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Drosophila Melanogaster”
| PRIMER More than Meets the Eye: A Primer for “Timing of Locomotor Recovery from Anoxia Modulated by the white Gene in Drosophila melanogaster” Bradley M. Hersh1 Department of Biology, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335 ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2098-4417 (B.M.H.) SUMMARY A single gene might have several functions within an organism, and so mutational loss of that gene has multiple effects across different physiological systems in the organism. Though the white gene in Drosophila melanogaster was identified originally for its effect on fly eye color, an article by Xiao and Robertson in the June 2016 issue of GENETICS describes a function for the white gene in the response of Drosophila to oxygen deprivation. This Primer article provides background information on the white gene, the phenomenon of pleiotropy, and the molecular and genetic approaches used in the study to demonstrate a new behavioral function for the white gene. KEYWORDS education; Drosophila; pleiotropy; behavior TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 1369 Molecular Nature of the white Gene 1370 The Challenge of Pleiotropy 1370 Tissue-Specific Expression and RNA Interference (RNAi) 1371 Understanding the Experimental Details 1372 Establishing a behavioral phenotype 1372 Introgression: eliminating the trivial 1372 Dosage and position effect: complicating the story 1373 Molecular tricks: dissecting function and location of action 1373 Suggestions for Classroom Use 1374 Questions for Discussion 1374 HE white gene was the first Drosophila melanogaster the first attached-X and ring-X chromosome variants), is re- Tmutant discovered by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1910, ported to have exclaimed “Oh, I do hope the white-eyed flyis following an exhaustive search for variant forms of the fly still alive” from her hospital bed after having just delivered (Morgan 1910). -
New Yorkers Had Been Anticipating His Visit for Months. at Columbia
INTRODUCTION ew Yorkers had been anticipating his visit for months. At Columbia University, where French intellectual Henri Bergson (1859–1941) Nwas to give twelve lectures in February 1913, expectations were es- pecially high. When first approached by officials at Columbia, he had asked for a small seminar room where he could directly interact with students and faculty—something that fit both his personality and his speaking style. But Columbia sensed a potential spectacle. They instead put him in the three- hundred-plus-seat lecture theater in Havemeyer Hall. That much attention, Bergson insisted, would make him too nervous to speak in English without notes. Columbia persisted. So, because rhetorical presentation was as impor- tant to him as the words themselves, Bergson delivered his first American lec- ture entirely in French.1 Among the standing-room-only throng of professors and editors were New York journalists and “well-dressed” and “overdressed” women, all fumbling to make sense of Bergson’s “Spiritualité et Liberté” that slushy evening. Between their otherwise dry lines of copy, the reporters’ in- credulity was nearly audible as they recorded how hundreds of New Yorkers strained to hear this “frail, thin, small sized man with sunken cheeks” practi- cally whisper an entire lecture on metaphysics in French.2 That was only a prelude. Bergson’s “Free Will versus Determinism” lec- ture on Tuesday, February 4th—once again delivered in his barely audible French—caused the academic equivalent of a riot. Two thousand people attempted to cram themselves into Havemeyer. Hundreds of hopeful New Yorkers were denied access; long queues of the disappointed snaked around the building and lingered in the slush. -
Sex – Linkage and Autosexing in Waterfowl
SEX – LINKAGE AND AUTOSEXING IN WATERFOWL CONTENTS Page The principles of sex-linkage .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Sex-linkage in the common duck .. .. .. .. .. 3 Sex-linkage in the Muscovy duck .. .. .. .. .. 11 Sex-linkage in the common goose .. .. .. .. .. 12 Sex-linkage in the Chinese goose .. .. .. .. .. 14 Sex-linkage in the Mute swan .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 Autosexing in waterfowl .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 The Z chromosome .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 Summary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 References .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 ------------------------ August 1977 F.M. Lancaster, Original draft published in the Formerly of : B.W.A. Journal – Dec. 1977 National Inst. of Poultry Husbandry, and April 1978. Harper Adam Agricultural College, Updated: November, 2016 Newport, Shropshire (Now Harper Adams University) 1 SEX – LINKAGE AND AUTOSEXING IN WATERFOWL It is only fair to state that the need for early sex determination, through sex linked crosses in waterfowl, is much less than in other classes of poultry. This is because it is easier to vent sex the day-olds of these species with very little training. Moreover, crossbreeding is rarely an option for exhibition and ornamental breeders. The exception is in commercial table duckling production where unfortunately since only white breeds are used, sex-linkage cannot be exploited. There may be some, however, who feel unable to attempt vent sexing, particularly with goslings which are more difficult to manipulate and more vulnerable to rough handling. Others may be interested in sex-linked inheritance for its own sake regardless of any practical advantage. THE PRINCIPLES OF SEX – LINKAGE Without going into too much technical detail I would like to explain the principles underlying sex-linkage. For a more detailed account of these principles the reader is referred to the excellent bulletin by Chris Hann (1966). -
Identification of Candidate ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Identifcation of candidate ATP- binding cassette transporter gene family members in Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) via adult tissues transcriptome analysis Zhengbing Wang 1, Fajun Tian1, Lijun Cai2, Jie Zhang2, Jiali Liu1 & Xinnian Zeng1* The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters exist in all living organisms and play major roles in various biological functions by transporting a wide variety of substrates across membranes. The functions of ABC transporters in drug resistance have been extensively studied in vertebrates; however, they are rarely characterized in agricultural pests. The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is one of the most damaging pests of the Citrus genus because of its transmission of Huanglongbing, also known as Yellow Dragon disease. In this study, the next-generation sequencing technique was applied to research the ABC transporters of D. citri. Fifty-three ABC transporter genes were found in the RNA-Seq data, and among these ABC transporters, 4, 4, 5, 2, 1, 4, 18 and 15 ABC proteins belonged to the ABCA-ABCH subfamilies, respectively. Diferent expression profles of 52 genes between imidacloprid-resistant and imidacloprid-susceptible strains were studied by qRT-PCR; 5 ABCGs and 4 ABCHs were signifcantly upregulated in the imidacloprid-resistant strain. In addition, fve of the nine upregulated genes were widely expressed in adult tissues in spatial expression analysis. The results suggest that these genes may play key roles in this phenotype. In general, this study contributed to our current understanding of D. citri resistance to insecticides. Te ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family is one of the largest families of membrane proteins and uni- versally exists in all living organisms on Earth1. -
Hans Driesch's Interest in the Psychical Research. a Historical
Medicina Historica 2017; Vol. 1, N. 3: 156-162 © Mattioli 1885 Original article: history of medicine Hans Driesch’s Interest in the Psychical Research. A Historical Study Germana Pareti Department of Philosophy and Science of Education, University of Torino, Italy Abstract. In recent times the source of interest in psychical research in Germany has been subject of relevant studies. Not infrequently these works have dealt with this phenomenon through the interpretation of the various steps and transformations present in Hans Driesch’s thought, from biology and medicine to neovital- ism, and finally to parapsychology. However these studies identified the causes of this growing involvement in paranormal research either in the historical context of “crisis” of modernity (or “crisis” in psychology), or in an attempt to “normalize” the supernatural as an alternative to the traditional experimental psychology. My paper aims instead at throwing light on the constant effort by Driesch to conceive (and found) psychical re- search as a science of the super-normal, using the methodology successfully adopted by the scientific community (especially German) in the late nineteenth century. Key words: Driesch, medicine, parapsychology Introduction. Driesch’s Life and Education one Zoologica in Naples, Italy. He published his first wholly theoretical pamphlet in 1891, in which he Although formerly educated as a scientist, Hans aimed at explaining development in terms of mechan- Adolf Eduard Driesch became a strong proponent of ics and mathematics. In the Analytische Theorie der or- vitalism and later a professor of philosophy. In 1886 ganischen Entwicklung his approach was still mecha- he spent two semesters at the University of Freiburg, nistic. -
Consciousness Eclipsed: Jacques Loeb, Ivan P. Pavlov, and the Rise of Reductionistic Biology After 1900
Consciousness and Cognition Consciousness and Cognition 14 (2005) 219–230 www.elsevier.com/locate/concog Consciousness eclipsed: Jacques Loeb, Ivan P. Pavlov, and the rise of reductionistic biology after 1900 Ralph J. Greenspan*, Bernard J. Baars The Neurosciences Institute, 10640 John Jay Hopkins Dr., San Diego, CA 92121, United States Received 17 May 2004 Available online 25 November 2004 Abstract The life sciences in the 20th century were guided to a large extent by a reductionist program seeking to explain biological phenomena in terms of physics and chemistry. Two scientists who figured prominently in the establishment and dissemination of this program were Jacques Loeb in biology and Ivan P. Pavlov in psychological behaviorism. While neither succeeded in accounting for higher mental functions in physical- chemical terms, both adopted positions that reduced the problem of consciousness to the level of reflexes and associations. The intellectual origins of this view and the impediment to the study of consciousness as an object of inquiry in its own right that it may have imposed on peers, students, and those who followed is explored. Ó 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: History of ideas; Reductionism; Tropism; Conditional reflex 1. Introduction The current acceptance of consciousness as a suitable object of study in the life sciences came late in the 20th century (Flanagan, 1984). By that time other biological processes—physiology, biochemistry, genetics, embryology, and even many aspects of brain function—had long since * Corresponding author. Fax: +1 858 626 2099. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (R.J. Greenspan), [email protected] (B.J. -
Timeline of Genomics (1901–1950)*
Research Resource Timeline of Genomics (1901{1950)* Year Event and Theoretical Implication/Extension Reference 1901 Hugo de Vries adopts the term MUTATION to de Vries, H. 1901. Die Mutationstheorie. describe sudden, spontaneous, drastic alterations in Veit, Leipzig, Germany. the hereditary material of Oenothera. Thomas Harrison Montgomery studies sper- 1. Montgomery, T.H. 1898. The spermato- matogenesis in various species of Hemiptera and ¯nds genesis in Pentatoma up to the formation that maternal chromosomes only pair with paternal of the spermatid. Zool. Jahrb. 12: 1-88. chromosomes during meiosis. 2. Montgomery, T.H. 1901. A study of the chromosomes of the germ cells of the Metazoa. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 20: 154-236. Clarence Ervin McClung postulates that the so- McClung, C.E. 1901. Notes on the acces- called accessory chromosome (now known as the \X" sory chromosome. Anat. Anz. 20: 220- chromosome) is male determining. 226. Hermann Emil Fischer(1902 Nobel Prize Laure- 1. Fischer, E. and Fourneau, E. 1901. UberÄ ate for Chemistry) and Ernest Fourneau report einige Derivate des Glykocolls. Ber. the synthesis of the ¯rst dipeptide, glycylglycine. In Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 34: 2868-2877. 1902 Fischer introduces the term PEPTIDES. 2. Fischer, E. 1907. Syntheses of polypep- tides. XVII. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 40: 1754-1767. 1902 Theodor Boveri and Walter Stanborough Sut- 1. Boveri, T. 1902. UberÄ mehrpolige Mi- ton found the chromosome theory of heredity inde- tosen als Mittel zur Analyse des Zellkerns. pendently. Verh. Phys -med. Ges. WÄurzberg NF 35: 67-90. 2. Boveri, T. 1903. UberÄ die Konstitution der chromatischen Kernsubstanz. Verh. Zool. -
Thomas Hunt Morgan
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES T HOMAS HUNT M ORGAN 1866—1945 A Biographical Memoir by A. H . S TURTEVANT Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1959 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. THOMAS HUNT MORGAN September 25, 1866-December 4, 1945 BY A. H. STURTEVANT HOMAS HUNT MORGAN was born September 25, 1866, at Lexing- Tton, Kentucky, the son of Charlton Hunt Morgan and Ellen Key (Howard) Morgan. In 1636 the two brothers James Morgan and Miles Morgan came to Boston from Wales. Thomas Hunt Morgan's line derives from James; from Miles descended J. Pierpont Morgan. While the rela- tionship here is remote, geneticists will recognize that a common Y chromosome is indicated. The family lived in New England^ mostly in Connecticut—until about 1800, when Gideon Morgan moved to Tennessee. His son, Luther, later settled at Huntsville, Alabama. This Luther Morgan was the grandfather of Charlton Hunt Morgan; the latter's mother (Thomas Hunt Morgan's grand- mother) was Henrietta Hunt, of Lexington, whose father, John Wesley Hunt, came from Trenton, New Jersey, and was one of the early settlers at Lexington, where he became a hemp manufacturer. Ellen Key Howard was from an old aristocratic family of Baltimore, Maryland. Her two grandfathers were John Eager Howard (Colonel in the Revolutionary Army, Governor of Maryland from 1788 to 1791) and Francis Scott Key (author of "The Star-spangled Ban- ner"). Thomas Hunt Morgan's parents were related, apparently as third cousins. -
A World Beside Itself : Jakob Von Uexküll, Charles S. Peirce, and the Genesis of a Biosemiotic Hypothesis
ORBIT-OnlineRepository ofBirkbeckInstitutionalTheses Enabling Open Access to Birkbeck’s Research Degree output A world beside itself : Jakob von Uexküll, Charles S. Peirce, and the genesis of a biosemiotic hypothesis https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/40338/ Version: Full Version Citation: Clements, Matthew (2018) A world beside itself : Jakob von Uexküll, Charles S. Peirce, and the genesis of a biosemiotic hypothesis. [Thesis] (Unpublished) c 2020 The Author(s) All material available through ORBIT is protected by intellectual property law, including copy- right law. Any use made of the contents should comply with the relevant law. Deposit Guide Contact: email A World Beside Itself Jakob von Uexküll, Charles S. Peirce, and the Genesis of a Biosemiotic Hypothesis Matthew Clements MPhil Humanities and Cultural Studies 1 2 DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and effort. Where other sources of information have been used, they have been acknowledged. Signature: ………………………………………. Date: …21/4/2018…………………………………………. 3 Abstract This thesis explores the conceptual origins of a biosemiotic understanding of the human as a consequence of the vital role of signs in the evolution of life. According to this challenge to definitions of man as the sole bearer of knowledge, human society and culture are not only characterised by the use and production of signs, human life and thought are the products of ongoing processes of semiosis. Along with Thomas Sebeok’s argument concerning animal architecture, examples from Modernist -
Wild Beasts of the Philosophical Desert
Wild Beasts of the Philosophical Desert Wild Beasts of the Philosophical Desert: Philosophers on Telepathy and Other Exceptional Experiences By Hein van Dongen, Hans Gerding and Rico Sneller Wild Beasts of the Philosophical Desert: Philosophers on Telepathy and Other Exceptional Experiences, By Hein van Dongen, Hans Gerding and Rico Sneller This book first published 2014 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2014 by Hein van Dongen, Hans Gerding and Rico Sneller All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-5453-0, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-5453-5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword .................................................................................................... ix Stanley Kripper Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 A Glimpse on History Research and Perspectives Philosophers Starting-points of This Book Chapter One ................................................................................................. 9 Kant as a Citizen of Two Worlds Hans Gerding On Swedenborg’s Visions and the Limits of the Knowable Kant on Spirits as a Possibility How a Spirit-World Could Work Within Us Kant Protects Common-Sense Against Spirit-seeing True Contact With a Spirit-World? Interpretation Key of Dreams of a Spirit-seer The Critique of Pure Reason: No Building Permit for Castles in the Air A Vision Denied Is Denial the Only Possibility? Swedenborg’s Vision Out the Door Conclusion Chapter Two ............................................................................................. -
Y Chromosomes of the Proposed
Sequencing and Annotating New Mammalian Y Chromosomes A White Paper Proposal, July, 2006 Steve Rozen1, Wesley C. Warren2, George Weinstock3, Stephen J. O’Brien4, Richard A. Gibbs3, Richard K. Wilson2, David C. Page1 1 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 2 Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108 3 Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 4 Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702 Overview: Y chromosome sequence is essential for understanding human and mammalian evolution and biology The only Y chromosome that has been completely sequenced in any species is that of humans1,2, although sequencing of the chimpanzee and mouse Y chromosomes is in progress2-4. Here we propose to sequence and annotate the Y chromosomes of seven additional mammals at varying distances from human: Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaque) Callithrix jacchus (white-tufted-ear marmoset), Rattus norvegicus (laboratory rat), Bos taurus (domestic bull), Felis catus (domestic cat), Canis familiaris (dog), and Monodelphis domestica (laboratory opossum). We recognize that NHGRI approved rat Y chromosome sequencing as part of additional rat finishing5 and that the bull Y chromosome falls within the scope of the Bovine Genome Project, led by the Baylor sequencing center6. Inclusion of the rat and bull Y chromosomes is intended (i) to clarify collaborative intentions among the submitting sequencing centers (ii) to ensure coordination and agreement of the definitions of the most useful levels of completion of these chromosomes and (iii) to emphasize coherent biological rationales for sequencing and annotating the seven proposed Y chromosomes in terms of their relevance to human evolution, biology, and disease. -
DETERMINING the LOCATION of GENES in DROSOPHILA MEANOGASTER by OBSERVING PHENOTYPIC RATIOS of OFFSPRING July 7, 2014
DETERMINING THE LOCATION OF GENES IN DROSOPHILA MEANOGASTER BY OBSERVING PHENOTYPIC RATIOS OF OFFSPRING July 7, 2014 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to find where genes for specific traits are located, either on the autosomes or sex chromosomes. We determined this by examining two different D. melanogaster populations for differences in the phenotypic ratios of offspring. D. melanogaster were chosen for our study because they are easy to care for, and they have a short reproduction cycle. D. melanogaster have only eight chromosomes making them less complex organisms for study. Based on our results, we accepted our autosomal inheritance hypothesis because the ratio observed in the F2 generation was 3.23:1, which shows no statistical difference to our expected ratio of 3:1, indicating that the gene for wing presence is on an autosome. We also accepted the X-linked inheritance hypothesis because the ratio observed in the F2 generation was1.01:1, which showed no statistical difference to our expected ratio of 1:1, indicating that the gene for eye color is on the X chromosome. 1 P:\RMSC\RMS\Group Papers\FruitFly-2014.docx Saved: 10/2/2015 10:14 AM Printed: 10/2/2015 10:14 AM INTRODUCTION Genetics is the branch of biology concerned with heredity and variation (Cumming and Klug, 2000, p.5). Heredity is the passing of traits from a parent to an offspring. For example, handedness, the preference of using one hand over the other, is a trait that can be passed down from parents to their offspring in humans.