DOCSLIB.ORG

Substance Abuse Course Egypt and New Drugs Voodoo and Strox Under Vision of Professor Dr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Substance Abuse Course Egypt and New Drugs Voodoo and Strox Under Vision of Professor Dr Substance Abuse Course Egypt and New Drugs Voodoo and Strox Under vision of Professor Dr. Medhat Attia Assignment Prepared by Asmaa ELsheikh The content Introduction Definitions Component Routes of administration Mechanism of action Adverse Effects The Magnitude of the problem Impact References Introduction Governments have established laws and protocols to deal with classical drugs like cannabis and amphetamines. Screening tests are provided to detect their usage. Furthermore, there are many preventive programs to control their impact. Recently, many new psychoactive drugs are discovered. They are man-made, mostly for recreational use and mainly to overcome drug control laws and routine cannabinoid blood tests . They were defined as ‘analogs, or chemical cousins, of controlled substances. They are designed to produce effects similar to the controlled substances they mimic. Alongside more traditional retail outlets (head shops), the growth of the internet opened up new channels for their sale or for online ‘chat‐rooms’, where their properties could be openly discussed. It was at this time that the expression ‘research chemical’ appeared . By around 2006, it became clear that manufacturers of new substances were now trawling the world's scientific and patent literature in search of failed pharmaceuticals. They took advantage of such researches, by using their recipes in producing new psychoactive drugs. These compounds include amphetamine derivatives, illicit phenethylamines, piperazine derivatives, and synthetic cannabinoid agonists The first synthetic cannabinoid agonists were identified in smoking mixtures, which are often known as ‘Spice’. As before, they had been developed as potential pharmaceutical agents, particularly as analgesics, and their synthesis was well described in the accessible scientific literature. Some were naphthoylindoles, others were cyclohexylphenols and some were closer to traditional cannabinoids in their chemical structure (i.e. dibenzopyrans), but the ability to react with cannabinoid CB1 receptors as cannabimimetic is a property shared by a diverse group of substances . Nearly six years ago, the Egyptian Ministry of Health warned of new types of drugs that were spreading throughout Egypt; "Voodoo" and “strox”, both are obscure synthetic cannabinoids. On the 7th of October 2018, Al Ahram gate, the English version, published that the Ministry of Health added five new substances to the country’s drug list, bringing the total number of illicit substances added to the list in the same year to 11 . The most popular brands of synthetic cannabis are traded under the names Voodoo and Strox. The effects of these drugs vary in severity and are up to 400 times more potent than organic cannabis. Social tolerance and acceptability to natural cannabis in Egypt encourage abuse of its synthetic potent analogs. Moreover, Strox is easily to be a synthesis that led to its availability with low prices in comparison with cannabis. Furthermore, the standard toxicology screens could not identify Strox users whereas natural cannabis would be traced . Definitions The new psychoactive drugs were known as ‘designer drugs’ and informally as ‘legal highs’. The preferred term, as adopted by the European Community in 2005 is ‘new psychoactive substances’. They are defined as ‘Narcotic or psychotropic drugs that are not scheduled under the United Nations 1961 or 1971 Conventions, but which may pose a threat to public health comparable to scheduled substances’. The word ‘new’ means newly misused; in reality, nearly all of the substances encountered were first synthesized many years ago. Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are new human-made mind-altering chemicals that are similar to chemicals found in the marijuana plant. SCs are dissolved in ethanol or acetone and sprayed on plant material, which is then sold in packets as incense, herbal blends. These products are sold under a variety of names including "Spice," "Black Mamba," and in Egypt are known as "Voodoo" and "Strox". The chemical constituents and concentrations of compounds vary between and within packages Component Usually, 0.5 to 3 g of finely cut green/brown plant material is presented in colorful and professionally designed packets. Various herbs such as Pedicularis densiflora and Zornia latifolia were declared as ingredients. Hundreds of SC were categorized into many structural groups and can be detected by Gas chromatography such as cyclohexylphenols, quinolinyl ester indoles, and indazole carboxamide compounds. In Egypt, five common types of synthetic cannabinoids present in Strox have been added to the Egyptian’s list of highly addictive and dangerous narcotics, denoted under the newly minted ministerial act No. 440 of 2018 and they are ; AB-FUBINACA AMB-FUBINACA, 5F-ADB AB-CHMINACA XLR-11 Unfortunately, Strox creators are always altering their chemical structures using non prohibited substances to stay away from the long arm of the law. Routes of Administration Smoking (common( Oral Pulmonary (via vaporization) Rectal administration Mechanism of Action Overall, the commercially available SCBs elicit effects similar to those of the prototypical cannabinoid Δ9-THC. Furthermore, these effects are believed to be CB1receptor-mediated since pretreatment with CB1- receptor antagonists can block these effects. The activity of Phase I metabolites of some common SCBs raises the intriguing possibility that genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 enzymes may play an important role in determining an individual's response to these drugs. For example, an individual with a liver enzyme profile leading to biased production of antagonist metabolites might experience greatly attenuated drug effects, while an individual with a liver enzyme profile favoring the formation of agonist metabolites might experience potentiated or longer-lasting drug effects . This predicts greater cannabinoid-receptor mediated effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Some SCs bind to non- cannabinoid receptors, which may, in part, contribute to the physiological and behavioral consequences reported in the literature . Adverse Effects -Acute Intoxication Case reports and retrospective studies of acute SC intoxication indicate that they can produce a wide range of physiological and psychiatric adverse effects, which vary in duration and severity.Toxic effects of SC use including: psychosis respiratory depression, cardiac events including cardiac arrest nephrotoxicity gastrointestinal problems including hyperemesis hyperthermia acute cerebral ischemia Chronic There are a growing number of reports detailing adverse effects associated with withdrawal from daily SC use; patients report withdrawal symptoms as the primary reason for their continued use. Abrupt discontinuation of daily SC use has been associated with severe symptoms including reoccurring seizures and cardiovascular and respiratory risks. Common adverse effects of moderate severity include cravings, headache, severe anxiety, insomnia, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, and diaphoresis The magnitude of the problem Worldwide The prevalence of lifetime synthetic cannabinoid use is between 0.2% and 4%. SC users tend to be male and prevalence peaks in the late teens and early twenties. SC use tends to not be sustained and most only use SC a small number of times. SC users generally report a history of extensive use of other substances. Curiosity was the most commonly endorsed motive Concerning Egypt Though no official statistical data is available to determine the magnitude of the problem, all indicators pointed to the flourishing of Strox and Voodoo use among different social classes. Yet some local newspapers use the statements announced by Amr Othman, head of the Fund for Drug Control and Treatment, a state agency authorized to combat and treat drug addiction. He said that according to Egypt these synthetic drugs are most popular among youths aged 15-17 and represent 3.4% of all drugs popular in Egypt. Also, he declared that 10% of Egyptians aged 15 and 16 are on some form of an illegal drug. Impact Cases of synthetic cannabis abuse were associated with the manifestation of violence in Egypt and worldwide. These cognitive alterations increase the risk of road accidents if cannabis or SC users drive while intoxication. Moreover, psychoactive substances are often regarded as possible contributing causal factors in cases of violent injuries, sexual abuse, and homicides. References 1. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03866941 2. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/dta.319 3. http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/311917/Egypt/Voodo o-Egypts-battle-against-Satans-drug.aspx 4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4582439/ 5. https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT03695419 6. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11920-016-0694-1 7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S036192301 6300880 8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334974503_Strox_Novel _Synthetic_Cannabinoids_in_Egypt_Medical_and_Legal_Challeng es 9. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/02/egypt-amend- drug-law-users-traficking.html .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bath Salts and Synthetic Marijuana: an Emerging Threat by Rommie L
    Continuing Education Course Bath Salts and Synthetic Marijuana: An Emerging Threat BY ROMMIE L. DUCKWORTH TRAINING THE FIRE SERVICE FOR 135 YEARS To earn continuing education credits, you must successfully complete the course examination. The cost for this CE exam is $25.00. For group rates, call (973) 251-5055. Bath Salts and Synthetic Marijuana: An Emerging Threat Educational Objectives On completion of this course, students will 1) Define the term “Designer Drug”. 3) Determine what constitutes Bath Salts, and their effects. 2) Learn how regulation is not inhibiting the production of 4) Determine what constitutes Synthetic Marijuana, and its designer drugs. effects BY ROMMIE L. DUCKWORTH emergency responders, and healthcare providers. Designer drugs are chemical compounds that are newly created, modi- April 5, 2011. Spanaway, Washington: Medic and Army Ser- fied, or repurposed to provide abusers with effects similar to geant Dave Stewart, high on bath salts bought at a local pipe currently illegal recreational drugs. They are often relatively shop, killed himself and his wife during a police pursuit. Their five-year-old son was also found dead in the car. easy to make and, because of their ever-changing ingredient list, are also extremely difficult to regulate. August 21, 2011. Bowling Green, Kentucky: Teenager Ashley The term “designer drugs” originated in the 1980s, but Stillwell became paralyzed while smoking 7H, a form of syn- the idea of marketing legal chemical combinations related thetic marijuana, with her friends. She lay on the floor, helpless, to regulated or banned drugs dates back to the 1920s. Such as her friends discussed what to do, including how to dispose of her body.
    [Show full text]
  • Initial Considerations for the Creation of an Inter-Regional Industrial Hemp Value Chain Between Malawi and South Africa
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Lowitt, Sandy Working Paper Initial considerations for the creation of an inter- regional industrial hemp value chain between Malawi and South Africa WIDER Working Paper, No. 2020/23 Provided in Cooperation with: United Nations University (UNU), World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) Suggested Citation: Lowitt, Sandy (2020) : Initial considerations for the creation of an inter- regional industrial hemp value chain between Malawi and South Africa, WIDER Working Paper, No. 2020/23, ISBN 978-92-9256-780-4, The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER), Helsinki, http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2020/780-4 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/229247 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte.
    [Show full text]
  • Johnson, Current Trends in Workplace Drug Testing
    LATEST TRENDS IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Paul Johnson CEO Express Diagnostics Int’l Trends In Drug Use • Drive to get high! • People will seek any means to alter their state of consciousness Trends In Drug Use • Treatment admissions for opiates other than heroin rose from 19,870 in 1998 to 111,251 in 2008, over a 450-percent increase Trends In Drug Use 80% of the world's supply of opioid analgesics are consumed in the U.S, but we only have 5% of the world's population Trends In Drug Use California - Oxy abusers turning to heroin in San Diego County Designer Drugs • Created (or reformulated, if the drug already existed) to get around existing drug laws (Controlled Substance Act in the USA, TGA Poisons Act Aust.), usually by modifying the molecular structures of existing drugs to varying degrees. • What drives the production of designer drugs? . Consumer preferences . Law enforcement control Designer Drugs An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and triggers a response – often mimicking the action of a naturally occurring substance. Receptor Drug (agonist) Designer Drugs • Why Change the Key? – Prolong the effect of the drug Drug – Increase the potency of the drug – “Select” the desired effect – Make the drug more difficult to detect – Avoid patent infringement – Make an illegal drug “legal Spice/K2 • No! We are not talking about this! Spice/K2 / Kronic • We are talking about this! Spice/K2 – Usage • Commonly used in the mining industry as many mines still don’t test for it yet, despite the fact that accurate, reliable tests do exist now.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Leguminosae
    Biota Neotropica ISSN: 1676-0611 [email protected] Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade Brasil Caboco, Rafael Brune; Prates Rolim, Thiago; Bagnatori Sartori, Ângela Lúcia; Sciamarelli, Alan Leguminosae-papilionoideae from the parque estadual das Várzeas do Rio Ivinhema, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil Biota Neotropica, vol. 12, núm. 2, 2012, pp. 57-70 Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade Campinas, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=199123113007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Leguminosae-papilionoideae from the parque estadual das Várzeas do Rio Ivinhema, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil Caboco, R.B. et al. Biota Neotrop. 2012, 12(2): 57-70. On line version of this paper is available from: http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v12n1/en/abstract?article+bn01212022012 A versão on-line completa deste artigo está disponível em: http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v12n2/pt/abstract?article+bn01212022012 Received/ Recebido em 05/09/11 - Revised/ Versão reformulada recebida em 24/04/12 - Accepted/ Publicado em 24/02/12 ISSN 1676-0603 (on-line) Biota Neotropica is an electronic, peer-reviewed journal edited by the Program BIOTA/FAPESP: The Virtual Institute of Biodiversity. This journal’s aim is to disseminate the results of original research work, associated or not to the program, concerned with characterization, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity within the Neotropical region. Biota Neotropica é uma revista do Programa BIOTA/FAPESP - O Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade, que publica resultados de pesquisa original, vinculada ou não ao programa, que abordem a temática caracterização, conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade na região Neotropical.
    [Show full text]
  • Approaching Rule of Law in Post-Revolution Egypt: Where We Were, Where We Are, and Where We Should Be*
    !"#$%&'(%)(*(+&(,-#"./%#0%1'$(,%2*,3.3. !""#$%&'()*+,-./+$0+1%2+()+3$456,/7$.-5($)+8*9"5 !! !!" $ !% "! ! $ #! &$ 314758-TEXT.NATIVE.1350535652.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 10/17/2012 9:48 PM ! U.C. DAVIS JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW & POLICY VOLUME 18 SPRING 2012 NUMBER 2 ARTICLE APPROACHING RULE OF LAW IN POST-REVOLUTION EGYPT: WHERE WE WERE, WHERE WE ARE, AND WHERE WE SHOULD BE* Ahmed Eldakak** ABSTRACT Partial absence of rule of law was a central reason for the Egyptian Revolution in 2011, and the Revolution provides a golden opportunity to establish full rule of law in Egypt. Using a substantive approach to interpreting the rule of law doctrine, this Article analyzes the aspects of absence of rule of law before the Revolution. The former regime disregarded the rule of law by amending the constitution to promote the rule of the president, issuing laws that served the interests of the president’s entourage, not enforcing judicial decisions, restricting freedom of speech, and concentrating the power in the hands of the president through the disreputable emergency law. The period following the Revolution witnessed an increasing trend toward respecting the rule of law, through changes such as enforcement of judicial decisions, trying the former president and his entourage before courts of law, and increased promotion of freedom of expression. However, several serious obstacles to promoting rule of law remain after the Revolution: the current constitutional mess, the state of emergency, and the military trials for civilians. Ultimately, this Article seeks to provide a roadmap to establishing full rule of law in Egypt, recommending the 314758-TEXT.NATIVE.1350535652.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 10/17/2012 9:48 PM 262 University of California, Davis [Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Cannabis in Africa
    CANNABIS IN AFRICA An Overview November 2007 Cannabis in Africa The overview of the cannabis situation in Africa presented in this document was prepared by Denis Destrebecq in the context of "Data For Africa", the segment of UNODC's Trends Monitoring and Analysis Programme dedicated to Africa and funded by France and Sweden. UNODC reiterates its appreciation to the African Member States who responded to the UN Annual Report Questionnaire on drugs. This questionnaire, together with the data base on individual drug seizures, constitutes the core source of information on drugs for UNODC. The boundaries, names and designations used in all maps in this book do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. This publication has not been formally edited 1 Cannabis in Africa EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Cannabis in Africa This paper summarizes the latest information available on cannabis in Africa. Information comes from the 2006 and the 2007 editions of the United Nation’s Office on Drugs and Crime’s (UNODC) World Drug Report. The World Drug Report 2006 contains an extended section on the global cannabis situation. The 2006 Report is still available at www.unodc.org or by request at [email protected] . The 2007 World Drug Report, which contains the most recent trends on cannabis in Africa, is available at the same address. The highest levels of cannabis production in the world take place on the African continent. Ten thousand five hundred metric tons or roughly 25 per cent of global production of cannabis herb is estimated to have taken place in Africa in 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the American University in Cairo
    THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN SECURITY AND NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE STATE CASE STUDY: EGYPT AND SAUDI ARABIA AIDA MOHAMED YEHIA SALAH EL DIN A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE MONTH/YEAR MAY/2011 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am heartily thankful to my beloved parents for all of their endless love, care and motivation. It’s also a pleasure to thank my supervisor; Professor Bahgat Korany for all of his guidance, support and patience with me to bring this thesis out in this form. Professor Korany has been an inspiration to all of his students and I am one of them. A special thanks goes to Professor Jerry W. Leach for his concern, time and editorial help in reviewing and commenting on this thesis. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I- INTRODUCTION: A- Research Topic-------------------------------------------------------------------1 B- Reasons for choosing this Topic------------------------------------------------2 C- Contribution of this Study -------------------------------------------------------3 D- Conceptual Framework-----------------------------------------------------------3 E- Hypothesis--------------------------------------------------------------------------3 F- Principal Research Question-----------------------------------------------------4 G- Road Map--------------------------------------------------------------------------5 H- Reasons for focusing on certain Indicators------------------------------------5
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape Infrastructure and Liveable Communities a C a S E S T U D Y O F N Ew- C a I R O , E G Y P T
    Landscape Infrastructure and Liveable Communities A C a s e S t u d y o f N ew- C a i r o , E g y p t A Thesis Submitted to Newcastle University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Tamer Mohamed Abd El-Fattah Ahmed Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Newcastle University March 2011 To Sama and Adam with love... Dad Abstract Landscape Infrastructure and Liveable Communities A Case Study of New-Cairo, Egypt Abstract To control urbanisation and to improve urban quality, Egypt has adopted the concept of master-planned estates (MPEs). This form of urbanisation is the latest manifestation of utopian place-making derived from the Garden City movement. With the emphasis on ‘landscape’ rather than ‘architecture’ and on building ‘communities’ rather than ‘neighbourhoods’, the development of these MPEs is underpinned by expectations that landscape characteristics have the potential to produce liveable communities. Located in the desert, the MPEs have often been criticised because of their weak connections with history, geography and culture. This study challenges this criticism and argues that some of these landscape practices when analytically related to residential mobility and satisfaction, are crucial to the enhancement of liveability. However, these relationship need to be carefully examined and subsequently reconstructed in a holistic conception rooted in the challenging physical and cultural settings. To achieve this, the study draws on an extensive literature from several disciplines to develop a conceptual framework which provides a platform for meaningful analysis of practices, attitudes and aspirations. Drawing on an empirical study of six MPEs in New-Cairo, the massive master planned extension to the east of Cairo, the research examines the strategies employed to attract residents and the factors required to satisfy residential needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Zornia (Zornia Latifolia)
    AUGUST 2010 TM YOUR ALERT TO NEW AND EMERGING THREATS. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. Creeping stems and very broad lower leaves. 2. Yellow flowers with reddish markings. 3. Close-up of segmented fruit with bristles. 4. Infestation in a lawn. Zornia (Zornia latifolia) PERENNIAL Introduced Not Declared Zornia is a long-lived creeping plant that grows in lawns, in parks, Quick Facts along footpaths and on roadsides. It is native to tropical America > Low-growing plant with a woody and is sometimes cultivated as a pasture plant or grown for its taproot and short-lived creeping stems. hallucinogenic properties. > Leaves have two leaflets and are quite broad on young stems. Distribution > Small yellow flowers with reddish This plant was detected growing in mown areas at Paradise Point, on the Gold Coast, about five markings in autumn. years ago. It has since been recorded from other parts of the Gold Coast, including Runaway Bay, > Small segmented pods covered with Helensvale and Bilinga, and seems to be spreading rapidly. There is also evidence that it may have tiny bristles. been naturalised in coastal northern Queensland for much longer, including a specimen collected from the Tully district in 1979. Habitat Description Zornia is usually seen growing along footpaths, in Zornia is a low-growing plant with a woody taproot and short-lived creeping stems 20-50 cm lawns, in parks and in other mown areas in coastal long. It usually dies back to the rootstock during winter, producing new stems and leaves in districts. It has also been recorded growing in spring and summer, and flowers and fruit in autumn.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt's Sinai Question
    EGYPT’S SINAI QUESTION Middle East/North Africa Report N°61 – 30 January 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 3 II. WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THE SINAI TERRORIST ATTACKS ...................... 2 A. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE INVESTIGATION ......................................................................3 B. TAWHID WA JIHAD................................................................................................................4 III. SINAI’S PROBLEMATIC INTEGRATION INTO EGYPT .................................... 5 A. FROM THE BRITISH OCCUPATION TO THE CAMP DAVID AGREEMENT....................................5 B. BORDER CONTROL................................................................................................................6 1. The Rafah bottleneck.................................................................................................7 2. Smuggling at the Egypt-Gaza border.........................................................................8 3. The border with Israel................................................................................................9 IV. THE PEOPLE OF SINAI: A MOSAIC OF CONTRASTS ....................................... 9 A. THE BEDOUIN .......................................................................................................................9 B. PALESTINIANS.....................................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Name = Colletotrichum Truncatum and Its Synonyms
    19/9/2019 All data for a single taxon * **Tell us why you value the fungal databases*** Fungus-Host - 932 records were found using the criteria: name = Colletotrichum truncatum and its synonyms Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & W.D. Moore 1935 (Ascomycetes, Phyllachorales) ≡ Vermicularia truncata Schwein. 1832 ≡Colletotrichum dematium f. truncatum (Schwein.) Arx 1957 Note: As 'truncata'. = Vermicularia capsici Syd. 1913 ≡ Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) E.J. Butler & Bisby 1931 ≡ Steirochaete capsici (Syd.) Sacc. 1921 = Colletotrichum curvatum Briant & E.B. Martyn 1929 = Colletotrichum indicum Dastur 1934 ≡ Vermicularia indica (Dastur) Vassiljevsky 1950 Notes: Roberts and Snow (1990) considered C. capcisi and C. indicum conspecific based on morphological and pathological studies. Distribution: Cosmopolitan. Substrate: Leaves, stems, flowers, fruit. Disease Note: Anthracnose, blight, dieback, leaf, fruit, and stem rots. Host: Multiple genera in multiple families; major pathogen of Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae). Supporting Literature: Aktaruzzaman, M., Afroz, T., Lee, Y.-G., and Kim, B.-S. 2018. Post-harvest anthracnose of papaya caused by Colletotrichum truncatum in Korea. Eur. J. Pl. Pathol. 150(1): 259-265. Bahri, B.A., Saadani, M., Mechichi, G., and Rouissi, W. 2019. Genetic diversity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex associated with Citrus wither-tip of twigs in Tunisia using microsatellite markers. J. Phytopathol. 167(6): 351-362. Bi, Y., Guo, W., Zhang, G.J., Liu, S.C., and Chen, Y. 2017. First report of Colletotrichum truncatum causing anthracnose of strawberry in China. Pl. Dis. 101(5): 832. Cavalcante, G.R.S., Barguil, B.M., Vieira, W.A.S., Lima, W.G., Michereff, S.J., Doyle, V.P., and Camara, M.P.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 14AWC 0.Indb
    Fourteenth Australian Weeds Conference Working with weeds in the Land of the Thunderdragon: an opportunity to prevent weed invasions John Weiss1, T. Thinley2, Karma Nidup2, Mahesh Ghimiray3, Sangay Wandi3 and Tshering Dochen2 1 Department of Primary Industries – Frankston, PO Box 48, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia 2 National Plant Protection Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Simtokha, Bhutan 3 Renewable National Resources Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Bajo, Bhutan Summary Bhutan is in one of the most enviable posi- to be overlooked or have low priority both by the gen- tions in the world in terms of weeds. The kingdom in eral public and government. Expertise in weed science the Himalayas has only been open to the rest of the is lacking in the country. Most weed control programs world since the mid 1960s. As the country has never have reacted and focused on agricultural weeds and been conquered there has been no colonisation or ac- weeds which are relatively widespread. Environmental climatisation societies. A total of 72% of the country weeds are almost totally overlooked. is still under its original remnant vegetation. A survey Bhutan has the potential to be proactive rather in the late 1980s and early 1990s (Parker 1991, 1992) than reactive to weeds at a minimal cost. Awareness identifi ed over 250 species of introduced plants, less of weeds in general needs to be increased as well as than 5% of Bhutan’s fl ora. precautionary measures to prevent future weeds. However, there is a cloud on the horizon. There is Keywords Risk assessment, plant imports, weed an increase in plant material being brought into Bhu- invasions, Bhutan.
    [Show full text]