Paper : 06 Animal Physiology Module : 14 Classification of hormones

Development Team

Principal Investigator: Prof. Neeta Sehgal Department of Zoology, University of Delhi

Co-Principal Investigator: Prof. D.K. Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi

Paper Coordinator: Prof. Rakesh Kumar Seth Department of Zoology, University of Delhi

Content Writer: Dr. Anna Senrung1, Dr.Varsha Baweja2, Dr. Anju Jain1 1Daulat Ram college, University of Delhi 2 Desh Bandhu College, University of Delhi

Content Reviewer: Prof. Neeta Sehgal Department of Zoology, University of Delhi

Animal Physiology ZOOLOGY Classification of Hormones

Description of Module

Subject Name ZOOLOGY

Paper Name Zool 006 Animal Physiology

Module Name/Title Neuro-endocrine Physiology

Module Id M14: Classification of Hormones

Keywords Hormone, , target cell, receptor, lipid, amino acid, protein

GLOSSARY

Alcohol: Is a polar organic compound with hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom with no double bond. Alpha-endocrine cells: These are glucagon secreting endocrine cells of the that elevates blood glucose level. Amino acid: A basic organic compound of proteins containing a carboxyl (-COOH) and an

amino (-NH2) group. Angiotensins: Hormones that cause constriction of blood vessels leading to increase blood pressure. It also stimulates release of aldosterone, a hormone from . Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Is a peptide hormone produced by neurosecretory cells of the and concern with reabsorption of water in the kidney. Beta-endocrine cells: These are insulin secreting endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets that reduces blood glucose level. Biological: Refers to living. Biosynthesis: Is an enzyme-catalyzed multi-step process involving cleaving and joining of inactive or simple molecules to form complex molecules. Castration: Removal of or inability to use . Cell signalling: Communication between different groups of cells. Cholesterol: (Gk, chole means bile, stereos means solid and ol for alcohol) Is an organic lipid molecule essential in all multicellular animal cell membrane structure. Also, serves as a precursor for steroid hormones like estrogens and androgens.

Animal Physiology ZOOLOGY Classification of Hormones

Chondrocyte: (Gk, chondros means cartilage, kytos means cell) A cell that produces and maintains the cartilaginous matrix. Cockerels: Refers to roosters or cocks or male chickens. Decarboxylation: A chemical reaction in which carboxyl group or carbon atom is removed from a carbon chain. : The scientific study of all endocrine glands and hormone secreting cells. Enzyme: Biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of reaction. Extracellular fluid (ECF): Relates to all body fluids outside the cell. Fatty acid: Carboxylic acid with either saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain. Fibroblast: A cell that produces extracellular matrix, collagen and other fibres. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Hormone produced from gonadotropic cell in the anterior lobe of the and is concern with growth and development of reproductive processes. Gland: An organ that produces substance such as hormones into the bloodstream or body cavity or to the outside surface (exocrine gland) of the animal’s body. Glucagon: Is a peptide hormone concern with increasing blood glucose level. Goitre: Swelling in the neck due to gland enlargement. Principle cause of goitre is iodine deficiency. : Is an endocrine gland concern with gamete production. Gonadotroph: An endocrine cell of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland that produces hormones (FSH & LH). Growth hormone (GH): Hormone produced from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and concern with cell growth. Half life: Time period for something to fall to half of its initial amount. Insulin: Is a peptide hormone concern with maintaining blood glucose level from rising too high or falling too low. Invertebrates: Multicellular animals without vertebral column. Ketone: An organic compound containing a carbonyl group with structural formula RC(=O)R’ (R and R’ represent a variant of hydrogen atom substituting carbon containing atoms). Lymphatic: Relating to vein-like vessels carrying lymph. Osteoblast: (Gk, osteo means bone, blastano means germinate) A cell that produces bone.

Animal Physiology ZOOLOGY Classification of Hormones

Ovary: A gland in the body of a female animal concern with production of egg. It also, functions as an endocrine gland producing sex hormones like progestogens and estrogens. Oxidation: A chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen or an ion or an atom loses an electron. Oxytocin: A hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. This hormone is concern with contraction of mammary cells and uterine wall. Pancreatic islets: These are regions of the pancreas containing hormone secreting endocrine cells. Peptide: (Gk, digested) Short chains of amino acid linked by covalent peptide bonds. Polypeptide: Long chains of amino acids linked by covalent peptide bonds. Polyunsaturated fats: Lipids containing two or more C-C double bond in their hydrocarbon chain. Precursors: A substance that produces another substance. Prolactin (PRL): A hormone produced from the anterior lobe of pituitary that mediates milk production in female mammals. Protease: An enzyme that breaks down proteins. Receptors: These are protein molecules found either on the surface of the cell or within the cytoplasm of the cell. It receives and respond to signals (e.g., hormones, neurotransmitters, etc). Secretin: A hormone produced in the small intestine and concern with stimulation of liver and pancreatic secretion. Secretory vesicles: Are vesicles form naturally within a cell to mediate the transport of substances like hormones or neurotransmitters from an organelle to a site on the cell membrane for exocytosis. Testes: Glands found in male animals. It functions both as hormone producing gland (androgens) and reproductive gland for sperm production. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): Is a peptide hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus. It stimulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin. Vascular: Relating to vessels particularly those that carry blood. Vertebrates: Multicellular animals with vertebral column.

Animal Physiology ZOOLOGY Classification of Hormones

REFERENCES Books/Papers: 1. Henderson, J. (2005). Ernest Starling and ‘Hormones’: an historical commentary. J Endocrinol., 184: 5-10. 2. Locatelli, V. and Bianchi, V.E. (2014). Effect of GH/IGF-1 on Bone Metabolism and Osteoporsosis. International Journal of Endocrinology. Volume 2014, Article ID 235060, 25 pages. 3. Tata, J.R. (2005). One hundred years of hormones. EMBO Rep., 6: 6. 4. Preston, R.R. and Wilson, T.E. (2012). Physiology. Volume 1 of Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins publications. Links: https://www.endocrinology.org/endocrinologist/115/115.pdf http://www.hormone.org/hormones-and-health/endocrine-glands-and-types-of- hormones http://hydnum.tripod.com/otherhormones/id10.html http://www.britannica.com/science/paracrine-function http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20/ http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v6/n10/fig_tab/nrd2359_F1.html http://www.interactive-biology.com/3931/basics-of-hormone-classification/ https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/18-2-how-hormones-work/ http://watcut.uwaterloo.ca/webnotes/Pharmacology/endocrineSteroid.html http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/Hormones.html http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/basics/hormones.html http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/gh.html

Animal Physiology ZOOLOGY Classification of Hormones