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Disability in Saudi Arabia

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Disability in Saudi Arabia Review Articles Disability in Saudi Arabia Maher S. Al-Jadid, JBPM&R, FAFRM (H). isability is a multidimensional and complex ABSTRACT Dconcept and it is substantially limits a major life activity of a human. It may affect the persons and ,his family. This will negatively influence the person اﻹعاقة مصطلح يشير إلى ظاهرة معقدة ومؤثرة متعددة اﻷبعاد family, and the whole society if the system does not تعيق أنشطة احلياة الرئيسة بشكل جوهري ومقدرة الشخص support them.1 Almost each person will be temporarily على التكيف واﻹندماج في املجتمع. تشير تقارير منظمة الصحة 15% or permanently impaired at some point in life, and those who survive will experience many limitations in العاملية بأن من سكان العالم ميارسون حياتهم مع أنواع 2-4% function and participation in the society. As per the محددة من اﻹعاقة و واجهوا صعوبات جوهرية في العمل. Labor and Workman Law of Saudi Arabia, a “persons في اململكة العربية السعودية هنالك القليل من اﻷبحاث عن with disability” is defined as “any person whose capacity أسباب حدوث وانتشار اﻹعاقة والعديد منها موجه إلى اﻷطفال to achieve and continue a suitable job has actually املعاقيني. كما أن هنالك العديد من املعوقات في إجراء أبحاث ”.diminished as a result of a physical or mental infirmity اﻹعاقة في السعودية. نستعرض في هذا التقرير الوضع احلالي Most extended families have a disabled person, and لﻹعاقة وأبحاث اﻹعاقة والتأهيل في اململكة العربية السعودية the non-disabled persons take the responsibility and care for their lives.1-3 Many countries face the moral من اﻷدبيات املنشورة. and political issue of how best to include and support Disability is a complex, influential, dynamic, multidimensional challenge, and it can substantially people with disabilities. This issue will become more acute as the demographics of societies change and more limit major life activities of human beings and their 4 ability to integrate/reintegrate into society. According people live in their old age. In developed countries, to the World Health Organization reports almost persons with disabilities have no equal access in the 15% of the world’s population lives with certain types society or even in other services such as health care, of disability, of whom 2-4% experience substantial education, employment opportunities, and sometimes difficulties in functioning. In Saudi Arabia, very limited they were disregarded from everyday life activities. research has been conducted on the prevalence and Despite the magnitude of the issue, awareness of and incidence of disability, and most of this is on disabled scientific information on disability issues are deficient. children. There are several difficulties associated with In addition, there was no agreement concerning its conducting research on disability related issues in definitions, internationally comparable information, Saudi Arabia. Here, we review the current situation distribution, and trends of disability. The reasons might of disability, disability research, and rehabilitation in be financial, social isolation and/or accessibility. There Saudi Arabia from the published literature. is a limited number of published literatures addressing the policies and responses concerning people with Saudi Med J 2013; Vol. 34 (5): 453-460 disabilities.5 Persons with disability may require a continuous From the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Prince Sultan Military health care support, regular medical check up, home Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. based support and other supportive services including Received 17th October 2012. Accepted 17th March 2013. equipments provision, which make the care programs very costly. Some patients need to be relocated in Address correspondence and reprint request to: Dr. Maher Al-Jadid, nursing homes due to their conditions and lack of proper Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical home care. The management of people with disability City, PO Box 14126, Riyadh 11424, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tel. +966 (1) 4777714 Ext. 25301. Fax. +966 (1) 4722400. may needs specialized medical, social, psychological, 6-8 E-mail: [email protected] vocational, and other rehabilitative care. The love and support of family plays an important role in taking care www.smj.org.sa Saudi Med J 2013; Vol. 34 (5) 453 Disability in Saudi Arabia … Al-Jadid of them. The cost of preventive efforts is significantly significant complications was estimated at 2.2% (92 lesser than the management of expected complication; million people).5 The analysis of the Global Burden of thus cost-effectiveness favors the prevention approach.9 Disease estimates that 15.3% of the world population The earlier the medical/rehabilitative care are delivered, (978 million people of the estimated 6.4 billion)20 the more the chance of reducing its effect of disability had “moderate or severe disability”, while 2.9% and it reduces the chance of expected complication, and or approximately 185 million experienced “severe the more the quality of life of the person will improve.5 disability”.5 Country-reported disability prevalence. Several Disability in Islam. Islam, as a divine religion is countries have been collecting prevalence data on against discrimination whether based on any racial, disability through consensus and surveys, with many gender, color, or ability. having moved from an “impairment” approach to In the Holy Book of Qur’an, Allah the Almighty a “difficulties in functioning” approach. Estimated has assured us (translation of meanings) in Surah prevalence rates were vary widely across within Al-Inshirah that “with every hardship there is relief,” countries.10-12 Most developing countries reported that (94:5) and in Surah Al-Baqarah that “Allah burdens not disability prevalence rates were below those reported in a person beyond his scope” (2:286). In Surah Yusuf the many developed countries, because they collect data on Qur’an states, “truly no one despairs of Allah’s soothing a narrow set of impairments, which yield lower disability mercy, except those who disbelieve” (12:87). prevalence estimates.5 However, many countries are Human’s life is a full record of hardships, obstacles, using International Classification of Functioning, struggle and tribulations from birth to death. In this Disability and Health (ICF) framework and related sense, Allah says: “We create man from a drop of thickened questions in their national disability surveys and fluid to test him” (Al-Insaan:2). It is also an important consensus.13-17 In Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), very thing that Almighty Allah, when depriving a person of limited research has been conducted on the prevalence certain ability or gift, compensates him/her for it, by and incidence of disability, and most of them were on bestowing upon him/her other gifts by which he/she disabled children. outshines on others. It is confirmed that people who Global estimates of disability prevalence. Several are deprived of sight, have best insight and have very definitions exist worldwide with no consensus on a sensitive ears and can hear very low sense of sounds and standard definition being established. According to touch. People with physical disability possess excellent the World Health Organization (WHO), disabilities memory capabilities as compensated. are an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity During the pre-Islamic period, the Arab Society has limitations, and participation restrictions. Impairment used to disregard the disability of people mainly social is a problem in body function or structure; an activity isolation and prevention to lead normal lives. They may limitation is a struggle encountered by person in have a reason of ridicules. Also, people of Madinah used executing a task or action; while a participation to prevent the limping and blind people from sharing restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in food with them, because they are deemed and repulsive. the involvement of life situations. Disability is a complex On this, Allah the Exalted revealed what it means in the phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features holy Quran stated that, no blame is there upon the blind of a person’s body and features of the society in which nor any blame upon the limping nor any blame upon 18 he/she lives. the sick nor on yourselves if you eat from your houses, The World Health Survey (2004) conducted by or the houses of your fathers, or the houses of your WHO on 59 countries who experienced significant mothers, or the houses of your brothers, or the houses functioning difficulties reported that the average of your sisters, or the houses of your fathers’ brothers, or prevalence of disability in adult population was the houses of your fathers’ sisters, or the houses of your 15.6% (4.2 billion people), ranging from 11.8% in mothers’ brothers, or the houses of your mothers’ sisters, higher income countries to 18% in lower income or (from that) whereof you hold the keys, or (from the 5,19 countries. The prevalence level for adults with very house) of a friend. No sin shall it be for you whether you eat together or apart. But when you enter houses, salute one another with a greeting from Allah, blessed Disclosure. The author has no conflict of interests, and and sweet. Thus Allah make it clear His revelations for the work was not supported or funded by any drug you that happly you may understand”(An-Nur 24:61). company. There are several companions (Sahaba’a) with special needs for Prophet Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him) 454 Saudi Med J 2013; Vol. 34 (5) www.smj.org.sa Disability in Saudi Arabia … Al-Jadid Table
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