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Pinnacle Reef Complex - Ray Reef, Macomb County, Michigan

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Pinnacle Reef Complex - Ray Reef, Macomb County, Michigan Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-2012 Faunal Distribution and Relative Abundance in a Silurian (Wenlock) Pinnacle Reef Complex - Ray Reef, Macomb County, Michigan Jennifer L. Trout Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Trout, Jennifer L., "Faunal Distribution and Relative Abundance in a Silurian (Wenlock) Pinnacle Reef Complex - Ray Reef, Macomb County, Michigan" (2012). Master's Theses. 110. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/110 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FAUNAL DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE IN A SILURIAN (WENLOCK) PINNACLE REEF COMPLEX - RAY REEF, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN Jennifer L. Trout, M.S. Western Michigan University, 2012 Niagaran (Silurian) reefs are important sources of hydrocarbons in the Michigan Basin. In addition, some of these reservoirs have been used for gas storage and may be potential CO2 sequestration sites. Despite extensive research on Niagaran reefs, most studies concerning faunal abundance and distribution have been qualitative studies conducted by paleontologists with an emphasis on taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolution. This study is the first quantitative study of relative abundance and general distribution of fauna throughout a single Wenlock reef located in the southern trend of the Michigan Basin. This study will build on previous work done by WMU students and will utilize their data (e.g. core descriptions, facies analyses, whole core analyses and sequence stratigraphic boundaries) to evaluate the distribution of fauna in Niagaran reefs in the Michigan Basin. The purpose of this study is threefold: 1) to quantitatively determine faunal abundance from subsurface cores of Ray Reef, 2) to determine if the faunal abundance is variable or consistent on windward vs. leeward margins vs. the crest of the reef, and 3) to analyze porosity/permeability data in conjunction with faunal abundance. These objectives will be met using a combination of core descriptions and image analysis of core slabs to capture quantitative variations in the distribution of reef organisms. This data may provide further insight into Niagaran pinnacle reef complex growth and development as well as faunal influence on reservoir characteristics. FAUNAL DISTRIBTUION AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE IN A SILURIAN (WENLOCK) PINNACLE REEF COMPLEX - RAY REEF, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN by Jennifer L. Trout A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Geosciences Advisor: G. Michael Grammer, Ph.D. Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 2012 Copyright by Jennifer L. Trout 2012 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of many people. Foremost among them is my advisor, Dr. G. Michael Grammer, whose knowledge, advice, and support guided me through this process. Dr. Grammer’s unique teaching/mentoring style and vision led me from undergraduate work to this thesis and prepared me for future work. For this, I am very grateful and appreciative. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. William Harrison III and Dr. Robb Gillespie for providing valuable feedback, guidance, and support. I would like to thank the Department of Geosciences, the Michigan Geological Repository for Research and Education, and the Michigan Basin Geological Society for financial support. I truly appreciate the help I received from the administrative staff, especially Kathy Wright and Linda Harrison. Without the support of my fellow students (especially Shawn McCloskey, Marcel Robinson, Pete Feutz, Seth Workman, and Jason Asmus) I would not have made it through the program and am grateful for their patience, advice, and friendship. I would like to express my deepest gratitude for the never ending support and encouragement of my sister Amanda Trout and my friends Carla Chase and Michele Anderson, without whom I would have never had a chance. I dedicate this work to the memory of my father and mother, Gordon W. and Patricia A. Trout, who instilled in me the value of knowledge, work, and love. ii Acknowledgments - Continued Jennifer L. Trout iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 First Objective: Relative Abundance and General Distribution of Fauna on a Single Reef Complex in the Southern Pinnacle Reef Belt of the Michigan Basin ... 1 Second Objective: Influence of Wind/Current on Morphology and General Distribution of Fauna (Reef Zonation) ..................................................................... 2 Third Objective: Influence of Wind/Current on Cementation ................................. 4 CHAPTER II: GEOLOGIC SETTING ....................................................................... 6 Regional Geologic Setting ........................................................................................ 6 Regional Stratigraphy ............................................................................................... 9 Changes in Sea Level and Climate During the Silurian ......................................... 11 Wind Direction on Reefs in the Michigan Basin During the Silurian .................... 14 Sequence Stratigraphy Boundaries ......................................................................... 19 CHAPTER III: PREVIOUS WORK ......................................................................... 21 General Overview of Michigan Basin Studies of the Silurian ................................ 21 Ancient Analogs ...................................................................................................... 23 Qualitative Studies of Faunal Relative Abundance and Distribution Outside of the Michigan Basin and During Other Time Intervals .................................. 23 iv Table of Contents - Continued Hydraulic Energy and Reef Framebuilding Morphology ............................... 23 Water Depth and Reef Zonation in Western Canadian Devonian Reef Complexes....................................................................................................... 26 Hydraulic Energy, Faunal Morphology and Zonation, and Early Submarine Cementation in a Middle to Upper Devonian Iberg Reef, Germany .............. 27 Previous Qualitative Studies of Michigan Basin Silurian Reef Faunal Relative Abundance and General Distribution...................................................................... 29 Previous Quantitative Studies of Relative Abundance and General Distribution of Fauna .................................................................................................................. 29 Thornton Reef Complex (Thornton, Illinois) ..................................................... 30 Southeastern Wisconsin Quarries ....................................................................... 31 Michigan Basin Southern Pinnacle Reef Belt (Macomb County, Michigan) ..... 33 Reed North Quarry (Fairborn, Ohio) .................................................................. 33 Previous Studies of Michigan Basin Pinnacle Reefs Using Sequence Stratigraphy ............................................................................................................. 34 Ray Reef.............................................................................................................. 34 A Study Comparing Silurian Pinnacle Reefs from the Northern and Southern Trends .................................................................................................. 35 Modern Analogs ...................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER IV: MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................... 36 Materials ................................................................................................................. 36 Methods................................................................................................................... 38 v Table of Contents - Continued Framework Density ............................................................................................. 38 Diversity .............................................................................................................. 39 Distribution and Composition of Reef-Building Assemblages .......................... 40 Description of Various Quantitative Methods Used in Modern Reef Ecology Studies ..................................................................................................................... 40 Quantitative Methods Used in Paleoecology Studies of Fossil Reefs .................... 42 Skeletal Mineralogy and Diagenesis ....................................................................... 44 Cements..................................................................................................................
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