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Investigations of the Capacity and Strength of Seed Germination in Allium Victorialis L

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Investigations of the Capacity and Strength of Seed Germination in Allium Victorialis L ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Acta Soc Bot Pol 83(3):219–228 DOI: 10.5586/asbp.2014.021 Received: 2014-02-28 Accepted: 2014-07-19 Published electronically: 2014-07-30 Investigations of the capacity and strength of seed germination in Allium victorialis L. Krystyna Winiarczyk1*, Katarzyna Skrzypczak2, Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł3, Jan Bocianowski4 1 Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland 2 Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland 3 Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland 4 Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland Abstract The aim of the study was to examine the strength and energy of seed germination in Allium victorialis. Despite the normal structure of seeds containing a viable embryo and compliance with all International Seed Testing Association rec- ommendations, no germination in A. victorialis was observed. Additionally, the scarification and stratification treatments applied did not improve the dynamics of germination of A. victorialis seeds. Microbiological analyses of soil sampled from natural localities of the plant revealed a typical composition of bacteria and fungi. The high number of fungi [4.5 log10CFU −1 −1 (colony forming units) of fungi × g dry mass of soil] and various groups of bacteria (about 7.0 log10CFU of bacteria × g dry mass of soil) were detected in the root-free-soil around garlic roots. In the interior of A. victorialis roots, the number of microorganisms decreased 1000 to 10 000 times but all the tested microbial groups, especially copiotrophic bacteria and −1 fungi (1.6 and 2.2, respectively, log10CFU × g dry mass of roots) were detected. Changes in such parameters as dehydrogenase activity, pH values, and the total organic C (TOC) content in the particular parts of the rhizosphere and in comparison to the rhizosphere with root-free-soil were observed. The dehydrogenase activity and TOC content were highly positively correlated with the total number of CFU of the microorganisms. Keywords: Allium; victory onion; phylogenetic analysis; ISTA; seed; embryo; tetrazolium test Introduction infections, pests, and adverse external conditions. It is usually hard and formed the mechanical layer. The cells of the seed Although ontogenetic development of plants begins with testa become hard due to deposition of cutin, lignin, and zygote formation, it is assumed that seed germination is phenolic compounds in the cell walls. The developing embryo the actual first stage of development, during which a new acquires nutrients from the endosperm. This nutritive tissue individual starts its independent existence, often at a long is usually triploid and begins to develop immediately after distance from the parental plant. Therefore, seeds are both fertilization through merging of the central cell in the embryo the end of the plant developmental cycle and the beginning. sac with the sperm nucleus. The primary endosperm nucleus In Angiospermae, after double fertilization, the embryo usually undergoes mitotic divisions before zygote divisions. matures and becomes a seed enclosed within the fruit. The The endosperm is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and seed contains an embryo, endosperm, and a seed coat. The fats; hence, the division into starch (cereals), oil (rapeseed, embryo represents a miniature plant with vegetative organ sunflower), and protein seeds (legume plants). Moreover, buds: the root, stem, and leaves [1]. In Mononocots, seed the endosperm contains hormones responsible for embryo coats are not distinct structures being fused with the fruit development [2,3]. wall to form a pericarp. The seed coat forms from the two Seed germination is a set of processes leading to activa- integuments or outer layers of cells of the ovule, which derive tion of embryos followed by initiation of seedling growth. from tissue from the mother plant, the inner integument Germination conditions are strictly defined and specific forms the tegmen and the outer forms the testa. The seed for individual species. The onset and course of the seed is cover with the testa, which has a protective role against germination process depends on many environmental fac- tors, e.g. minimum, maximum, and optimal temperature. Seed germination in a majority of plants is dependent on * Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] light conditions; such seeds are named photoblastic and Handling Editor: Elżbieta Bednarska-Kozakiewicz they represent positive (light-stimulated germination) and This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits 219 redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, provided that the article is properly cited. © The Author(s) 2014 Published by Polish Botanical Society Winiarczyk et al. / Capacity and strength Allium victorialis seed germination negative photoblasty (light-inhibited germination). However, and the plant is a source of valuable bioactive substances light availability does not determine the process. A majority used in pharmacy and gastronomy. In the past, the species of positively photoblastic seeds germinate in darkness as well, was known as the so-called false mandrake, and its root yet light conditions have a favorable effect on germination successfully replaced the real Mandragora officinarum [11]. efficiency [4]. Other environmental conditions regulating The aim of the study was to examine the strength and the course of seed germination include substances present energy of A. victorialis germination proceeding in accordance in the atmosphere and the substrate and water availability. with the ISTA guidelines and to perform a preliminary Presence of oxygen is essential for normal germination in analysis of the causes of inhibited seed germination. The all seeds, as lack thereof results in a slower germination study also provides determination of relatedness and phylo- rate and the developing seedlings exhibit developmental genetic relationships between Allium species. Additionally, anomalies. In general, seeds are well equipped with mineral soil microflora as well as dehydrogenase activity, which compounds by the parent plant; therefore, the content of catalyzes oxyreductive reactions occurring in every living these compounds in the substrate has no significant effect cell, has been examined [12]. on the germination process. Nitrates, however, available in the substrate exert a significant impact on germination. As a rule, their presence enhances (sometimes several fold) Material and methods the germination efficiency, which is probably a result of the oxidative activity of NO3− ions. Given the nature of pro- Plant material cesses predominant in the germination process, three basic The examined plants originated from the collections of stages can be distinguished, i.e. imbibition, catabolic, and the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Botanical Garden anabolic phases. The kinetics of water and oxygen uptake by in Lublin. Three Allium species were investigated: germinating seeds is a factor that differentiates the individual (i) Allium victorialis L. – a critically endangered species germination phases [5]. For seed germination, some plant included in the red list of plants and fungi in Poland species require specific treatment such as scarification and (2006) and regarded as endangered in Poland; it was stratification. Overcoming seed dormancy may involve me- introduced from a natural locality in the Bieszczady chanical damage to or removal of the seed coat or application Mountains in 1968. of low temperature (vernalization). Additionally, each plant (ii) Allium angulosum L. – a species included in the red species needs a different duration of dormancy. Some seeds list of plants and fungi in Poland (2006) and regarded germinated immediately after harvest, while others require as vulnerable in Poland (V category). The species some dormancy period. Laboratory qualification of the seed was introduced in the UMCS Botanical Garden from material must be based on the recommendations included Germany in 1974. in the “International rules for seed testing” (by International (iii) Allium tuberosum Roxb. – a species naturally occur- Seed Testing Association – ISTA), which contain rules of the ring in Asia; in Europe, it is cultivated as both an methodology of sampling and testing the sowing value of ornamental and a usable plant; it was introduced from various characteristics of seeds from over 900 plant species. the Gatersleben Botanical Garden, Seeland, Germany Allium victorialis L. occurs on and mountain pasture and in 1996. Its natural locality is Nepal. meadows, stony slopes and rocky sites. The wide geographical range of the species covers Europe, Asia, and North America Growth conditions [6]. In Asia, the species grows in the area between the Ural Breeding experiment was conducted in Poland in the Mountains and Kamchatka [7]. It is a typical representative of Lublin (51°16' N, 22°30' E), 200 m a.s.l. The climate of a region alpine flora. In Asia and the Caucasus, it occurs at an altitude is characterized by prevalence of continental features with of 1700–2600 m a.s.l. In Central Europe, A. victorialis is a high annual temperature amplitudes, long summers and long rare plant threatened
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