causes prevail in the end. We hope that the reading of this first annual report, which describes how we laid the cornerstones of success for this ambitious project, will be pleasant and informative. Massimo Altarelli Serguei Molodtsov Managing Director Scientific Director Karl Witte Andreas S. Schwarz Managing Director Scientific Director Thomas Tschentscher Scientific Director CONTENTS 8 ABOUT US How it all began 01 News and events 02 24 CIVIL constRUCTIon 36 IN -KIND CONTRIBUTIONS Overview 03 Accelerator Consortium 54 PH OTON BEAM SYSTEMS Undulator Systems Simulation of Photon Fields 04 X-Ray Optics and Beam Transport X-Ray Photon Diagnostics 6 CONTENTS 8 ABOUT US 72 S CIentIFIC INSTRUMENTS How it all began Scientific Instrument FXE News and events Scientific Instrument SPB 05 Scientific Instrument SQS 24 CIVIL constRUCTIon 86 DetectoRS AND Data ACQUISITIon Detector Development 06 DAQ and Control Systems 36 IN -KIND CONTRIBUTIONS 96 FACTS AND FIGURES Overview At a glance Accelerator Consortium Cooperation 07 Press and public relations Safety Services Shareholders Organs and committees Organization chart 54 PH OTON BEAM SYSTEMS 124 S CIENTIFIC RECORD Undulator Systems European XFEL Users’ Meeting Simulation of Photon Fields International School for Young Scientists X-Ray Optics and Beam Transport 08 Workshops X-Ray Photon Diagnostics Seminars Publications 7 01 ABOUT US Two decades ago, the DESY research centre and its international partners proposed a new, large-scale research facility in Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. In late 2009, the company in charge of the new X-ray free-electron laser for photon science was formally established. Partner countries throughout Europe and beyond are committed to ensuring that, when operation begins in 2015, the European XFEL will open up completely new research opportunities for scientific and industrial users worldwide. 01 ABOUT US HOW IT ALL BEGAN In the 1990s, the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) and its international partners developed a proposal for a new research institution in Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein: a large-scale facility comprising a linear collider for particle physics and an X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) for photon science. The X-ray FEL part of the project got the go-ahead from the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in early 2003, on the condition that it be realized as a European project. The new research institution was formally established in late 2009 with the foundation of the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, a non-profit limited liability company under German law in charge of the construction and operation of the facility. Finding a new location Establishing a new, large-scale research institution requires long-term planning and development, not only in scientific and technological fields, but in the political and administrative realm as well. When the German research ministry approved the X-ray FEL, but deferred a decision on the linear collider—a de facto separation of the two projects—it became clear that both facilities could not be realized on the same time scale. According to the original plan, which aimed to maximize synergy between the two projects, the X-ray laser was to be located around 20 km from the DESY site, in the neighbouring Figure 1 On 29 September 2004, Schleswig- German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein. With the two projects Holstein’s Minister President Heide Simonis (right) now effectively separated, a new site near DESY was found in late 2003. and Hamburg’s Mayor Ole von Beust signed a This nearby location enabled the new institution to make use of existing state treaty that provided the legal basis for the construction and operation of the X-ray laser. DESY infrastructure, thereby increasing the already intense synergy between brilliant minds in Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (Figure 1). It also required no new plots of land to be bought for the supply buildings. Preparing the research institution The decision by the German research ministry to cover around half of the investment costs for the X-ray FEL, provided that the rest be borne by European partner countries, gave the starting signal for intense negotiations on funding and participation in the project at the national and international level. Most of these negotiations, which depended strongly on the internal political climate of the various countries, were concluded by the time the new research institution was founded. Others continue to the present day. As a result of this complex long-term process, the number of participating countries continues to change. 10 HOW IT ALL BEGAN A first important milestone in the preparations was reached in January 2005, when 9 out of the then 14 interested countries—France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK—signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in which they agreed to jointly prepare the ground for a governmental agreement on the construction and operation of the facility by mid-2006.