Procreazione Ecologicamente Sostenibile

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Procreazione Ecologicamente Sostenibile STATE OF THE WORLD 2010 trasformare la cultura del consumo Worldwatch Institute STATE TRASFORMARE LA CULTURA OF DEL CONSUMO Rapporto sul progresso verso una società THE sostenibile WORLD 2010 Edizione italiana a cura di Gianfranco Bologna ANNUARI QUESTO VOLUME È RACCOMANDATO DA WWF ITALIA Worldwatch Institute STATE OF THE WORLD 2010 trasformare la cultura del consumo rapporto sul progresso verso una società sostenibile Erik Assadourian (direttore del progetto), Mona Amodeo, Robin Andersen, Ray Anderson, Cecile Andrews, Judi Aubel, Albert Bates, Walter Bortz, Robert Costanza, Cormac Cullinan, Jonathan Dawson, John de Graaf, Robert Engelman, Joshua Farley, Susan Finkelpearl, Kate Ganly, Gary Gardner, Amy Han, Jim Hartzfeld, Toby Hemenway, Yoshie Kaga, Ida Kubiszewski, Susan Linn, Johanna Mair, Michael Maniates, Pamela Miller, Kevin Morgan, Peter Newman, David W. Orr, Michael Renner, Jonah Sachs, Ingrid Samuelsson, Juliet Schor, Michael H. Shuman, Roberta Sonnino, Wanda Urbanska, Linda Starke e Lisa Mastny (curatrici) Edizione italiana a cura di Gianfranco Bologna traduzione: Maria Gabriella Bossi, Franco Lombini, Mario Tadiello realizzazione editoriale: Edizioni Ambiente srl – www.edizioniambiente.it coordinamento redazionale: Paola Cristina Fraschini titolo originale 2010 State of the World Transforming Cultures From Consumerism to Sustainability © 2010 Worldwatch Institute, Washington, Usa All rights reserved progetto grafico: GrafCo3 Milano impaginazione: Agenzia X Milano © 2010 Edizioni Ambiente via Natale Battaglia 10, 20127 Milano tel. 02.45487277, fax 02.45487333 ISBN 978-88-96238-39-4 Finito di stampare nel mese di febbraio 2010 presso Genesi Gruppo Editoriale – Città di Castello (Pg) Stampato in Italia – Printed in Italy Questo libro è stampato su carta riciclata 100% I siti di Edizioni Ambiente www.edizioniambiente.it www.nextville.it www.reteambiente.it www.verdenero.it sommario trasformare la cultura del consumo: la rivoluzione della sostenibilità 9 Gianfranco Bologna prefazione 31 Muhammad Yunus introduzione 35 Christopher Flavin state of the world: un anno in rassegna 39 Lisa Mastny e Valentina Agostinelli ascesa e declino delle culture del consumo 47 Erik Assadourian tradizioni vecchie e nuove 75 Erik Assadourian coinvolgere le religioni per modificare la visione del mondo 77 Gary Gardner rituali e tabù: i nuovi guardiani ecologici 87 Gary Gardner procreazione ecologicamente sostenibile 97 Robert Engelman gli anziani: una risorsa culturale per promuovere lo sviluppo sostenibile 105 Judi Aubel dall’agricoltura alla permacultura 114 Albert Bates e Toby Hemenway il nuovo compito dell’istruzione: la sostenibilità 127 Erik Assadourian l’istruzione primaria per trasformare le culture verso la sostenibilità 129 Ingrid Pramling Samuelsson e Yoshie Kaga la commercializzazione nella vita dei bambini 137 Susan Linn riorganizzare la mensa scolastica: il potere del piatto pubblico 148 Kevin Morgan e Roberta Sonnino cos’è l’istruzione superiore oggi? 157 David W. Orr aziende ed economia: priorità nella gestione 169 Erik Assadourian adattare le istituzioni per vivere in un mondo “pieno” 171 Robert Costanza, Joshua Farley e Ida Kubiszewski orari di lavoro sostenibili per tutti 181 Juliet Schor cambiare la cultura aziendale dall’interno 189 Ray Anderson, Mona Amodeo e Jim Hartzfeld imprese sociali: innovare verso la sostenibilità 199 Johanna Mair e Kate Ganly la rilocalizzazione delle imprese 210 Michael H. Shuman il ruolo di governi e amministrazioni nel ridisegnare il nuovo assetto culturale 219 Erik Assadourian choice editing: come orientare le scelte dei consumatori verso comportamenti sostenibili 223 Michael Maniates un concetto “allargato” di sicurezza 237 Michael Renner come costruire le città del futuro 249 Peter Newman reinventare il sistema sanitario: da panacea a igea 259 Walter Bortz i diritti della terra: dalla colonizzazione alla gestione partecipata 267 Cormac Cullinan trasmettere la sostenibilità: il ruolo dei mass media 279 Erik Assadourian dalla vendita di sapone alla vendita di sostenibilità: il marketing sociale 283 Jonah Sachs e Susan Finkelpearl alfabetizzazione mediatica, cittadinanza e sostenibilità 293 Robin Andersen e Pamela Miller musica: utilizzare educazione e divertimento per motivare il cambiamento 304 Amy Han il potere dei movimenti sociali 315 Erik Assadourian ridurre l’orario di lavoro: una strada verso la sostenibilità 317 John de Graaf comprendere che “meno è più” 326 Cecile Andrews e Wanda Urbanska ecovillaggi e trasformazione del sistema di valori 337 Jonathan Dawson note 347 trasformare la cultura del consumo: la rivoluzione della sostenibilità Gianfranco Bologna C’è un quesito fondamentale per tutta l’umanità, che dovrebbe essere al primo punto all’ordine del giorno delle agende politiche internazionali e al quale, invece, la politica e l’economia sembrano non prestare alcuna priorità: “È possibile consentire uno stile di vita, quale quello medio degli abitanti dei paesi ricchi, all’intera popolazione mondiale attuale di 6,8 miliardi e a quella prevista per il 2050, di poco più di 9 miliardi?”.1 La comunità scientifica che, da decenni, cerca di comprendere il com- plesso funzionamento dei sistemi naturali e gli effetti che l’intervento umano produce su di essi è, da tempo, ben chiara su questo punto. La risposta è: no, non è possibile. Eppure noi continuiamo a vivere in un sistema culturale basato sul per- seguimento di una continua crescita, materiale e quantitativa, e su model- li di uso delle risorse basati sul sovraconsumo, con il risultato di pesanti effetti deteriori di tipo economico, sociale e ambientale. La conoscenza scientifica ci dice chiaramente che il peso e la pressione che stiamo esercitando sui sistemi naturali, sulle loro capacità rigenerative (rela- tivamente all’utilizzo delle risorse rinnovabili) e ricettive (relativamente alle capacità di metabolizzare scarti e rifiuti solidi, liquidi e gassosi pro- dotti dai nostri metabolismi sociali) sono ormai chiaramente troppo ele- vati e possono mettere a rischio le basi stesse della nostra sopravvivenza. La situazione in cui versa la relazione tra sistemi naturali e sistemi sociali oggi è sempre più insostenibile dal punto di vista ambientale e di giusti- zia sociale. Manteniamo un mondo con una popolazione e con i consu- mi pro capite in crescita ma con differenze di reddito enormi e la persi- stenza di più di un miliardo di esseri umani denutriti. Valga per tutti un dato relativo a un tema centrale per il nostro futuro, quale quello dell’approvvigionamento energetico: un cittadino degli Stati 10 state of the world 2010 Uniti consuma oggi energia come 2 europei, 6 cinesi, 22 indiani o 70 abitanti del Kenya. Questa forte disparità è aggravata dal fatto che i paesi che consumano meno sono di gran lunga i più popolati. Inoltre, secon- do le previsioni Onu, nei prossimi trent’anni dovranno avere accesso all’e- nergia altri 2,5 miliardi di persone.2 È evidente che le nostre società non possono continuare su questa strada. Le alternative esistono e la conoscenza scientifica ci ha messo a disposi- zione, negli ultimi decenni, accurate analisi per comprendere lo stato in cui ci troviamo ed è stata anche capace di elaborare notevoli e concrete proposte operative, destinate a modificare significativamente i nostri modelli di sviluppo sociali ed economici. In tante parti del mondo un nuovo modo di fare economia, meno inso- stenibile dell’attuale, sta ormai diventando realtà. Quindi ha fatto bene il prestigioso Worldwatch Institute a dedicare, per il 2010, il suo autorevole rapporto annuale State of the World al tema cen- trale per il futuro di noi tutti: la necessità di “trasformare” le culture e di passare quindi “dal consumismo alla sostenibilità”. Questo volume ha il pregio, come avviene solitamente nei rapporti del Worldwatch, di fare il punto su questa complessa problematica interdisciplinare con chiarezza e lucidità, fornendo strumenti utilissimi per comprendere, riflettere e agi- re. Quello del 2010 costituisce il ventitreesimo State of the World di cui curo l’edizione italiana da quando fu pubblicato per la prima volta in Ita- lia nel 1988 dalle edizioni Isedi, e la straordinaria avventura di questa operazione con gli amici del Worldwatch Institute è per me sempre moti- vo di grande soddisfazione e arricchimento intellettuale (le Edizioni Ambiente che, dal 1997, pubblicano il rapporto costituiscono ormai un autorevole punto di riferimento in Italia per le pubblicazioni sull’ambien- te e la sostenibilità). Come ricorda Christopher Flavin, presidente del Worldwatch Institute, nella sua introduzione allo State 2010: “Negli ultimi cinquant’anni il con- sumismo si è imposto quale cultura dominante in un paese dopo l’altro. È diventato uno dei motori dell’inarrestabile crescita della domanda di risorse e della produzione di rifiuti che sono il marchio distintivo della nostra epoca. L’attuale portata degli impatti ambientali è di certo legata a fattori quali un’esplosione demografica senza precedenti, la diffusione di un certo livello di ricchezza e benessere, e una serie di scoperte epocali in campo scientifico e tecnologico. Ma è altrettanto innegabile che il consu- mismo è corresponsabile di questa situazione, in quanto ha contribuito a incentivare – e ad amplificare oltre misura – le altre forze che hanno per- trasformare la cultura del consumo: la rivoluzione della sostenibilità 11 messo alle nostre civiltà di crescere oltre il limite di sopportazione dei rispettivi contesti ecologici”. Per modificare questa situazione è perciò
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